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    Nuremberg Code: Background

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    Novia Hergiani
    The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation established after World War II. It was developed as a result of the "Doctors' Trial" against Nazi doctors who conducted experiments on concentration camp prisoners without their consent. The 10 principles outlined in the Nuremberg Code include requiring voluntary informed consent, that experiments yield positive results for society that cannot be obtained otherwise, and that risks to subjects be proportional to the expected benefits while protecting subjects' well-being and right to withdraw consent.

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    Nuremberg Code: Background

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    Novia Hergiani
    418 views2 pages
    The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation established after World War II. It was developed as a result of the "Doctors' Trial" against Nazi doctors who conducted experiments on concentration camp prisoners without their consent. The 10 principles outlined in the Nuremberg Code include requiring voluntary informed consent, that experiments yield positive results for society that cannot be obtained otherwise, and that risks to subjects be proportional to the expected benefits while protecting subjects' well-being and right to withdraw consent.

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    Nuremberg Code

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    The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation established after World War II. It was developed as a result of the "Doctors' Trial" against Nazi doctors who conducted experiments on concentration camp prisoners without their consent. The 10 principles outlined in the Nuremberg Code include requiring voluntary informed consent, that experiments yield positive results for society that cannot be obtained otherwise, and that risks to subjects be proportional to the expected benefits while protecting subjects' well-being and right to withdraw consent.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    418 views2 pages

    Nuremberg Code: Background

    Uploaded by

    Novia Hergiani
    The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation established after World War II. It was developed as a result of the "Doctors' Trial" against Nazi doctors who conducted experiments on concentration camp prisoners without their consent. The 10 principles outlined in the Nuremberg Code include requiring voluntary informed consent, that experiments yield positive results for society that cannot be obtained otherwise, and that risks to subjects be proportional to the expected benefits while protecting subjects' well-being and right to withdraw consent.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Nuremberg Code

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


    For the set of guidelines for determining what constitutes a war crime, see Nuremberg Principles.
    For the denaturalization of German Jews, see Nuremberg Laws.
    The Nuremberg Code is a set of research ethics principles for human experimentation set as a
    result of the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials at the end of the Second World War.

    Background
    On August 20, 1947,[1] the judges delivered their verdict in the "Doctors' Trial" against Karl Brandt
    and 22 others.[1] These trials focused on doctors involved in the human experiments in concentration
    camps.[2] The suspects were involved in over 3,500,000 sterilizations of German citizens.[2] The
    trials began on December 9, 1946 in Nuremberg, Germany and were led exclusively by the United
    States. Harry Truman approved these trials in January 1946.[3] Most of the suspects escaped
    punishment for their crimes.[4] Several of the accused argued that their experiments differed little
    from pre-war ones and that there was no law that differentiated between legal and illegal
    experiments.
    In May of the same year, Dr. Leo Alexander had submitted to the Counsel for War Crimes six points
    defining legitimate medical research. The trial verdict adopted these points and added an extra four.
    The ten points constituted the "Nuremberg Code". Although the legal force of the document was not
    established and it was not incorporated directly into either the American or German law, the
    Nuremberg Code and the related[5] Declaration of Helsinki are the basis for the Code of Federal
    Regulations Title 45 Part 46,[6] which are the regulations issued by the United States Department of
    Health and Human Services governing federally funded human subjects research in the United
    States.
    The Nuremberg code includes such principles as informed consent and absence of coercion;
    properly formulated scientific experimentation; and beneficence towards experiment participants.

    The ten points of the Nuremberg Code


    These are:
    1. Required is the voluntary, well-informed, understanding consent of the human subject in a
    full legal capacity.
    2. The experiment should aim at positive results for society that cannot be procured in some
    other way.
    3. It should be based on previous knowledge (like, an expectation derived from animal
    experiments) that justifies the experiment.
    4. The experiment should be set up in a way that avoids unnecessary physical and mental
    suffering and injuries.

    5. It should not be conducted when there is any reason to believe that it implies a risk of death
    or disabling injury.
    6. The risks of the experiment should be in proportion to (that is, not exceed) the expected
    humanitarian benefits.
    7. Preparations and facilities must be provided that adequately protect the subjects against the
    experiments risks.
    8. The staff who conduct or take part in the experiment must be fully trained and scientifically
    qualified.
    9. The human subjects must be free to immediately quit the experiment at any point when they
    feel physically or mentally unable to go on.
    10. Likewise, the medical staff must stop the experiment at any point when they observe that
    continuation would be dangerous.

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