German Problems 2007

39.
International
Chemistry Olympiad
Russia 2007
National German
Competition
Volume 13
The 39th International Chemistry Olympiad

Chemistry: art, science and fun
National German Competition

Volume 13
Preface
To become a member of the German IChO-team you have to be successful in four
rounds of a national competition which is lead by PD Dr. Sabine Nick.
The problems to be solved in the 1st round are sent to all highschools. To solve the
problems the students may use all resources available, e.g. textbooks etc.
All those students who solve about 70% of the tasks correctly will receive the
problems of the 2nd round, which are to be solved in the same way as mentioned
above. These problems are the most difficult ones in the whole competition.
The top 60 of the participants of the 2nd round are invited to the 3rd round, a oneweek chemistry camp. Besides lectures, excursions to chemical plants or universities
and cultural events there are two written theoretical tests of 5 hours each.
The top 15 of the 3rd round are the participants of the 4th round, a one-week practical
training. There are two written five-hour tests - one theoretical and one practical under the same conditions as at the IChO. Here the team is selected.
In this booklet all problems of the selection procedure and the solutions are collected
In the appendix you find tables of historical interest.
Acknowledgements
It is a great pleasure to thank the many people whose help and suggestions were so
valuable in preparing and reviewing all the problems and in helping us to perform the
third and the fourth round.
I thank Dr. Angela Koch who reviewed my English translations.
Wolfgang Hampe
Contents
Part 1: The problems of the four rounds
Contact adresses
........................................................................
First round
(problems solved at home) .............................
Second round
(problems solved at home) .............................
12
Third round, test 1
(time 5 hours)..................................................
21
Third round, test 2
(time 5 hours)..................................................
28
Fourth round, theoretical test (time 5 hours)..................................................
36
(time 5 hours) .....................................
47
Fourth round, practical test
Part 2: The solutions to the problems of the four rounds

First round
........................................................................
54
Second round
........................................................................
59
Third round, test 1
........................................................................
65
Third round, test 2
........................................................................
74
Fourth round, theoretical test ........................................................................
85
Fourth round,practical test
........................................................................
95
Theoretical Problems of the IChO ..................................................................
97
Part 3:
Practical Problems
........................................................................
114
Solutions to the Theoretical Problems............................................................
127
Part 4: Appendix
Tables on the history of the IchO ..................................................................
147
Contact addresses:
IPN, University of Kiel, z.H. PD Dr. Sabine Nick
tel:
+431-880-3116
Olshausenstrae 62
fax:
+431-880-5468
24098 Kiel
email:
nick@ipn.uni-kiel.de
IPN, University of Kiel, z.H. Monika Barfknecht
tel:
+431-880-3168
Olshausenstrae 62
fax:
+431-880-5468
24098 Kiel
email:
barfknecht@ipn.uni-kiel.de
Wolfgang Hampe
tel:
+431-79433
Habichtweg 11
24147 Klausdorf
email:
Hampe@t-online.de
Association to promote the IChO

(Association of former participants and friends of the IChO)
Markus Schwind (Chairman)
Treuenerstr. 5
63457 Hanau
email:
schwind@fcho.de
internet:
www.fcho.de
Problems
Part 1
The problem set of the four rounds
Problems Round 1
First Round (homework)
Problem 1-1
Aspects of a Salt
A great amount of the chemical elements are found in nature as compounds in the form of
salts. As you may expect most of these natural salts are only moderately or not at all soluble
in water.
Many salts e.g. sodium hydroxide lead to a heating of the solution when dissolved in water,
while others e.g. ammonium chloride let a solution cool down when dissolved.
Solubility and heat tonality during dissolution depend on two quantities, solvation energy and
lattice energy.
In case of water as solvent solvation energy is called hydration energy. It is the energy
which is set free by electrostatic interaction between water molecules and charged ions.
Lattice energy is the energy which is released when different charged ions approach each
other from infinity to form a crystal. It tells you something about die bond strength between
the ions in the solid:
b Ma+ (g) + a Xb (g)
MbX a (f)
Both energies play an important role during the dissolution of a salt.

The lattice energy can only in exceptional cases be determinated directly. Nevertheless for
many salts it can be found approximately by using other experimentally determinated data
with the help of a Born-Haber-cycle. For this purpose the energies of all partial steps as well
as of the enthalpy of formation of the ionic compound must be considered.
For calcium fluoride the following energies of the partial steps as shown in the diagram on
the next page can be assumed:
Ca (s)
Ca (g)
H = + 178.2 kJ/mol
Ca (g)
Ca (g)
H = + 589.7 kJ/mol
Ca+ (g)
Ca 2+ (g)
H = +1145.0 kJ/mol
F2 (g)
F (g)
H = +
F (g)
F (g)
H = 322.0 kJ/mol
Ca (s) + F2 (g)
CaF2 (s)
H = 1219.6 kJ/mol
79.0 kJ/mol
Problems Round 1
ionisation energy
dissociation energy
sublimation enthalpy
electron affinity
enthalpy of formation
lattice energy
a) Copy the diagram below and fill in the respective reactions of the partial steps of the
cycle as well as the appropriate energy values (the lengths of the lines do not correspond to the values of the corresponding energy). Mark endo- and exothermic processes
by changing the lines into arrows.
Calculate the lattice energy of calcium fluoride.
endothermic
exothermic
Problems Round 1
In nature calcium fluoride is found as the mineral fluorite which is hardly soluble in water.
Generally the solubility of an ionic compound can be quantified by the solubility product.
The solubility product of calcium fluoride at 25C is given by pK L = 10.52.
b) Write the mathematical equation for the solubility product of calcium fluoride.
Calculate die solubility of calcium fluoride in pure water at 25C in g/L.
Show your calculation.
Calcium fluoride is the starting material to produce hydrogen fluoride. It reacts with
concentrated sulfuric acid at 200 250C in a rotary kiln, 20 m long and 3 m wide, made
from steel.
c) Write the equation of the reaction of sulfuric acid with calcium fluoride.
3
d) Calculate the volume (in mL) of sulfuric acid (96 % m/m, d = 1.84 g /cm ) which is
necessary to produce 1000 L of hydrogen flurorid. Assume complete reaction at 1.013
bar isobar and 200C.
To produce the element fluorine hydrogen fluoride is needed. You get fluorine by electrolysis
of a mixture of moisture-free hydrogen fluoride and potasium fluoride.
e) Chlorine can be produced by elctrolysis of an aquous solution of a chloride.
Explain the reason why this process is not possible for fluorine. Argue on the base of
standard potentials.
Write down the reactions at the cathode and the anode of an electrolysis of an aquous
solution of sodium fluoride.
Problem 1-2
Pigments
Within living memory men use pigments to memorize and pass on important information by
scriptures and images. Because of their extraordinary light and weather resistence inorganic
pigments are especially suitable for durable drafts and paintings. At first naturally occuring
pigments, often of limited availability, made of finely ground minerals and earths were
applied. Later on synthesis of products indentical to natural pigments or of totally new
pigments opened undreamed-of possibilities. First syntheses were performed in the ancient
world and even nowadays new pigments are produced.
In the following text the syntheses of four inorganic pigments are described:
Problems Round 1
1) 5.0 g of sodium dichromate are finely ground with 0.62 g of sulfur, heated up to 800C.
The product is leached out with water.
2) 3.0 g of lead(II) oxide are finely ground with 1.0 g tin(IV) oxide amd heated up to 650C.
3) Lead(II) oxide is annealed while exposed to air.
4) 2.0 g of silica, 0.66 g of copper(II) oxide, 0.83 g of calcium carbonate and 0.75 g of
borax are finely ground and annealed at 900C for several days.
a) Write the names of the produced pigments, their compositions and the reaction
equations of the syntheses.
b) What is the benefit of borax in synthesis 4)? How can you purify the raw product easily?
c) Cite one more blue (iron containing), yellow (lead containing), green (copper but no
other metal containing) and red (mercury containing and used in painting) inorganic
pigment and record a possible synthesis by writing reaction equations.
In a painters shop an old unlabeled can with a green pigment in it was found. The painter
would like to use it but has to find out first the exact composition of the green pigment.
Therefore 1.818 g of the green powder are opened up. The solution is filled up with diluted
sulfuric acid. 20mL of this solution are treated with excess of potassium iodide and
afterwards titrated with sodium thiosulfate (c = 0.100 mol/L) until the brown colour
disappears. Consumption: 16.45 mL
d) Specify which metal is detected by this way.
Write all reaction equations of this determination method.
Calculate the content of Me in this sample.
e) Could the green powder be a mixture of pigments of part a)? Justify your answer.
Another analysis shall reveal the exact composition of the green powder. Therefore 2.000 g
are heated under airtight conditions. Besides 1.439 g of a black, not volatile compound water
vapor and a gas, which clouds barium-hydroxide solution, form.
f)
Determine the compostion of the green pigment.
Problems Round 1
Problem 1-3
Reactions of Benzene
The reaction of benzene with n-butylchloride (1-chloromethane) leads in the presence of

Lewis acids (MeX3) to a mixture of mono- and polysubstituted derivates of benzene.
a) Give a definiton of Lewis and examples of the type Typs MeX 3.
b) Enunciate the reaction mechanism of the reaction mentioned above, the formation of a
monosubstituted benzene compound (active reagent, intermediate, formation of the
product).
c) There is also a high yield of polysubstituted compounds. Explain why! How can you
lower this yield?
d) In the mixture of products of the reaction above mentioned you also find tert.butylbenzene compounds. Give the reason of their formation.
Problem 1-4
Types of Isomers
The diagram on the next page shows a survey of diffrerent types of isomers.
a) Draw the structures and give the exact names of the compounds
(1) to
(6), draw the
structures of
(7) and
(8) and the Newman projections of
(9) and I(10) .
b) Which kind of isomers are characterised by X, Y, Y(1), Y(2) and Z ?
Give the respective names of the types of isomers.
10
Problems Round 1
Isomers
Type of isomers X = ?
Type of isomers Y = ?
Type of isomers Y (1) = ?
Type of isomers Y (2) = ?
Type of isomers Z = ?
Type of isomers Y (3) = diastereomers
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
CH3CH(OH)CO 2H
CH2(OH)CH2CO2H
CH3CHC(C 2H5)Cl
CH3CH(OH)CO2H
C6H12O6
ClH2C-CH2Cl
(1); (2)
(3); (4)
(5); (6)
(7), (8)
(9), I (10)
Problems Round 2
Second Round (homework)

Problem 2-1:
Aluminium and Some of its Compounds
Aluminium is after steel the most important metal used. Raw material for the production of
aluminium is bauxite with the main components aluminium oxid and iron oxide.
The composition of bauxite is to be analysed: 0.3437 g of bauxite are opened up. Al(III) and
Fe(III) are precipitated with ammonia as water containing hydroxides. Annealing to constant
weight results in 0.2544 g of iron and aluminium oxide.
To determinate the content of iron another sample of 0.6444 g of bauxite is opened up and
treated with sodium hydroxide. Annealing of the precipitate of the residue leads to 0.1588 g
of Fe(III)-oxide.
a) Calculate the mass content (percentage) of iron and aluminium in the examined bauxite.
To seperate both oxides in large scale mostly the Bayer-process is used which takes
advantage of the different solubilities of the hydroxides of both metals.
The sparingly soluble iron hydroxide is filtered off. Diluting the remaining solution with water
leads to precipitation of aluminium hydroxide.
pH value
Aluminium(III) concentration in a saturated aqueous solution depending on pH value at 25C
b) Account for the strong pH dependance of the concentration of Al(III) in an aqueous

solution.
Aluminium is technically produced by fused-salt electrolysis of aluminium oxide and cryolite
(Na3AlF 6). Therefore an eutectical mixture is used where the melting-point depression is
12
Problems Round 2
greatest (Aluminium oxide has a melting point of 2045C, cryolite of 1009C, the eutectical
mixture with a fraction of 10 % of Al2O3 melts already at 935C).
The depencance of the melting temperatures on the concentration of the constituents of a
binary mixture at constant pressure can be depicted in a melting diagram. With the help of
Gibbs phase law (number of phases + number of degrees of freedom = number of ingridients + 2) you may determine how many parameters can be varied without a change in the
system.
pure Al2O 3
temperature in C
pure Na3AlF6
mass percentage of Al2O3

(Translation: Smp. = melting point, Schmelze = melt, Eutektikum = eutectic mixture)
Melting diagram of the system aluminium oxide/cryoliter

c) Determine the degrees of freedom of the designated points 1, 2, 3 and 4 using Gibbs
phase law.
Aluminium(III) chloride has a melting point of only 192.4C. Nevertheless it is widely
abstained from using AlCl3 for electrochemical production of aluminium.
d) Give the reasons.
Aluminium oxide reacts at high temperatures with carbon to form aluminium carbide.
Aluminium carbide reacts with water to from a gas X among other compounds.
Hf0 in kJ/mol
Al4C3 (s)
- 129.2
H2O (l)
- 285.83
gas X
Al(OH)3(s)
- 2567.0
74.8
13
S 0 inJ/(molK)
105
69.91
186.26
140.2
Problems Round 2
e) Write the reaction equations of the formation of aluminium carbide and of the reaction of
aluminium carbide with water including the formula of gas X.
Calculate the equilibrium constant of the hydolysis of aluminium carbide at 25 C. Which
side of the reaction is favored ?
f)
Which amount of aluminium carbide (in g) is needed to produce 100 L of gas X (p =

1013 hPa, T = 298 K)?
Intercalation compounds may also be formally counted as carbides. Many electron donors
as alkali, alkaline earth and lanthanoide metals intercalade in a graphite matrix with different
compositions. The illustration shows the unit cell of a carbon/potassium intercalation
compound.
Unit cell of an intercalation compound of potassium in graphite from two different points of view (the
black atoms are partially situated in adjacent unit cells; big atoms: potassium, small atoms: carbon).
g) Calculate the empirical formula of the displayed compound.

The oxide of aluminium is found as corundum in several natural deposits. The colourless
corundum is the number five in hardness of all known substance. Due to this fact it is used
as polishing and grinding agent In its crystal structure the O2- ions form hexagonal closepacking, the Al3+-ions occupy 2/3 of the octahedral gaps. The exchange of a small
percentage of aluminium cations by other metal ions leads to intensely coloured gem stones.
The red ruby contains chromium(III) cations, the blue sapphire iron(II)- and titanium(IV)cations.
h) Explain why corundum is colourless and elucidate the colour of ruby with the help of
crystal-field splitting. Where does the colour of sapphire come from?
14
Problems Round 2
Green chromium(III) oxide shows the structure of corundum. Here too the chromium(III) ions
are responsible for the colour.
i)
Why do chromium(III) oxide and ruby differ in colour? Give an explanation using the
crystal-field theory.
Problem 2-2
Synthesis of a Copper Complex
A is a five membered cyclic compound composed from 71.61 % C, 7.51 % H, 20.88 % N

(mass percent) with a molar mass of 67 g/mol.
B is an aromatic compound with the empirical formula C11H14O, which reacts with Tollens
reagent. It is substituted in p position, its 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra are given below. In the
IR spektrum you find an intensive band at approx. 1700 cm-1.
A and B are mixed and dissolved in propionic acid and filled in a flask with reflux condensor.
They react in the molar ratio of 1:1 at boiling temperature to form the intensive violet
coloured macrocyclic compound C (85.88 % C, 7.45 % H, 6.67 % N) with a molar mass of
839 g/mol. In the 1H-NMR spectrum of C you find 5 signals at -2.74, 1.61, 7.75, 8.15 and
8.87 ppm with the intensity ratio of 1 : 18 : 4 : 4 : 4.
a) Determine the empirical formala and the structure of A.
b) Is A aromatic or antiaromatic? Account for your decision.
c) Give the structure and the name of B..
d) Determine the empirical formula of C. How many molecules of A and B form a
molecule C?
e) Describe the first steps of the reaction mechanism (total reaction of one molecule of B).
Which kind of reaction mechanism is concerned?
f)
Draw one resonance structure of C.
During the reaction of A and B to form C you find an oxidation (dehydrogenation).

g) Specify which oxidizing agents could be possible in this process.
Compound C reacts with copper(II) acetate in dimethyl formamide as solvent to form
complex D (CuC60 H60N4).
h) Draw one resonance structure of the macrocyclic complex D.
15
Problems Round 2
i)
Give the number of electrons in the largest aromatic system of D and show it in an
example of your own choice.
2+
j)
Plot a diagram of the energy levels of the 3d orrbitals of the Cu
ions in the ligand
2-
field of the ligand C in correct energetic order.

9
2+
k) The paramagnetic d valence-electron system of Cu ions may principally lead to

diamagnetic compounds. Explain how this can happen.
H-NMR spectrum of compound B (with a enlarged cutout)
13
C-NMR spectrum of compound B:
The signal at approx. 77 ppm is due to the solvent.
16
Problems Round 2
Problem 2-3
Study of a Drug
A drug X is looked at. It inhibits the pumping of protons and suppresses the secretion of
chloric acid in the stomach. Amongst others it is used to treat gastric ulcer.
The synthesis of compound X follows the following procedure:
Acetic anhydride
- CH3COOH
Rearrangement
MCPBA = m-Chloroperbenzoic acid

Drug X
a) Write the name of the starting compound and plot the structures of A, D, E, F, G.
b) Give the mechanism of the reaction of D with acetic anhydride.
Hint: Be aware of tautomerism.
c) Give the reaction mechanism of the rearrangement. Which is the driving force of this
reaction?
d) For what was MCPBA (m-chloroperbenzoic acid) used in the last step of the synthesis?
e) Is the product of the sythesis chiral? Account for your answer.
Compound X is a prodrug. Prodrugs are materials which come pharmacological into
operation after metabolism in the body. The drug X reacts only in acidic surrounding to form
the active inhibitor of proton pumps (H+/K+-ATPase).
This happens via a spiro compound as intermediate followed by rearrangement to form a
sulphenic acid. Sulphenic acid reacts by cleavage of water to form the active metabolite, a
cyclic sulphenamide. The sulfenamide reacts with H+/K+-ATPase by forming a disulphide
bridge and thus the enzyme is blocked irreversible
17
Problems Round 2
f)
Plot the structures of the spiro compound and of the sulphenamide.
Drug X
Spiro compound
Sulphenic acid
Sulphenamide
18
Problems Round 3 test 1 + 2
Problems Round 3
Test 1
Berlin and Kln 2007:
Problems 3-01 to 3-10
Test 2
Berlin and Kln 2007:
Problems 3-11 to 3-20
time
your name
relevant calculations
atomic masses
constants
answers
draft paper
problem booklet
5 hours,
write it on every answer sheet,
write them down in the appropriate boxes,
otherwise you will get no points
use only the periodic table given,
use only the values given in the table
only in the appropriate boxes of the
answer sheets, nothing else will be marked
use the back of the pages of the problem booklet,
but everything written there will not be marked,
you may keep it.
Good Luck
19
Problems Round 3 test 1 + 2
Useful formulas and data

G = H - TS
G = - EzF
G = - RTln Kth
So (T) = So(298) + Cpln(T/298)

Ureaction = Hreaction + W (p,V-work only at constant pressure: W = - p
V)
Kth = Kppo-n ;
Kth = Kc (mol/l) -n
ln (Kp1/Kp2) = -H/R(T 1-1 - T2-1)
pV = nRT
Nernst equation :
E = E0 +
R
T
ln (cOx/cRed)
z
F
for metals
for non-metals
rate laws
0. order
1. order
2. order
Arrhenius equation:
k = A e-Ea/(RT)
c Red = 1 mol/L
c Ox = 1 mol/L
c = co - kt
c = co e k 1 t
c -1 = k2t + co-1
A pre-exponential factor,
Ea activation energy
Braggs equation:
n= 2asin
Law of Lambert and Beer:
E=
cd
molar absorption coefficient
d length of the cuvette
c concentration
Henrys law for dissolving gases in water (A(g)

KH =
c(A(aq))
p(A(g))
R = 8,314 JK-1mol-1
F = 96485 Cmol-1
po = 1,00010 5 Pa
1 atm
A(aq))
KH
Henry constant
NA = 6,0221023mol-1
= 1,013105 Pa
1 = 10-10 m
A periodic table was provided
20
1 bar
= 1105 Pa
Problems Round 3 Test 1
Third Round, Test 1

Problem 3-1
Multiple Choice
(with one or more correct answers)
a) Which relationships between the radii of these species are correct?

A) r(Na) < r(Na+) ;
r(F) < r(F-)
B) r(Na) > r(Na+) ;

r(F) > r(F -)
C) r(Na) < r(Na+ ) ;

r(F) > r(F -)
D) r(Na) > r(Na+) ;

r(F) < r(F -)
b) In which reaction do you expect an increase of entropy?

A) H2O(l)
C) CaCO 3(s)
B) N2(g) + 3 H2(g)
2 NH3(g)
H2O(s)
D) Ag +(aq) + Br-(aq)
AgBr(s)
CaO(s) + CO 2(g)
c) M is a trivalent metal which reacts with acids to form hydrogen and a salt. 2 mol of M
react completely with a certain acid H nA (n = 1, 2 or 3) to produce 3 mol of hydrogen.
Which of the following formula(s) match this question?
A)
MA
B)
C)
M2A
D)
M3A2
E)
M2A 3
MA3
d) A metal from period 4 is added to water and a vigorous reaction takes place with the
evolution of a gas. Which of the statements are correct?
A)
1. Oxygen is evolved.
2. Hydrogen is evolved.
3. The resulting solution is acidic.
4. The resulting solution is basic.
B)
1 and 3 only
C)
2 and 3 only
2 and 4 only
D)
1 and 4 only
e) Which of the following pairs are corresponding acid-base pairs?

A) HCO 3- /CO32f)
B)
NH4+/NH2-
C) HCl/Cl-
D) HSO3-/S 2O32- E) H3O+/OH-
The 1H NMR spectrum of an unknown compound having the molecular formular C3H5Cl3
shows only two sets of 1H NMR signals at 2.20 ppm (3 H singlet) and 4.02 ppm (2 H
singlet) respectively. What is a likely structure for this unknown sample ?
A) Cl 3C-CH2-CH3
B)
ClH2C-CCl2-CH3 C) ClH2C-CHCl-CH2Cl D) ClH2C-CH2-CHCl2
g) How many aromatic isomers exist of C 7H7Cl ?

A)
h)
2
8
3 Li
B)
C)
D)
E)
is a radioactive isotope that emits - particles to form an unstable nuclid, that emits
particles. Which is the stable isotope Y that results from the following chain reaction
8
X Y +
3 Li X +
A)
3
2 He
B)
4
2 He
C)
21
6
4 Be
D)
12
6C
Problem 3-2
Acids
-3
There are two acids, monochloroacetic acid (c = 0.01 mol/L , K1 = 1.4

10 ) and trichloroacetic acid (c = 0.01 mol/L , K2 = 0.2).
a) Calculate the pH-values of these acids.
b) 100 mL of monochloroacetic acid have to be diluted to form a solution with pH = 2.9.
Calculate the voume to which the dilution has to be performed.
c) The given acids shall be mixed to form a solution with pH = 2.3. What is the required
ratio of their volumens? (Hint: Start your calculation with 1 L of monochloroacetic acid.)
Problem 3-3
VSEPR
The geometric structure of various chemical species can be determined by means of

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory.
a) Consider 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 valence electron pairs distributed around the central atom A in
-n
the molecule AX 2 or in the ion AX 2 .

Which numbers of electron pairs, containing both bonding and lone pairs, could result in
a linear spatial arrangement? Explain why each arrangement may or may not lead to a
linear species X-A-X.
b) Some of the electron pair arrangements could give more than one molecular shap e
(which then are no longer linear).
Show these additional possibilities.
c) For which of the cases of linear arrangements in a) exist species at this time?
Give the formula of one chemical species.
d) Valence Bond Theory can also be used to account for the geometries of chemical
species.
Give the hybridization that corresponds to each of the geometries in question a).
Problem 3-4
Lattice and Bond Energies
Titanium(II)-oxide exists in a crystal structure similar to sodium chloride.

a) Plot a unit cell of titanium(II)-oxide
The length of the edge of the unit cell is given by a = 0.420 nm.
b) Calculate the density in g/cm3.
22
Given the following data :

Sublimation enthalpie of titanium
425
kJ/mol
1. ionization enthalpie of titanium
658
kJ/mol
2. ionization enthalpie of titanium
1310
kJ/mol
498
kJ/mol
Bond energy of oxygen

Electron affinity of O
Electron affinity of O
- 141,5 kJ/mol
-
797,5 kJ/mol
Standard enthalpie of formation of TiO
- 523
kJ/mol
c) Calculate the lattice energy of titanium(II)oxide.

The bond energy of a N-N single bond is 163 kJ/mol, for a NN triple bond it is 945 kJ/mol.
Four nitrogen atoms may form a tetrahedral molecule of N4 or two N2 molecules.
d) Which is the favorite? Account for your opinion.
Problem 3-5
Kinetics
The kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of a compouns A with the initial concentration
of 0.020 mol/L lead to the plot below. It shows the concentration of A as a function of time.
concentration in mol/L
0,020
0,015
0,010
0,005
0,000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
time in minutes
a) Determine approximately the initial reaction rate by using the plot.

b) Check whether the reaction is of first order.
c) Calculate the rate constant.
23
160
Problem 3-6
Heat and Pressure
A common lecture demonstration involves electrically ignition of methanol and air in a plastic
bottle. Liquid methanol is poured into a 500 mL bottle and shaken until the air is saturated
with methanol vapor. The excess of methanol is poured out, the bottle is sealed and the
mixture is then ignited.
a) Write a balanced equation of the reaction.
b) Determine the value of H for the reaction in a).
5
Assume a temperature of 25C and a pressure of 1,100

10 Pa. The vapor pressure of
5
methanol at 25C is 0.165

10 Pa. Assume that air contains 20% of oxygen and 80% of
nitrogen.
c) Identify the limiting reagent in the 500 mL bottle.
d) Determine the amount of heat released by the reaction in the 500 mL bottle.
-3
e) Show that after the reaction there is a total amount of ntotal = 23.44
10 mol of
substances in the bottle.
f)
Assume that 500 J of the heat produced in the combustion is at disposal for heating the
gas. Find the temperature of the gas in the bottle. Calculate the pressure at this
temperature.
Substance
HF in kJ
mol-1
CH3OH(g)
CO 2(g)
H2O(g)
- 201.5
- 393.5
- 241.5
The density of the mixture after copmbustion is 1.30 g

L -1 , the heat capacity of this mixture
is 1.01 J
g-1
K-1.
Problem 3-7
Chlorosulfonic acid is a strong sulfonating agent and used in organic chemistry to introduce the sulfo group -SO3H. In water it reacts to form sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid.
During the production of chlorosulfuric acid a mixture forms containing HSO3Cl, H2SO4 and
SO3. The content of these compounds in technical chlorosulfonic acid has to be determined.
For this purpose 2.9426 g of the product are dissoluted 50 mL of sodium hydroxide solution
(c = 1.9820 mol/L). The solution is then filled up to 100 mL.
24
20 mL of this solution are acidified with nitric acid and then titrated with silver nitrate solution
(c = 0.1120 mol/L), consumption 35.70 mL.
Another 20 mL of the solution are titrated with hydrochlorid acid (c = 0.1554 mol/L),
consumption 33.60 mL.
a) Write all equations of the reactions involved in the procedures mentioned above.
b ) Calculate the composition (in mass percent) of the tested sample of chlorosulfonic acid.
Problem 3-8
Reactions of Alkenes
2-Methyl-1-butene dissolved in carbon tetrachloride reacts with hydrogen bromide to form

2-bromo-2-methylbutane.
a) Write the reaction equation.
b) Give the mechanism of this reaction.
2-Pentyl-1,3-butadiene dissolved in carbon tetrachloride reacts with an excess of hydrogen
bromide.
c) Write the reaction equation. Provide the name of the product.
The reaction of 2-methyl-1-butene with hydrogen bromide is performed in water instead of
carbon tetrabromide as solvent.
d) Write the reaction equation of the formation of the main product of this reaction.
e) Give the reaction mechanism of the formation of the main product.
The reaction of 2-methyl-1-butene with hydrogen bromide is performed in methanol as
solvent.
f)
Write the reaction equation of the formation of the main product of this reaction. Give the
name of the main product.
25
Problem 3-9
Stereochemistry
a) Assign an asterix * to those of the molecules A to H which have a stereogenic center.

Characterise the absolute configuration of the relevant molecules with the R/S
nomenclature rules.
b) Which pairs of molecules show enantiomeric, which diastereomeric and which identical
compounds?
HO
CN
HO
OCH3
Br
O
OH
H3C
O
CH3
OH
H3 C
OH
H
CH3
26
Problem 3-10
Reactions of Enolate Ions
Part A:
1-Bromobutane (RBr) dissolved in ethanol reacts in the presence of sodium ethoxide with
diethyl malonate (malonic acid: H2C(COOH) 2) to form compound A: RHC(CO2C2H5)2.
a) Write the equation of this reaction.
During this reaction malonic ester forms an enolate ion which reacts with alkyl bromide.
b) Propose the mechanism of this reaction. What kind of reaction is it?
When compound A is heated in a aqueous solution of an acid it undergoes hydrolysis and
cleaves off carbon dioxide.
c) Which compound B is formed in this reaction?
If compound A dissolved in ethanol reacts in the presence of sodium ethoxide with methyl
iodide compund C is formed.
d) Write the equation of this reaction.
Part B:
The following reaction is performed:
H3C
C
diethyl malonate
NaOC2 H5, ethanol
U (C10H16O4)
H3 C
Acetone
LiAlH4
PBr 3
W (C6 H10Br2 )
Compound W reacts with sodium diethyl malonate to form compound X.

Heating X in acid you get compound Y by splitting off carbon dioxide.
W
sodium diethyl malonate

ethanol
H3 O
heating
Y (C10H16O4)
e) Draw the line-bond structures of the compounds U through Y.
27
Third round, test 2

Problem 3-11
Multiple Choice
(with one or more correct answers)
a) How many electrons are gained by one mole of permanganate ions, when they react
totally with reducing agents in acidic solution?
A)
B)
6.02
1023
C)
D)
5 mol
6.02
1023 E) 5 6.02
1023
b) Which of the following processes is not a redox reaction?

A) Reactions in a
B) Darkening of a
catalyzer of a car
peeled apple
C) Precipitation of limestone in a dish washer
D) Wine becoming
acidic
c) Which of the following salts shows an acidic reaction if solved in water?

A) FeSO4
7H2O B)
C)
BaCO3
D) KCN
NaHCO3
E) AlCl3
d) 0.1 molar solutions of the follwing pair of reagents are mixed at room temperature.
Which mixture does not show a precipitation?
A) HCl +
AgNO3
B) NaOH +
CuSO4
C) CaCl2 +
Na2CO 3
D) H2SO4 +
Ba(OH) 2
E) NH4NO3 +
K2CrO4
e) Which substance is expected to have the greatest absolute value of lattice enthalpy?
A)
f)
B)
LiF
C)
LiI
D)
CsF
CsI
ONOOH is the empirical formula of peroxonitrous acid. Which is the correct structural
formula considering the bond angles? (none of the bonds shown sticks out of the plain)
B) O
A) O
C) O
OH
OH
D) O
OH
OH
g) Which of the following organic compounds with the molar mass M has the highest
boiling point?
A) Propanal
(M = 58)
B) Acetone
(M = 60)
C) 2-Propanol
(M = 60)
h) Which of these species are paramagnetic? 1. Ti4+

A)
1 only
B)
2 only
C)
3 only
28
D) Acetic acid
(M = 60)
2. Fe2+
D) 1 and 2 only
E) n-Butane
(M = 58)
3. Zn0
E) 1 and 3 only
Problem 3-12
To Fat?
A human being of 80 kg is assumend to have a content of 0.35 mass percent of potassium

40
with a rate of 0.012 % of K related to the total amount of potassium.

40
10
a) Calculate the average rate of disintegration (disintegrations/s) of K (half life 4.5

10 y)
in this person.
It was suggested to determine the content of fat in a man by measuring the radiation caused
by 40K.
b) Do you expect a higher or a lower amount of disintegrations per kg of mass of a stout
person? Give reasons.
Problem 3-13
pH, pK, Equilibria
A solution was prepared by mixing 25.00 mL of a solution of aniline (c = 0.08 mol/L), 25.00
mL of a solution of 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid (c = 0.060 mol/L) and 1 mL of an indicator
(HIn, c = 1.23
10-4 mol/L). This solution then was diluted to 100.00 mL.
The absorbance of this solution was measured at 550 nm in a 5 cm - cell: A = 0.110.
a) Calculate the pH of the diluted solution.
b) Determine the pK a - value of the indicator
(In this context do not use your calculated pH value of a). Assume pH = 5.)
Data:
pK b(aniline) = 9.37
pK a(4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid) = 3.98
Molar absorbtivities at 550 nm
Problem 3-14
104 L
mol-1
cm-1
550(HIn)= 2.26
104 L
mol-1
cm -1
550(In ) = 1.53
Relations within the Periodic Table
The chemical properties of the main group elements of the periodic table vary in a
characteristic way, both within in the group and within the period. The properties of hydrogen
compounds of different main group elements have to be determined.
(BH3)x
NaH
MgH2
(AlH3)y
NH3
SiH4
PH3
H2S
HCl
AsH3
HBr
SbH3
HI
BiH3
29
HF
a) How is hydrogen bound in NaH and in MgH2? Account for your answer and propose an
experiment to give evidence.
rd
b) Report how x and y of the hydrogen compounds of the 3 main group differ. Explain the
bond type, commonness and differences.
c) How does the base strength (in aqueous solution)) of the hydrogen compounds of the 5
maingroup alter with increasing molar mass (without reasons)?
d) How does the acid strength (in aqueous solution) of the hydrogen halides change with
increasing molar mass? Give the reasons.
rd
e) How does the acid strength and the vbond type change within the 3 period.
Characterise the circumstances using SiH4 and H2S as examples.
Problem 3-15
Electrochemistry
2+
Solution A with pH = 4 contains Mn
(c = 0.01 mol/L) and MnO4 ions (c = 0.004 mol/L).
Immersing a platinum electrode in it produces the half cell A.

-3
Solution B with pH = 9 contains potasium chromate (c = 8

10 mol/L) in the presence of
solid Ag2CrO4. Immersing a silver electrode in it produces the half cell B.
These half cells are connected with a salt bridge. The voltage of the cell is measured at
25C: 0.573 V.
a) Calculate the solubility product of silver chromate.
-
2+
E(MnO4 /Mn ) = 1.491 V
E(Ag /Ag) = 0.800 V
b) Explain, why the given pH values are important for this problem.
Manganese forms ions with different oxidation states. In tables you find
E(Mn2+/Mn)
= - 1.181 V
E(MnO4 /MnO2)
1.679 V
E(MnO4 /MnO4 )
0.564 V
1.491 V
2-
2+
E(MnO4 /Mn )
(Mn2+ + 2 e-
Mn)
(MnO4 + 4 H3O + 3 e-
c) Determine E(MnO 2/Mn 2+) and E(MnO42-/MnO2).
30
MnO2 + 6 H2O)
th
Problems round 3 test 2
Problem 3-16
Inorganic Reactions
Material A shows the following properties or reactions:

(1) A reacts with diluted hydrochloric acid to give solution B.
(2) A certain amount of zinc powder, which is insufficient for a total reaction, is added and
reacts with solution B. The mixture is stirred and filtered. Precipitate C is obtained.
(3) C reacts with oxygen to become A.
Possible materials to be A: Cu, CuO, ZnO, MgO, Mg.
a) What material is A? Account accurately for your decision.
There are four unlabeled test tubes with diluted aqueous solutions of sodium sulfide, sodium
carbonate, hydrochlorid acid and sulfuric acid.
An aqueous solution of barium hydroxide and magnesium powder are provided as additional
reagents.
b) Propose a scheme of analysis to identify the solutions in each test tube. To identify all
solutions not more than 6 tests should be necessary. A test is defined as the interaction
of one solution of the unlabeled test tubes with one of the additional reagents or with the
solution of another test tube.
c) Write down the respective reaction equations.
Problem 3-17
Thermodynamics
At high temperatures carbon dioxide decomposes in small amounts into carbon monoxide
and oxygen. The fraction of CO 2 that decomposes at equivalence pressure of 1013 hPa
varies with the temperarture: at 1000 K 2.0
10-7 and at 1400 K 1.3
10-4.
Assume pstandard = 1,013
105 Pa as standard pressure.
a) Write the reaction equation of this termal decomposition.
b) Calculate K p(1000), K p(1400) ,G(1000), H(1000) and S(1000) assuming that the
reaction enthalpies in the relevant temperature interval are constant.
c) How will the fraction of decomposed carbon monoxide change if the total pressure is
decreased to 101.3 hPa. First give a qualitative answer, which you then verify by a
calculation of the reaction at 1000 K.
31
Problem 3-18
Bonds and Structures
The following diagram is a plot of energy versus internuclear distance for two hydrogen
atoms
Energy
E
A1 = H
A2 = H
B
C
Internuclear distance
a) Account for the energy changes in B, C, D and E compared with the energy of two
isolated hydrogen atoms by using the theory of overlapping of the s orbitals.
How stable is the system in B, C, D and E?
b) Which point corresponds to the stable H2 molecule?
Mark the bond length and the bond energy on the axes of the diagram.
The Lewis formula of H2 can be written as
H:H
The Valence-Bond-Theory describes bonds as overlapping of orbitals of atoms. For instance

H2 may be described as
H : H
c) Draw the Lewis structure and the line-bond structure following the Valence Bond Theory
of N2.
d) Depict the MO diagram of O2. Start from the 2p orbitals of two oxygen atoms.
e) Estimate the angle ( HNH) of ammonia and ( HOH) of water compared with the
tetrahedral bond angle (HCH) of methane.
Draw the structures of ammonia and water und account for the reason that the angles
are different from the tetrahedral bond angle.
32
The structure of a lot of molecules is described by two or more resonance structures.

f)
Which of the resonance forms contribute more to the overall resonance hybrid?
(1)
(2)
O
H3C
C
(3)
H3C
(4)
C
R
H
O
(5)
H
O
(6)
H
O
(7)
g) What does an individual resonance structure represent?

There are often several different structures with the same empirical formula (constitutional
isomerism).
h) Draw all possible constitutional isomers of C4H6 (9 examples are to be overbidden).
Problem 3-19
Reactions and Analysis
A cyclic compound A (C7H12) has to be analyzed.

Therefore an ozonolysis of compound A is performed. The obtained product is treated with a
reducing agent such as zink metal in hydrochloric acid. This leads to only one compound B:
2,2-dimethylpentane-1,5-dial (C7H12O 2).
If compound A reacts with permanganate in alkaline solution under mild conditions at 0C,
compound C (C7H14O 2) is formed. Compound C doesnt show any optical activity.
In a hot aqueous solution of potassium permanganate, however, A reacts opening the ring to
form D (C7H12O4), a compound with the properties of an acid.
33
Finally compound A is treated with a per-acid. Two compounds E and F (C7H14O 2 each)
occur, both are optically active.
a) Determine the compounds A through F.
Write the equations of the reactions that lead to all of the compounds B to F.
b) Provide the mechanism of the reaction that leads to compound C.
c) Draw 3D-structures of the compounds C, E and F.
Which of the pairs C/E, C/F and E/F are enantiomers or diastereomers respectively.
Aufgabe 3-20
Organic Synthesis
Compound C may be obtained on two different pathways. Using them compound C is

generated as a recemic mixture.
COOH
H 2C
CH2
H 2C
Pathway 1
1. Br2/PBr3
2. H2O
O
C
Pathway 2
NH4Cl
KCN
B
NH3
Compound C
(racemic mixture)
H3O +
a) Draw the structural formulas of A, B and C. Provide the name of compound C.

b) Draw both enantiomers in Fischer projection (carbon atom with the highest oxidation
number on top). Assign R- and S-configuration respectively to each drawing.
c)
Show the mechanism of the formation of A and B.
34
Hint pathway 1: An enol occurs as intermediate:

OH
R
C
Br
Hint pathway 2: In a reaction NH3 with an imine occurs as intermediate:
NH
R
The racemate of compound C is treated with R-lactic acid (CH3CH(OH)COOH).

d) Draw a Fischer projection of R-lactic acid.
e) Does the Fischer projection below show R- or S-lactic acid?
COOH
HO
CH3
H
f)
What kind of salts do form after addition of R-lactic acid? Draw the structural formulas of
anions and cations of the salts. Assign R and S according to the configuration.
g) Explain how it is possible to get pure enantiomers of compound C after additon of Rlactic acid.
35
Problems Round 4 (theoretical)
Fourth round (theoretical problems)

(A periodic table and the same list of useful formulas and data as in the third round were provided.)
Problem 4-1
Atoms - Structure and Decay
Element no. 117 (Ununseptium, Uus) has not been created until now but you may speculate.
a) Show its supposible electronic configuration (like 1s 22s2p63 without abbreviations).
To which group may it belong to?
The element carbon consists of the stable isotopes 12C (98,90 % of mass) and 13C (1,10 %
of mass). Furthermore there is a very small fraction of the radioactive isotope
14
C (halve-live
t1/2 = 5730 a). It emerges from nitrogen by neutron bombardment (cosmic radiation) in the
atmosphere. 14C shows -particle emission.
b) Give equations of the formation and decay of 14C.
14
CO 2 mingles with all the other CO2 and thus enters the CO2 cycle of nature. The rate of
decay of carbon which is incorporated in the natural CO2 cycle is 13.6 decays/min per g of
carbon. When herbal material dies off, the rate of carbon decreases respectively.
14
C decays at a rate equal to (N = number of atoms, t = Zeit, = rate constant):

rate = -
dN
=
N.
dt
Integration of this equation leads to the well-known law of radioactive decay.

A piece of wood from a ship of the Vicings which was found in 1983 showed a rate of decay
of 12.0 decays/min per g of carbon.
c) In which year was the tree cut down?
d) What is the value of the abundance ratio (number of atoms of 12C/number of atoms of
atoms of 14C) of carbon involved in the natural CO 2 cycle?
When the elements generated, a lot of radionuclides were formed among others. Some of
them - special isotopes of uranium and thorium - still exist on earth because of their
longevity. Natural uranium consists of several isotopes, the longest-living of which are 238 U
(99.275 % , t = 4.468109 a) and 235 U (0.720 %, t = 7.038108 a). The other isotopes of
uranium possess considerably shorter half-lives.
36
Thorium consists only of the long-living isotope
232
Th (t = 1.4051010 a). Another relatively
long-living isotope was 237Np (t = 2.14106 a), which is already totally decayed. All these
isotopes undergo -decay.
e) At which time in the past was the fraction of both uranium isotopes equal?
In natural uranium there is another isotope, 234 U with a fraction of about 0.005%. It is not a
remnant of the origin of earth but it is formed constantly by one of the four isotopes
mentioned above. A radioactive equilibrium is reached, at which the concentration of
234
U is
constant, e.g. the rates of formation and decay are equal.

f)
From which of the isotopes mentioned above does
234
U originate by a series of - and
-decays? Show the way of formation.

g) Calculate the half-live of
234
Problem 4-2
How does it happen?
U.
There are two proposals of reactions sulfuric acid forms in the atmosphere
proposal A
H2O (g) +
SO3 (g)
H2SO4 (g)
proposal B
2 H2O (g) +
SO3 (g)
H2SO4 (g) + H 2O(g)
a) Considering the possibility of collisions only which order of reaction would you expect for
proposal A and for proposal B?
Proposal B could procede in a mechanism of two steps:
SO3 + 2 H2O
SO3
2H2O
k1
k-1
k2
SO3
2H2O
(rapidly)
H2SO4 + H2O
(slowly)
SO3
2H2O is a complex stabilised by hydrogen bridges. It is k 2 << k1 und k -1 .
b) Derive the respective rate law of the formation of sulfuric acid and give the reaction
order of this two-step mechanism. Use the steady-state approximation.
Quantum-mechanical examinations show that the activation energies of the total processes
A and B are
Ea(A) = + 80 kJ mol-1 for proposal A
Ea(B) = - 20 kJ mol-1 for proposal B
c) Show the relation between rate constant and temperature (Arrhenius equation) of each
of the two proposals and predict the temperature dependance of the rate constants.
37
The formation of H2SO4 in the upper atmosphere (T = 175 K) is faster then on the surface
of the earth (T = 300 K).
d) Which of the proposed reactions prevails in the upper atmosphere?
Problem 4-3
Miscellaneous of Inorganics
If you want to determine the iron content of a solution which contains Fe3+ as well as Fe2+,
you have to transfer all iron ions to Fe3+ or to Fe2+.
Given some redox couples with their redox potentials:
E in V
Fe3+
Fe
2+
I2
2-
SO4 (H )
4+
Sn
Zn
2+
Fe2+
+ 0.77
Fe
- 0.41
2 I-
+ 0.54
H2SO3
+ 0.20
Sn
2+
Zn
+ 0.15
- 0.76
a) Which of them are able to transfer Fe3+ to Fe2+ at standard conditions?

Write balanced reaction equations.
b) Calculate the equilibrium constant of one of the possible reactions.
The cation Fe3+ or better Fe(H2O)63+ may act as an acid with Ka = 6,3
10-3 mol/L.
c) Give the equation of this protolysis reaction.
A solution contains a total concentration of c total(Fe3+) = 8.5
10-3 mol/L.
d) Determine the pH value and , the degree of protolysis (= cions that underwent protolysis /c total).
Whether the solution reaches the calculated pH value depends amongst other things on
whether Fe(OH)3 (solubility product Ksp = 6.3
10-38) precipitates or not.
With cgesamt(Fe 3+) = 3
10-3 mol/L the degree of protolysis is = 0,74.
e) Assay whether in such a solution Fe(OH)3 precipitates.
B
4-
The silicate ion (SiO4 ) derives from silicic acid H4SiO4. This acid tends to intramolecular
condensation.
38
The silicon-oxygen compounds consist of tetrahedral components which exist in their crystal
structures as singles, in groups, chains or layers or they form a three dimensional
framework.
n
A general way to write the empirical formula of such silicon-oxygen compounds is [SixO y] .
f)
Derive a formula for the charge n in dependung on x and y!

2-
g) How many corners does one tetrahedron of the anion (SiO3 )m have in common with its
neighbours?
h) What is the empirical formula of a silicon-oxygen compound in which 4 tetrahedrons are
connected with their corners to form a chain and with silver as cation?
Lapis lazuli (lazurite) is a deep blue mineral used for jewellery. It consists of an three
dimensional framework, in which three out of six silicon atoms are substituted by aluminium
atoms. The blue colour is caused by S3- ions. The ration of number of tetrahedrons to
number of S 3- ions amounts to 6:1. The cations of the mineral are sodium ions.
i)
What is the empirical formula of lapis lazuli?
j)
Write a balanced (ionic) equation of the formation of sulphur and hydrogen sulphide if
you treat lapis lazuli with hydrochloric acid.
k) Draw the Lewis formula of an S3- ion. Pay attention to the geometrical situation!
Problem 4-4
Equilibria
(Assume pstandard = 1,013

105 Pa for the total problem.)
In a system in which the equilibrium 3 H2 + N 2
2 NH3
is established at 400 K
the following partial pressures are found:

p(H2) = 0.376 bar
p(N2) = 0.125 bar
p(NH3) = 0.499 bar.
a) Calculate the equilibrium constant Kp and G.

If the equlibrium in a system is disturbed, it may establish again. You may calculate the
driving force G with the formula
G = G + RT
ln Q
with Q =
p(NH 3 ) 2
p(H 2 ) 3
p(N 2 )
pstandard-n
Looking at the sign of G you may realize in which direction the reaction will move.
There are n(H2) = 500 mol of hydrogen (H2) in a system with the partial pressures given
above.
b) Calculate the amount of N2 and NH3 in this system.
39
The amount of 10 mol of hydrogen is added to this system. There is no change in

temperature and total pressure. Thus the equilibrium is distrubed.
c) Calculate G of the proceeding reaction and determine in which direction the system
will proceed by using the sign of G.
In a H2/N2/NH3 system in equilibrium at 410 K and a total pressure of 1 bar you find Kp =
36.79 bar-2. In this system there are 100 mol of H2, 500 mol of N2 and 175 mol of NH3.
Then 10 mol of N2 are added, temperature and pressure are maintained.
d) State at first without calculation in which direction the system will proceed.
Show by calculation whether your statement was correct or not.
Problem 4-5
Copper Sulfate
In complex compounds of Copper(II) the coordination numbers four and six are favoured, the
last ones are often Jahn-Teller distorted.
a) Draw diagrams for a tetrahedral and an octahedral ligand field showing the energy levels
of all 3d-orbitals. Calculate the Crystal Field Stabilization Energy (CFSE) of both cases.
Furthermore determine the CFSE of the tetrahedral complex in units of the octahedral
coordination (o, with t = 4/9 o). Which coordination will be prefered?
One of the most important detection methods of copper(II) in aquous solutions is the reaction
with ammonia, which can be descibed with the following equilibrium:
[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 4 NH 3
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O) 2]2+ + 4 H2O
The equilibrium shifts nearly completely to the right side.

b) Explain this reaction using the principle of Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB)!
The hexaqua complex of copper(II) shows a light blue, the tetraammin-diaqua complex an
intensively blue colour. Measuring the uv/vis spektra of an aquous solution of the complexes
maxima of absorbtion are observed at 15000 cm -1 and 12000 cm -1 respectively.
c) Account for the different colours of these two complexes using the Ligand Field Theorie
and assign the maxima of absorbtion to the appropriate complex compounds.
Diluted ammonia solution is added slowly to an aquous solution of copper sulfate until there
is a excess of ammonia.
d) What will you observe? Write reaction equations.
40
If you produce blue crystals of CuSO4 5 H2O from a solution of copper sulfate and safe
them in open containers in heated rooms they will get white rims, they wheather slowly.
There exist different copper-sulfate hydrates CuSO4 n H2O (n = 1, 3, 5), which change into
each other depending on air humidity. If you want to keep blue crystals you have to cover
them all over with a clear lacquer.
e) Determine the pressure of water vapor at 25C in air with relative air humidity = 100 %.
f)
Using the thermodynamic data below, determine the threshold of relative air humidity (in
% at 25C) at which copper-sulfate hydrates with mit n = 5 and n = 3 change into each
other.
-1
-1
Verbindung
fH(298 K) in kJmol
S(298 K) in J
mol
K
CuSO4 5 H 2 O (s)
- 2278.0
305.4
CuSO4 3 H 2 O (s)
- 1683.1
225.1
H2 O(l)
- 285.8
70.1
H 2O(g)
- 241.8
188.7
-1
Assume p = pstandard = 1.013

105 Pa.
Problem 4-6
Minerals
Mr. Busybody goes in for sports and often consumes healthy products containing minerals.
Some time ago he bought a new magnesium-calcium preparation though he had an old one
at home. He was sorry about having lost the package inserts of both products, so he does
not know how many tablets he has to take for an optimal supply. On the packaging the
ingridients are only partially visible:
Product A
Product B
Magnesium
Magnesium
Calcium
Calcium
Filling material (7.8 %)
Filling material (86.4 %)
Mass per tablet: 1.2 g
Mass per tablet: 1.25 g
Mr. Busybody feels betrayed. Product B contains a huge amount of filling material while the
price was the same as that of product A.
He asks his brother, a chemist, for help. The brother knows that such products often contain
magnesium and calcium as citrates (Mg3C12H10O14 14 H2O and Ca3C12H10O 14 4 H2O) or as
carbonates. He dissolves two tablets in diluted hydrochloric acid and boils away carbon
dioxide. Then he adds an excess of ammonium chloride, neutralizes both solutions with am41
monia (indicator methyl red) and precipitates calcium as calcium oxalate (CaC2O4). It is
filtered off, washed, dissolved in half-concentrated sulphuric acid and titrated with permanganate solution at 70C.
a) What is the reason of adding ammonium chloride before precipitating?
b) Why should the solution be nearly neutral during precipitation?
c) Write reaction equations of the formation of calcium oxalate as well as of the reaction of
oxalate anions with permanganate anions.
As solutions of permanganate slowly decompose while time goes by, their exact
concentration is determined just before titration by means of a pure substance (As2O 3) as
standard.
He weighed a certain amount of As2O3 exactly and needed 12,80 mL of a permanganate
solution to oxidate it in an acid solution. From this result he calculated c(KMnO4) = 0,0200
mol/L.
d) Write the equation of the reaction of arsenic(III) oxide (As 2O 3) with permanganate ions .
Calculate the mass of arsenic(III) oxide which he used.
The determination of calcium gave the following data:
Tablets of A:
34.90
35.00
34.90
consumption of mL KMnO4 (c = 0.02 mol/L)
Tablets of B:
31.90
31.90
32.00
e) Calculate the content of calcium of one tablet of each product (in mg).
To determine magnesium the filtrate of the precipitation of oxalate is concentrated to small
volume and then slightly acidified with diluted hydrochloric acid. Ammonium chloride and
ammonium hydrogenphosphate are added and the solution heated to boiling. After adding
phenolphthalein ammonia solution is added until the solution shows clouding and the
indicator changes. After adding more ammonia the precipitate of MgNH4PO4 is filtered off,
washed and annealed at not more than 1100C until the mass is constant.
f)
Write the reaction equation of the formation of MgNH4PO4!
g) Write the equation of the reaction that happens during the annealing.
The precipitation of MgNH4PO4 is in great extend influenced by the concentrations of
ammonium cations and hydroxide anions.
h) Which influence may NH4+ and OH have upon the precipitation of MgNH4PO4 and thus
on the determination of magnesium?
42
To answer this question you should take into consideration which reactions the ions in
the solution may undergo with NH4+ and OH respectively and which other precipitates
could occur. Account also for compounds which do not contain magnesium but do not
account ions, which could be in the solution because of the determination of calcium.
The product X of the annealing contains 21.84 % of mass of magnesium.
The determination of magnesium gave the following values:
Tablets of A:
192.5
191.4
193.1
Mass of X (mg)
Tablets of B:
236.5
239.1
238.8
i)
Calculate the mass of magnesium in one tablet of each product.
j)
Which product contains citrates as ingredients, which carbonates? Which of the

products contains a higher percentage of minerals per tablet?
Problem 4-7
Polymerization
There are different methods to polymerize monomeric olefines, e.g. radical, anionic, cationic.
To start radical polymerization you may use peroxides or azo compounds, because they
decompose on heating to form radicals which initiate a chain reaction.
a) Show the way vinyl chloride (H2C=CHCl) polymerizes. Use a peroxide to initiate the
reaction (do not take stereochemical aspects into account; let at least to monomers
react).
b) Show chain-termination reactions which may occur during the polymerization of vinyl
chloride.
Cationic polymerization may be initiated by proton acids, Lewis acids and salts with
carbenium ions. Olefines with electron providing substituents are especially suited for
cationic, those with electron withdrawing substituents for anionic polymerization, which is
catalyzed by strong bases such as sodium amide.
c) Show the way of the cationic polymerization of isobutene ((H3C) 2C=CH 2), initated by
sulphuric acid (do not take stereochemical aspects into account; let at least two
monomers react).
d) Show the way of the anionic polymerization of methylacrylate (acrylic-acid methylester,
H2C=CH-COOCH3) initated by amide anions(NH 2)(do not take stereochemical aspects
into account; let at least to monomers react).
43
The material that starts a polymerization reaction is often called catalyzer.

e) Why is this designation misleading and should be used with caution?
There are more polymeres besides polyolefines. An important group of polymers are
polyester. Biodegradable plastics as Biopol (Poly--hydroxy buryric acid) and polylactic acid
belong to this group.
f)
Complete the reaction equation of the production of polylactic acid C!

CH3
OH
H+
B
O
OH
- 2 H2O
Problem 4-8
Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Esters and Phenols
Esters with at least one H-atom at the -C-atom react in the presence of strong bases as
follows:
O
2 H3 C
1. NaOC2 H5
OC2H5
2. H3 O
H3 C
H2
C
O
C
OC2H5 + C 2H5OH
acetic acid methylester

a) Which reaction takes place with 1. NaOC2 H5 ?
b) What are the nucleophilic and the electrophilic reactants in the reaction above? Show
them by drawing their Lewis formula.
c) A compound with a tetrahedral C atom instead of the original carbonyl C atom occurs.
Draw its structural formula.
The reaction described above may also proceed between two different esters and a strong
base
d) Which products do you expect in the reaction shown on the next page? Draw the
structural formulas of X and Y.
44
O
C
OC 2H 5
+ H3 C
1. NaH, THF
OC2H 5
2. H3O
X + Y
Sodium phenolate reacts under pressure with carbon dioxide to form salicylic acid (C7H6O 3).
e) Write the reaction equation. As intermediate the anion of a keto carboxlic acid
forms.Show its structural formula.
f)
Show the resonance structures of the phenolate anion.
g) Which analogy exists between this reaction and the self-condensation of acetic acid
methylesters described in the beginning of this problem?
Given the following reaction:
OH
BrCH2 CH=CH 2
NaH
(THF)
250C
-1
C shows an IR band at approximately 3000 cm as phenol does too. This band is missing
for compound B.
h) Show the structures of the compounds A to C.
Problem 4-9
Diels-Alder Synthesis
Triptycene has athe following structure:
a) What are the names of the reactants which form triptycene in a Diels-Alder reaction?
Write a reaction equation.
b) How many monosubstituted isomers of triptycene exist? Show their structural formulas
(use R as substituent).
45
1,3-cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride (maleic acid: C 4H4O 4) react depending on the
reaction conditions to two different isomeric compounds, an endo product and an exo
product respectively.
c) Draw the structures of these two isomers.
One condition of the reaction of a diene with a dienophilic substance is the optimal
arrangement of the reactants involved.
d) Sketch the transition state that leads to the endo product.
Diels-Alder reactions proceeds with high stereospecifity.
e) Which product will form in the following reactions? Draw the structural formulas of X and
Y and indicate whether there is an E- or a Z-product.
CH2
C
H
CH2
CH3
CO2 CH 3
C
H
C
H
CH2
CO 2CH3
C
CH2
C
H 3C
46
Problems round 4 (practical)
Fourth round (practical problems)

Problem 4-10:
Synthesis of an Organic Compound
Equipment:
Round bottom flask (250 mL)
stirrer bar
funnel
drying oven (65 C)
pH paper
capillary tube
pen
magnetic stirrer with heating plate
reflux condenser
balance
filter paper
suction flask
spatula
TCL chamber
UV lamp
test tube
melting point apparatus
Bchner funnel
ice water bath
TCL plate
Chemicals (R- and S-sets were provided):

Name, formula
unknown alkyl aromatic substance,
phase-transfer catalyst
Na2 CO3 (s),
H3C(C8 H17)NCl (l)
KMnO4 (s),
NaHSO3 solution, w(NaHSO3 ) = 39%
H2SO 4, w(H 2SO 4) = 48 %,
solvent cyclohexane/ethyl acetate
C 6H12 / H3 C-COOC2 H5 (l)
toluol, C7 H8 (I)
demineralized water
R phrases
S phrases
Xi; 36
Xn; N; 22-38-41-50/53
Xn; N; 8-22-50/53,
Xn; 22-31,
C; 35,
F; Xi; N; Xn;
11-36-38-50/53-65-66-67
F; Xn; 11-38-48/20-63-65-67
22-26,
26-39-51,
60-61,
25-46,
26-30-36/37/39-45
9-16-25-26-33-60-61-62
36/37-46-62
Procedure:
Place 70 mL of water, 1.41 g of alkyl aromatic substance, 2.12 g (0.02 mol) of sodium
carbonate and 0.5 mL of phase-transfer catalyst in a 250 mL round bottom flask.
Add 15.8 g (0.10 mol) of potassium permanganate and mix thoroughly by swinging.
Put in the stirring bar, connect the reflux condenser, stir and heat the solution for 1 h.
Remove the heating plate. When the solution is no longer boiling but still hot, suck off the
brown solid which has formed (Do not inhale the vapors!), wash twice with a small amount
of hot water. If necessary remove the colour of the filtrate using sodium hydrogencarbonate.
Then use half concentrated sulphuric acid to acidify the filtrate with caution until
crystallisation is to be observed. Adding more acid leads to further precipitation. To complete
the crystrallisation you have to cool in the ice bath.
The crystallized crude product is sucked off and recrystallzed. Before recrystallization you
have to clean the used apparatus with sodium hydrogencarbonate. Then recrystallize from
water. In order to crystallize the product again, cool down the flask until it is handhot, then
cool down in an ice bath.
The recrystallized product is sucked off and dried in a drying oven for 15 minutes at 65C.
47
a) Fig. 1 shows the
13
C-NMR spectrum of the reactant. Which of the compounds A, B or C
is it? Assing the signals to the C atoms.

CH 3
CH 3
CH3
CH3
H 3C
A
Fig. 1:
CH3
C
13
C-NMR Spectrum of the reactant
b) Draw the structural formula of the product. Which properties do you expect the product
to have?
c) Potassium permanganate oxidizes the alkyl aromatic substance to the highest possible
oxidation state. Give the balanced reaction equation and assign oxidation numbers to
the relevant atoms.
d) Determine the melting point of the product and the yield.
e) Prepare a thin-layer chromatography (TLC), solvent cyclohexane / Ethyl acetate 1:1.
To applicate the substance to the TLC plate solve a small amount of it in toluol and use
a capillary tube. Look at the dried TLC plate unter an UV lamp and mark the spots of the
product with a pen. Give the Rf value of the product.
Mark your plate with your name and give it to the inspector.
48
Fig. 2:
13
C- ranges of chemical shifts of some organic compounds (from Eberhard
Breitmaier: Vom NMR-Spektrum zur Strukturformel organischer Verbindungen, 3. Auflage,

Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2005)
49
Problem 4-11
Water Hardness
The amount of magnesium and calcium salts dissolved in water is called water hardness
(calcium and magnesium hardness). You have to distinguish between temporary (carbonate)
hardness caused by dissolved hydrogencarbonates, Mg(HCO3)2 and Ca(HCO3)2, - and
permanent hardness caused by dissolved other magnesium and calcium salts such as
chlorides, sulphates and nitrates. The sum of temporary and permanent hardness is called
total hardness.
Determination of carbonate hardness in tap water (temporary hardness)

Equipment:
beaker (500 mL)
burette (25 mL)
glas rod
Erlenmeyer flask (300 mL)

pipette (100 mL) with pipette control
stand with funnel and clamp
thermometer (0 - 100C)
Bunsen burner with stand and plate
Chemicals:
tap water (l),
standard solution of hydrochloric acid, c(HCl) = 0.1 mol/L,
bromocresol green indicator solution, w(C21H14 Br4O5 S) = 0.1 % in ethanol, w(C2 H5 OH) = 20 %,
demineralized water (l)
Procedure:
Use the pipette to transfer 100 mL of tap water from a beaker to an Erlenmeyer flask.
Add 5 to 7 drops of the indicator solution and titrate with standard hydrochloric acid (c(HCl) =
0,1 mol/L) until the colour of the indicator changes from blue to yellow. Then the solution is
heated to boiling in order to remove carbon dioxide, cooled down to 30 -35C. 3 more drops
of the indicator solution are added, then titrated until the colour changes again.
Disposal:
The titrated solution contains sodium chloride and a very small amount of bromocresol green
only. It can be given into the sink directly.
a) Calculate the concentration (in mmol/L) of hydrogencarbonate in water!
b) Why was it necessary to romove carbon dioxide from the solution?
50
Determination of the total hardness of tap water

Equipment:
beaker (500 mL)
pipette (2 mL)

burette (25 mL)

Chemicals:
tap water(l),
standard solution of Na2 EDTA 2 H2 O, c(Na 2EDTA) = 0.01 mol/L,
indicator buffer pills (Merck)
( Xn),
R 22-36-42/43, S 22-24-37-45
ammoniak solution, w(NH3 ) = 25 %,
(C; N), R 34-50,
S 26-36/37/39-45-61,
demineralized water (l)
Safety precautions:
Use concentrated ammmonia solution under the hood only.
Procedure:
Use the pipette to transfer 50 mL of tap water from a beaker to an Erlenmeyer flask, add one
indicator buffer pill and let it dissolve. Add 1 mL of ammonia solution (w(NH3) = 25 %) and
tritrate instantly and speedy with standard solution of Na2EDTA (c(Na2EDTA) = 0.01 mol/L).
Disposal:
The titrated solution and the remnants of the Na2EDTA solution have to be neutralized and
may then been put into the sink.
c) Calculate the concentration (in mmol/L) of calcium and magnesium ions in tap water!
Determination of the calcium hardness of tap water

Equipment
beaker (500 mL)
burette (25 mL)
microspatula

measuriang cylinder (10 mL)
universal indicator paper

Chemicals:
tap water (l)
standard solution of Na2 EDTA 2 H2 O,
calcon carboxylic acid (s), trituration with sodium chloride
potassium hydroxide solution, w(KOH) = 25 %,
(C),
demineralized water (l),
51
c(Na 2EDTA) = 0.01 mol/L,

w(C 21H 14N2 O7 S) = 0.2 %,
R 22-35,
S 26-36/37/39-45
Procedure:
Use the pipette to transfer 50 mL of tap water from a beaker to an Erlenmeyer flask and add
5 mL of potassium hydroxide solution (w(KOH) = 25 %, after addition the pH should be at
12) and a microspatula tip of calconcarboxylic-acid trituration.
Titrate with standard solution of Na2EDTA (c(Na 2EDTA) = 0.01 mol/L) until the colour
changes from pink to sky blue.
Disposal:
The titrated solution and the remnants of the Na2EDTA solution have to be neutralized and
may then put into the sink.
d) Calculate the concentration (in mmol) of calcium ions in tap water.
e) Calculate the concentration (in mmol) of magnesium ions in tap water?
It may occur that the carbonate hardness is higher than the total hardness.
f)
What does this mean for the hardness caused by calcium and magnesium ions and the
determination of the total hardness?
Instead of concentrations you often find the specification of hardness in German hardness
degrees dH. This is an old fashioned but practically still used unit.
1dH responds to 10 mg/L of calcium oxide (CaO) or 7.18 mg/L of magnesium oxide (MgO)
respectively. 5.6d corresponds to a concentration of 1 mmol/L of calcium ions.
g) Give your results of carbonate hardness and of total hardness in dH (referred to CaO)!
52
Answers
Part 2
The answers to the problems of the four rounds
The solutions are more detailed than expected from the pupils. That may facilitate
their comprehension in case of mistakes.
53
Answers Round 1
Answers Round 1
Solution to problem 1-1
a)
2 79.9 kJ/mol)
2 (-322.0 kJ/mol)
1145.0 kJ/mol
589.7 kJ/mol
178.2 kJ/mol
- 2646.5 kJ/mol
1219.6 kJ/mol
Lattice energy of calcium fluoride = 2646.5 kJ/mol

b) c(Ca 2+) c(F)2 = KL
c(Ca 2+) = c(F)
c(F ) c(F)2 = 3
1011 mol3/L3 c(F) = 3.92104 mol/L
solubility of (CaF2) = c(F) M(CaF 2)

solubility of (CaF2) = 3.92
104 mol/L 78.08 g/mol = 15.3 mg/L
c) CaF2 + H 2SO4
CaSO4 + 2 HF
d) Amount of 1000 L hydrogen fluoride at 1.013 bar and 473.15 K using p

V = n
R
T
5
n(HF) =
1.01310 Pa 1 m
8.314 JK -1 mol -1
473.15 K
n(H2SO4) = n(HF)
n(HF) = 25.75 mol

n(H2SO4) = 12.88 mol
1 mL (1.84 g) sulfuric acid (96%) contains
n1 = 1.84 g 0.96 /M(H2SO4) mol H 2SO4
n1 = 1.84 0.96/98.086 mol = 18.0

103 mol
V(H2SO4) = n(H2SO4)/n1 mL V(H2SO4) = 12.88/18.0
103 mL V(H2SO4) = 715.6 mL
54
Answers Round 1
e)
E = 0.82 V
E = 2.64 V
2 H2O
O2 + 4 H + 4 e
2 HF (aq)
F2 + 2 H + 2 e
0
0
The standard potenial of the system hydrogen fluoride/fluorine at pH = 7 is +2.64 V (3.05

V at pH = 0), that of the system water/oygen at pH = 7 is +0.817 V (1.23 V at pH = 0).
Thus it is impossible to produce fluorine by electolysis of a floride solution, as water
reacts before fluoride anions are discharged.
During an electrolysis only water is decomposed, fluorine anions and sodium cation stay
unchanged in solution:
cathode:
2 H + 2 e H2
+
anode: 2 OH O 2 + 2 H + 4 e

a) Chrome green, chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O 3): Na2Cr2O 7 + S
lead-tin yellow, lead(II) stannate (Pb2SnO4): 2 PbO + SnO2

minium, lead(II,IV) oxide (Pb3O 4):
6 PbO + O2
Cr 2O3 + Na 2SO4
Pb 2SnO4
2 Pb 3O4
Egyptian blue, calcium-copper(II) silicate (CaCuSi 4O 10):

CaCO 3 + CuO + 4 SiO2
CaCuSi4O 10 + CO2
b) Disodiumtetraborate decahydrate does not take part in the reaction. It serves as a

fluxing agent, which lowers the melting point of the mixture of reactants and provides for
good contact between them. This guarantees a steady-going and quick reaction.
Purification of the raw product which contains boric acid and residues of the reactants:
The finely ground raw product is treated with water and diluted hydrochloric acid. During
this procedure disodiumtetraborate, calcium carbonate and copper oxide are dissolved.
An excess of silica is not removed and stays as inpurity as it is colourless and does not
interfere.
c) blue:
or
iron(III) salt + yellow potassium prussiate
Prussian blue
FeCl3 + K4[Fe(CN)6]
K[Fe Fe (CN) 6] + 3 KCl
4 FeCl3 + 3 K4[Fe(CN) 6]
FeIII[FeIIIFeII(CN)6]3 + 12 KCl
III
II
auch als Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
yellow: lead nitrate + potassium chromate

Pb(NO 3)2 + K2CrO4
PbCrO 4 + 2 KNO3
green: copper(II) oxide + acetic acid

CuO + 2 CH3COOH + 4 H 2O
red:
mercury(II) salt + hydrogen sulfide

Hg(NO3)2 + H2S
chrome yellow
verdigris
Cu(CH3COO)2 3Cu(OH)2 2H2O
cinnabar
HgS (black modification) + 2 HNO3
you get the more stable red modification by sublimation and recristrallization
55
Answers Round 1
d) Me = copper
Identification:
2+
2 Cu
I2 + 2 S2O3
16.45 mL of S 2O3
20 mL or 16.45
10
2 CuI + I 2
2 I + S4 O 6
+ 4I
2+
solution lead to 16.45

10 L0.1 mol/L = 16.45
10 mol of Cu in
2+
mol Cu in 200 mL.

3
Thus the sample (1.818 g) contains 16.45

10 63.55 g = 1.045 g or 57.48% of copper.
e) Egyptian blue is the only relevant pigment containing copper. A mixture of Egyptian blue
and lead-tin yellow would be green but the content of copper in the unknown green
pigment is higher then in pure Egyptian blue.
(Content of copper in Egyptian blue =
63.55g /mol
6355
100 %
% = 16.90 %)
M( CaCuSi 4 O10 )
375 .99
Answer: No
f)
Black compound = copper(II) oxide, unknown gas = carbon dioxide

n(CuO) = 1.439 / (63.55 + 16) mol
= 1.809
102 mol
m(H2O und CO 2) = 2.000 g 1.439 g
= 0.561 g
By trying out you get
n(H2O) = n(CO2)
M(H2O + CO2) = 62.026 g/mol

n(H2O + CO 2) = 0.561 / 62.026 mol = 9.045
103 mol (=
n(CuO))
empirical formula of the green pigment: Cu 2H2CO5
The green powder is malachite CuCO 3
Cu(OH)2

a)
Following Lewis (1923) acids are acceptors of electron pairs, e.g. a molecule ore ion
with an uncomplete noble gas configuration (electron gap).
Lewis acids accept an elctron pair which a Lewis base provides
Examples (Typ MeX3):
BF3, AlCl3, FeCl 3, ....
b) Reaction mechanism: Electrophilic alkylation (Friedel-Crafts-reaction)

1. step:
the active reagent forms
RCl + AlCl3 R+ + AlCl 42. step:
(R = CH3(CH2)2CH2; Lewis acid AlCl3)
the intermediate forms (electrophilic attack)

+
R ClAlCl 3
56
+ AlCl 4-
Answers Round 1
3. step:
the product forms

R
+ H
protogenic reaction and aromatizing

c)
The formation of the alkylbenzene compound activates the ring (+I-effect) to form a
polysubstituted alkyl compounds. That monoalkyl benzene is more reactive than
benzene.
A great excess of benzene cuts back the formation of plysubstituted compounds.
d)
The electrophilic reagent of the alkylation is a complex bound carbocation (carbernium

ion). Since hydrogen attached to a positively charged carbon atom cannot stabilize the
cation but adjacent C-H or C-C bonds can, the most stable carbocation is the one in
which the positive carbon has the greatest number of stabilizing alkyl groups attached to
it.
By rearrangement the primary alkyl residue forms the more stable tert. butyl residue:
CH3
H3 C
C
CH3
57
Amswers Round 1
Isomers
X = structural isomers
Y = stereoisomers
Y(1) = Cis-trans isomers(Z-E-isomers)
Y(2) = enantiomers
OH
Spiegelebene
H
H3C
CO2 H
Y(3) = diastereomers
CH O
OH
H
HO2 C
C2H5
Cl
CHO
OH
HO
H
H
Cl
OH
HO
OH
HO
OH
OH
CH3
(5)
(6)
2R-2-hydroxypropionic acid 2S-2-hydroxypropionic acid
Z = conformational isomers
H
Cl
I(9)
Cl
H3C
Cl
(3)
Z-3-chlorobut-2-ene
H3 C
C H 2O H
C2H5
(4)
E-3-chlorobut-2-ene
I(7)
D-
C H 2O H
Cl
I(8) D-galactose
H
H
I(10)
HOH2 C
H2
C
H3 C C
CO2 H
(2)
3-hydroxypropionic acid
CO 2H
OH
(1)
2-hydroxypropionic acid
Answers Round 2
Answers Round 2
a) 0.3437 g Bauxit lead to
0.2544 g mixture of oxides
0.6444 g Bauxit lead to
m1
0.4770 g mixture of oxides
m(Al2O3) = m 1 - m(Fe2O 3)
0.4770 g - 0.1588 g
mass content of aluminium
mass content of iron
2
M( Al)
0 .3182
M( Al2 O3 )
0 .6444
= 0.3182 g
100 %
2
M(Fe )
0 .3182
M(Fe 2 O 3 )
0 .6444
= 26.1 %
100 % = 17.2 %
b) In aqueous acidic solution Aluminium(III) is existent as an aquo complex [Al(H 2O)6]3+. In

case of rising the pH water molecules can act as proton donors:
[Al(H 2O)6]3+
[Al(H 2O) 5(OH)]2+ + H+
[Al(H 2O)4(OH)2] + + 2 H+
Besides deprotonation the mononuclear complexes aggregate so that finally the oxide
hydrate Al(OH) 3 H2O precipitates (~ pH = 7). It dissolves in an excess of hydroxide
anions as [Al(OH) 4], the concentration of Al(III)-Konzentration in the soluion rises again.
c)
Point
Phase
Ingridients
(solid Al2O3, solid Na3AlF3, solution, vapor)
( solid Na3AlF3, solution, vapor)
(solution, vapor)
(solid Na3AlF6, solid eutectic mixture),
d) The melt of aluminmium chloride does not contain ions but dimer molecules. No electric
conduct is possible.
e) 2 Al2O 3 + 9 C
Al4C3 + 6 CO
Al4C3 + 12 H2O
3 CH4 + 4 Al(OH) 3
H = [3(-74.8) + 4(-2567.0)] [(-129.2) + 12(-285.83)] kJ/mol = - 6933.24 kJ/mol

S = [(3 186.26 + 4 140.2) (105 + 12 69.91)] kJ
K-1mol-1
= 0.17566 kJ
K -1mol-1
G = -6933.24 kJ/mol 298.15 K 0.17566 kJ

K-1mol-1
= - 6985.61 kJ/mol
G = -RT ln K
K=e
- (-6985610/((8.314
298.15)
K = e2818.12 = 101223.89 = 7.8

10 1223
f)
the side of the products is favored.
p
V = n
R
T n = (1.013
105 Pa 0.100 m 3) / (8.314 J
K-1
mol-1 298 K)
= 4.089 mol
143.959 g (1 mol) Al 4C3 lead to 3 mol CH4

to form 4.089 mol
143.959
10-3 kg 4.089/3 = 0.1962 kg carbide are needed.
59
Answers Round 2
g) Potassium:
8 /8 + 6 + 4
= 8
carbon:
4 8 + 4
12
= 64
empirical formula C8K
n(C) : n(K) = 64 : 8
h) Aluminium(III) has no d-electrons so there is no d d transiation to generate colour.

3
Chromium(III) has a d -electron configuration. In an octahedral field the t2g level is half
filled with 3 unpaired electrons, the eg level, however, is unoccupied so d d transitions
to generate colour are possible.
In sapphire a charge transfer transition (Fe(II) Ti(IV)) is responsible for the colour.
i)
3+
Aluminium(III) ions have a smaller ion radius than chromium(III) ions (r(Al ) = 67.5 pm,
3+
r(Cr ) = 75.3 pm). Thus the size of the octahedral gaps differs in the different structures
and therefore the crystal fields induced by a the oxygen dianions too.
2-
By means of the shorter distance O - metal in ruby, the octahedral crystal field of ruby
is stronger than that of chromium oxide. This leads to a larger splitting of the t2g eglevels in ruby. The d d transitions happen at higher energies and smaller wavelength
(absobence of light of blue colour).

a)
A = C4H5N
Pyrrole
N
H
Note:
Due to the true formula C4H5N only C and N can be present in the ring, otherwise there
could not arise a five membered ring.
b)
A is aromatic because there is a conjugated planar cyclic 6 -electron system (2 C=C

bonds +1 free electron pair of the N atom in a p orbital), which fulfills the Hckel 4n + 2
rule.
c)
4-tert-Butyl benzaldehyde
CHO
Notes:
B has to be an aldehyde.
In the 13C-NMR spectrum you find 4 signals in the aromatic range. Their pattern (roughly
X:X:Y:Y; X Y) points to a p-substituted aromatic compound. The coupling pattern of
60
Answers Round 2
the aromatic H atoms (2 doublets) approves this fact. The 13C-NMR signal at 192 ppm,
the 1H-NMR signal at 10 ppm and the IR band argue for the aldehyde group. In the 1H13
NMR spectrum remains a singlet with the intensity of 9 H atoms, while in the C-NMR
spectrum there are 2 signals in the range of alkyl-C atoms. This is the pattern of a tertbutyl group.
d)
n(C) : n(H) : n(N) = 30 : 31 : 2, empirical formula: C30H31N2.

due to M = 839 g/mol C has the true formula C60H62N4.
4 molecules of A react with 4 molecules of B to form C.
e)
Electrophilic aromatic substitution

Description:
Pyrrole with electrons in a cyclic conjugated system is a site of electron density. It
reacts in a condensation reaction with aldehydes whereabout the positions 2 and 5 of
the pyrrole ring are especially activated.
At first the O atom of the aldehyde is protonated whereby the C atom of the aldehyde is
activated as electrophile. This C atom is attacked by the -electron system of the
nucleophilic pyrrole ring to form a complex with the C atom in position 2 of the pyrrole
ring. After the poroton is abstracted from position 2 of the pyrrole we find an alcohol.
The OH group of this alcohol can be protonated and after abstraction of a water
molecule the alcohol is transformed into an electrohilic carbocation which may react with
pyrrole again.
f)
N
H
H
N
g) Possible oxidizing agents:

- Oxygen of the air (the reflux condensor is open)
- 4-tert-butyl benzaldehyde (could be reduced to 4-tert-butyl benzylalkohol)
Note:
After condensation of 4 A and 4 B more H atoms have to be abstracted in order to yield
C. This can be accomplished by the oxidizing agents mentioned above.
61
Answers Round 2
h)
Note:
The incorporation of the Cu 2+ ion goes along
N
N
with the abstraction of 2 protons.
i)
Cu N
N
The largest aromatic system in D has18 electrons.

Note:
The answer 20 electrons is wrong. The largest
cyclic conjugated -electron system in D has indeed
N
N Cu N
N
20 electrons but it were antiaromatic because it does

not fulfill Hckels rule (20 = 4
4 +4).
j)
Note:
As the ligand system of C is a -electron system which
d x2 -y 2
aims at being planar, the Cu 2+ ion in D is surrounded by

4 N atoms which form a planar square.
This leads to the shown ligand field splitting of the
d orbitals.
k) As Cu2+ has an uneven number of electrons a single
dxy
Cu2+ ion may form a diamgnetic compound if it binds

to a radical with an uneven number of electrons too
or
two Cu 2+ ions may form a binuclear complex, in which
antiparallel spin coupling of the unpaired electrons exists.

a)
Starting material: 2,3,5-trimethylpyridine-N-oxide or 2,3,5-trimethyl-pyridin-1-oxide

NO2
Compound A:
CH3
H3C
Compounds B and C:
NaOH and MeOH (not asked for)
CH3
62
dxz, d yz
d z2
Answers Round 2
O
H3C
CH3
CH3
Compound D:
Compound E:
N
CH3
Compound F
Compound G:
b) 1. Step: Tautomerism
c) It is the matter of a [3,3] sigmatrope rearrangement (not asked for)

Mechanism:
The driving force is the regeneration of an aromatic system.

Note to the solutions b) and c):
It is thinkable that acetic anhydride is at first attacked by the O - atom and only then an H
atom is stripped off the CH 3 group then followed by the rearrangement.
This should be graded as correct too.
d) MCPBA was used to oxidize the thioether in the last step of the reaction.
63
Answers Round 2
e) The product of the synthesis is chiral. The stereogenic center

is the sulphur atom. It has a free electron pair and exists in a
tetrahedral configuration.
R2
R1
f)
H3 C
H3 C
O
O
NH
Spiro compound (intermediate)
HN
H 3C
O
H3 C
H3 C
O
CH3
CH3
Sulfenamide (mixture of isomers)
N
N
H3 C
64
Answers Round 3 Test 1

a) D
b) C
c) A, D, E
d) C
specifying g)
e) A, C
f) B
CH 3
Cl
CH 2Cl
g) D
CH 3
h) B
CH 3
Cl-
Cl
Cl
a) R-H + H 2O R- + H3O +
c(R )
c( H3 O )
c (R )
c(H 3O )
=
c(HR )
[0 .01 mol /L c( R )]
1 mol /L
K=
and c(R -) = c(H 3O +) = x
x2
K=
[0 .01 mol x]
1 mol / L
Monochloroacetic acid K 1 = 1.4

10-3
Trichloroacetic acid
K 2 = 0.2
-
-2.9
b) c(R ) = c(H3O ) = 10
mol/L
x = 3.11
10 -3 mol/L
x = 9.54
10 -3 mol/L
-3
1.4
10 =
pH = 2.51
pH = 2.02
(10 2.9 mol / L ) 2

[c (HR) 10
2.9
mol /L ]
1 mol / L
-3
c(HR) = 2.39
10 mol/L
c 1
V1 = c2
V2
c) V 1 = 1 L HR1
V 2 = x L HR2
0.01mol/L
100mL = 2.39
10 -3 mol/L V2
(Monochloroacetic acid)
(Trichloroacetic acid)
V2 = 418 mL
total volume = (1 + x) L
initial concentration of HR 1 in the mixture
c0(HR1) =
0 .01
mol/L
x 1
initial concentration of HR 2 in the mixture
c0(HR2) =
0 .01
x
mol/L
x 1
c(H3O +) = 10-2.3 mol/L
c(R 1 )
10
1.4
10-3 =
0 .01
x 1
0.2 =
x 1
c(R1-) =
mol /L c(R 1 )
c( R 2 )
10
0.01
x
2.3
2.3
2 .183
10 3
mol/L
x 1
-3
x
mol
x 1
c(R2 ) = 9.756
10
mol / L c(R 2 )
2 .183
10 3
x
+ 9.756
10 -3
= 10-2.3
x 1
x 1
x=
2.183
10 3 10 2.3
10
V 1 : V2 = 1 : 0.596 = 1.68 : 1
65
2.3
9.756
10
x = 0.596

a) n = 2
n=3
X- A -X
The electron pairs repel each other and move

apart from each other as far as possible (180).
A
X
Not linear because the free electron pair

repels the binding pairs.
n=4
Not linear because the free electron pairs
repel the binding pairs.

X
n=5
A
The free electron pairs occupy the largest

space and move as far apart as possible. They
are situated in a plane and therefore the
molecule or the ion is linear.
n=6
Here, too, the not binding electron pairs repel

each other and are situated as far apart as
possible. They lie in a plane and thus the mo-
A
X
lecule or the ion is linear.

Linearity occurs with 2, 5 or 6 electron pairs.
b) There is more than one possibility when 5 or 6 pairs are present:

X
X
or
besides
X
X
X
X
besides
A
X
c) n = 2:
d)
BeCl2
n = 5:
I3- (ICl2- , XeF2)
Number of electron pairs
Hybridization
sp
sp2
sp 3
dsp3
d2sp 3
66

a)
Oxygen ions
Titanium ions
b) The unit cell contains 4 oxygen- and 4 titanium ions.

=
m
V
4
(16.00 47.87)gmol 1
1
6,. 22
10 mol
( 0.42
10 cm )
23
= 5.73 g/cm3
-523
c) Ti(s)
TiO(s)
498
425
Ti(g)
O2(g)
658
O(g)
lattice energy
- 141.5
1310 + 797.5
Ti +(g)
O -(g)
Ti2+(g) + O 2-(g)
lattice energy = (- 1310 - 797.5 - 658 + 141.5 - 425 -

498 - 523) kJ/mol
lattice energy = - 3821 kJ/mol
d) The following reactions have to be compared
1) 4 N
N4
und
2) 4 N
H1)
= - 6
163 kJ/mol= - 978 kJ/mol
S1) < 0
H2)
= - 2
945 kJ/mol= - 1890 kJ/mol
S2) < 0
2 N2
You may assume S1) < S2 ( S2 - S 1 > 0) as the entropy of the reaction of 4
particles to 1 particle decreases in a greater amount than in the reaction of 4 particles to
2.
G1) = - 978 kJ/mol - T
S1)
G2) = - 1890 kJ/mol
G2) - G1) = - 912 kJ/mol - T
(S2) - S 1)) < 0
G2) < G 1)
- T
S2)
Reaction 2) is favoured.

a) v initial = c/t .
By measuring you get for the first point (10 minutes)
0.020 mol /L
6 .65 cm
5 .3 cm
0.004 mol / L
v initial =
x = 0.016 mol/L
c 0.004 mol/L
vinitial = 4
10 -4 mol
L-1
min -1
10 min
67
b) Dividing the concentrations in half 0.020 0.010 0.005 0.0025 quite exactly,
always the same time is needed (see below) i.e. the half life is constant in the measured
range. This is only the case in reactions of 1. order.
c) The half life is t1/2 = 30 minutes. The rate constant follows the equation
k = ln 2 / t1/2
k = 0.023 min-1 .
k = ln 2 / (30 min)
concentration in mol/L
0,020
0.020
0,015
0.015
0.010
0,010
0,005
0.005
0.000
0,000
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
time in minutes

a) 2 CH3OH + 3 O2
2 CO2 + 4 H 2O
H = - 675 kJmol-1
b) H = -(2
393.5 + 4
241.5 - 2
201.5) kJ/mol
(per 1 mol of CH3OH)

0.16510
0.5
10
8.314
298
5
c) n(CH3OH) = p
V/(R
T)
n(CH3OH) =
=
mol = 0.00333 mol
(1.100 - 0.165)10
0 .2
0 .5
10
8.314
298
5
n(O 2)
= 0.00377 mol
Oxygen is the limiting reagent.

d) Hr = - 2
675 kJ kJnol-1 0.00377/3
Hr = -1.70 kJ
e) before the reaction took place:

n0(CH 3OH) =
3.33
10 -3 mol
-3
n0(O 2)
3.77
10 mol
n0(N2)
4 3.77
10-3 mol
(see c)
(see c)
= 15.08
10-3 mol
68
after the reaction took place:

n1(N2)
15.08
10 -3 mol
n2(CO 2)
2/3 n0(O 2)
= 2.51
10-3 mol
n3(H2O)
4/3 n0(O 2)
= 5.03
10-3 mol
n0(CH3OH) - n2(CO2)
= 0.82
10-3 mol
n4(CH 3OH) =
n i =
nges
= 23.44
10-3 mol
q.e.d.
f)
T =
m(gases) = 0.5
1.30 g = 0.65 g
500
K = 762 K
0 .65
1 .01
T = 1060 K. which corresponds to 787C

p1060 K = 23.44
10 -3
8.314 1060 / (0.5
10-3) Pa
p
V = n
R
T
p1060 K = 4.13
10 5 Pa

a) HSO3Cl
H2SO4
SO3
Ag +
3 OH2 OH2 OHCl-
+
+
+
+
SO42- + Cl- + 2 H2O

SO42- + 2 H2O
SO42- + H 2O
AgCl
b) n(Cl- ) = n(HSO3Cl)
n(HSO 3Cl) = 5 0.0357 L 0.112 mol/L = 0.0200 mol
m(0.02 mol HSO3Cl) = 0.02 mol 116.53 g/mol = 2.3306 g
79.2 % HSO3Cl
To neutralize 0.02 mol HSO3Cl you need 0.02

3 mol = 0.06 mol NaOH.
The following amount of NaOH reacted with H 2SO4 and SO3:
n(NaOH) = [0.05 1.9820 - 5 0.0336 0.1554 - 0.06] mol/L = 0.0130 mol
m(H 2SO 4) + m( SO3) = 2.9426 g - 2.3306 g = 0.612 g
let x = n(SO 3) and y = n(H2SO4)
2
x + 2
y
= 0.0130 mol
80.07 g/mol
x + 98.09 g/mol
y
= 0.612 g
1.42
10-3 mol SO 3
-3
5.08
10 mol H2SO4
x = 1.42
10-3 mol y = 5.08
10-3
have the mass of 0.114 g
have the mass of 0.498 g
16.9 % H2SO4

a)
H3C
H2
C
CH2
HBr
(CCl4 )
H3C
CH3
H2
C
Br
C
CH3
69
CH3
3.9 % SO3
b) 1.step
R
CH3
carbenium ion I
CH2
CH3
CH3
H
C
CH2
carbenium ion II
CH3
Carbenium ion I is favoured as intermediate

2. step:
Br
CH3 + Br -
CH3
CH 3
CH3
The addition of Br- is possible from different sides, thus a mixture of enantiomers form.
c)
H2
C
H3C
H2
C
H2
C
CH2
H2
C
C
HC
CH2
HBr
2-Pentyl-1,3-butadiene
(CCl4 )
CH 3 Br
H2 H2
C C
H3C
H2
C
H2
C
C
H
CH 3
Br
d)
H2
C
H3C
CH 2
OH
HBr, H2 O
H3C
CH3
H2
C
CH 3
CH3
e) The solvent water is not inert but reacts in a competitive reaction with the carbenium
ion::
CH 3
R
O
CH 3
Attack of an nucleophile. An alcohol is formed by

release of a proton.
70
f)
H3C
H2
C
CH 2
HBr, CH3 OH
H2
C
H3C
CH3
CH3
C
CH3
OCH 3
2-Methoxy-2-methylbutane

a)
HO
CN
HO
OCH3
*
A: 3S
B: 2R
Br
O
C: no stereogenic
center
D: no stereogenic center
OH
*
H3 C
O
CH3
F: 1S
E: 2 stereogenic centers
(1S and 2S)
OH
*
H3 C
OH
G: no strereogenic center
identical with D
H: 2 stereogenic centers
(1R and 2R)
CH3
b) no diasteromic compounds, E and H are enantiomers,
71
G and D are identical

Part A:
Na+ -OC 2H5
a)
C4H9Br + H2C(CO2C2H5)2
C4H9CH(CO2C2H5)2
b)
NaOC2 H5
H2C(CO2C2H5)2
Na
formation of the enolate ion
CO2C 2H5
CO2C2H5
H
CO2C2H5
SN2
CO2C2H5
S N2 reaction
c) C5H11COOH (B)
d)
C4H9CH(CO2C2H5)2 + CH 3I
C4H 9
C2 H5ONa
CO 2C2H5
C2 H5 OH
C
H 3C
CO 2C 2H5
(C)
Part B:
e)
H3C
CO2C2H5
C
H3C
H3C
CH2 OH
C
CO2C2H5
H3C
U (C10H16O4)
CH2 OH
V
72
H3C
CO 2C2 H5
CH2Br
C
HC
H3C
H3C
CH2Br
H3 C
W (C6H10Br2)
CO2 C2H5
H2C
H2 C
CO 2C2 H5
HC
H 3C
H2 C
C
H3 C
H2
C
COOH
H2
C
COOH
C
H2 C
Y (C10H16O 4)
73
CO 2C2 H5

a) C, E
b) C
c) A, E
d) E
e) A
f) B
g) D
h) B

a) The rat law of a radioactive decay can be described as being first order:
n = n0
e-kt or
dn/dt = k
n , whereas dn/dt is the rate of disintegration looked for.
k t = ln 2
k = ln 2 / (4.5
1010 365 24 3600 s)
Amount of 40K in the body
k = 4.884
10-19 s -1
n = (80
103
0.35
10-2
0.012
10-2 g) / (40 g/mol)
n = 8.4
10 -4 mol
= 4.884
10-19 s-1 8.4
10-4 mol 6.022
1023 mol-1
rate of disintegration
= 247 disintegrations/s
b) Fat does not contain potassium, thus you can expect a lower rate of disintegration.

a) Aniline reacts as base B, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid as acid HA.
The pH value is set by the ratio of c(B)/c(BH +) or alternatively c(HA)/c(A-).
Besides the acid/base equilibrium the following equilibrium rules
B
+ HA
BH+
+
initial concentration in mol/L
0,02
0,015
0
concentr. in equilibrium in mol/L 0,02-x
0,015 - x
x
K=
A0
x
c(BH )
c( A )
c(B )
c(HA )
You may determine K with the help of the given acid and the base constants:
Ka =
c(H )
c( A )
c(HA )
Kb =
c(BH )
c( OH)
c(B )
c( A )
Ka
=
c(HA )
c(H )
c (H )
c(BH ) K b
=
c(B )
KW
K
K
c(BH )
c( A )
= a b
c(B )
c(HA )
KW
K = 10-3.98 - 9.37 + 14
K = 4.47
4.47 =
x
(0 .02 x)
( 0.015 x )
x 2 - 0.04509
x + 3.865
10-4 = 0
(x 1 = 0.03358
not possible)
74
x2 = 0.01151
pH = pKa(HA) + log
c( A )
c(HA)
c (B )
or pH = pKa(BH+) + log
c(BH)
pH = 3.98 + log
0 .01151
0.015 0 .01151
pH = (14 - 9.37) + log
8 .49
10 3
0 .01151
pH = 4.50
pH = 4.50
pH = 4.5
b) A = 0.110 = 1.53
104 L
mol-1
cm-1
5 cm
c(In- ) + 2.26
10 4 L
mol-1
cm-1
5 cm
c(HIn)
c(HIn) + c(In- ) = 1.23
10-6 mol/L
c(HIn) = 4.358
10 -7 mol/L
K a(HIn) =
1,0
10 5
c(In )
c(In- ) = 7.942
10-7 mol/L
-log K = -log
c(HIn )
1,0
10 5
7 .942
4 .358
pK(HIn) 4.74

a) Hydrogen exists in bonds essentially as hydride ion. The reason is the considerably
lower electronegativity of sodium and magnesium in comparison to hydrogen.
Experiments: - fused-salt electrolysis of NaH and MgH 2 respectively:
hydrogen forms at the anode
-
b) x = 2,
( BH3)2
y very large, ( AlH 3)n
Commonness:
H
H
H
B
H
H
H
reaction with water:

Na + H2O NaOH + H2 (Formation of hydrogen)
Diborane
polymeric aluminium hydride
in both cases three-centre bonds exist.
Borane (BH 3) is present as dimer, as BH3 is an electrondeficient compound with only 6 electrons in the valence
shell of B. By forming diborane with a B-H-B 2-electon-3center bond both B atoms satisfy the octet rule.
Difference: As each B atom is surrounded by 4 H atoms an almost ideal tetrahedralcoordinate surrounding of the B atoms in diborane results.
Because aluminium has more possibilities of coordination (KZ 6) it foms six such
banana-shaped bonds instead of two of a boron atom. Therefore aluminium has a
octahedral surrounding of 6 hydrogen atoms and thus forms a polymeric solid compound
in contrast to gaseous diborane.
c) The base strength decreases.
d) The acid stgrength increases.
HX + H2O
X- + H3O +
75
The proton affinity of X - determines the amount of products formed. As the proton affinity
decreases from fluorine to iodine (increasing ionic radius) the acid strength increases.
e) The acid strength increases from the left to the right. On the left hand side of a period
you find ionic bonds which change slowly to covalent bonds if you step to the right.
SiH4:
H2S:
Neither acid nor base, covalent bond

Weak acid
Solution of problem 3-15

a) Potential of half cell A:
MnO4- + 8 H3O +
E A = 1.491 V +
Mn2+ + 12 H2O
8.314
298
0 .004
(10
V ln
5
96485
0 .01
E = E0 +
R
T
ln (cOx/c Red)
z
F
4 8
E A = 1.108 V
Potential of half cel B:

E A - E B = 0.573 V
E B = 0.535 V
(EB = 1.679 V is not possible because the silver-ion

concentration would be higher than 1 mol/L)
E B = 0.800 V +
8.314
298
96485
V
ln [c(Ag+)/1 mol/L]
ln [c(Ag +)/1 mol/L] = (0.535 V - 0.800 V)

96485/(8.314
298)
+
-5
2-
c(Ag ) = 3.296
10 mol/L
-3
c(CrO 4 ) = 8
10
K L(Ag 2CrO4) = c(Ag +)2 c(CrO 42- )
K L(Ag2CrO4) = 8.68
10-12
b) The pH value of half cell A is necessary to calculate ist potential.

The pH value of half cell B is important because only in a basic surrounding there is a
marginal amount of C 2O 72- ions. Otherwise the indication of the concentration of CrO42- is
irrevalent.
c)
0.564
-1.181
MnO4- MnO42- MnO2 Mn 2+ Mn

1.679
1.491
1
0.564 + 2
x = 3
1.679
x = 2.2365
E(MnO 42- /MnO2)
= 2.2365 V
3
1.679 + 2
y = 5
1.491
y = 1.209
E(MnO 2/Mn2+)
= 1.209 V
(same result from 0.564 + 2

2.2365 + 2
y = 5
1.491)
76

a) Because of (1) copper is eliminated.
Solution B could be a solution of the chloride of copper, zinc or magnesium.
Powder of zinc does not react with zinc or magnesium ions thus the new solid can only
be copper.
A = CuO
Copper reacts with oxygen of the air thus

b)
+
+Ba(OH)2
+
+ Mg
H2SO4
precipitate
-
HCl
Na2CO 3
forming of a gas
+Ba(OH)2
precipitate
-
Test 1
Na2S
Test 2
To determine the content of a test tube you need 2 tests. As soon as you know the content
of 3 test tubes (= 6 tests) you know automatically the content of the last one. If you have
special results you may need less tests.
c) Test 1
Test 2
Mg + H2SO4
MgSO 4 + H2
Mg + 2 HCl
MgCl 2 + H 2
MgSO4 + Ba(OH)2
BaSO 4 + Mg(OH)2
Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2
BaCO3 + 2 NaOH
(or equations of ionic reactions)

a) 2 CO2 2 CO + O2
b) E.g. initial amount of CO 2 before decomposition = 1 mol
in mol
1000 K
1400 K
n(CO2)
n(CO)
-7
1 - 2
10
-4
1 - 1.3
10
p = x
pgesamt
-7
2
10
-4
1.3
10
(n)
n(O 2)
-7
x(CO2)
-7
1
10
1 + 1
10
-4
0.65
10
11
10
-4
1+0.65
10
pgesamt = 1.013
105 Pa
77
12
10
11 .3
10
x(CO)
x(O2)
1
10 7
2
10
11
10
11
10
1 .3
10
0 .65
10
10 .65
10 4 10.65
10 4 10 .65
10 4
in Pa
p(CO2)
12
10
1000 K
1400 K
Kp =
11
10
11 .3
10
2
10
1.013
10 5
10.65
10
p(CO)
11
10
p 2 ( CO 2 )
K p(1000) =
hier n = 1
( 2
10 7 )2
1
10 7 1 .013
10 5
Pa
7 2
7
(12
10 )
11
10
K th = Kppo-n
(1 .3
10 )
0 .65
10
(11.3
10 4 ) 2
11
10
1.013
105
0.65
10 4
4
10.65
10
1.013
105
Kp =
n 2 ( CO)
n(O 2 ) 1 .013
10 5
Pa
( n)
n 2 ( CO 2 )
Kth =
5
n 2 (CO )
n(O 2 ) 1 .013
10
1
2
5
(n )
n ( CO 2 )
1 .013
10
-16
Pa
Kth(1000) = 4.00
10-21
1 .013
10
Pa Kp (1400) = 1.11
10-7 Pa
10.65
10 4
5
G = - R
T
ln Kth
G(1000) = 390.5 kJ/conversion a)
ln (Kp1/Kp2) = - H/R(T 1-1 - T2-1)

H = - 8.314 ln
1
10
Kp (1000) = 4.05
10
hier mit n = 1
4 2
K p(1400) =
10 .65
10
p 2 (CO )
p(O 2 )
K th = Kp
pstandard- n
1.013
105
1 .3
10
1.013
105
p(O2)
7
4 .05
10 16
1 .11
10
/(
H(1000) = - Rln (Kp1/Kp2) / (T 1-1 - T2-1)
1
1
)J
1000 1400
H(1000) = 565.4 kJ/conversion a)
G = H - T
S
S = -(G - H)/T
S(1000) = (565400 - 390500)/1000 J/K
S(1000) = 175 J/K
c) As the number of particles increases during the reaction you may reckon that the
products are favoured and thus the amount of decomposed carbon dioxide will increase.
If the fraction (2
10-7) stays constant you would get Q =
(2
10 7 ) 2
1
10 7 1.013
10 4
Pa.
(12
10 7 ) 2
11
10 7
This value is ten times smaller than K p(1000). To reach the equilibrium the numerator
has to increase and the denominator has to decrease. This is only possible by
increasing the fraction.
4,05
10-16 =
( x) 2
x / 2 1.013
10 4
1x / 2
(1x) 2
by trying
4.3081
10 -7 < x < 4.3082
10-7
or as x<<1 by simplification 1-x 1 and 1 + x/2 1:

x 3 = 7.996
10-20
x > 2.0
10-7 q.e.d.
x 4.308 15
10-7
78

a)
Energy
E=
E2
E1
A1 = H
A2 = H
B=
C=
HH
Internuclear distance
X1
B: the 1s orbitals overlap a bit but not in an optimal way. The energy of the H 2 molecule
is lower than that of the isolated atoms.
C: Attraction and repulsion by the positive nucleus und the negative electron shell are in
equilibrium. The energy of the H2 molecule is lower than that of the isolated atoms.
D: The positive nuclei of the H 2 molecule are closer together, they repel each other, there is
no equilibrum between attraction and repulsion. The energy of the system is higher than
in C but still lower than that of the two single atoms.
E: Though there is a great overlapping the repulsion is very strong and leads to a high
energy, higher than that of both single atoms.
b) Point C,
bond length corresponds to X1 and bond energy to E2 E1.
c)
Lewis formula of N2:

:N
N :
or
|N N|
Bond following Valence Bond Theory:
px and px form a bond (or overlap of

sp hybrid orbitals)
py and py form a bond
pz and pz form a bond
79
d) Simplified MO diagram of O 2:
Energy
*
antibonding
O
bonding
e) Structure of NH3:
N
H
H
H
Structure of H2O:
Again a smaller angle HOH than the
f)
HNH is smaller than HCH.

Reason: a non binding orbital with a free
electron pair needs more space than a
binding one.
The tetraedron is pressed.
tetrahedral bond angle HCH and even
smaller than angle HNH in ammonia.

Reason: large required space for two
orbitals filled with non binding electrons.
1. pair: (1)
2. pair: no difference between (3) and (4)
3. pair: (5)
80
g) Resonance structures are the attempt to draw the structure of a molecule by line-bond
structures. Non of them is correct by itself. The true structure is somewhere in between.
h) Structures of C4H6
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)

a)
H3 C
CH3
H 3C
CH3
ozonolysis
Zn/HCl
H
O
H3C
CH 3
C (C7H14O 2)
H
OH
HO
H 3C
permanganate
0 C, OH
CH 3
permanganate
, H
B (C7H12O2)
HO
OH
O
81
D (C7H12O 4)
H3C
CH 3
E (C7H14O2)
HO
per-acid
H
H
OH
H3C
CH3
F (C7H14O 2)
H
OH
HO
b) Mechanism of the reaction of alkenes with permanganate

H
NaOH, H2 O
O
Mn
permanganate
H
cyclic intermediate leads by performing

hydrolysis to cis diol
H
H 2O
OH
OH
H
c) 3D structures of C, E and F see a)

C/E and C/F
diastereomers
E/F enantiomers

COOH
a)
H2 C
CH
H2C
Br
NH2
(A)
COOH
H2C
CH
NH2
CHC
(B)
(C)
(R,S)-Phenylalanine
82
b)
COOH
HC
COOH
NH 2
H 2N CH
CH2
R-Phenylalanine
S-Phenylalanine
CH2
C 6H 5
C 6H5
c) Pathway 1:
(Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky-reaction) An acid bromide forms, which tautomerizes to an enol.
The enol adds bromine. Then in a halogen/OH exchange acid takes place.
H
R
O
C
PBr2
R
Br
H2O
+ NH 3
NH
NH2
NH
+ CN
C
R
CN
H
Reaction with lNH 3.

Cleavage of water and formation of an imine.
Addition of CN- to the double bond of the imine.
83
Br
Br
OH
NH
OH
Pathway 2:
Br
Br
Br2
OH
C
OH
NH2
H2O
R
C
H
CN + OH
H 2O
d)
COOH
H
OH
R-Lactic acid
H 3C
e) R-form.
f)
Two salts:
e.g.:
COOH
H2
C
HO
NH3
C
OOC
H
R-form
H
CH3
R-form
R,R-salt
accordingly:S,R-salt
g) Both salts are diastereomers.
1. step: They can be seperated by fractional cristallization.
2. step: By adding acid (HCl) both salts form R-lactic acid and one of them R-amino
acid, the other one S-amino acid.
84
Answers Round 4 (theoretical)

2
2 6
14
7 N+
1
0n
2 6 10
2 6 10 14
2 6 10 14
a) 1s 2s p 3s p d 4s p d f
b)
14
6 C
1
1H
14
6
c) rate law N = N0
e-t
t = -1 ln
t=
5730
ln2
N0
2 6 10
2 5
5s p d f 6s p d 7s p
C
with =
14
7 N
+ e
group of halogens
-
ln2
t1/ 2
(The number of decays is proportional to N)
a ln
13.6
The tree was cut in the year of 948.
t = 1035 a
12
13.6
5730 365 24 60 =
5.91
1010 atoms of 14C/g C
ln 2
0,989
1 g of carbon contains 0.989 g of 12C. that are
6.022
1023 atoms of 12C/g C
12
d) Rate =
N
12
N( C)
14
N( C)
e)
N=
0 .989
6.022
10
12
23
ln 2
8.40
10
13.6
5730
365
24
60
1
11
N0(238)
e-(238)t = N0(235)
e -(235)t
N0( 238 )
= e-(235)t + (238)t
N0( 235 )
= - ln
= - ln
N0( 238 )
N0( 235 )
/ (ln2 (
ln2
t1/ 2
1
1
))
t1/2( 235 ) t1/2( 238 )
99.275
1
1
/ (ln2 (
))
0 .720
4.468
10 9 7 .038
10 8
9
t = - 5.9
10 9 a
(The age of the earth amounts between 4.6

10 and 5
10 a)
f)
238
g)
N238
238
t1/2(234)
Th
234
234
Pa
234
= N234
234
N234
= t1/2(238)
N238
t1/2(234) = 4.468
109 a
0.005
t1/2(234) = 2.3
105 Jahre
99.275

a) Proposal A:
2. order
proposal B:3. order
85
b)
d[H2 SO 4 ]
dt
= k2
[SO3
2H2O] . With the steady-state approximation you have to substitute
[SO3
2H2O] by [SO 3] and [H 2O].
d[SO 3
2H 2O]
dt
= k1
[SO3]
[H2O]2 - k -1[SO3
2H2O] - k 2
[SO3
2H2O] = 0
(k-1 + k2)
[SO3
2H2O] = k1
[SO3]
[H2O]2
[SO3
2H2O] =
d[H2 SO 4 ]
dt
= k2
[SO3
2H2O] =
k1
[SO 3 ]
[H 2O]
k 1 k 2
k1
k 2 [SO 3 ]
[H2 O]
k 1 k 2
Thus the rate law of the formation of H2SO4 is of 3.order.

Arrhenius equation: k = A e-Ea/(RT) = A e-80000/RT
c) Proposal A:
The rate constant increases with increasing temperature

Arrhenius equation: : k = A e-Ea/(RT) = A e+20000/RT
Proposal B:
The rate constant decreases with increasing temperature

d) Proposal B

A
a) Only redox couples with -0.41 V < E < 0.77 V are relevant:
2 Fe2+ + I 2
2 Fe3+ + 2 I3+
2 Fe
2 Fe
2+
+ H 2SO3 + H2O
(i)
2-
+ SO 4 + 4 H
(ii)
2 Fe2+ + Sn4+
2 Fe3+ + Sn2+
(iii)
b) At equilibrium E(Fe 3+/Fe2+) = E(Ox/Red):

0.77 V +
(i)
8 .314
298
c(Fe 3)
8.314
298
c( Ox)
V
ln
= E(Ox/Red) +
V
ln
2
96485
z
96485
c
(Red )
c(Fe )
(0 .77 0.54 )
2
96485
c 2 (Fe 2)
= ln 2 3 2
8.314
298
c (Fe )
c (I )
2
(ii) ln
(iii) ln
c (Fe
)
c( SO 4
c (Fe
)
c (H )
4
)
c( H2 SO 3 )
c 2 (Fe 2)
c( Sn 4)
2
c ( Fe
)
c( Sn
K = 60.2
10
= 44.4
K = 1.91
1019
= 48.3
K = 9.38
1020
Fe(H 2O)63+ + H 2O
c). d)
ln K = 17.9
Fe(H2O) 5(OH)2+ + H 3O+
initial
c total
at equilibrium
c total - x
86
Ka =
x2 + 6.3
10-3
x - 6.3
10-3
8.5
10 -3 = 0
c total x
x 1 = 4.82
10-3
pH = -log x1
= x1/c total
= 4.82
10 /8.5
10
pH = 2.32
-3
= 0.567
-3
e) c(Fe3+) = ctotal -
c total
c(Fe3+) = 3
10 -3 mol/L (1 - 0.740)
c(Fe3+) = 7.80
10-4 mol/L
c(H3O +) =
ctotal
c(H3O+) = 2.22
10-3 mol/L
c(OH- ) = 10-14/2.22
10-3 mol/L
c(OH-) = 4.50
10-12 mol/L
c(Fe3+)c(OH-)3 = 7.11
10-38 (mol/L)4 > 6.3
10-38 (mol/L)4
A precipitate of Fe(OH) 3 will form!
B
f)
n = 4x-2y
g) 2
i)
Na4[Al3Si3O12]S3
j)
k)
S
.. .
..
S
..
..
S
..
..
2 S 3- + 2 H3O + 5 S + H2S + 2 H2O
..
h) Ag 10[Si4O 13]

a) K p =
K=
p(NH 3 )
Kp =
p (H 2 )
p(N 2 )
3
K p pstandard-n
0 .499 2
Kp = 37.47 bar
0.376
0.125
3
-2
K = 37.47
1.013 2 = 38.45
n = -2
G=- 8.314
400
ln 38.45 Jmol-1
G = - RT
ln K
G = -12136 Jmol-1 -12.140 kJmol-1

b) n(N2) =
n(H2 )
p(H 2 )
n(NH3) =
p (N 2 )
n (H 2 )
p (H 2 )
n(N2)
p (NH 3 ) n(NH 3) =
pgesamt = p(H 2) + p(N2) + p(NH3)
500 mol
0 .376
500 mol
0 .376
0,125
n(N 2)
0 .499
n(NH3) = 664 mol
pgesamt
= 1 bar
ngesamt
= 166 mol
= 1330 mol
c) Due to the addition of hydrogen all partial pressures change: n gesamt. neu= 1340 mol.
pneu (H2) =
pneu (N2) =
510
1340
166
1bar
pneu (H2)
= 0.381 bar
1bar
pneu (N2)
= 0.124 bar
pneu (NH 3)
= 0.496 bar
1340
664
pneu (NH 3) =
1340
1bar
G = [-12140 + 8.314
400
ln (
0 .496 2
0.3813
0 .124
1.013 2)] Jmol-1
G - 149 Jmol -1
The mixture reacts towards the right hand side to form more NH 3.
87
d) You may argue with Le Chateliers principle that by adding N 2 the system will react to
form more product NH3. But in this case Le Chateliers principle (a system at equilibrium,
when subjected to a perturbation, responds in a way that tends to minimize its effect)
does not allow an intuitive statement about the direction of the reaction, because all of
the three partial pressures change in different ways.
Calculation:
nequi (H2) + ngl(N2) + n gl(NH 3)
= 775 mol
nnew(H2) + nnew(N2) + n new(NH3)
= 785 mol
pnew(H2) =
175
100
510
3
100
1bar
785
785 2 bar
-2
510
1bar
785
pnew(N2) =
pnew(NH 3) =
175
1bar
785
= 37.00 bar -2 > Kp = 36.79 bar -2
Thus the numerator is too high, the system reacts to form N2 and H 2, reacts to the left.
You get the same result if you calculate G:
K = K p1.013 bar2
G = - 8.314
410
ln(36.79
1.0132) J
mol-1
G = 8.314
410
[- ln(36.79
1.0132) + ln(
175
100
510
3
785 2
1.013 )] J
mol
2
-1
the systems reacts towards the left.
-1
G = + 19.74 J
mol > 0

a)
Splitting of the
d-orbitals in a
tetrahedral crystal field
3
5
2
5
2
5
3
5
Splitting of the
d-orbitals in an
octahedral crystal field
Tetrahedron: CFSE
LFSE t 4 t 5 0.4 t 0.178o (t = 4/9 o)
Octahedron: CFSE
LFSE o 6 o 3 0.6o
CSFE(octahedron) < CSFE(tetrahedron) octahedral coordination is preferred.

b) Following the principle of HSAB the combinations hard/hard and soft/soft are more
stable than mixed ones. Copper (II) (d9 system) is a weak acid and thus forms with the
weak base NH 3 a more stable adduct as with the hard base OH2.
88
c) The splitting of the d-orbitals in the ammin complex is larger as ammonia leads to
stronger ligand fields than water, following the spectrochemical series. Therefore the
-1
energetically higher maximum of absorbtion of 15000 cm belongs to the tetraammin

complex. The hexaqua complex absorbs at 12000 cm
-1
in the range of infrared, thus it
is only faintly coloured. By changing ligands (water-ammonia) a transition to blue occurs:

absorbtion of the the tetraammin complex in the range of orange-red leads to an
intensively blue colour.
d) at first formation of an light blue precipitate:
2+
Cu + 2 OH
Cu(OH)2
followed by dissoluiton and formation of the intensively blue ammin:

2+
Cu(OH)2 + 4 NH 3
e) H2O (l)
[Cu(NH3)4] + 2 OH
G = H - T
S
H2O (g)
H = 44.0 kJ
mol
-1
-1
-1
S = 118.6 J
mol
K
G = 8.657 kJ
mol
-1
p (H 2 O)
K p = p(H2O (g))
K=
G = - RT
ln K
K = e - 8657/(8.314298)
p s tan dard
K = 3.04
10-2
p(H 2O (g)) = 3.04

10 -2pstandard
f)
CuSO4 5 H 2O
p(H2O(g) ) = 3080 Pa
CuSO4 3 H2O
(s)
(s)
+ 2 H 2O (g)
G = [-1683.1 - 2
241.8 + 2278 - 0.298
(225.1 + 2
188.7 - 305.4)] kJ
mol-1
G = [111.3 - 88.5] kJ
mol-1 = 22.8 kJ
mol-1
K = e- 22800/(8.314298)
K = 1.008
10-4
K p = p2(H2O)
K=
p (H 2O)
p s tan dard
p (H 2O)
p
s tan dard
p(H2O) = 1.04
10-2pstandard
threshold =
p(H 2O)
100% =
p (H 2O)
= 1.008
10-4
p(H2O) = 1017 Pa
1017
100%
3080
= 33 % air humidity

a) Ammonium chloride is added in order to keep magnesium in solution and to inhibit the
precipitation of magnesium as Mg(OH) 2. Ammonium chloride decreases the hydroxide
concentration.
b) Calcium oxalate is soluble in acids, a pH value which is too high leads to the formation
of the hydroxide.
Ca2+ + C2O 42
c)
2
2 MnO4 + 5 C2O 4 + 16 H3O
CaC2O 4
+
2 Mn 2+ + 10 CO2 + 24 H2O
89
d) 5 As2O 3 + 4 MnO4 + 12 H3O
n(MnO 4 ) = 4/5 n(As 2O 3)
10 H 3AsO4 + 4 Mn
m(As2O3) = n(As2O 3)
M(As 2O3)
n(As 2O3) = 3.2

10 mol
-4
m(As2O 3) = 3.2
10 mol
197.84 gmol -1
m(As 2O3) = 0.0633 g
consumpt.
0 .02mmol /mL
5
M( Ca)
= mass of Ca
2
tablets of A:
mean consumption = 34.93 mL

35.00 mg of Ca/tablet A
mass of calcium cations = 70.00 mg / 2 tablets

tabets of B:
mean consumption = 31.93 mL

32.00 mg of Ca/tablet B
mass of calcium cations = 64.00 mg / 2 tablets

f)
+ 3 H 2O
n(As 2O3) = (0.02 mol/L 0.0128 L)/0.8
-4
e)
2+
Mg
2+
+ (NH4)2HPO4 + NH3
g) 2 Mg(NH4)PO 4
Mg(NH4)PO 4 + 2 NH4
Mg2P2O 7 + 2 NH 3 + H2O
+
h) An excess of NH4 leads to the formation of HPO4 and may induce the precipitation of
MgHPO4. An excess of OH leads to the formation of magnesium phosphate and

besides that to the precipitation of magnesium hydroxide. Ammonium chloride and
diammonium hydrogensphosphate if in too high concentrations may also precipitate.
i)
Tablets of A
Tablets of B
192.33 mg
238.13 mg
mass of Mg in 2 tablets = m 0.2184
42 mg
52 mg
mass of Mg in 1 tablet
21 mg
26 mg
mean mass m
j)
M(CaCO 3) = 100.09 g/mol. M(MgCO 3) = 84.31 g/mol

M(C12H10Ca 3O 14 4 H2O) = 570.50 g/mol. M(C12H10Mg3O 14 14 H 2O) = 703.35 g/mol
masse of one tablet

filling material
mass of minerals
Tablets of A
Tablets of B
1.2 g
1.25 g
0.094 g (7.8%)
1.080 g (86.4%)
1.105 g
0.170 g
mass of CaCO3 with a content of 32 mg Ca2+

mass of MgCO3 with a content of 26 mg Mg
0.080 g
2+
0.090 g
2+
mass of Ca citrate with a content of 35 mg Ca
mass of Mg citrate with a content of 21 mg Mg
2+
0.498 g
0.608 g
filling material (m(Ca2+) + m((Mg2+) /tablet
56 mg
58 mg
filling material (m(Ca2+) + m((Mg2+) /tablet
4.66 %
4.64 %
90
Only the combinations shown above fulfill the given conditions of the masses of the tablets.
Product A: citrates, product B: carbonates
The content of minerals is approximately identical.

a)
H / h
R
H
R
H2 C
CH
CH 2
C
Cl
Cl
H
R
CH2
H2 C
CH
Cl
CH2
Cl
CH2
Cl
Cl
b) recombination of two radicals

H
R
CH 2
C
Cl
CH2
Cl
Cl
CH2
C H2
C H2
Cl
H
R
CH 2
Cl
Cl
disproportionation
R
C+
C
CH2
Cl
CH2
CH
CH2
CH
Cl
Cl
Cl
transfer of the radical function onto another molecule

H
R
CH2
C
Cl
CH2 C
Cl
CH2
H
R
CH2
Cl
CH
Cl
H
CH2
C
Cl
c)
91
CH
C
Cl

H +
H2SO4
H 3C
C
HSO4
CH3
CH2 +
H 3C
H3C
CH3
C
CH2 +
H 2C
CH3
CH3
d)
N +
CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH2
OCH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 H
CH
CH3 H
C O
OCH3
H
N
CH2
H 2C
CH
C O
CH2
OCH3
OCH3
H
CH2
C O
C O
OCH3
OCH3
e) The initializing compound is incorporated in the polymer and thus consumed. A real
catalyzer is set free after the reaction
f)
H3 C
OH
OH
H3C
CH3
2
2 H2O
O
H
CH3
O
CH3
O
O
CH3
O
O
O
CH3
O
CH3

O
a) C2H5ONa
H3C
OC2 H5
H 2C
b) Nucleophilic part of reaction:
O
OC 2H 5
Na + C2H5OH
Electrophilic part of reaction:
O
H2C
OC 2H 5
(donator)
H3C
92
C + OC2H5
(acceptor)
c) Intermediate:
H3C
H2
C
O
C
OC 2H5
(instable)
OC2H 5
O
d)
O
H2
C C
C2H5OH
OC 2H 5
compound X
compound Y
e) Reaction to form slicylic acid

O
intermediate:
anion of a keto carboxylic acid
Na
OH
+ O
O
C O
OH
C
O
f)
O
g) A phenolate anion possesses an -C-atom with negative charge as an enolate ion does
O
enolate ion:
C
H
C
H
h)
OH
Na
NaH
H2
CH2
C C
H
OH
H2
C
250C
BrCH2 CH=CH 2
(THF)
compound A
compound B
93
compound C
C
H
CH 2
a)
Anthracene
Dehydrobenzene
b) 3 Isomers:
c)
H
O
O
endo
H
O
O
d)
H
H
endo-product
O
O
e)
H
H
CO2CH3
CH3
CH3
compound X, Z-product
CO2CH 3
compound Y, E-product
94
exo
Answers Round 4 (practical)

21,3 ppm
CH 3
a) A: Toluol
137,7 ppm
129,3 ppm
128,5 ppm
COOH
125,6 ppm
b)
The aquous solution should be slightly acidic.

c)
+VII
-III
2 MnO4 + R-CH3
+IV
+III
2 MnO2 + RCOO + H2 O + OH
MnO4 + 3 e + 2 H2 O
R-CH3 + 7 OH
MnO2 + 4 OH
RCOO + 6 e + 5 H2 O
d) melting point 122C

e) Rf = 0.70

a) The concentration of the hydrogencarbonate ions may be calulated by the formula
10/L consumption (in mL) 0.1 mmol/mL = c(HCO 3-) (in mmol/L).
b) Dissolved carbon dioxide causes a slightly acidic reaction of the solution. Thus the
colour of the indicator changes before the equivalent point is reached.
c) 1 mL of Na2EDTA solution with c(Na2EDTA = 0.01 mol/L 0.01 mmol/L of (Ca 2+ + Mg2+)
The total hardness may then be calculated by
20/L consumption (in mL) 0.01 mmol/mL = c(Ca2+ + Mg2+) (in mmol/L)
d) The concentraton of calcium ions may be calculated by
20/L consumption (in mL) 0.01 mmol/mL = c(Ca2+) (in mmol/L)
95
e) The magnesium hardness ist the difference between the total hardness and the calcium
hardness. Usually the magnesium hardness is considerably smaller than the calcium
hardness.
f)
If the carbonate hardness is higher than the permanent hardness, no permanent

2+
hardness caused by Ca and Mg
2+
ions exist. The reason is that hydrogencarbonates of
other metals are dissolved in water, which are not detected in the determination of the
total hardness.
g) Carbonte hardness according to a):
1 mL of HCl with c(HCl) = 0.1 mol/L
0.1 mmol/L of HCO3
0.05 mmol/L of CaO.

The carbonate hardness in dH may then be calculated by:
consumpt. of HCl ( in mL)
0.1 mol /L
10 /L
0 .5
M(CaO ) (in g / mol)
10 mg / L
= carb. hardness in dH
Total hardness according to c):

consumpt. of EDTA (in mL )
0.01 mol / L
20 / L
M(CaO )( in g / mol)
= total hardness in dH
10 mg / L
96
Theoretical Problems of the IChO
Part 3
CHEMISTRY: ART, SCIENCE, FUN
THEORETICAL
EXAMINATION
PROBLEMS
JULY 20, 2007
MOSCOW, RUSSIA
97
General Directions
-
Write your name and code number on each page of the answer sheet.
You have 5 hours to fulfil the task. Failure to stop after the STOP command may
result in zero points for the task.
Write answers and calculations within the designated box.
Use only the pen and the calculator provided.
There are 18 pages of Problems (incl. Cover Sheet and Periodic Table) and 23 pages
of Answer Sheet.
An English-language version is available.
You may go to the restroom with permission.
After finishing the examination, place all sheets including Problems and Answer Sheet
in the envelope and seal.
Remain seated until instructed to leave the room.
98
Constants and useful formulas

Gas constant
R = 8.314 J
K1
mol 1
Avogadro constant
NA = 6.022
10 23 mol1
Planck constants
h = 6.626
1034 J
s
= 1.055
1034 J
s
Speed of light
c = 3.00
10 8 m
s 1
Uncertainty relation
Gibbs energy of a condensed phase at
pressure p
Excess pressure caused by surface
tension
Relation between equilibrium constant
x
p
2
G = pV + const
P in = 2/ r
and Gibbs energy
RT ln K
r G
Gibbs energy at constant temperature
G H T S
G = G+ RT
ln Q
Isotherm of a chemical reaction
with Q =
product of c (products)
product of c (reactants)
Arrhenius equation
E
k A exp A
RT
Osmotic pressure of a solution
p =c RT
Beer- Lambert law
A = log
V(cylinder) = r2h
S(sphere) = 4
r2
V(sphere) =
4 3
r
3
99
P0
=
lc
P
Problem 1. Proton tunneling

Proton tunneling through energy barriers is an important effect, which can be observed in
many complex species containing hydrogen bonds (DNA, proteins, etc.). Propanedial
(malonaldehyde) is one of the simplest molecules for which intramolecular proton transfer
can occur.
1.1.1 Draw the condensed formula of propanedial and the structures of two of its isomers,
which can exist in equilibrium with propanedial.
1.1.2 In a water solution propanedial is a weak acid, its strength being comparable with that
of acetic acid. Specify the acidic hydrogen atom. Explain its acidity (choose one version in
the Answer Sheet).
On the plot below an energy profile of the intramolecular proton transfer is given (the
dependence of energy on the distance of proton motion (in nm)). Energy curve has a
Energy, arb. units
symmetric double-well form.
-0,06
-0,04
-0,02
0,00
Distance, nm
0,02
0,04
0,06
1.2.1 Draw the structures corresponding to two minima on this curve.

A proton is delocalized between two atoms and oscillates between two minima L and R with
an angular frequency = 6.48
1011 s 1. Probability density for a proton depends on time as
follows:
1
2 ( x, t )
L2 ( x) R2 ( x)
,
L2 ( x) R2 ( x)cos t
2
wavefunctions L ( x) and R (x ) describe a proton localized in the left and right wells,
respectively:
100
-0,06
-0,04
-0,02
0,00
0,02
0,04
0,06
Distance, nm
1.3.1 Write down the expressions for the probability density at three moments: (a) t = 0, (b) t
= /(
), (c) t = /. Sketch the graphs of these three functions.
1.3.2 Without calculations, determine the probability of finding the proton in the left well at t =
/()
1.3.3 How much time is required for a proton to move from one well to another? What is the
proton mean speed during the transfer?
1.3.4 From the energy curve, estimate the uncertainty of the position of proton forming
hydrogen bonds. Estimate the minimal uncertainty of the proton speed. Compare this value
with that obtained in 1.3.3 and draw a conclusion about the proton tunneling (choose one of
the versions in the Answer Sheet).
Problem 2. Nanochemistry
Metals of the iron subgroup are effective catalysts of hydrogenation of (Fischer-ropsch
reaction)
CO
3H2
Fe, Co
CH4
H2 O
Catalyst (e.g. cobalt) is often used in the form of solid nanoparticles that have a spherical
structure (fig.1). The reduction in size of the catalyst increases catalytic activity significantly.
The unwanted side-reaction however involves the oxidation of the catalyst:
Co(s)
H2 O (gas)
CoO(s)
101
H2 (gas)
(1)
Solid cobalt oxide (bulk) is formed in the reaction vessel. This causes an irreversible loss of
the catalysts mass. Solid cobalt oxide can also be deposited on the surface of Co(s). In this
case the new spherical layer is formed around the surface of the catalyst (see figure 2) and
the catalytic activity drops.
Let us see how formation of nanoparticles affects the equilibrium of reaction (1).
2.1.1
2
0
0
G ( r ) G (bulk) V
r
0
Calculate the standard Gibbs energy r G (1) and the equilibrium constant for the
reaction (1) at T = 500 K.

2.1.2
Calculate the equilibrium constant for reaction (1) when the cobalt catalyst is
dispersed in the form of spherical particles (Fig.1) of radius

(a) 108 m,
(b) 109 m.
The surface tension at the Co-gas interface is 0.16 J/m 2. CoO forms a bulk phase.
The mixture of gases involved in the Fischer-Tropsch (CO, C4, 2, 2O) reaction was put
into a reaction vessel containing the cobalt catalyst. The total pressure is = 1 bar,
temperature is T = 500 K. The mole fraction of hydrogen (%) in the mixture is 0.15%.
2.2.1
At what minimum mole fraction of water (%) in the gas mixture the unwanted
spontaneous oxidation of the catalyst becomes possible so that solid bulk CoO may appear
in the system? Assume that cobalt catalyst is in the form of
(a) a bulk phase
(b) spherical nanoparticles with ra = 1 nm (Fig. 1).
102
2.2.2 What would you suggest to protect Co nanoparticles from the spontaneous oxidation
with the formation of bulk CoO at a constant ratio p (H2 O) / p (H2 ) and a constant
temperature:
(a) to increase ra;
(b) to decrease ra;
(c) change of ra has no effect.
Assume now that solid cobalt oxide forms a spherical layer around a nanoparticle of cobalt.
In this case the nanoparticle contains both a reactant (Co) and a product (CoO) (fig. 2).
In the following problems denote surface tensions as CoO-gas , CoO-Co, radii as ra, rb, molar
volumes as V(Co); V(CoO).
2.3.1
Write down the expression for the standard molar Gibbs function of CoO.
2.3.2
Write down the expression for the standard molar Gibbs function of Co.
Hint. If two spherical interfaces surround a nanoparticle, the excess pressure at its centre is
given by the expression
Pin Pex P P1 P2 2
2 2
r1
r2
ri , i are radius and surface tension at the spherical interface i, respectively.

2.3.3
gas,
Express the standard Gibbs energy of the reaction (1) r G 0 (1, ra , rb ) in terms of CoO -
CoO-Co, ra, rb, V(Co); V(CoO) and r G 0 (1) .
2.3.4 When spontaneous oxidation of Co begins the radii of two layers in the nanoparticle
(Fig. 2) are almost equal, ra = rb = r0, and r G 0 (1, ra , rb ) r G 0 (1, r0 ) . Assume that
CoO-gas 2CoO-Co . Which plot in the Answer Sheet describes correctly the dependence of
r G0 (1, r0 ) on r0 ?
2.3.5 What would you choose to protect Co nanoparticles from the spontaneous formation
of the external layer of CoO at a constant ratio p(H 2O) / p(H 2 ) and a constant temperature:
a) increase r0
b) decrease r0
c) change of r0 has no effect.
Reference data:
Substance
, g/cm3
Co (s)
8.90
CoO (s)
5.68
H2O (gas)
G
f 500 , kJ/mol
198.4
219.1
103
Problem 3. Unstable chemical reactions

Many chemical reactions display unstable kinetic behavior. At different conditions
(concentrations and temperature) such reactions can proceed in various modes: stable,
oscillatory or chaotic. Most of these reactions include autocatalytic elementary steps.
Consider a simple reaction mechanism involving autocatalytic step:
k1
B 2X
3X
k2
X D
P
(and D are reagents, X is an intermediate and P is a product).

3.1.1 Write down the overall reaction equation for this two-step mechanism. Write the rate
equation for X.
3.1.2 Deduce a rate equation using steady-state approximation. Find the orders:
(i) a partial reaction order with respect to B;
(ii) a partial reaction order with respect to D;
(iii) the overall order of a reaction.
Let the reaction occur in an open system where reagents B and D are being continuously
added to the mixture so that their concentrations are maintained constant and equal: [B] =
[D] = const.
3.2.1 Without solving the kinetic equation draw the kinetic curve [X](t) for the cases: 1) [X]0 >
k2/k 1; 2) [X] 0 < k2/k1.
3.2.2 Without solving the kinetic equation draw the kinetic curve [X](t) for the case when the
reaction proceeds in a closed vessel with the initial concentrations: [B]0 = [D] 0, [X]0 > k2/k 1.
Much more complex kinetic behavior is possible for the reactions with several intermediates.
Consider a simplified reaction mechanism for cold burning of ethane in oxygen:
k1
C 2H 6 X ...
2X
k2
X Y
2Y ...
k3
C 2H 6 Y ...
2P
Under specific conditions this reaction displays oscillatory behavior.
Intermediates are peroxide C2H6O 2 and aldehyde C2H4O, P is a stable product.
3.3.1 Identify X, Y, and P. Fill the blanks in the reaction mechanism.
Behavior of unstable reactions is often controlled by temperature which affects the rate
constants. In the above oxidation mechanism oscillations of concentrations are possible only
if k 1 k2. Parameters of the Arrhenius equations were determined experimentally:
104
Step
A, cm3
mol1
s 1
EA , kJ
mol1
1.0
10 11
90
12
3.0
10
100
3.4.1 What is the highest temperature at which oscillatory regime is possible? Show your
calculations.
Problem 4. Determination of water by Fischer titraton

Determination of water by the classical Fischer method involves titration of a sample solution
(or suspension) in methanol by a methanolic iodine solution, containing also an excess of
SO2 and pyridine (C5H5N, Py) Fischer reagent. The following reactions occur during the
titration:
SO2 + CH 3OH + H2O + I 2 = 2HI + CH3OSO 3H
Py + HI = PyH+IPy + CH 3OSO 3H = PyH+CH3OSO3Iodine content is usually expressed in mg of water reacting with 1 mL of the titrant solution
(hereunder T, mg/mL), which equals the mass of water (mg) reacting with 1.00 mL of the
iodine solution. T is determined experimentally by titration of a sample with a known water
content. The sample may be, for example, a hydrated compound or a standard solution of
water in methanol. In the latter case it should be taken into account that methanol itself can
contain certain amount of water.
In all calculations please use the atomic masses accurate to 2 decimal points.
4.1. Sometimes titration of water is performed in pyridine medium without methanol. How
would the reaction of I2 with SO 2 and H2O occur in this case? Write down balanced reaction
equation.
Calculate the T values of iodine solution in each of the following cases:
4.2.1. 12.20 mL of Fischer reagent solution were used for titration of 1.352 g of sodium
tartrate dihydrate Na2C4H4O 6.2H2O.
4.2.2. A known amount of water (21.537 g) was placed into a 1.000 L volumetric flask which
was filled by methanol up to the mark. For titration of 10.00 mL of the obtained solution,
22.70 mL of Fischer reagent solution were needed, whereas 2.20 mL of iodine were used for
titration of 25.00 mL of methanol.
4.2.3. 5.624 g of water were diluted by methanol up to a total volume of 1.000 L (solution A);
22.45 mL of this solution were used for titration of 15.00 mL of a Fischer reagent (solut. B).
105
Then 25.00 mL of methanol (of the same batch as used for the preparation of solution A)
and 10.00 mL of solution B were mixed, and the mixture was titrated by the solution A. 10.79
mL of the latter solution were spent.
4.3. An inexperienced analyst tried to determine water content in a sample of CaO using
Fischer reagent. Write down the equation(s) of reaction(s) demonstrating possible sources of
errors.
For the titration of 0.6387 g of a hydrated compound Fe2(SO 4)3xH2O, 10.59 mL of iodine
solution (T = 15.46 mg/mL) were consumed.
4.4.1. What other reaction(s), beside those given in the problem, can occur during the
titration? Write down the equations of two such processes.
4.4.2. Write down an equation of the overall reaction of Fe2(SO 4)3xH 2O with the Fischer
reagent.
4.4.3. Calculate the composition of the hydrate Fe2(SO 4)3xH 2O (x = integer).
Problem 5. A mysterious mixture (organic hide-and-seek game)

An equimolar mixture X of three colorless organic liquids A, B, C was treated by water with a
drop of hydrochloric acid at heating to give, after separation from water, a 1:2 (molar ratio)
mixture of acetic acid and ethanol without any other components. To the mixture after
hydrolysis a catalytic amount (one-two drops) of concentrated sulfuric acid was added, and
after long reflux (boiling with reflux condenser) a compound D, a volatile liquid with pleasant
smell, was formed in 85% yield. Compound D is not identical to any of A, B, C.
5.1.1 Draw the structure of compound D?
5.1.2 Which class of organic compounds does D belong to? Choose the proper variant from
those given in the Answer Sheet.
5.1.3 Even if the reflux is continued twice as long, the yield of D would not exceed 85%.
Calculate the expected yield of D if 1:1 (molar ratio) mixture of ethanol and acetic acid is
taken. Assume that: a) volumes do not change during the reactions; b) all concomitant
factors, such as solvent effects, non-additivity of volumes, variation of temperature, etc. are
negligible. If you cannot make a quantitative estimate, please indicate whether the yield will
be: a) the same (85%); b) higher than 85%; c) lower than 85%.
106
H NMR spectra of compounds A, B, C look very similar and each shows singlet, triplet and
quartet with the ratio of integral intensities equal to 1:3:2.

The same mixture X was subjected to alkaline hydrolysis. A remained unchanged, and was
separated. The remaining solution after acidification and short boiling gave 2:3 (molar ratio)
mixture of acetic acid and ethanol with evolution of gas.
The mixture X (3.92 g) was dissolved in diethyl ether and underwent hydrogenation in the
presence of Pd on charcoal catalyst. 0.448 L (standard conditions) of hydrogen were
absorbed, but after the reaction A and C were isolated unchanged (3.22 g of mixture were
recovered) while neither B, nor any other organic compounds except diethyl ether could be
identified after hydrogenation.
5.2.1 Determine and draw the structures of A, B, and C.
5.2.2 Which intermediate compounds are formed during the acidic hydrolysis of C, and basic
hydrolysis of B.
The reaction of either B or C with acetone (in the presence of a base) with subsequent
acidification by dilute HCl at gentle heating gives the same product, senecioic acid (SA), a
compound widely occurring in Nature. Alternatively, senecioic acid can be obtained from
acetone by treating it with concentrated HCl and subsequent oxidation of the intermediate
product by iodine in alkaline solution. The latter reaction gives, besides sodium salt of
senecioic acid, a heavy yellow precipitate E (see the scheme 2).
1. Me2CO/base
B or C
2. HCl, t
1. HCl cat.
SA
C 5H8O 2
SA (sodium salt) + E
(1)
(2)
2. I2, NaOH
5.3.1 Determine the structure of senecioic acid and draw the reaction scheme leading to
senecioic acid from acetone.
5.3.2 Give structure of E.
107
Problem 6. Silicates as the base of the Earth crust

Silica and compounds derived from it, silicates, constitute ca. 90 % of the Earth crust
substances. Silica gives rise to a beautiful material glass. Nobody knows exactly how glass
was discovered. There is a well-favored story related to Phoenician sailors who fused
occasionally sea sand and soda ash. It is likely that they discovered the secret of liquid
glass (LGL) sodium metasilicate (Na 2SiO3) soluble in water.
6.1.1 The solution of LGL was used earlier as office glue. Write down the net ionic equation
accounting for the ability of LGL to set in air.
Hydrolysis of LGL in water allows obtaining a colloidal solution of silicic acid.
6.1.2. Complete the Table in the Answer Sheet. Write down the net ionic equations matching
the processes enumerated in the Table. For each process check the Yes box if it leads to
changes of pH. Otherwise check the No box.
The structure of species occurring in aqueous solutions of silicates is rather complex.
However, it is possible to distinguish the main building block of all species orthosilicate
tetrahedron (SiO44-, 1):
(1)
For [Si3O9]n- ion found in aqueous solution of silicates.
6.2.1 Determine the charge (n).
6.2.2 Determine the number of oxygen atoms bridging adjacent tetrahedra.
6.2.3 Depict its structure joining together several tetrahedra (1). Take into account that any
adjacent tetrahedron shares one vertex.
Charged monolayers with the composition [Si4O 10] m- are found in kaolinite (clay).
6.2.4 Using the same strategy as in 6.2.1-6.2.3, depict a fragment of the layered structure
joining 16 tetrahedra (1). Note that 10 tetrahedra have shared vertices with 2 neighbors
each, and the rest 6 have shared vertices with 3 neighbors each.
Being placed into the LGL solution, salts of transition metals give rise to fancy trees tinted
relevant to the color of the salt of the corresponding transition metal. Crystals of
CuSO45H 2O produce trees of blue color, whereas those of NiSO47H2O form green trees.
6.3.1 Determine the pH of 0.1 M aqueous solution of copper sulfate at 25, assuming that
its hydrolysis occurs in small degree only. Use the value of the first acidity constant of
[Cu(H2O) 4]2+ KaI=110-7 M.
108
6.3.2 Write down equation of a reaction between aqueous solutions of CuSO 4 and sodium
metasilicate (LGL). Take into account the pH values of aqueous solutions of the salts.
Problem 7. Atherosclerosis and intermediates of cholesterol

biosynthesis
Cholesterol is a lipid wide-spread in living nature. Disruption of its metabolism leads to
atherosclerosis and related potentially fatal diseases.
Substances and Y are two key intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis in animals.
is an optically active monocarbonic acid composed of atoms of only three elements. It is
formed in organisms from (S)-3-hydroxy-3-methylpentanedioyl-coenzyme A (HMG-C).
This reaction is catalyzed by enzyme 1 (which catalyses two types of reactions) and does
not involve water as a substrate. is further metabolized into 1 through a three-stage
process requiring enzymes E2, E3, E4, which catalyze reactions of one and the same (and
only one) type. Finally, 1 spontaneously (non-enzymatically) decomposes to give
isopentenyl pyrophosphate (3-methylbut-3-enyl diphosphate, IPP) and inorganic products:
HO
S
O
CoA
OH O
E1
HMG-CoA
E2, E3, E4
X1
Scheme 1
O
O
OP
P
* O O
O
OIPP
7.1.1 In the Answer Sheet, choose the reaction type(s) for 1 and 3.
7.1.2 Draw the structure of X with stereochemical details and indicate absolute configuration
(R or S) of the stereocenter.
Y is an unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbon. Its reductive ozonolysis leads to a mixture of only
three organic substances Y1, Y2 and Y3 in a molar ratio of 2:4:1. Y is formed as a result of a
number of successive coupling reactions of two isomeric substances: IPP and dimethyl allyl
pyrophosphate (3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate, DAP) with subsequent reduction of a
double bond in the final coupling product Y5. Carbon atoms IPP and DAP involved in the
formation of C-C bonds during biosynthesis of Y are marked with asterisks.
O
O
OP
P
* O O
O
ODAP
7.2.1 Write down the overall reaction equation for reductive ozonolysis of DAP, if dimethyl
sulfide is used as the reducing agent.
109
The product of the final coupling reaction (hydrocarbon Y5) is formed when two hydrocarbon
residues (R) of intermediate Y4 are combined:
O
O
2 R O P O P OOO-
Y5
+2H
R R
Y4
2PP i
Scheme 2
At each coupling stage but that shown in Scheme 2, pyrophosphate is released in a molar
ratio of 1:1 to the coupling product.
7.2.2 Determine molecular formula of Y, if it is known that Y2 and Y3 contain 5 and 4 carbon
atoms, respectively.
7.2.3 Calculate the number of IPP and DAP molecules needed to give Y5, if it is known that
all carbon atoms of isomeric pyrophosphates are incorporated into Y.
7.2.4 Draw the product of coupling reaction of one IPP molecule with one DAP molecule (CC bond can be formed only by carbon atoms marked with asterisks), if it is known that
subsequent reductive ozonolysis of the product of the coupling reaction gives Y1, Y2 and
one more product, the latter containing phosphorus.
The only double bond reduced in Y5 during its metabolism into Y was formed in the reaction
described in Scheme 2. All double bonds in Y and Y4 exist in trans configuration.
7.2.5 Draw structures of Y and Y4 with stereochemical details.
Problem 8. ATRP allows new polymers

ATRP (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization) is one of the most promising novel
approaches towards polymer synthesis. This modification of radical polymerization is based
on a redox reaction of organic halides with complexes of transition metals, Cu (I) in
particular. The process can be described by the following scheme (M monomer, Hal
halogen).
The reaction rate constants are:
kact - all activation reactions, kdeact all reversible deactivation reactions, k p - chain
propagation, and kt - irreversible termination.
110
kact
(+)
R-Hal+Cu Hal(Ligand)k
R +Cu
kdeact
kP
kreinic
(+)
R-M-Hal+Cu Hal(Ligand)k
k'deact
(2+)
Hal 2(Ligand) k
+M
R-M +Cu (2+)Hal 2(Ligand) k
kp
kreinic
(+)
R-Mn-Hal+Cu Hal(Ligand)k
(n-1)M
R-M n +Cu (2+)Hal 2(Ligand) k
'
k deact
kt
R-My +R-M x
R-M(y+x)R
8.1.1 Write down expressions for the rates of ATRP elementary stages: activation (vact),
deactivation (vdeact), propagation (vp) and termination (v t). Write down generalized equation
assuming just one reacting species RX.
Consider that the total number of polymeric chains is equal to that of initiator molecules.
Assume that at each moment throughout polymerization all chains are of the same length.
8.1.2 Compare the rate of deactivation to the rates of ATRP elementary stages.
Dependence of monomer concentration ([M]) on reaction time (t) for ATRP is:
[M ]
ln
[ R ]
t,
k p
[
M
]
0
[M]0 - initial monomer concentration, k p rate constant of propagation, [R] concentration of
active radicals.
To prepare a polymer sample by using ATRP, catalytic amounts of CuCl, organic ligand (L)
and 31.0 mmol of monomer (methylmethacrylate, or MMA) were mixed. The reaction was
initiated by adding 0.12 mmol of tosyl chloride (TsCl). Polymerization was conducted for
1400 s. kp is 1616 L
mol-1s-1, and the steady state concentration of radicals is 1.76
10-7mol
L-1.
111
H2C
CH 3
CH3
H3C
H 2C
O
O
CH3
OSi(CH3)3
SO2Cl
MMA
TsCl
HEMA-TMS
8.2.1 Calculate mass (m) of the polymer obtained.

In another experiment the time of MMA polymerization was changed, all the rest reaction
conditions being the same. The mass of the obtained polymer was 0.73 g. Then 2(trimethylsilyloxy)ethyl methacrylate, HEMA-TMS (23.7 mmol) was added to the mixture and
polymerization was continued for another 1295 s. MMA and HEMA-TMS reactivities are the
same under reaction conditions.
8.2.2 Calculate degree of polymerization (DP) of the obtained polymer.
8.2.3 Depict the structure of the obtained polymer (including end groups), showing MMA and
HEMA-TMS units as A and B, respectively. If necessary, use the symbols in the copolymer
structure representation: block (block), stat (statistical), alt (alternating), grad (gradient), graft
(grafted). For example, (A65-graft-C100)-stat-B 34 means that chains of polymer C are grafted
on units A in the statistic copolymer of A and B.
ATRP was applied to synthesize two block copolymers, P1 and P2. One block in both blockcopolymers was the same and was synthesized from mono-(2-chloropropionyl)-polyethylene
oxide used as a macroinitiator:
O
O
H3C
CH3
58O
Cl
The other block in P1 consisted of styrene (C), and in P2 of p-chloromethylstyrene (D) units.
1
H NMR spectra of the macroinitiator, P1 and P2 are given below. Integral intensities of
characteristic signals can be found in the table.

8.3.1 Assign 1H NMR signals to substructures given in the Answer Sheet.
8.3.2 Determine molar fractions of units C and D and molecular weights of P1 and P2.
112
8.3.3 Write down all possible reactions of activation occurring during the synthesis of P1 and
P2. You may use R symbol to depict any unchanged part of the macromolecule, but you
should specify what substructure you use it for.
8.3.4 Draw the structure of P1 and one of possible structures of P2 representing
poly(ethylene oxide) chain by a wavy line and showing units of co-monomers as C and D,
respectively.
113
Practical Problems of the IChO
CHEMISTRY: ART, SCIENCE, FUN
PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION
PROBLEMS
JULY 18, 2007
MOSCOW, RUSSIA
114
General Directions
safety rules follow them as in the Preparatory problems described, no eating or
drinking is allowed in the lab.
violating safety rules you get one warning, offend again: you are out.
problem booklet 12 pages (incl. cover sheet and Periodic table of elements)
with 2 problems. Start with problem 1.
time 5 hours; 30 minutes warning before the end.
answer sheets: 5 pages (incl. cover sheet).
your name and student code write it on every answer sheet.
answers only in the appropriate places of the answer sheets, nothing else will be
marked. Relevant calculations have to be shown.
use only the pen and calculator provided.
results the number of significant figures in numerical answers must conform to
the rules of evaluation of experimental error. Mistakes will result in penalty points
even if your experimental technique is flawless.
burette read it as accurately as possible.
more chemicals needed? Ask your lab assistant. No penalty for this.
Extra sample to be analyzed or broken column a penalty of 10 marks.
questions concerning safety, apparatus, chemicals, organization, toilet break:
ask your lab assistant.
chemical waste put it only in the designated containers.
official English-language version available on request for clarification only.
Ask your lab assistant.
after the stop signal put your answer sheets and spectra in the envelope (dont
seal), deliver them to your lab assistant. Keep the problem booklet together with
the pen and calculator.
You must stop your work immediately after the stop signal has been given.
A delay of 5 minutes will result in zero points for the current task.
During the Practical examination some of your glassware and plastics may
have to be used more than once. Clean it carefully.
115
List of Chemicals
Reagent
Quantity
Task 1
100 mL
1 mL
50 mL
1 mL
50 mL
1 mL
10 mL
10 mL
1.2 mL
Placed in
Labeled
Amber glass bottle*

Plastic microtube
Amber glass bottle*
Plastic microtube
Amber glass bottle*
Plastic microtube
Glass vial
Glass vial
Plastic microtube
10 mL
Glass vial
Eluent 1
Eluent 1
Eluent 2
Eluent 2
Eluent 3
Eluent 3
NaHCO3
Tris-HCl
A number
between 301 and
600
DTNB
1 ml
Plastic microtube
Pauli
10 mL
5 ml
Glass vial
Glass vial
NaOH 10%
8-HQ
1.2 ml
Plastic microtube
NaBrO
1 mL
Plastic microtube
TNBS
1 mL
Task 2
HCl, standard solution, ~1 M (see exact value on 40 mL
the label)
Plastic microtube
Urea
Amber glass vial
NaOH (to be standardized)

Powdery sample to be analyzed**
200 mL
0.5 1 g
H2O distilled
H2O distilled (shared between 2 students)
H2O distilled (for common use)
400 mL
30 mL
5L
Amber glass vial

150 mL beaker covered
with watch glass
Plastic wash bottle
Glass drop bottle
Bottle with tubing and
clamp on top of the
bench
Glass drop bottle
HCl
<and exact
concentration>
NaOH
<number of
workplace>
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
Eluent 1
Eluent 1
Eluent 2
Eluent 2
Eluent 3
Eluent 3
0.5 Carbonate buffer solution, pH 9.5
0.5 Tris-HCl buffer solution, pH 8.5
Mixture of amino acids to be analyzed**
Ellmann reagent: 0.2 Phosphate buffer
solution containing 10 mM EDTA and 3 mM 5,5Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), pH 7.0
Paulis reagent: solution of sodium 4-diazoniumbenzenesulfonate in 0.1 M aqueous HCl
Sodium hydroxide, 10% aqueous solution
8-Hydroxyquinoline, 5.2 mM solution in
ethanol/n-butanol (9:1) mixture
Sodium hypobromite, 0.24 M solution in 10%
aqueous NaOH
2,4,6Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, 3.4 mM
aqueous solution
8 M Aqueous urea solution
NaH2 PO4 , 15% solution (shared between 2

20 mL
students)
Bromocresol Green, 0.5% solution in 20%
30 mL
Glass drop bottle
ethanol (shared among 3-4 students in a raw)
Thymolphthalein, 0.5% solution in ethanol
30 mL
Glass drop bottle
(shared among 3-4 students in a raw)
K2 C2 O4 , 15% solution (shared between 2
50 mL
Amber glass vial
students)
*Fixed on the top shelf (do not try to remove), with connected tubing and clamp
**10 marks penalty for an extra portion of the sample
NaH2PO 4 15%
Bromcresol
green
Thymolphtalein
K 2C2 O4 15%
Components of Eluents 1 to 3
Eluent 1: 0.1 M aqueous sodium citrate, 50 mM sodium chloride, 40 mM thiodiglycol, 1 mM caprylic
acid, 0.1% Brij-35; pH 4.9.
Eluent 2: 0.2 M aqueous sodium phosphate, 0.1% Brij-35; pH 7.0.
Eluent 3: 0.2 M aqueous sodium hydroxide.
116
Apparatus and Suppliers

Item
Test tube rack
Laboratory stand
Chromatography column with ion-exchange resin
Laboratory stand with white covering
Double clamp for burette
Ring for funnel
25 mL Burette
100 mL flask labeled Waste
100 mL Volumetric flask
100 mL Erlenmeyer flask
Syringe with needle
Graduated test tubes for collecting fractions and preparing mixtures
96-well plate
Pipettor (micropipette) with fixed volume of 0.1 mL
Disposable tips (in blue plastic cup)
Spectrophotometric cuvettes labeled A1, B1, A2, B2, A3, B3 in cuvette
holder
10 mL Graduated plastic pipettes
10 mL Glass pipette
Pipette filler
3-Way Bulb
Glass rod
Filter funnel
Small funnel
60 mL Amber glass vials for combined fractions (peaks)
10 mL Measuring cylinder labeled K2C 2O4 15% (shared between 2 students)
10 mL Measuring cylinder (shared between 2 students)
50 mL Measuring cylinder
100 mL Measuring cylinder labeled H2O (shared among 3-4 students in a row)
Plastic plate with filters*** (shared among 3-4 students in a row)
Heating plate (for common use in a fume hood)
Rubber protection tips (for common use a fume hood)
Spectrophotometer (shared by a group of students; see the number of the
spectrophotometer to be used at your bench SP____)
Marker
Ruler
White sheet of paper
***If needed, ask your lab assistant for extra filters.
117
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
50
1
1
20
6
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3 filters per
student
6 plates per hood
6 pairs per hood
1
1
1
Safety regulations, S-phrases, R-phrases

Disodium hydrogen phosphate
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, disodium salt
Tris-HCl
Arginine
Cysteine
Histidine
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium 4-diazoniumbenzenesulfonate
Sodium hydroxide
8-Hydroxyquinoline
Ethanol
Butanol-1
Sodium hypobromite
5,5-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
Sodium chloride
Thiodiglycol
Caprylic acid
Brij-35
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate
Sodium carbonate
Calcium carbonate
Bromocresol Green
Thymolphthalein
Potassium oxalate
R:36/37/38 S:26-36
R:36/37/38 S:26-36/37/39
R:36/37/38 S:26-36
R:36 S:26
R:22
S:22-24/25
R:34-37 S:26-36-45
R:1-37/37 S:26-36
R:34-35 S:26-36-37/39-45
R:22-36/37/38 S:26-36/37
R:11 S:7-16
R:10-22-37/38-41-67 S:7/9-13-26-37/39-46
R31-34 S:26-36-45
R:36/37/38 S:26-36
R: 1-22-36/38-43 S: 26-36/37
R:36 S:26
R:36 S:26
R:34 S:26-27-45-36/37/39
R:36/37/38 S:26-36
S:22-24/25
R:36 S:22-26
R:41-37/38 S:26-39
S:22-24/25
S:22-24/25
R:34 S:26-27-36/37/39
Risk Phrases
Indication of Particular Risks
R1: Explosive when dry
10: Flammable
22: Harmful if swallowed
31: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas
34: Causes burns
35: Causes severe burns

36: Irritating to the eyes
37: Irritating to the respiratory system
41: Risk of serious damage to eyes
43: May cause sensitization by skin contact
67: Vapors may cause drowsiness and dizziness
Combination of Particular Risks

R24/25: Toxic in contact with skin and if swallowed
36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin
36/38: Irritating to eyes and skin
37/38: Irritating to respiratory system and skin
Safety Phrases
Indication of Safety Precautions
S13: Keep away from food, drink and animal feeding
stuffs
22: Do not breathe dust
26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with
plenty of water and seek medical advice
27: Take off immediately all contaminated clothing
36: Wear suitable protective clothing
118
39: Wear eye/face protection

45: In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek
medical advice immediately (show label where
possible)
46: If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and
show this container or label
Problem 1. Ion-exchange chromatography of amino acids

Ion-exchange chromatography is an important analytical and preparative method, which
allows fractioning of charged substances. Interaction of ionic groups of the substances with
counterions attached to the resin is behind the method. In this task you will have to carry out
separation of a given mixture of three amino acids followed by quantitative assay of
individual amino acids eluted from the column by using specific chromogenic reactions.
Since queues of students are possible at spectrophotometers, we strongly suggest you
starting the exam with Problem 1.
O
NH2
N
OH
HS
OH
NH 2
N
H
HN
NH
OH
NH2
His
Cys
NH 2
Arg
Three amino acids (see the structures above) are present in the mixture. These are histidine,
cysteine, and arginine. Cross-linked sulfonated polystyrene is used as a cation-exchange
resin (see the picture of the system below). At the beginning of the experiment the column is
equilibrated with Eluent 1 (pH 4.9).
Procedure
Chromatography. Step 1
Apply the given solution of a mixture of amino acids to the column. First, open the stopcock
to allow the solvent in the column draining into the Erlenmeyer flask labeled Waste so that
the solvent is level with the top of packing material, still preventing the resin surface from
drying off. Close the stopcock and carefully add the analyzed solution to the top of the
column by using a syringe. Open the stopcock and let the sample soak inside the gel (drain
the solvent into the Waste flask). Close the stopcock and add about 1 mL of Eluent 1
(corresponds to ~ 1 cm of liquid in the column) by carefully releasing the tubing clamp.
Attach the top joint tightly, fixing the column with one hand and the adaptor with the other (be
sure that the joint is fitted closely to the column). Replace the Waste flask at the stand with
the test tubes in the rack. Release the tubing clamp and open the stopcock to let the eluent
flow down through the column. Proceed with elution. (Always open the stopcock to start
elution and close the stopcock to stop it).
119
Collect the fractions in the test tubes up to the volume of 2.5 mL (as shown in the Picture). If
needed, label them with marker. After collecting each 4 to 8 fractions stop elution and carry
out qualitative analysis of the collected samples.
Qualitative analysis of samples

Qualitative assay of amino acids is based on the reaction of their -amino groups with
sodium 2,4,6trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS):
O 2N
NO 2
NH2
Na
HOOC
R
+
O
O
-
HOOC
NH
NO 2
NO 2
NaHSO 3
O 2N
NO 2
The assay is carried out in the wells of a polystyrene plate, each well corresponding to a
definite test tube. Before starting the assay, mix 1 mL of TNBS solution with 10 mL of
carbonate buffer solution and place 0.1 mL of the resulting mixture into half of the plate wells
(from A1 to H5). Then add 0.1 mL of the analyzed fraction into a well. Start with A1 well and
continue with B1, C1, etc (move top to bottom and left to right). If an amino acid is present in
the analyzed fraction, intense yellow coloration will develop in the corresponding well within
120
3 min. Use the coloration in the first well as the reference. To reliably estimate the coloration,
place the plate on the white sheet of paper.
Note: all aliquots of 0.1 mL should be added by using the pipettor. We expect you to use
one tip for all fractions of a single peak.
1.1a Draw the profile of coloration intensity (qualitatively) on the plate sketch in the Answer
Sheet. Use the following symbols: (-) no coloration, 1 weak coloration, 2 moderate
coloration and 3 intense coloration. Keep drawing the profile during the whole
chromatography process.
Continue collecting fractions and analyzing them until you get at least two wells with
coloration as in A1 well, which will indicate that the first amino acid has left the column
completely (end of the first peak).
As soon as you are finished with collecting the first peak, change to Eluent 2. To do so, close
the stopcock, fix the tubing clamp (Important!), disconnect the tubing leading to the bottle
with Eluent 1 and connect the tubing leading to the bottle with Eluent 2. Attach the top joint
tightly.
1.1b Indicate when the eluents have been changed by drawing lines between the
corresponding wells on the plate sketch.
Continue elution, collecting fractions and carrying out qualitative analysis of samples as
described above.
As soon as you are finished with collecting the second peak, change to Eluent 3 as
described in Step 2. Continue chromatography until the third amino acid leaves the column
completely.
Stop chromatography by closing the stopcock and fixing the clamp.
Based on the results of qualitative analysis, choose the fractions which contain the amino
acids.
1.1c Write down in the Answer Sheet the labels of wells corresponding to the chosen
fractions.
1.2 Combine the fractions from each peak and measure the volumes of combined fractions
using a measuring cylinder. Report the volumes of combined fractions excluding amounts
used for the qualitative analysis. Write down the obtained results in the Answer Sheet.
121
Pour combined fractions in the amber glass vials labeled Peak 1, Peak 2, Peak 3.
Prepare samples for quantitative spectrophotometric analysis as described below.
When finished with Practical exam, close the vials and leave them on the table. The
combined fractions will be subsequently analyzed by lab staff.
Spectrophotometric analysis
For each probe, you should submit two cuvettes to the operator. Prepare the probes as
follows.
Important! When storing, always put cuvettes in the cuvette holder! All cuvettes have
2 ribbed and 2 working vertical surfaces. While operating with cuvettes, do not touch
working surfaces, otherwise you may get incorrect values of absorbance.
Assay 1 (peak 1). Cysteine concentration is determined by the Ellmann reaction:
NO 2
NH3
+
O
SH
O-
OH
-H 2 O
H3N
S
-
S-
O-
+
NO 2
NO 2
NO 2
Test tube A1 (Reference). Place 0.1 mL of Eluent 1 from plastic microtube into a test tube
and add 2.9 mL of Ellmann reagent (DTNB).
Test tube B1 (Sample). Place 0.1 mL of the analyzed solution into a test tube and add 2.9
mL of Ellmann reagent (DTNB).
Mix the contents of the test tubes thoroughly and transfer each mixture to the corresponding
cuvettes labeled A1 (for reference) and B1 (for sample).
Assay 2 (peak 2). Determination of histidine concentration is based on the ability of
imidazole moiety to react with diazonium compounds (Pauli reaction).
Test tube A2 (Reference). Place 2.8 mL of Tris-HCl buffer solution into a test tube, add 0.1
mL of Eluent 2 from plastic microtube and 0.1 mL of Pauli reagent.
Test tube B2 (Sample). Place 2.8 mL of Tris-HCl buffer solution into a test tube, add 0.1 mL
of the analyzed solution and 0.1 mL of Pauli reagent.
Mix the contents of the test tubes thoroughly and transfer each mixture to the corresponding
cuvettes labeled A2 (for reference) and B2 (for sample).
122
Assay 3 (peak 3). Determination of arginine concentration is based on the ability of

guanidinium moiety to react with some phenols under alkaline and oxidative conditions
(Sakaguchi reaction).
Test tube A3 (Reference). Place 0.1 mL of Eluent 3 into a test tube and add 1.5 mL of 10%
NaOH solution, 1 mL of 8-hydroxyquinoline solution and 0.5 mL of sodium hypobromite
solution.
Test tube B3 (Sample). Place 0.1 mL of the analyzed solution into a test tube and add 1.5
mL of 10% NaOH solution, 1 mL 8-hydroxyquinoline solution and 0.5 mL of sodium
hypobromite solution.
Shake the test tubes vigorously for 2 min (Important!) and observe formation of orange
color. Add 0.2 mL of 8 M urea solution to each test tube, mix the contents and transfer about
3 mL of each mixture to the corresponding cuvettes labeled A3 (for reference) and B3 (for
sample).
All mixtures should be analyzed by spectrophotometry not earlier than 10 min and not later
than 2 h after preparation. Submit the set of 6 cuvettes to the spectrophotometer operator. In
case of a queue at the spectrophotometer, ask the operator to put your student code on the
list at the signboard. You will be invited by the operator in due time. Meanwhile, you can
answer the theoretical question and start fulfilling Problem No 2.
In case your sample(s) have not been subjected to studies within the proper time interval
(which is quite improbable), prepare the sample(s) afresh.
Get the print-offs with the spectra of your samples and check it. Sign the print-offs and get
the operators signature.
1.3 Determine absorbance at the corresponding wavelengths and calculate the content (in
mg) of each amino acid in the mixture you were given. The optical length is 1.0 cm.
Complete the Answer Sheets taking into account that one mole of each amino acid gives
one mole of the corresponding product.
Reference data:
The values of extinction coefficients:
Molar masses of the amino acids.
Product of Ellmann reaction: 13600 M-1cm-1 at 410
Cysteine 121 g/mol
nm
Histidine 155 g/mol
Product of Pauli reaction: 6400 M-1cm-1 at 470 nm

-1
Arginine 174 g/mol
-1
Product of Sakaguchi reaction: 7700 M cm at 500

nm
1.4. Draw three resonance structures of the species responsible for mixture coloration as a
result of Ellmann reaction.
123
Problem 2. Determination of carbonate and hydrogen phosphate in

an abrasive sample
Na2CO 3, CaCO3 and Na2HPO4 are the main constituents of abrasive powders. In this task
you will have to determine carbonate and hydrogen phosphate ions in an abrasive sample
by two acid-base titrations.
First, the exactly known amount of hydrochloric acid (taken in an excess) is added to the
sample. As a result, hydrogen phosphates are transformed into H3PO4, whereas carbonates
into CO 2 which is further removed by boiling. Calcium ions initially present in the sample
pass into the solution. Because of possible interference in subsequent analysis, they are
precipitated as CaC2O 4 and filtered off prior to the titration.
Next, the phosphoric acid formed is subjected to two titrations with pre-standardized NaOH
solution and two different indicators: Bromocresol Green (BCG) and Thymolphthalein (TP).
-
First, H3PO4 (and excess of HCl) is titrated to H2PO4 ion, the endpoint lying in slightly acidic
medium (pH of ~4.5). It corresponds to the color change of BCG from yellow to blue. The
second titration proceeds till HPO4
2-
is formed. The endpoint of the second titration
corresponds to the color change of TP from colorless to blue (moderately alkaline medium,
pH of ~10).
2-
The content of CO3 ions in the sample is calculated by finding the difference between:
a) the amount of the titrant equivalent to the initial amount of HCl (taken for the sample
dissolution) and
b) the amount of the titrant corresponding to the second endpoint (TP).
2-
The content of HPO4 is calculated by finding the difference between the amounts of the
titrant consumed to achieve two endpoints (TP and BCG).
Procedure
Step 1. Dissolution of the sample and removal of CO2
To the sample of the abrasive powder in a beaker covered with watch glass add 10.00 mL
(exactly, with a pipette! Carefully, not removing the glass and avoiding losses
because of splashing!) of ca. 1 mol/L HCl (see the exact concentration of the acid on the
label). After the most intensive stage of gas evolution is completed, heat carefully the
solution in the beaker (covered with watch glass) on a heating plate until the gas evolution
stops. Then bring the solution to boiling and boil it carefully for 2-3 min.
Step 2. Precipitation of calcium

Remove the beaker from the plate; wash the steam condensate from the watch glass down
to the beaker with distilled water. Add 1-2 mL of 15% K2C2O 4 solution with measuring
124
cylinder. Put the beaker aside until the most part of the precipitate is formed (usually takes
10 to 20 min). Spend this time for standardization of the titrant solution of NaOH (see the
procedure hereunder).
Step 3. Standardization of NaOH solution

Place with a pipette 10.00 mL of HCl solution into a 100 mL volumetric flask, make up to the
mark with distilled water and mix. Fill the burette with NaOH solution. Transfer with a pipette
10.00 mL of the diluted HCl solution from the volumetric flask to an Erlenmeyer flask. Add 12 drops of Thymolphthalein solution and titrate with NaOH solution until blue coloration
stable on swirling for 5-10 s appears.
Here and after. Repeat the titrations as necessary. It is desirable that the highest and the
lowest titrant volume values differ not more than by 0.10 mL. Report all the final volume
values with 0.01 mL accuracy.
2.1a Complete the table in the Answer Sheet.
2.1b Calculate the concentration of NaOH solution (in mol/L).
Step 4. Filtering off calcium oxalate

After the most part of CaC2O 4 precipitates filter the precipitate off collecting the filtrate into a
100 mL volumetric flask. Slight turbidity in the filtrate is admissible, since small amounts of
calcium oxalate do not interfere in the titration. Wash the filter with distilled water; make up
the solution in the flask to the mark with distilled water and mix. Put the used filter into the
waste basket.
Step 5. Sample titration against Bromocresol Green

Transfer with a pipette a 10.00 mL aliquot of the sample solution coming from the step 4
from the volumetric flask to an Erlenmeyer one, and add 3 drops of BCG solution. Prepare in
another Erlenmeyer flask a reference solution by adding 3 drops of 15 % NaH2PO4 solution
and 3 drops of BCG solution to 15-20 mL of distilled water. Titrate the sample solution with
NaOH solution until the color coincides with that of the reference solution.
2.2 Complete the table in the Answer Sheet.
Step 6. Sample titration against thymolphthalein

Transfer with a pipette a 10.00 mL aliquot of the sample solution coming from the step 4
from the volumetric flask to an Erlenmeyer one. Add 2 drops of TP solution and titrate with
NaOH solution until blue coloration stable on mixing for 5-10 s appears.
125
2.3 Complete the table in the Answer Sheet.
Step 7. Calculations
2.4 Calculate the mass of CO32- in the sample.
2.5 Calculate the mass of HPO 42- in the sample.
Step 8. Additional questions to the problem

Answer the additional questions in the Answer Sheets.
2.6a Indicate one reaction (write down the equation) for a process interfering in the sample
analysis you have carried out in the presence of Ca2+.
2.6b A list of mistakes possible at different steps is given in the table in the answer sheet.
Indicate which of the mistakes can lead to errors in CO32- and/or HPO42- content
determination. Use the following symbols: 0 if no error is expected, +or if the result is
higher (positive error) or lower (negative error) than the true one.
126
Solutions to the Theoretical Problems of the IChO
Solution to problem 1
OH
1.1.1
O=CHCH2CH=O
C
C
C
H
C
C
1.1.2
Acidic hydrogen atom is in CH2 (in enol forms acidic hydrogen is in OH)
Acidity of 2 group is caused by the stability of carbanion due to conjugation with two
carbonyl groups. The first answer is correct
1.2.1
The distance between two minima on the energy

curve is 0.06 nm. In a purely aldehyde form
such distance between two possible positions of
proton is impossible. Tunneling takes place only
C
H
in enol Z-form:
H
O
C
C
C
C
1.3.1 Expressions and plots of probability density

() 2 ( x, 0) =
1 2
L ( x) 2R ( x) 2L ( x) 2R ( x)
= 2L ( x)
The probability density is concentrated in the

left well:
2
-0,06
-0,04
-0,02
0,00
0,02
Distance, nm
0,04
0,06
(b) In the middle of the time interval

2 1
2
2
x ,
L (x ) R (x )
=
2 2
The probability density has a symmetric form,

a proton is delocalized between two wells:
( L2+ R2)/2
-0,06
-0,04
-0,02
L
127
0,00
Distance, nm
0,02
0,04
0,06
1
L2 (x ) R2 (x ) L2 (x ) R2 (x )
= R2 (x )
=
(c) 2 x ,
The probability density is concentrated in the right well:
-0,06
-0,04
-0,02
0,00
Distance, nm
0,02
0,04
1.3.2
The probability of finding the proton in the left well is 1/2, because probability function is
symmetric, and both wells are identical.
1.3.3 The time of transfer from one well to another is t = / .
3.14
= 4.85
10 12 s
11
6.48
10
0.06
10 9
The proton velocity V =
= 12 m/s.
4.85
1012
t=
1.3.4
The uncertainty of proton position is approximately equal to half of the distance between
minima, that is 0.03 nm (0.06 nm will be also accepted).
The minimal uncertainty of velocity can be obtained from the uncertainty relation:
1.055
10 34
=
1000 m/s
0.001
2mx
9
2
0.03
10
6.02
1023
V =
Comparing this uncertainty with the velocity 12 m/s we see that the notion of proton velocity
during transfer from one well to another is senseless. Therefore, proton tunneling is a purely
quantum phenomenon and cannot be described in classical terms. The second conclusion is
correct
2.1.1
The Gibbs energy and the equilibrium constant of reaction (1)
0
r G500
(1) = G0f ,500 (CoO,s) G0f ,500 (H2 O,g) = 198.4 219.1 = 20.7 kJ/mol
K =e
G0 (1)
r 500
RT
=e
20700
8.314
500
= 6.88
103
2.1.2
The standard Gibbs energy of the reaction (1) with the spherical cobalt nanoparticles of
radius ra is
128
0,06
(1, r ) = G0
0
0
0
r G500
Gsph
(Co) =
a
bulk ,500 (CoO,s) G500 (H 2 ,g) G500 (H2 O,g)
2Co-gasV (Co)
0
0
0
0
= G500
(CoO,s) G500
(H 2 ,g) G500
(H 2 O,gas) G500
(Co,s)
=
r
2Co-gasV (Co)
= rG
;
500 (1)
ra
V (Co) =
M Co
106
59.0
m3
=
= 6.6
10 6
;
(Co)
8.90
mol
for spherical particles with ra = 108, 10 9 m one gets, respectively
2Co-gasV (Co)
= 210 and 2100 J/mol.

ra
(1, r ) is equal to 20.5 (a), and 18.6 (b) kJ/mol, respectively.
r G500
a
The equilibrium constant is calculated from the equation
K (1, ra ) = 7.22 10 3 ;
G(1, r )
K (1, ra ) = exp r 500 a ;
RT
8
ra = 10 m
K (1, ra ) = 11.4 10 3;
ra = 10 9 m
2.2.1
The standard Gibbs energy for reaction (1) involving nanoparticles of cobalt is
2Co-gas
rG
V (Co)
500 (1, ra ) =
r G 500 (1)
ra
(1) is 20.7 kJ/mol. For spherical cobalt particles with r = 1 nm G(1, r ) is 18.6
r G500
a
r 500
a
kJ/mol.
Solid cobalt oxide can be formed spontaneously when Gibbs energy of reaction (1) is
negative. The inequality for bulk cobalt is
(1) RT ln p (H2 ) = G (1) RT ln p (H2 O) 0

r G(1) = r G500
r 500
p(H 2O)
p(H 2 )
and for spherical cobalt nanoparticles with ra = 1 nm:
2Co-gas
p (H2 )
p (H O)
r G(1, ra ) = r G
V (Co) RT ln 2 0
500 (1, ra ) RT ln
= r G500 (1)
ra
p (H2 O)
p (H2 )
(1) is 20.7 kJ/mol. For spherical cobalt particles with r = 1 nm G(1, r ) is 18.6
r G500
a
r 500
a
kJ/mol.
The minimum ratios
p (H2 O)
are 145.6 (a) and 87.7 (b), respectively.
p (H2 )
The hydrogen pressure is
1bar
0.0015 = 1.5
10 3 bar
129
The minimum pressures of water are

1.5
103
145.6 = 0.218 bar (a) and 1.5
103
87.7 = 0.132 bar (b), for the bulk cobalt and for
nanoparticles, respectively.
H2O%(bulk Co) = 21.8%
H2O%(nanoparticles with ra=1*109 m)= 13.2%.
We assume that bulk cobalt oxide is formed.

2.2.2
For the spontaneous oxidation
2Co-gas
p(H O)
r G(1, ra ) = r G
V (Co) RT ln 2 0
500 (1)
ra
p (H2 )
and
(1) 2Co-gas V (Co) RT ln p (H2 O)

r G500
ra
p (H2 )
The left hand side of the last inequality becomes more positive with the increase of ra. At
certain point the inequality will be disturbed and the spontaneous oxidation will not take
place. So, to protect cobalt nanoparticles from the spontaneous oxidation in this case one
has to lengthen the radius ra. The answer (a) is correct.
2.3.1
The equation for the standard molar Gibbs function of CoO (external layer) reads:
2
2
0
Gsph
(CoO, rb ) = Gbulk (CoO) CoO-gas V (CoO) = G
(CoO,s) CoO-gas V (CoO)
rb
rb
2.3.2
The equation for the standard molar Gibbs function of Co (internal layer) reads:
2CoO-gas 2CoO-Co
0
Gsph
(Co,ra , rb ) = Gbulk (Co) V (Co)
=
ra
rb
2CoO-gas 2CoO-Co
= G
(Co,s) V
Co
r
ra
b
The expression in brackets gives the additional pressure in the internal layer (see the Hint)
2.3.3
The standard Gibbs energy for reaction (1) with the double-layered nanoparticles is
130
0
0
0
r G (1, ra , rb ) = Gsph (CoO, rb ) G (H 2 , gas) G (H 2O,gas) Gsph (Co, ra , rb ) =
= G (CoO,s) G (H 2 , gas) G (H 2 O,gas) G (Co,s)

2CoO-gas
CoO-gas CoO-Co
V (CoO) 2V (Co)
=
rb
r
r
b
a
2CoO-gas
2
= rG
(1)
V (CoO) V (Co) CoO-Co V (Co)
rb
ra
2.3.4.
Under the assumptions made
2
2
r G
(1, ra , rb ) = r G 0 (1, r0 ) = r G
(1) CoO-gas
V (CoO) V (Co) CoO-Co V (Co) =
rb
ra
2
3
= rG
(1) CoO-gas
V (CoO) V (Co)
r0
2
The term in brackets in the right-hand side is positive
V (CoO) V (Co) = 6.56

106 m3
1
r G0 (1, r0 ) is directly proportional to . The plot (a) is correct.
r0
2.3.5.
The spontaneous forward reaction (1) is possible, when rG(1,r0) 0, and
2
3
RT ln pH2 O
rG0 (1) CoO-gas
V
(CoO)
V
(Co)
r0
2
pH 2
The term in brackets in the left-hand side is positive. The left hand side of the inequality
becomes more positive with the decrease of r0. At certain point the inequality will be violated
and the spontaneous oxidation will not take place.
In order to protect nanoparticles from oxidation in this case one has to shorten the radius r0.
The answer (b) is correct.
3.1.1
The overall reaction equation
The kinetic equation for X
B + D P
d [X]
2
= k1[B][X] k2[D][X]
dt
3.1.2
Under the steady-state conditions
d [P]
2
= k 2[D][X] = k1[B][X] ,
dt
131
whence
[X] =
d [P] k2 2 [D]2
=
dt
k1 [B]
k 2 [D]
k1[B]
Reaction order with respect to D: 2, with respect to B: -1; the overall order is 1.
3.2.1
In an open system the initial reaction rate is:
d [X]
= [B][X]
k1[X] k 2
dt
1) If [X]0 > k2/k 1, then d[X]/dt > 0 at any time, and the concentration of X monotonically
increases:
[X]
2) If [X]0 < k2/k 1, then d[X]/dt < 0 at any time, and the concentration of X monotonically
decreases:
[X]
3.2.2
In a closed system the initial reaction rate is:
d [X]
= k1 [B]0 [X]02 k2 [D]0 [X]0 = [B]0 [X]0
k1 [X]0 k2 0
dt t 0
Hence, at the beginning of the reaction [X] increases but it cannot increase infinitely and
finally goes to its initial value, because the second reaction is irreversible:
132
[X]
3.3.1
X C2H6O2, Y C2H4O, P C2H6O. Dots denote O 2 and H 2O.
C2H6 + C2H6O2 + O2 2 C2H6O2
C2H6O 2 + C2H4O
2 C2H4O + H2O
C2H6 + C2H4O + H2O 2 C2H6O
3.4.1
At the highest possible temperature the rate constants are equal:
E
E
A1 exp A ,1 = A2 exp A ,2
RT
RT
E A,2 E A,1
T =
= 354 K
A
R ln 2
A1
4.1.
Equation:
I2 + SO 2 + 2 H2O + 4 Py 2 PyHI + (PyH) 2SO4
4.2.1.
M(Na2C4H4O 6.2H2O) = 230.05
2M(H2O) = 36.04
m(H2O) = 1.3520 36.04 / 230.05 = 0.2118 g = 211.8 mg

T = 211.8 / 12.20 = 17.36 mg/mL
4.2.2.
Volume of iodine spent for 10 mL of pure CH3OH = 2.2010.00/25.00 = 0.88 mL
T = 21.537
0.01
103 / (22.70 0.88) = 9.87 mg/mL
More exactly
10.00 mL of the solution contain (1000-21.5)
10.00 / 1000 = 9.785 mL of methanol
133
Volume of iodine spent for 9,785 mL of pure CH3OH = 2.209,785 / 25.00 = 0.86 mL
T = 21.537
0.01
103 / (22.70 0.86) = 9.86 mg/mL
4.2.3.
Approach 1.
Let 1 mL of CH3OH contain x mg H2O, then 1 mL of A contains ((1.000 0.006)x + 5.624)
mg H2O.
1st titration,
15.00T = 22.45(0.994x + 5.624)
10.00T = 25.00x + 10.79(0.994x + 5.624) 2nd titration.

Hence, x = 1.13 mg/mL, T = 10.09 mg/mL (10.10 without taking into account 0.994 factor)
Approach 2.
Let y mL of B be spent for the titration of water, contained in 1 mL of CH3OH. Then T =
22.455 .624
10 .795 .624
(1st titration) =
(2nd titration).
15 .00 22.450.994y
10.00 25.00 y 10.79y
Hence, y = 0.1116 and T = 10.10 mg/mL

T = 10.09 mg/mL (10.10 without taking into account 0.994 factor)
4.3.
CaO + SO2 CaSO3
2CaO + 2I2 CaI2 + Ca(OI) 2
6CaO + 6I2 5CaI2 + Ca(IO3)2
(Instead of CaO, Ca(OH)2 may be written.)
4.4.1
2FeSO4 + I 2 + H2SO4
Fe2(SO 4)3 + 2HI
Fe2(SO 4)3 + H2O + SO 2 + CH3OH
2FeSO4 + CH3OHSO 3 + H2SO4
(or in ionic form)

4.4.2. Equation:
Fe2(SO 4)3xH2O + (x 1)I2 + xSO2 + xCH3OH
2FeSO4 + xCH3OHSO 3 + H2SO4 + 2(x 1)HI
4.4.3.
M(Fe2(SO 4)3xH2O) = 399.9 + 18.02x
mH2O (g) =
0.6387 18.02x
399 .9 18.02x
x
x 1
mH2O (g) = 10.59(mL)15.46(mg/mL)0.001(g/mg)

0.1637(399.9 + 18.02x) = 11.51x 11.51;
.
Formula: Fe2(SO4)3 9 H2O
x=9
134
x = 8.994
5.1.1
O
H3C
CH 3
Ethyl acetate, ethyl ethanoate
5.1.2
esters
5.1.3
Qualitative estimation of yield can be done assuming that the reaction is at equilibrium, and
that the equilibrium constant is supposed to not vary with temperature and composition of
the reaction mixtures.
K =
[AcOEt][H 2O]
(0.85) 2
=
= 4.2
[AcOH][EtOH] 0.15
1.15
Calculation of yield using this constant in 1:1 mixture gives 67%

5.2.1
OEt
COOEt
OEt
COOEt
OEt
OEt
HCCOEt
CH2(COOEt)2
CH3C(OEt)3
triethyl orthoacetate, 1,1,1triethoxyethane
A
ethoxyacetylene, ethynylethyl
ether
diethyl malonate
5.2.2
a) Malonic acid is formed as intermediate in the hydrolysis of diethyl malonate
COOEt H+ /H2O
COOH
COOEt
COOH
CO2
CH3COOH + C 2H5OH
b) Hydrolysis of ethoxyacetylene starts from the addition of hydroxide to the triple bond to
give unstable enolic form of ethylacetate, into which it immediately is transformed
135
OEt
OH /H 2O
OH
OEt
OEt
OH /H2 O
CH 3COO + C2 H5OH
Indication of any of keto- or enol forms of ethylacetate

Hydrolysis of strong ether bond to give hydroxyacetylene, or any forms coming along this
path (ketene, diketene) is impossible and is not allowed
5.3.1
From acetone alone the synthesis includes aldol condensation, dehydration, with
subsequent iodoform reaction
3 marks
2
H+
HO
H+
-H2O
I2/OH
O
OH
5.3.2
Iodoform, triiodomethane, CHI3
6.1.1
SiO32- + 2CO2 + 2H 2O
H2SiO3(Silica acid gel) +2HCO3-
SiO2(OH)2 +2CO2+H2O
2-
H2SiO3+2HCO 3-
SiO3 + CO2 + H2O H2SiO 3+ CO 3

2-
or
or
2-
6.1.2
) protonation of ortho-silicate ions leading to the formation of Si-OH groups
SiO44- + H2O [SiO3(OH)]3- + OH- or
SiO44- + H+
[SiO3(OH)]3- or
[SiO2(OH)2]2-+ H+ [SiO(OH)3]-
Yes
b) formation of hydrated [SiO 4(H2O) 2] 4- anions

SiO44- + 2H2O [SiO 4(H2O)2]4-
No
c) polycondensation of ortho-silicate ions leading to the formation of Si -O-Si bonds

2 SiO44- + H 2O
[O3Si-O-SiO3]6- +2 OH- or
2 SiO44- + 2H+
[O3Si-O-SiO3]6- + H2O or
2SiO2(OH)22- + 2O [O-Si(OH) 2-O-Si(OH)2-O]2- + 2 OH-
Yes
6.2.1 n= 6 (assuming oxidation numbers of silicon (+4) and oxygen (-2), or taking into
account its structure and the charge of orthosilicate ion (-4))
6.2.2 Si3O9 3 [SiO4] 3 O, i.. there are 3 oxygen atoms bridging adjacent tetrahedra
136
6.2.3
6.2.4
m=4 (assuming oxidation numbers of silicon (+4) and oxygen (-2), or taking into account its
structure and the charge of orthosilicate ion (-4))
Si4O 104[SiO 4] 6O, i.. the formula of the tetrahedron is now SiO 2.5, which is possible if 1
atom belongs to this tetrahedron and the other three are shared between 2 tetrahedra
(their contribution =3/2). This is possible if the tetrahedra are set on a plane and joined
together through all apexes of their bases.
6.3.1
Cu(H2O)42+ + H 2O Cu(OH)(H2O)3+ + H 3O+,
[H+](c KaI)1/2 110-4 M, pH = -log[H +] = 4
= 4
6.3.2
uSO 4 + Na 2SiO3 + 2H2O Cu(OH)2+
H2SiO3+ Na2SO4
or 2uSO4 + Na 2SiO3 + 2H 2O (CuOH)2SO4+
H2SiO 3+ Na2SO4
This (or those) reaction(s) (apart from formation of copper silicate) can be deduced from the
fact that the reaction describes mutual (self-amplifying) hydrolysis. It comes from the
previous parts of the task: of LGL is greater than 7 (see questions 6.2), and of copper
sulfate solution is less than 7 (see 6.3.1).
7.1.1 2-4
catalyze one and the same (and only one) reaction type. The only reaction which can be
carried out three times in a row is monophosphorylation (all the rest reaction types are not
consistent with either initial or final products). This is also supported by presence of
pyrophosphate residue in IPP and liberation of inorganic products (including inorganic
phosphate) upon spontaneous decomposition of 1.
is a monocarboxylic acid composed of atoms of three elements: carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. It can contain neither sulfur which is found in CoA nor phosphorus which is
137
introduced into intermediates on the pathway from HMG-CoA towards IPP or present in
CoA. Thus, 1 catalyzes non-hydrolytic removal of CoA from HMG-CoA and is not involved
in phosphorylation. Since water is not a substrate in this reaction, liberation of CoA must be
conjugated with another reaction which affects the carboxylic group esterified in HMG-CoA.
The only possible variant is its 4 electron reduction towards hydroxyl group. 1 can not
catalyze dehydration because of optical activity of (removal of water leads to the loss of
sole chiral center). Decarboxylation is excluded, since , being an acid, must contain a
carboxylic group. Oxidation of tertiary hydroxyl group in HMG-CoA according to -oxidation
mechanism is impossible. Further evidence comes from the fact that the carboxylic group
initially involved in thioester bond formation is present as the residue of hydroxyl group in
IPP. So:
1
4,
7.1.2
Based on the reaction types catalyzed by 1 and configuration of HMG-CoA stereocenter,
the structure of is:
HO
HOOC
(R)
OH
, mevalonic acid
Note the absolute configuration of the chiral center is changed as a result of HMG-CoA
metabolism into mevalonic acid due to alteration of substituents priority.
HO
HOOC
(S)
CoA
E1
HO
HOOC
(R)
OH
7.2.1
H
O
O
OCH3
P
P
+ O3 + H3 C
O O
S
O
O
+
O
OHC
CH 3
O P O + 3 S
O
P
OO
O
O
7.2.2
DAP molecule contains only one carbon atom which can be involved in the formation of
bond during Y biosynthesis. Irrespective of the way this molecule is incorporated in Y,
ozonolysis of this fragment will lead to dimethyl ketone (acetone). (See DAP ozonolysis
reaction in 7.2.1). Thus, acetone can be unambiguously attributed to Y1, since it contains 3
carbon atoms (Y2 and Y3 contain 5 and 4 carbon atoms, respectively). Taking into account
the ratio between ozonolysis products, we have:
nY (C)= 2*nY1 (C)+4* nY2 (C)+ nY3(C)= 2*3 + 4*5 + 4 = 30
Y is an acyclic molecule, thus DAP residues can be found only at its ends. Y has only two
ends, since IPP contains only two elongation sites (at least three such sites are needed to
138
get a branched molecule). Since reductive ozonolysis of one Y molecule produces two
acetone molecules, Y contains 30 carbon atoms.
To determine the number of hydrogen atoms double bonds in Y should be counted.
Formation of each double bond reduces by 2 the number of hydrogen atoms in the coupling
product as compared to the sum of atoms of starting substances. The ratio of Y to the sum
of its ozonolysis products is 1:7 (2+4+1), which corresponds to 6 double bonds in Y. Then,
by using the general formula for alkanes we have:
nY(C)= 2*n Y1(C)+4*n Y2(C)+ nY3(C)= 2*3 + 4*5 + 4 =30
n(H)= 2*nY (C)+22*nc=c=30*2 + 2 - 6*2 = 50
Y (squalene) formula 3050.
7.2.3
IPP and DAP are structural isomers containing 5 carbon atoms each. Since all carbon atoms
of these substances are found in Y, one can calculate the total quantity of IPP and DAP
molecules needed to synthesize Y:
n(IPP&DAP)= nY(C)/5=30/5=6
The number of DAP molecules was determined earlier and is equal to 2. Then, 4 molecules
of IPP are needed.
n(IPP&DAP)= nY (C)/5=30/5=6
Number of DAP molecules 2
Number of IPP molecules 4
7.2.4
All possible combinations that do not alter hydrocarbon skeleton are given below
(pyrophosphate fragments not shown). Two groups of products differing in carbon atoms
involved in coupling reaction are separated by the dashed line. IPP fragments should be
attached to DAP so that ozonolysis of the product leads to Y2 containing 5 carbon atoms.
Only one variant is possible if stereochemistry is not taken into consideration and two
variants with stereochemical details
139
No
No
*
*
+
*
+
No
No
Yes
(E)
O
O
OP
O
O-
P O
O
or
(Z)
O-
P
P O
OO
The upper isomer is geranyl pyrophosphate

7.2.5
It is seen from the coupling reaction (Scheme 2) that Y4 contains 15 carbon atoms or 1 DAP
and 2 IPP fragments, the latter being attached to the former consecutively. It is important to
note that Y3 can not be found in two hydrocarbon residues originating for Y4, since Y3 is
formed as a result of ozonolysis in a molar ratio of 1:1 to Y. Thus, geranyl phosphate is the
intermediate on the way to Y (all double bonds in trans configuration). Attachment of the next
IPP fragment to geranyl phosphate leads to the product giving 1 molecule of Y1 and 2
molecules of Y2 upon its ozonolysis. Thus, Y4 structure with stereochemical details:
(E)
(E)
O-
P
OO
O
P O
O
Y4, farnesyl pyrophosphate
Combining two hydrocarbon fragments of Y4 and taking into account that the double bond
between them is being reduced we get the following structure of Y:
(E)
(E)
(E)
(E)
Y, squalene
140
8.1.1
vact = k act[R-Hal][CuHal(Ligand)k ]
vdeact = kdeact[R][CuHal2(Ligand)k ]
vp = kp[R][M]
vt = 2kt[R]2
8.1.2
Since all the chains grow with equal rate, the process proceeds as living polymerization.
Living radical polymerization is possible only if concentration of active radicals is low to
prevent chain transfer and termination. So:
vdeact >> vact
The portion of active radicals must be small, so the equilibrium is shifted towards dormant
species.
vdeact >> v p
Propagation rate should be much slower than that of deactivation to make chains propagate
with equal rate.
vdeact >> v t
Termination does not occur since the total number of polymer chains is equal to a certain
constant number number of initiator molecules.
8.2.1
1st variant
[ M ] = [ M ] 0 exp(kP [ R
]t) or n( MMA) n 0 ( MMA) exp(k P [ R
]t)
Quantity of MMA monomer remaining after polymerization during 1400 s is
31.0
exp(
1616
1 .76
10 7
1400) 20.8 mmol.
Quantity of monomer consumed during polymerization: 31-20.8=10.2 mmol
Mass of the obtained polymer is
m = n( MMA)
M ( MMA) = (10.2 /1000)
100.1 = 1.03 g
2nd variant
[ M ] = [ M ] 0 exp(kP [ R
]t) or n( MMA) = n0 ( MMA) exp( k P[ R
]t )
Quantity of MMA monomer consumed during 1400 seconds of polymerization is
n( MMA) = n0 ( MMA)(1exp(k p
[ R]
t )) = 31.0
(1 1616
1.76
107
1400) = 10.2 mmol
m = n( MMA)
M ( MMA) = (10.2 /1000)
100.1 = 1.03 g 1 mark
141
3rd variant
[M ]
ln
]t = 1616
1.76
10 7
1400 = 0.398
= kP [ R
[ M ]0
[M ]
[M ]
n (MMA)
= e 0.398 = 0.672
=
[ M ]0
[ M ]0
n0 ( MMA)
n (MMA ) = 0.672
n0 (MMA ) = 20.8 mmol
Quantity of monomer consumed during polymerization is 31-20.8=10.2 mmol
m = n( MMA)
M ( MMA) = (10.2 /1000)
100.1 = 1.03 g
m = 1.03 g
8.2.2
Calculation of degree of polymerization (DP) of the obtained polymer.
The number of growing chains is equal to the number of TsCl molecules (0.12 mmol)
At the first stage, 7.3 mmol of MMA was consumed (0.73/100.1).
The total quantity of monomers at the beginning of the 2nd stage is 23.7 + 23.7 = 47.4 mmol.
Since the monomers have the same reactivity, they will be involved in polymerization with
the same rate.
Quantity of monomers consumed during the second stage is
n n0 (1 exp( k P [R
]t )) 47.4(1 exp(1616
1.76
10 7
1295)) 14.6 mmol.
Totally 7.3+14.6 = 21.9 mmol of monomers was polymerized during two stages.
DP = 21.9/0.12 = 182.5
DP = 182-183
8.2.3
The product of polymerization is a block copolymer because it was obtained by sequential
polymerization on living chains.
The first block is built of MMA units solely. The DP is 7.3/0.12 = 60.8 61 monomer units.
The second block is obtained by copolymerization of two competing monomers with the
same reactivity. So, it is a statistical copolymer. Fractions of A and B in the 2 nd block are
equal because their concentrations in the reaction mixture at the beginning of the 2nd stage
were equal. The DP of the 2nd block is 183-61 = 122 monomer units (121 is also correct if
the total DP in 8.2.2 is 182).
Ts-A 61-block-(A-stat-B)61-Cl or Ts-A 61-block-(A61-stat-B 61)-Cl
142
8.3.1.
*
CH2
O
a, b, g
CH2
H
H
*
H
*
e
*
H
*
Cl
f
Cl
8.3.2
Intensity of multiplets b and g is 40.2, so intensity per 1 proton is 40.2/4/58=0.173 for both
copolymer spectra
Intensity of multiplet is 13.0, which is equivalent to 13.0/0.173=75 protons. Taking into
account that each styrene ring has 5 aromatic protons, DP of styrene block is 75/5=15.
2 marks
Molar fraction of styrene units in P1 is 15/(15+58) = 20.5%
Intensity of multiplet d is 10.4, which is equivalent to 10.4/0.173=60 protons. Since each
monomer unit of p-chloromethylstyrene has 4 protons, DP of PCS is 60/4=15.
Molar fraction of D is 15/(15+58) = 20.5%
M(P1) = 15.03+58x44.05+72.06+15x104.15+35.45 = 4240
M(P2) = 15.03+58 x44.05+72.06+15x152.62+35.45 = 4967
M(P1) = 4240
M(P2) = 4967
n(C) = 20.5%
n(D) = 20.5%
143
8.3.3
P1:
O
O
O
CH3
O
58
H3C
Cu(+)Cl(Ligand)k
O
58
H3 C
CH
Cl
Cu(+2)Cl2 (Ligand)k
CH3
R
Cl
CH
Cu(+)Cl(Ligand)k
Cu(+2)Cl2(Ligand)k
Here R is used for the macroinitiator fragment with one or several styrene units attached.
P2:
O
O
H3C
O
CH3
O
58
Cu(+) Cl(Ligand)k
O
58
H3 C
Cl
CH
Cu
(+2)
Cl 2(Ligand)k
CH3
R
Cl
CH
Cu(+) Cl(Ligand)k
Cl
Cu(+2)Cl 2(Ligand) k
Cl
R
Cl
Cl
(+)
Cu Cl(Ligand)k
(+2)
Cu
Cl 2(Ligand)k
CH 2
Cl
Here R is used for the macroinitiator fragment with one or several p-chloromethylstyrene
units attached.
144
8.3.4 The structure of P1 and one of possible structures of P2

P1 is a block copolymer of PEO and PS. The PS block contains 15 units.
P2 is a block copolymer composed of PEO block and branched styrene block.
The integral intensity of multiplet f is 2.75, so 2.75/0.173=15.9, that is about 16 protons or 8
chloromethyl groups.
d) If there is no branching in molecule P2, it would contain 15 choromethyl groups. Each
branching reduces the number of such groups by 1. Thus P2 has 15-8 = 7 branchings. Every
structure with 7 branchings is correct if each monomer unit is linked with not more than 3
other monomer units
C
P1 R
2
Cl
Cl
D
D
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
D
D
D
Cl
Cl
Cl
D
D
Cl
Cl
D
D
Cl
Cl
D
Cl
145
Cl
Cl
Cl
About the history of the IChO
Part 4
About the history of the International Chemistry-Olympiads
The idea of chemistry olympiads was born 1968 during an Czechoslovakian national
olympiad that was attended by observers from Poland and Hungary. These three
countries participated in the first IChO 1968 in Prague. The number of teams
attentding the IChO in the following years are shown in the plot below.
Number of teams attending the IChO
70
60
Number of teams
50
40
30
20
10
0
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Year of olympiad
The participating countries are shown in the following table.
146
Participating Delegations
in alphabetical order
+ = host, + = participant, o = observer
Year
Country
Argentina
Armenia
Australien
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Brasil
Bulgaria
Canada
China
Chinese Taipei
Croatia
Country
Year
6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
+ + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o o + +
o + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o o
+ ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + +
+ + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o o + + ++ + + + + +
+ ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o o + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o o + ++ + + + + +
6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
147
Year
Country
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Rep.
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
DDR
Egypt
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Jugoslavia
Country
Year
6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
+ o + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++
+ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + +
o o + + + + +
+ + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o o + + + + + +
o o + + ++ + + + + +
o + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o o + + + ++ + + + + +
o o + +
+ ++ + + o o + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + + +
o + + + + +
o
6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
148
Year
Country
Kazakhstan
Kenia
Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Malaysia
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
GUS/Russ.Fed.
Country
Year
6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
o o + + + ++ + + + + +
o
o
o o
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o o + + ++ + + + + +
++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o + + +
+ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o
o o +
o o + +
+ ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o
o + + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o o + +
o o + + +
o
+ + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
o o + + + + +
++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + +
6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
149
Year
Country
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
UdSSR
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Vietnam
Country
Year
Number of participating
teams
6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
o o + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
o +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
o
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
o + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
o o + + + +
o + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
o + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
o +
o o o + + +
+ + + ++ + + + +
+ + + + + + + + +
+ +
+
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +
o + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
o
o + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
o
o o + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
8 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
3 4 7 7 7 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 6 6
2 2 2 2 1 3 4 7 8 0 1 2 6 6 6 8 0 3 8 1 2 5 7 7 1 3 4 7 9 1 9 6 7
150
Inofficial ranking since 1974

(set up by adding the points of the teams, up to position 50)
1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
IChO held in
RO
DDR CS
PL
SU
BG
RO
CS
NL
FIN
SU
SU DDR CS
SU
PL
PL
CS
RO
SU
NL
SU
RC
RO
SU
SU
PL
SU
CS
SU
CS
CS
PL
RC
CS
PL
RO DDR PL
PL
SU
RO USA
BG
PL
PL
PL
RO
CS
A
D
BG
NL
CS
SU
CS
PL
NL
GB
RO
SU
GB
USA
DDR
BG DDR
PL DDR
GB
CS DDR RO
CS
BG
PL
RO
BG
DDR DDR RO
BG
DDR CS
BG
YU
CS
RO
10
D*
BG
BG
YU
YU
YU
RO
BG DDR USA
PL
SU DDR PL
RO USA
FIN FIN
NL
NL
DK
TR DDR NL
FIN
BG
GB
CS
FIN
GB
NL
RO
GB USA
FIN
BG
BG
BG
RO
DK
DDR
CS
DK
FIN
BG
CDN
AUS
YU
FIN
YU
DK
YU
GR
DK
YU
GR
FIN
FIN
20
DK
GR
KWT
DK
YU
YU
CDN
25
CH
CH
FIN
.
.
15
* hors concours
RO DDR SU
NL
I
NL
FIN SGP
GR CDN
KWT KWT
(List of abbreviations see page 154)
151
IChO held in
1
.
.
.
5
.
.
.
.
10
.
.
.
.
15
.
.
.
.
20
.
.
.
.
25
.
.
.
.
30
.
.
.
.
35
.
.
.
.
40
.
.
.
.
45
.
.
.
.
50
1989
DDR
DDR
D
RC
BG
SU
H
PL
RO
CS
I
NL
GB
A
USA
S
F
N
AUS
CDN
DK
FIN
B
C
GR
CH
KWT
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
F
PL
USA
I
N
RC
RUS CDN AUS
T
DK
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
RC
IR
H
SGP USA
RC
PL
RO
H
TPE
GB
IR
RC D
USA ROK
RUS
D
H
PL
USA USA
RO
RUS
TR
ROK
RC
USA
USA
PL
USA
I
A
A
A
TPE
RC
IR
H
CS
NL
A
GUS SGP D
D
IR
H
RO
TPE
RO
USA GUS
H
ROK
GB
USA RUS
RA
H
A
F
I
D
D
TPE
SK
UA
ROK RUS
TPE
SK
A
D
RO
CDN
CZ
TPE
CZ
RC
AUS
UA
BY
DDR
N
F
SGP GUS
I
H
SGP D
PL
VN
H
GB
I
CZ
IR
CZ
RO
PL
GB
AUS
TR
GB
CS
SGP
A
D
RUS
GB
USA
PL
VN
SGP
I
SU
CS
RO
H
H
TPE
UA
A
D
D
AUS
A
AUS
P
RO
AUS
BY
AUS
RO
RA
ROK
SGP AUS
NL
NZ
DK
SGP SGP CDN TPE
BY
IR
NL
DK
DK ROK
I
F
RA
RO
SK
T
CZ
N
SGP ROK
LV
T
TR
TR
A
NL
F
FIN
DK
CDN
GB
IR
NZ
PL
F
T
IR
TR
T
T
BG
CH
DK
UA
USA
I
EST
UA
SGP MEX
FIN
F
T
AUS AUS
DK
AUS
CZ
VN
IND
GB
CDN
S
LV
NL
F
RA
ROK
VN
LT
GB
AUS
BG
T
NZ
LT
PL
ROK EST
F
TR
RUS IND
C
CH
S
SK
NL
UA CDN
S
BY
MEX CDN
S
LV
LT
F
SK
LT
T
BY
F
A
RA
CH
LT
N
C
CDN
T
VN
NZ
I
IRL
UA
B
FIN CDN
GB
LT
NL
SK
LV
T
NZ
PL
GR
C
SLO
T
S
CH
CH
RA
FIN
I
NZ
KWT GR
BG
BG
N
BG
NL
SLO
CZ
CDN
BG
CY
B
TPE
B
BG
S
NZ
GB
CDN
LT
F
CY
B
S
FIN
NZ
DK
SK
S
NL
DK
SLO
FIN
FIN
EST
EST
PL
LT
BG
SK
NL
GR
SLO
LV CDN SLO
I
N
BG
B
CY
GR
CH
MEX MEX DK MEX KZ
RO
MEX MEX MEX
N
LV
NL
CH
DK
KZ
N
SLO SLO
N
IRL
SLO
CH
LT
CH
B
LV
CY
N
EST
CZ
CH
YV
CY
CY
BG MEX CY
FIN SLO
CY
GR
B
S
CH
LV
B
EST
KWT
TR
GR
LT
CY
DK
S
S
YV
FIN
E
E
NZ
CY
YV
C
YV
B
FIN
GR
EST
CY
KWT KWT
GR
BG
KZ
LV
HR
C
FIN
YV
E
SLO
I
YV
GR
IRL
YV
RI
C
B
B
BR
N
KWT
RI
KS
E
AZ
KWT
YV
N
IRL
C
RI
RI
E
GR
LV
ROU
GR
C
BR
152

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
IChO held in IND
NL
GR
D
TPE ROK RUS
1
RC
RC
RC
RC
ROK
RC
RC
.
ROK
T
IR
ROK
VN
TPE RUS
.
USA
TPE ROK RUS
IR
ROK TPE
.
RUS ROK
T
UA
RUS RUS
PL
5
IR
A
BY
D
AZ
VN ROK
.
TR
UA
RUS
PL
TPE
T
D
.
IND USA IND TPE
T
J
T
.
AUS
PL SGP
H
RA
Pl
IND
.
TPE IND
D
TR
D
IND
H
10
T
D
TPE
VN
IND
D
SK
.
SGP
IR
UA
IND
A
SK
LT
.
PL
H
PL
IR
CZ
DK
USA
.
RO
RUS CDN
RO
UA
SGP
VN
.
F
CDN
CZ
LT
PL
BR
GB
15
SK
TR
RO
CZ
AUS CDN
BY
.
H
AUS
KZ
USA
TR
AZ
EST
.
VN
GB
VN
SGP
H
UA
UA
.
CZ
SGP EST CDN
SK
USA
RI
.
RA
E
GB
AZ
USA
H
IR
20
BY
SK
AUS AUS
GB
CZ
RO
.
C
BY
H
KZ
RO
AUS AUS
.
D
VN
SK
GB
BY
IRL
A
.
GB
FIN USA
J
SGP
F
KZ
.
UA
F
YV
A
J
IR
SGP
25
A
LT
IND
BY
RI
A
NZ
.
MEX CZ
F
SK
LV
TR
CZ
.
DK
KZ
A
T
BG
RI
F
.
CDN
LV
I
RA
HR
GB
TR
.
EST
NL
TR
EST MEX RO
J
30
RI
RO
AZ
F
KZ
NL ARM
.
HR
RA
MEX NZ
LT
HR
SLO
.
I
EST
LT
SLO
F
LT
RA
.
N
HR
NL
HR
EST
KZ
BR
.
BG
BG
FIN
LV
CDN SLO CDN
35
CY
NZ
HR
NL
I
EST
I
.
KZ
I
J
I
DK
RA
MAL
.
B
DK
DK
CH
SLO
BR
IL
.
LT
SLO
RA
FIN
FIN
TJ
IRL
.
NZ
N
GR
RI
NL
LV
NL
40
CH
YV
LT
S
IRL MAL CH
.
E
MEX
E
BG
GR
S
S
.
FIN
BR
TM
KS
NZ
IRL
LV
.
SLO
S
BR
E
KS
IL
DK
.
NL
RI
BG
GR
S
FIN
MD
45
LV
TM
CH
BR
B
IS
E
.
BR
B
NZ
TM
BR
I
BG
.
S
IRL
IS
CY
CH
CY
TM
.
YV
CH
IRL YVA
P
N
HR
.
IRL
C
CY
IRL
IS
TM
PK
50
GR
CY
KS
IS
N
CH
N
153
2008
H
2009
GB
2010
J
2011
2012
List of abbreviations
A
ARM
AUS
AZ
B
BG
BR
BY
C
CDN
CH
CS
CY
CZ
D
DDR
DK
E
EAK
EST
ET
F
FIN
GB
GR
GUS
H
HR
I
IL
IND
IR
IRL
IS
J
KS
KWT
Austria
Armenia
Australia
Azerbaijan
Belgium
Bulgaria
Brazil
Belarus
Cuba
Canada
Switzerland
Czechoslovacia
Cyprus Republic
Czech Republic
Germany
German Democratic Republic
Denmark
Spain
Kenya
Estonia
Egypt
France
Finland
United Kingdom
Greece
Commonwealth of Indep. States
Hungary
Croatia
Italy
Israel
India
Iran
Ireland
Iceland
Japan
Kyrgistan
Kuwait
KZ
LV
LT
MD
MAL
MEX
MGL
N
NL
NZ
P
PE
PK
PL
RA
RI
RC
RO
ROK
ROU
RUS
S
SGP
SK
SLO
SU
T
TJ
TM
TPE
TR
UA
USA
VN
WAN
YU
YV
154
Kasakhstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Moldova
Malaysia
Mexico
Mongolei
Norway
Netherlands
New Zealand
Portugal
Peru
Pakistan
Polen
Argentina
Indonesia
China
Romania
South Korea
Uruguay
Russian Federation
Sweden
Singapore
Slovakia
Slowenia
Sowjet Union
Thailand
Tadschikistan
Turkmenistan
Chinese Taipei
Turkey
Ukraine
United States of America
Vietnam
Nigeria
Yugoslavia
Venezuela

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39.

The 39th International Chemistry Olympiad

National German Competition

(problems solved at home) .............................

(problems solved at home) .............................

Third round, test 1

Third round, test 2

Fourth round, theoretical test (time 5 hours)..................................................

(time 5 hours) .....................................

Fourth round, practical test

Part 2: The solutions to the problems of the four rounds

Third round, test 1

Third round, test 2

Fourth round, theoretical test ........................................................................

Fourth round,practical test

Theoretical Problems of the IChO ..................................................................

Solutions to the Theoretical Problems............................................................

IPN, University of Kiel, z.H. Monika Barfknecht

Association to promote the IChO

The problem set of the four rounds

First Round (homework)

Both energies play an important role during the dissolution of a salt.

Determine the compostion of the green pigment.

The reaction of benzene with n-butylchloride (1-chloromethane) leads in the presence of

Type of isomers Y (1) = ?

Type of isomers Y (2) = ?

Type of isomers Y (3) = diastereomers

Second Round (homework)

Aluminium and Some of its Compounds

Aluminium(III) concentration in a saturated aqueous solution depending on pH value at 25C

b) Account for the strong pH dependance of the concentration of Al(III) in an aqueous

mass percentage of Al2O3

Melting diagram of the system aluminium oxide/cryoliter

Which amount of aluminium carbide (in g) is needed to produce 100 L of gas X (p =

g) Calculate the empirical formula of the displayed compound.

Synthesis of a Copper Complex

A is a five membered cyclic compound composed from 71.61 % C, 7.51 % H, 20.88 % N

Draw one resonance structure of C.

During the reaction of A and B to form C you find an oxidation (dehydrogenation).

Plot a diagram of the energy levels of the 3d orrbitals of the Cu

ions in the ligand

field of the ligand C in correct energetic order.

k) The paramagnetic d valence-electron system of Cu ions may principally lead to

H-NMR spectrum of compound B (with a enlarged cutout)

C-NMR spectrum of compound B:

The signal at approx. 77 ppm is due to the solvent.

MCPBA = m-Chloroperbenzoic acid

Plot the structures of the spiro compound and of the sulphenamide.

Problems Round 3 test 1 + 2

Berlin and Kln 2007:

Problems 3-01 to 3-10

Berlin and Kln 2007:

Problems 3-11 to 3-20

Problems Round 3 test 1 + 2

Useful formulas and data

So (T) = So(298) + Cpln(T/298)

ln (Kp1/Kp2) = -H/R(T 1-1 - T2-1)

Law of Lambert and Beer:

Henrys law for dissolving gases in water (A(g)