PRACTICE PASSAGE

The Alaska pipeline starts at the frozen edge of the Arctic Ocean.
It stretches southward across the largest and northernmost state
in
the United States, ending at a remote ice-free seaport village
nearly
Line 800 miles from where it begins. It is massive in size and extremely
(5) complicated to operate.
The steel pipe crosses windswept plains and endless miles of
delicate tundra that tops the frozen ground. It weaves through
crooked canyons, climbs sheer mountains, plunges over rocky
crags, makes its way through thick forests, and passes over or
under hundreds of rivers and streams. The pipe is 4 feet in
(10) diameter,
and up to 2 million barrels (or 84 million gallons) of crude oil can
be pumped through it daily.
Resting on H-shaped steel racks called "bents," long sections of
the pipeline follow a zigzag course high above the frozen earth.
(15) Other long sections drop out of sight beneath spongy or rocky
ground and return to the surface later on. The pattern of the
pipeline's up-and-down route is determined by the often harsh
demands of the arctic and subarctic climate, the tortuous lay of
the
land, and the varied compositions of soil, rock, or permafrost
(20) (permanently frozen ground). A little more than half of the pipeline
is elevated above the ground. The remainder is buried anywhere
from 3 to 12 feet, depending largely upon the type of terrain and
the properties of the soil.
One of the largest in the world, the pipeline cost approximately
$8 billion and is by far the biggest and most expensive
(25) construction
project ever undertaken by private industry. In fact, no single
business could raise that much money, so 8 major oil companies
formed a consortium in order to share the costs. Each company
controlled oil rights to particular shares of land in the oil fields and
(30) paid into the pipeline-construction fund according to the size of its
holdings. Today, despite enormous problems of climate, supply
shortages,

equipment

breakdowns,

labor

disagreements,

treacherous
terrain, a certain amount of mismanagement, and even theft, the
Alaska pipeline has been completed and is operating.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS (Soal Toefl Reading Practice dan Jawaban)

1.

The passage primarily discusses the pipeline's

1.
operating costs
2.
employees
3.
consumers
4.
construction
2.
The word "it" in line 4 refers to
1.
pipeline
2.
ocean
3.
state
4.
village
3.
According to the passage, 84 million gallons of oil can travel through the pipeline
each
1.
day
2.
week
3.
month
4.
year
4.
The phrase "Resting on" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
1.
Consisting of
2.
Supported by
3.
Passing under
4.
Protected with
5.
The author mentions all of the following as important in determining the
pipeline's route EXCEPT the
1.
climate
2.
lay of the land itself
3.
local vegetation
4.
kind of soil and rock
6.
The word "undertaken" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
1.
removed
2.
selected
3.
transported
4.
attempted
7.
How many companies shared the costs of constructing the pipeline?
1.
3
2.
4
3.
8

4.

12
The word "particular" in line 29 is closest in meaning to
1.
peculiar
2.
specific
3.
exceptional
4.
equal
9.
Which of the following determined what percentage of the construction costs
each member of the consortium would pay?
1.
How much oil field land each company owned
2.
How long each company had owned land in the oil fields
3.
How many people worked for each company
4.
How many oil wells were located on the company's land
10.
Where in the passage does the author provide a term for an earth covering that
always remains frozen?
1.
Line 3
2.
Line 13
3.
Line 19
4.
Line 32
8.

Section 3 Reading Comprehension

1.
D
2.
A
3.
A
4.
B
5.
C
6.
D
7.
C
8.
B
9.
A
10.
C

Questions 1-9
Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless and inflammable liquid that can be produced by combining carbon
disulfide and chlorine. This compound is widely used in industry today because of its effectiveness as a
solvent as well as its use in the production of propellants.
Despite its widespread use in industry, carbon tetrachloride has been banned for home use. In the past,
carbon tetrachloride was a common ingredient in cleaning compounds that were used throughout the
home, but it was found to be dangerous: when heated, it changes into a poisonous gas that can cause
severe illness and even death if it is inhaled. Because of this dangerous characteristic, the United States
revoked permission for the home use of carbon tetrachloride in 1970. The United States has taken similar
action with various other chemical compounds.
1. The main point of this passage is that
A. carbon tetrachloride can be very dangerous when it is heated
B. the government banned carbon tetrachloride in 1970
C. although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industry, it is not allowed in home products.
D. carbon tetrachloride used to be a regular part of cleaning compounds
2. The word widely in line 2 could most easily be replaced by
A. grandly
B. extensively
C. largely
D. hugely
3. The word banned in line 4 is closest in meaning to
A. forbidden
B. allowed
C. suggested
D. instituted
4. It is stated in the passage that when carbon tetrachloride is heated, it becomes

A. harmful
B. colorless
C. a cleaning compound
D. inflammable
5. According to the passage, before 1970 carbon tetrachloride was
A. used by itself as a cleanser
B. banned in industrial use
C. often used as a component of cleaning products
D. not allowed in home cleaning products
6. The word inhaled in line 7 is closest in meaning to
A. warmed
B. breathed in
C. carelessly used
D. blown
7. The word revoked in line 8 could most easily be replaced by
A. gave
B. granted
C. instituted
D. took away
8. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses
A. additional uses of carbon tetrachloride
B. the banning of various chemical compounds by the U.S. government
C. further dangerous effects of carbon tetrachloride
D. the major characteristic of carbon tetrachloride
9. It can be inferred from the passage that one role of the U.S. government is to
A. regulate product safety
B. prohibit any use of carbon tetrachloride
C. instruct industry on cleaning methodologies
D. ban the use of any chemicals
Jawaban
1. C. although carbon tetrachloride can legally be used in industry, it is not allowed in home products

2. B. extensively
3. A. forbidden
4. A. harmful
5. C. often used as a component of cleaning products
6. B. breathed in
7. D. took away
8. B. the banning of various chemical compounds by the U.S. government
9. A. regulate product safety

Reading Comprehension
Questions 1-9
In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program.
The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats
similar To that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of
an areas a marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park
is. People are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their
environments may not be harmed or removed.
The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce.
Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half
decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these
established after 1978. They range in size from the very small (less than I square
kilometer) Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey
Bay National Marine
Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744 square kilometers. The National Marine
Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new management practices in which whole
communities of species, and not just individual species, are offered some degree of
protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only in this way can a
reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting that also
maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species.
Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United States and other
countries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the United
States government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United
States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and

preserves. Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of the Carbbean Sea.
Others range from the well-known Australian Great Barrer Reef Marine Park to lesserknown parks in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing
growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international
agencies come to recognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine
projected areas. whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an
increasingly important role in preserving that diversity.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Differences among marine parks, sanctuaries, and reserves
(B) Various marine conservation programs
(C) International agreements on coastal protection
(D) Similarities between land and sea protected environments
2. The word intent in line 3 is closest in meaning to .
(A) repetition
(B) approval
(C) goal
(D) revision
3. The word administered in line 8 is closest in meaning to .
(A) managed
(B) recognized
(C) opposed
(D) justified
4. The word these in line 11 refers to .
(A) sites
(B) candidates
(C) decades
(D) sanctuaries
5. The passage mentions the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (lines 13-14) as an
example of a sanctuary that .
(A) is not well know
(B) covers a large area
(C) is smaller than the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary
(D) was not originally proposed for sanctuary status
6. According to the passage, when was the National Marine Sanctuaries Program established?
(A) Before 1972
(B) After 1987

(C) One hundred years before national parks were established

(D) One hundred years after Yellowstone National Park was established
7. According to the passage, all of the following are achievements of the National Marine
Sanctuaries Program EXCEPT .
(A) the discovery of several new marine organisms
(B) the preservation of connections between individual marine species
(C) the protection of coastal habitats
(D) the establishment of areas where the public can observe marine life
8. The word periphery in line 24 is closest in meaning to .
(A) depth
(B) landmass
(C) warm habitat
(D) outer edge
9. The passage mentions which of the following as a threat to marine areas outside the United
States?
(A) Limitations in financial support
(B) The use of marine species as food
(C) Variability of the climate
(D) Increases in tourism
Questions 10-17
From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included at
least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor for
clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather objects;
and a blacksmith for metalwork, Where stone was the local building material, a mason was sure
to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as an assistant, the rural
artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture to shoes to farm
equipment in exchange for cash or for goods in kind from the customers field, pasture, or
dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer wove cloth of yam
spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables from wood cut in the
customers own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from cow, deer, or sheepskin
tanned on the farm.
Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one
historian, as an orchestra conducted by nature. Some tasks could not be done in the winter,
other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were
only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans
could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best of
their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to regularize
their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment in time, tools,
and materials, While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example, carefully matching
lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and applying all thought and
energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time required was not justified

unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality and few in rural areas were,
Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as many shortcuts and economics as
possible while still producing satisfactory products.
10. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Farming practices
(B) The work of artisans
(C) The character of rural neighborhoods
(D) Types of furniture that were popular
11. The word inception in line 1 is closest in meaning to .
(A) investigation
(B) location
(C) beginning
(D) records
12. The word fabricating in line 3 is closest in meaning to .
(A) constructing
(B) altering
(C) selecting
(D) demonstrating
13. It can be inferred from the from the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times
was .
(A) especially helpful to woodworkers
(B) popular in rural areas
(C) continuous in winter
(D) expensive
14. Why did colonial artisans want to regularize their schedules their schedules (line 18)?
(A) To enable them to produce high quality products
(B) To enable them to duplicate an item many times
(C) To impress their customers
(D) To keep expenses low
15. The phrase resort to in line 20 is closest in meaning to .
(A) protecting with
(B) moving toward
(C) manufacturing
(D) using
16. The word few in lines 23 refers to .
(A) woodworkers
(B) finished pieces
(C) customers
(D) chests
17. It can inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that were
.
(A) simple

(B) delicate
(C) beautifully decorated
(D) exceptionally long-lasting