An Introduction To Electric Power Transmission Presentation

Western Governors Association
An Introduction to Electric Power

Transmission
An Introduction to Electric Power

Transmission Table of Content (TOC)
Glossary
About Transmission Lines
Electricity Generation and Delivery

Transmission Line Ownership and Funding
Anatomy of a Transmission Line
Building/Maintaining Transmission Lines
Planning the System

Permitting
Potential Environmental Impacts
Aesthetic Visual Resources

Cultural/Archeological Resources
Threatened and Endangered Species
Local Geologic Features
Invasive Species
Water Resources
Wetlands
Wooded and Forested Areas
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Glossary
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Basic Definition/Terminology
Alternating Current (AC) Electric current in which the
direction of the current's flow is reversed or alternated at
60Hz in the U.S.
Audible Noise (AN) A measure in units of decibels on a
logarithmic scale. Because human hearing is not equally
sensitive to all frequencies of sound, certain frequencies are
given more weight. Noise levels capable of being heard by
humans are measured in A-weighted decibels (dBA).
Conductors (Power Lines) Metal cables used for carrying
electric current.
Corona Electrical breakdown of the air near high voltage
conductors into charged particles.
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Current The flow of electricity or the movement of

electrons through a conductor typically measured in watts.
Direct Current (DC) Electric current flows continuously in

the same direction as contrasted with alternating current.
Distribution Line A line that carries electricity at lower

voltages of 12kV to 44kV and is used to distribute power
drawn from high-voltage transmission systems to end-use
customers.
Electric & Magnetic Fields (EMF) Invisible areas of energy,

often referred to as radiation, that are associated with the
use of electric power. EMFs fall into one of two radioactive
categories non-ionizing (low-level of radiation) or ionizing
(high-level of radiation).
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Electric Load Electricity consumers, such as residences,

businesses, and government centers that use electricity.
Electric Power Transmission The process by which large
amounts of electricity produced are transported over long
distances for eventual use by consumers.
Energy The amount of work that can be done by electricity,
typically measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh) or megawatthours (MWh).
Foundation System that transfers to the ground the various
dead and live loads of the transmission structure and
conductors.
Generation The production of electric energy. Fossil fuels,
wind turbines, solar panels, and other technologies are used
to generate electricity.
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Insulators Used to contain, separate, or support electrical

conductors.
Interconnection Points on a grid or network where two or
more transmission lines are connected at a substation or
switching station, or where one stage of the energy supply
chain meets the next.
Load Center A particular geographical area where energy is
used. Most commonly refers to an area within a utilitys
service territory where energy demand is highest (i.e., cities,
major industrial areas, etc.).
National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) The NESC is the U.S.
standard of the safe installation, operation, and maintenance
of electric power systems.
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Power Rate at which electricity does work. Measured in watts

or kilowatts (kW) or megawatts (MW).
Rights-of-Way (ROW) A legal land right, easement, set aside
for the transmission line structure and conductors needed for
clearances and maintenance activities.
Shield and Ground Wire Wires used primarily for protection
from lightning strikes and corresponding surges.
Substation A part of an electrical transmission system that
transforms voltage from high to low, or the reverse.
Switching Station A part of an electrical transmission system
that ties two or more electric circuits together through
switches, to permit a circuit to be disconnected, or to change
the electric connection between circuits.
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Transmission Line A line that carries electricity at
voltages of 69kV or greater and is used to transmit
electric power over relatively long distances, usually
from a central generating station to main substations.
Transmission Structures Used to keep high-voltage
conductors (power lines) separated from their
surroundings and from each other.
Voltage Electric pressure measured in volts. Power
systems are typically measured in 1,000s volts or kV.
Watt Unit of electrical power. 1MW is one million
watts.
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About Transmissions Lines

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Electric Operating Systems
The National Electric Grid

The U.S. electric grid is a complex interconnected system of electric
transmission lines linking generators to loads.
kV
115
138
161
230
345
500
Source: FEMA
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The Electric Power System

The diagram depicts the basic
elements of an electric power
system:
Transformers at generating stations

step the electric voltage up for
efficient transport
Generation Where energy is

created
Transmission and Distribution
Energy is transported across
high-voltage transmission to
lower-voltage distribution lines
Load Power is delivered to
homes and businesses
Distribution substations step the
electric voltage down to efficiently
deliver power to customers
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Interconnections and Reliability
The national grid is overseen by the

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
(FERC) and the North American Electric
Reliability Corporation (NERC).
3 Regional Interconnections
8 Regional Entities
8 Independent System Operators (ISO)
4 Regional Transmission Organizations (RTO)
Entities responsible for reliability of

the national grid system:
FERC, NERC
Regional Entities
Utilities
Regional Transmission Organizations (RTOs)
Independent System Organization (ISOs)
Source: NERC.com
Source: NERC.com
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The Western Grid
Western Interconnect
Bulk movement of
electricity is
accomplished within
three electrically separate
zones:
The Western Interconnect
The Eastern Interconnect
The Texas Interconnect
The Western Interconnect

is composed of 11 states,
two Canadian provinces,
and northern Mexico.
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The Western Grid
Western Interconnect
Two Federal Power Marketing

Agencies (FPMAs)
Bonneville Power Administration (BPA)
Western Area Power Administration
(WAPA)
Thirty seven balancing authorities

(BAs)
Alternating and Direct Current
Resources
Four Transmission Planning
Agencies:
Columbia Grid
Northern Tier
West Connect
Cal-ISO
Map is illustrative and

does not show all
transmission lines.
http://www.westgov.org/wieb/meetings/crep1099/wiiso.htm
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The Western Grid
Operational Constraints
As one large machine, the Western
Interconnect must be balanced
moment to moment (frequency
based).
In other words, energy that is
generated must be consumed
immediately as there is minimal
storage in the system.
Under or over supply leads to
disruptions (blackouts) and those
are reliability issues.
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What is meant by reliability?
For each of the three transmission grids the
National Electricity Reliability Corporation (NERC)
defines reliability.
If your lights came on, reliability was met.
If a major line is lost and the system remains stable,
reliability was met.
If a generation source is lost and the
system remains stable, reliability
was met.
It is more complicated in reality, but

if it is not met, the provider can be
fined.
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Transmission Line Ownership and Funding
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Transmission Ownership & Funding

Transmission Ownership/Funding
Electric Utility privately-held company, government
agency, publicly owned body, or other entity that meets

three specific criteria.
Owns and/or operates facilities for provision of a service

directly related to electric energy provision
Transmission providers fall into the following categories:

1. Investor-owned utilities
2. Rural cooperatives and public power
entities
3. Public power authorities
4. Merchant transmission providers
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Investor-owned utility (IOU) Utility owned by private investors, as
opposed to rural cooperatives or public power entities. An IOU may own
both generation and transmission and they can recover the costs of new
transmission lines through FERC-approved transmission tariffs and their
electricity rates.
Rural Cooperatives and Public Power Entities A customerowned electric utility created to transmit and distribute
power in rural areas.
Rates are typically set by a board of directors elected from among the
cooperative's members.
Although rates are not regulated by public utility commissions, their
facilities are subject to the same state sighting requirements as
investor-owned utilities.
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Interconnections and Reliability
Public Power Authorities Typically owned by a city or municipality.
Not-for-profit utility
Public Power Utilities Owned by a city or municipality
The utilities are directly accountable to the people they serve through locally
elected or appointed officials.
Example: Los Angeles, San Antonio, Seattle, and Orlando operate publicly owned electric
utilities
Merchant Transmission Providers Privately-owned companies that finance

and own transmission facilities independent of generation developers or
customer-serving utilities.
Must take on the financial responsibility and risk associated with building a new
transmission line (unlike utilities)
Costs are recouped through access charges paid by generators and/or load serving
utilities
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Why do we need new transmission?
Meet regulatory reliability and public policy requirements
FERC 1000
Public Policy
Least Cost
Economic
Meet the growing need for safe, reliable electricity

Connect new generation sources to the grid
Improve reliability, efficiency
Renewable portfolio standards and
integrating renewables
Access additional resources to reduce cost,
diversify risk
Reduce congestion
Improve economics
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Overhead Transmission Line Components
Shield and Ground wire used

primarily for protection from
lightning strikes and corresponding
surges
Insulators used to contain,
separate, or support electrical
conductors
Conductors metal cables used for
carrying electric current
Structures support structures to
hold up the conductors
Foundation system which
transfers to the ground the various
dead and live loads of the tower and
conductors
Shield wire
Insulators
Conductors
Structure
Foundation
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Transmission Line vs Distribution Line
Transmission Line - Normally
carries electricity at voltages of
69 kV or greater and is used to
transmit electric power over
relatively long distances, usually
from a central generating
station to main substations.
Distribution Line - Normally
considered to be a line that
carries electricity at lower
voltages of 12kV to 44kV and is
used to distribute power drawn
from high-voltage transmission
systems to end-use customers.
Transmission Line
Distribution Line
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Types of transmission structures
H-frame
Structure
Monopole
structure
Lattice
Structure
Turning
Structure
Underground
Structure
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Alternative Structure Types
Monopole
H-Frame
Steel Lattice
Factors that dictate structure types used:
Size of conductor dictates load carrying capacity

Company /geographic preference or policy
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Conductor alternatives
Typically aluminum or copper conductors are used.
Aluminum is preferred over copper for its lower cost
and lighter weight, however, this comes at the price of
some energy loss that doesn't occur with copper.
Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) includes
steel strands wrapped around
aluminum conductors to add
strength. This is the most commonly
used conductor.
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Electrical Discharges: Corona

Corona electrical breakdown of the air near
high voltage conductors into charged particles.
Corona can cause audible noise and radio and
television interference, electromagnetic interference,
insulation damage, etc.
Corona from transmission lines can create buzzing,
humming, or crackling.
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Electrical Discharges: EMF
Electric & Magnetic Fields (EMF) invisible areas of energy,

often referred to as radiation that are associated with the
use of electric power. EMFs fall into one of two radioactive
categories:
Non-ionizing: Low-level radiation that is generally perceived as

harmless to humans
Ionizing: High-level radiation that has the potential for cellular and
DNA damage
Source: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/emf/
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Electrical Characteristics
Audible Noise (AN) is a measure in units of decibels on a

logarithmic scale. Because human hearing is not equally
sensitive to all frequencies of sound, certain frequencies are
given more weight. Noise levels capable of being heard by
humans are measured in A-weighted decibels (dBA)
Sound Pressure Level (dBA)
Typical Sources
100-105
Leaf blower
100-104
Circular Saw
84-89
Vacuum Cleaner
76-83
Garbage disposal
68-73
Inside car, windows closed 30MPH
55-65
Normal conversation
50
Background music
40
Living room
28-33
Quiet room
Source:
http://www.nonoise.org/index.htm
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Electrical Characteristics
Radio and Television Interference (RI/TVI) Corona
discharge can generate radio noise and to a lesser extent
television disturbance around high-voltage transmission
lines.
Typically affects AM radio reception

producing a hissing or crackling noise
close to or under a transmission line
FM radio reception is rarely affected
Television interference typically
appears as three bands of snow on
the television screen.
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EMF Electric Fields Associated

with the Use of Electric Power:
Questions and Answers brochure
for more information contains
more information regarding EMF
and is available online at:
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/materials/
electric_and_magnetic_fields_associated_
with_the_use_of_electric_power_questions
_and_answers_english_508.pdf
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Standard Transmission line Design
National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)

The NESC is the U.S. standard of the safe
installation, operation, and maintenance of
electric power systems.
NESC are voluntary standards that are

typically adopted as law by individual states.
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Transmission Line Right-of-Way
Transmission Line Right-of-Way (ROW)

Used for the construction, operation, and
maintenance of a transmission line facility
May be owned by a utility or granted by an
easement
The width of the ROW is determined by voltage,
projected maximum safe distance from conductors,
maximum sags and swings, etc.
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ROW (Cross-Section)
Peripheral Zone
Peripheral Zone
Wire Zone This zone is the area directly underneath the conductors and extends from the
outermost conductors a few feet that will depend on the voltage of the transmission line.
Border Zone This zone extends from the edge of the Wire Zone to the outside edge of the
ROW. Vegetation in this zone may contain low-growing woody plants and trees.
Peripheral Zone - Zone adjacent to Border Zone.
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ROW design considers the following factors:
Placement of the ROW within the selected route

ROW width
Separation between multiple lines
Access Roads
Vegetation clearance
Maintenance and Management
The following design factors are considered in order to

minimize impacts:
Slopes
Soil types
Blasting requirements
Visual impacts
Sensitive habitats
Significant structures or locations
Existing disturbed areas
Tower placement
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Acquisition of Land Rights

Negotiation of easements - Utility companies will typically start
by negotiating a fair compensation one-on-one with each property owner
and generally acquire easements which are limited property rights for
power lines and fee simple property for substations.
Eminent Domain - Eminent domain for
public uses such as roads, electricity and water

is in the 5th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
to protect communities interests. It keeps one
person or group from stopping a community from
getting the services it needs.
Typically used as a last resort after negotiations

with landowners
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Standard Transmission line Design
Shield wire alternatives
Overhead optical ground wires - combines the functions

of grounding and communications
Communication circuits
Spans between structures (ruling-span, structure

spotting, visual, etc.)
Safe horizontal clearance between conductors is often

based on the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC)
Distance between towers is a function of the electrical
conductor to meet sag requirements
Distance between lines is to minimize electrical
communication (i.e., to prevent interference)
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Overhead vs. Underground
OVERHEAD
UNDERGROUND
Easier to locate damage and repair
Harder to identify and access damaged areas for repair
Lower system loss
Increased system loss
Lower cost to install and maintain
Higher cost to install and maintain
Wider right-of-way or easement
Narrower right-of-way or easement
Environmental concerns
Greater environmental concerns
Greater life expectancy
Life expectancy is about that of overhead transmission
Structures above ground
May require overhead to underground transition structures
Air cooled and widely spaced for safety
Cooling equipment may be required and increases noise above

ground
Potentially lower EMF levels
EMF intensity levels may be higher above underground

installation
Higher likelihood of accident or attack
Lower chance of accident or attack
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Conventional Construction & Sequencing
Conventional construction of transmission

lines includes:
Land Surveying
Environmental Resource Surveys
Cultural
Biological
Building access roads
Identifying ROW boundaries

Flagging centerline of transmission route/structure
locations
Roads are built to construct the transmission line

and conduct maintenance on the line after it is in
operation.
Structure site clearing and vegetation

management
Construction yards and material staging
Construction staging areas are set up for

equipment and material storage and worker
parking.
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Conventional Construction & Sequencing
Conventional construction of transmission

lines includes, cont.
Excavation and installation of tower foundations

Assembling structures
Typically components are delivered and
assembled on site at each structure location.
Every few miles along the ROW, a work site is
set up for equipment to pull and tighten the
wires or conductors.
Conductor and shield wire stringing
Restoring and revegetating disturbed lands
Disturbed areas around the structures are
restored and revegetated, as required by the
property owner or the land management
agency.
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Other Methods of Construction
Aerial (helicopter) construction
Used in areas that are hard to access via roads such

as in mountainous terrain.
Used to avoid impacts to sensitive areas
(i.e. wetlands, marshes, etc.)
Underground construction
Typically used in high urban density

populations where ROW easement may not be
easily obtained or to avoid sensitive habitat
areas.
Two significant technical challenges in
construction of underground lines:
1) Need to provide sufficient insulation so
cables can be close to grounded materials.
2) Need to dissipate the heat produced
during the operation of the electric cables.
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Electric Power Transmission:

Planning the System
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Planning the System

Goals of Transmission Planning:
Meet policy requirements
Meet reliability needs
Peak loads
Normal and abnormal conditions
Meet customer needs
Renewable portfolio standards

Energy efficiency
Greenhouse Gas emissions
Cost effective/economical
Provide uninterrupted service
Meet the publics needs
Minimize impacts to land uses, private lands, and the environment

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Planning the System

Agencies/Organizations that plan transmission lines:
Federal
Department of Energy (DOE)

o National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors (NIETC)
Regions created by the DOE in an effort to speed the creation
of more transmission capacity
Regional/Interconnection Level
8 Regional Entities
8 Independent System Operators (ISO)
4 Regional Transmission Organizations (RTO)
Subregional Planning Organizations

Utility Level
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Planning the System

FERC Order 890 requires transmission providers
planning processes to meet the following
principles:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Coordination openness transparency

Information exchange
Comparability
Dispute resolution
Regional participation
Economic planning
Cost allocation for new projects
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Project Level Planning
System planning
Project planning
Routing
Public outreach
Licensing and environmental
Conceptual engineering
Detailed design
Material procurement
Construction contracts
Construction management
Construction completion
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Permitting
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Permitting Transmission Lines

Construction of new transmission facilities typically
needs approval from several federal and state
agencies
Federal decisions will follow the National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) processes for federal
approval
State and local decisions will follow state or local
specific regulations and protocols
Some states have siting authority

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Federal Regulations
Federal entities that may have authority over
transmission line siting, market structure, NEPA, etc.
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
Department of Energy (DOE)

Department of Agriculture - Forest Service
Regulates interstate transmission rates for public utilities
Special Use Permit
Department of Agriculture Fish & Wildlife Service
Endangered Species Act Section 7 Consultation

Avian and Bat Protection Plan
Migratory Bird Treaty Plan
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Federal Regulations
Federal entities that may have authority over
transmission line issues, cont....
Department of Interior - Bureau of Land Management
SF 299 (ROW Authorization permit)

ROW Grants
Plan of Development
Department of Commerce
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
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State Regulations
State agencies that may have authority over
transmission issues
Public Service/Public Utility Commission

State Environmental Agencies
State Legislatures/State Siting Acts
Local Authorities
Transmission issues overseen by state

agencies may include rates, siting, land use, or
setting environmental standards
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State Regulations
Rules and regulations overseeing the siting and
permitting of transmission lines vary state to
state.
Some states have specific siting authority for
transmission infrastructure.
Some states do not have centralized siting
authority and transmission line siting authority
falls to local municipalities (counties, cities,
towns, etc.).
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State Regulations
Land use, contracts, eminent domain, and
public utility status are usually regulated by
state law.
Most state siting authorities include
environmental and social impact analysis.
Municipal utilities and cooperatives are not
regulated by the state.
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Local Regulations
Permits that may be required at the local level:
Special Use Permit

Conditional Use Permit
Building Permit
Development Agreements
Grading Permit
ROW Encroachment Permit
Dust Control Permit
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Unlike locating a substation or power plant that
has a single location, transmission lines require
development across many miles; thus avoiding
impacts to environmentally sensitive areas is not
always possible.
Transmission owners try to select a route that
balances environmental factors with other
considerations such as engineering, community
and landowner input, costs, etc.
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Environmental impacts from development of a
transmission line can occur to the following:
Aesthetic/Visual Resources
Cultural/Archaeological Resources
Endangered/Threatened and Protected Species
Geologic/Seismic
Invasive Species
Water Resources including lakes, streams, floodplains
Wetlands
Others
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Aesthetics/Visual
Impacts on Aesthetic/Visual Resources
Removal of a resource, such as clearing a forested area,

fencerows in rural areas, etc.
Intrude on the view of a landscape, thus degrading the
surrounding environment
Can invoke an image of development in a previously rural or
natural setting, thus changing the context of the view shed
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Aesthetics/Visual
Mitigation of Aesthetic/Visual
Impacts
Transmission structures can be modified

to reduce contrast (i.e. type of structure
used, materials, coating)
ROW management
Plant vegetative screens
Leave the ROW in a natural state at
road or river crossings
Structure location site in areas where
the structure may be screened by
existing topography or vegetation
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Impact on Cultural/Archeological Resources
Archeological/historic sites can be damaged

Artifacts can be crushed or damaged
Sites can become exposed to erosion or the elements
Sites may become more accessible to vandals
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Mitigation of
Cultural/Archeological Impacts
Conduct a records search to determine

the presence of known archaeological
sites/historic structures
Site transmission structures away from
known archaeological site/historic
structures
Develop a cultural resource management
plan
Keep equipment and vehicles within the
limits of initially disturbed areas (i.e.,
roads, staging areas)
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Endangered/Threatened and Protected

Species
Impacts on T&E Species
Plants/animals or their habitats can be

destroyed during construction.
Water quality can be degraded by soil
erosion and
siltation into rivers during construction.
Construction can disturb a habitat during
active nesting or spawning periods of
protected species.
Removal of trees and brush in wooded or wetland areas can increase edge
effects, making the area unsuitable for rare plants or animals.
Environmental groups raised an issue recently that hawks were hunting
sage grouse from atop power line poles.
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Endangered/Threatened and Protected

Species
Mitigation of T&E Species
Impacts
Minimize or modify the
route
Transmission line design
Reduce the workspace at
certain locations
Use special construction
techniques
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Geologic/Seismic
Impacts on local geologic features
Implementation of access roads may create stability
issues
Aggregate sources must be identified
Faults and landslide risk areas should be identified
Foundation design
implications
Construction blasting in
shallow bedrock could have
impacts on unstable landforms
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Geologic/Seismic
Mitigation for local geologic
features
Identify access road alignments
Map and quantify aggregate sources
Avoid faults and landslide risk areas
Alignments and tower locations are
placed away from faults and
unstable soils
Design foundations to match soil and
rock characteristics
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Invasive Species
Impacts by Invasive Species
Construction can contribute to the spread of invasive species

Invasive species can spread and impact adjacent properties
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Invasive Species
Mitigation of Invasive Species
Survey and avoid areas populated with invasive species

Construct during times of year when invasive species are less
likely to be encountered or spread
Plan construction access points/staging areas to minimize
ground disturbance
Clean equipment to prevent spreading
Stabilize exposed soils by using effective
erosion controls and stormwater
management practices
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Water Resources
Impacts on Water Resources
Impacted by work within waterways
Removal of vegetation along banks can cause river
temperatures to rise and increase erosion and
sedimentation deposits
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Water Resources
Mitigation of Impacts to Water Resources
Avoid impacts by rerouting the line away from waterways

Adjust pole placement to span waterways
Construct the line under the waterway
Use temporary bridges to avoid driving equipment through
waterways
Implement erosion controls during and after construction activities
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Wetlands
Impacts on Wetlands
Loss of wetlands
Spread of invasive
species
Fragmentation of
wetland types
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Wetlands
Mitigation of Impacts to Wetlands
Reroute the line away from wetlands
Adjust pole location to span the wetland overhead
Bore the line under the wetland
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Impacts to Wooded and Forested
Areas
Forest fragmentation making interior

forest species more vulnerable to
predators, parasites, etc.
Reduction of suitable habitat for species
that require large undisturbed blocks of
forest habitat
Invasive species can be introduced and
spread
Removal of riparian woodlands along
waterways can affect water quality
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Mitigation of Impacts to
Avoid routes that fragment
major blocks of forest land
Adjust pole placement and span
length to minimize the need for
tree removal and trimming
along forest edges
Allow tree and shrub species
with a maximum height of
about 12 to 15 feet to grow
within the ROW
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Efforts to Avoid or Minimize Impacts

Transmission owners will typically collaborate with
regulatory agencies, land owners, communities and
other stakeholders early in the planning process to
understand possible environmental concerns with the
development of transmission project.
Information obtained during consultation with agencies
and stakeholders is incorporated into the route selection
process.
Continue to communicate with agencies and
stakeholders during the review process to address
additional concerns.
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Western Governors Association

An Introduction to Electric Power

An Introduction to Electric Power

Electricity Generation and Delivery

Planning the System

Aesthetic Visual Resources

Western Governors Association

Current The flow of electricity or the movement of

Direct Current (DC) Electric current flows continuously in

Distribution Line A line that carries electricity at lower

Electric & Magnetic Fields (EMF) Invisible areas of energy,

Electric Load Electricity consumers, such as residences,

Insulators Used to contain, separate, or support electrical

Power Rate at which electricity does work. Measured in watts

About Transmissions Lines

Electricity Generation and Delivery

Electric Operating Systems

The National Electric Grid

Electricity Generation and Delivery

Electric Operating Systems

The Electric Power System

Transformers at generating stations

Generation Where energy is

Electricity Generation and Delivery

Interconnections and Reliability

The national grid is overseen by the

Entities responsible for reliability of

Electricity Generation and Delivery

The Western Grid

The Western Interconnect

Electricity Generation and Delivery

The Western Grid

Two Federal Power Marketing

Thirty seven balancing authorities

Map is illustrative and

Electricity Generation and Delivery

The Western Grid

Electricity Generation and Delivery

It is more complicated in reality, but

About Transmissions Lines

Transmission Line Ownership and Funding

Transmission Ownership & Funding

agency, publicly owned body, or other entity that meets

Owns and/or operates facilities for provision of a service

Transmission providers fall into the following categories:

Electricity Generation and Delivery

Electricity Generation and Delivery

Interconnections and Reliability

Public Power Utilities Owned by a city or municipality

Merchant Transmission Providers Privately-owned companies that finance

Electricity Generation and Delivery

Meet regulatory reliability and public policy requirements

Meet the growing need for safe, reliable electricity

About Transmissions Lines

Anatomy of a Transmission Line

Overhead Transmission Line Components

Shield and Ground wire used

Electricity Generation and Delivery

Electric Operating Systems