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    History of Computers

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    saifuddin_arief
    Computers originated as calculating machines like the abacus and slide rule, and early mechanical calculators were developed. Charles Babbage designed but did not complete the Analytical Engine, an early general-purpose programmable computer. During World War II, the ENIAC was developed as the first electronic general-purpose computer. After the war, commercial computers like UNIVAC were developed. The invention of the transistor and integrated circuits led to smaller computers, including microprocessors, which enabled the development of microcomputers and personal computers in the 1970s and 1980s.

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    History of Computers

    Uploaded by

    saifuddin_arief
    56 views19 pages
    Computers originated as calculating machines like the abacus and slide rule, and early mechanical calculators were developed. Charles Babbage designed but did not complete the Analytical Engine, an early general-purpose programmable computer. During World War II, the ENIAC was developed as the first electronic general-purpose computer. After the war, commercial computers like UNIVAC were developed. The invention of the transistor and integrated circuits led to smaller computers, including microprocessors, which enabled the development of microcomputers and personal computers in the 1970s and 1980s.

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    History of Computers

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    Computers originated as calculating machines like the abacus and slide rule, and early mechanical calculators were developed. Charles Babbage designed but did not complete the Analytical Engine, an early general-purpose programmable computer. During World War II, the ENIAC was developed as the first electronic general-purpose computer. After the war, commercial computers like UNIVAC were developed. The invention of the transistor and integrated circuits led to smaller computers, including microprocessors, which enabled the development of microcomputers and personal computers in the 1970s and 1980s.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    56 views19 pages

    History of Computers

    Uploaded by

    saifuddin_arief
    Computers originated as calculating machines like the abacus and slide rule, and early mechanical calculators were developed. Charles Babbage designed but did not complete the Analytical Engine, an early general-purpose programmable computer. During World War II, the ENIAC was developed as the first electronic general-purpose computer. After the war, commercial computers like UNIVAC were developed. The invention of the transistor and integrated circuits led to smaller computers, including microprocessors, which enabled the development of microcomputers and personal computers in the 1970s and 1980s.

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    of 19

    History of Computers

    Originated as Calculating Machines

    Abacus Babylonians 3000 B.C.

    Napier's Bone

    John Napier (1617 )

    Multiplication and Division

    Slide Rule

    William Oughtred in England in 1632

    Logarithm, roots

    Most common before the the development of digital computers.

    Until 1960s

    Mechanical calculators

    Schickard's Clock

    German professor Wilhelm Schickard (1623)

    Pascaline

    Blaise Pascal (1642)

    Punched card

    Frenchman Joseph Marie Jacquard (1801)

    Difference Engine

    English mathematician
    Charles Babbage (1822)
    Steam driven
    Polynomial , logarithmic ,
    trigonometric functions
    Never functional

    Analytic Engine

    1837

    Powered by 6 stem engines

    General purpose computer

    Programmable and data stored


    using Punched card technology of
    Jacquard Loom.
    Storage Unit called 'Store' and
    processing unit 'Mill'.
    Correspond to modern day CPU
    and memory concept.
    Conditional statement (different
    from calculator)

    Mark I

    Harvard University and IBM (1944)


    First fully automated digital
    computer
    Not purely electronic

    Switches, rotating shafts,


    clutches

    hundreds of miles of wire, 16 m in


    length, 2.4 m in height, It had a
    weight of about 10,000 pounds
    (4500 kg).
    Operated on numbers 23 digits
    wide.

    add or subtract two of these


    numbers inn 3/10 th of a
    second,

    multiply them in 4s, and divide


    them in 10 seconds.

    ABC computer

    Earliest attempts to build an allelectronic (no mechanical parts)


    digital computer in 1937 by J. V.
    Atanasoff and Clifford Berry.
    By 1941 they build a machine
    that could solve 29 simultaneous
    equations with 29 unknowns.
    First to store data as a charge
    on a capacitor memory
    (same mechanism as DRAM).
    Used binary arithmetic

    ENIAC

    Was the first general purpose


    electronic computer
    Ability of being reprogrammed for
    different problems
    University of Pennsylvania between
    1943 and 1945 by two professors,
    John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert.
    Got funding from the war department to
    compute table for artillery gun
    positions and was used in the
    calculation for hydrogen bombs.
    filled a 20 X 40 ft room, weighed 30
    tons, and used more than 18,000
    vacuum tubes.
    Could only hold 20 numbers at a time.
    Faster than the Mark I: a multiplication
    that required 6 seconds on the Mark I
    could be performed on ENIAC in 2.8
    thousandths of a second.

    Commercial Computers

    Mauchly and Eckert set up their own company which produced the first commercial
    computer the UNIVAC

    (Universal Automatic Computer)

    By 1955 IBM was selling more computers than UNIVAC

    IBM model 650 is one of the first widely used computers.

    In 1957 IBM 305 used magnetic disk for the storage (tapes were used prior to that)

    1959 IBM introduced two desk-sized computers IBM 1401 for business and IBM
    1620 for scientist.
    The invention of transistors (which replaced vacuum tubes) and Integrated Circuit
    (Texas Instruments) enabled the shrink in the size of computers

    Programming languages

    By 1959 more than 200 programming languages were


    created.
    1960 COBOL, - Grace hopper.
    1965 John Kemeny of Dartmouth - BASIC programming
    language

    Microcomputers

    By 1964 18,000 computers

    1970 Large scale integration

    Enabled the fabrication of large number of circuits in a single chip

    I971 Microprocessors (uP) was invented in Intel

    A microprocessor (uP) is a processing unit that is fabricated on an


    integrated circuit (IC) or a chip.

    Intel was the first to succeed in cramming an entire processing unit


    on a single chip (IC).

    The Intel 4004 was first such chip

    In 1975 MITS Inc. produced


    the first microcomputer, the
    Altair using Intel 8080.
    It was sold for less than $400.
    Used Altair BASIC from
    Microsoft

    Developed by Bill Gates


    and Paul Allen

    1976 Steve Jobs and Steve


    Wozniak build the first Apple
    Computer

    Hand built

    Apple II (1977)

    First successfully massproduced micro computers

    1980 IBM offered microsoft to build operating


    system.
    Microsoft developed MS-DOS

    IBM PC became the largest share in market for PCs


    by 1981.

    Helped the tremendous growth of microsoft

    1984 Apple - Macintosh computer with


    Graphical User Interface (GUI) and a mouse.

    1992 microsoft released Windows 3.1

    3,000,000 copies sold in 2 months

    1993 several companies introduced computers by


    using Pentium processors.
    1990s 2000s

    Yahoo, Amazon, ebay, were established.

    Java programming language was developed by Sun


    Microsystems

    Google was founded in 1998

    2003 myspace.com

    2004 - facebook.com

    2005 youtube.com

    2004 Apple sleek iMac G5. System


    unit housed inside the display box.
    2006 Intel - Core 2 duo processors
    family
    2006 IBM fastest supercomputer
    Blue Gene. 28 trillion calculations
    in 1 / 10 th of a second

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