Test Your C Skills

Test Your C Skills
B.Bhuvaneswaran
Assistant Professor (SS)
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
Rajalakshmi Engineering College
Thandalam
Chennai 602 105
bhuvaneswaran@rajalakshmi.edu.in
01. Declarations and Initializations
B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC
E-01
Whenever there is a conflict between a

local variable and a global variable it is
local variable gets a priority.
Q-01
#include <stdio.h>
int x = 40;
int main()
{
int x = 20;
printf("%d", x);
return 0;
}
A-01
20
E-02
In case of a conflict between two local
variables that one that is more local gets
the priority.
More local means the one nearer to the
point of usage.
Q-02
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 40;
{
int x = 20;
printf("%d ", x);
}
printf("%d", x);
return 0;
}
A-02
20 40
E-03
When an automatic structure is partially

initialized, the remaining elements of the
structure are initialized to 0.
Q-03
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
struct emp
{
char name[20];
int age;
float sal;
};
struct emp e = {"Tiger"};
printf("%d %f", e.age, e.sal);
return 0;
}
A-03
0 0.000000
E-04
When an automatic array is partially

initialized, the remaining array elements
are initialized to 0.
Q-04
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[5] = {2, 3};
printf("%d %d %d", a[2], a[3], a[4]);
return 0;
}
A-04
000
E-05
Enum elements always take values like 0,

1, 2, etc.
Q-06
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
enum status {pass, fail, atkt};
enum status stud1, stud2, stud3;
stud1 = pass;
stud2 = atkt;
stud3 = fail;
printf("%d %d %d", stud1, stud2, stud3);
return 0;
}
A-05
021
E-06
Sizes of short integer and long integer

would vary from one platform to another.
E-07
Sizes of short integer and long integer can

be verified using the sizeof() operator.
E-08
A float is 4 bytes wide, whereas a double

is 8 bytes wide.
E-09
A long double should be used if range of a

double is not enough to accommodate a
real number.
E-10
The modulus operator cannot be used with

a long double.
E-11
A char variable can store either an ASCII

character or a Unicode character.
E-12
A short integer is as least 16 bits wide and

a long integer is at least 32 bits wide.
E-13
By default, the data type of a constant

without a decimal point is int, whereas the
one with a decimal point is a double.
E-14
The values stored in variables depends
upon where they are defined. If they are
defined outside all functions, they would
be treated as external storage class
variables and hence would contain default
values 0 and 0.0 respectively.
However, if they are defined inside a
function then they would be treated as
automatic storage class variables. In this
case the variables would contain garbage
values.
02. Control Instructions
E-01
goto cannot take control to a function

other than the one in which it is being
used. In other words, goto cannot perform
a non-local jump.
E-02
Constant expression required in the case,

we cannot use variables.
E-03
Constant expression like 1 * 2 + 4 are

acceptable in case of a switch.
E-04
Though never required, there can exist a

switch, which has no cases.
E-05
All statements in a switch have to belong

to some case or the other.
E-06
continue can work only with loops and not

with switch.
E-07
When 0.7 is stored in variable what get stored is

a 32-bit binary equivalent of 0.7. The binary
equivalent of 0.7 turns out to be a recurring
number. This recurring number is terminated at
32 bits when it is stored in a. As against this,
when 0.7 is treated as a double the recurring
binary equivalent of 0.7 is terminated at 64 bits.
When the 64-bit recurring binary equivalent of
0.7 is compared with 32-bit recurring binary
equivalent of 0.7, the 64-bit value turns out to be
greater than the 32-bit value.
Q-07
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
float a = 0.7;
if(0.7 > a)
printf("Hi");
else
printf("Hello");
return 0;
}
A-07
Hi
E-08
switch is useful when we wish to check the

value of a variable against a particular set
of values.
E-09
Compiler implements a jump table for

cases used in a switch.
E-10
It is not compulsory to use a break in

every switch statement.
E-11
During comparison int x and float y, x

would get promoted to a float and then
two float values would be compared.
Q-11
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 3;
float y = 3.0;
if(x == y)
printf("x and y are equal");
else
printf("x and y are not equal");
return 0;
}
A-11
x and y are equal
03. Expressions
E-01
The order of operators get evaluate:
Arithmetic
Relational
Logical
Assignment
E-02
Expression on the right hand side of &&
and || operators does not get evaluated if
the left hand side determines the
outcome.
For example:
If a is non-zero then b will not be evaluated in

the expression a || b.
Likewise, if a is 0 then b will not be evaluated
in the expression a && b.
E-03
The order of evaluation of the arguments

passed to a function call is unspecified.
Q-03
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 2;
printf("%d %d", ++i, ++i);
return 0;
}
A-03
Output may vary from compiler to

compiler.
E-04
The comma operator has left-to-right

associativity. The left operand is always
evaluated first, and the result of
evaluation is discarded before the right
operand is evaluated.
Q-04
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i = 2;
int j = i + (1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
printf("%d", j);
return 0;
}
A-04
E-05
Associativity of an operator is either Left

to Right or Right to Left.
E-06
Every operator has an Associativity.
E-07
Associativity has no role to play unless the

precedence of operators is same.
04. Floating Point Issues
E-01
To treat the constant 3.14 as a float use

3.14f.
E-02
To treat the constant 3.14 as a long

double use 3.14L or 3.14l.
05. Functions
E-01
return statement cannot be used with

conditional operators:
a>20 ? return(10) : return(20)
Instead the following statement can be

used:
return (a>20 ? 10 : 20);
E-02
A function CANNOT be defined inside

another function.
E-03
Functions can be called either by value or

by reference.
E-04
Functions cannot return more than one

value at a time.
E-05
Names of the functions in two different

files linked together must be unique.
E-06
A function may have any number of return

statements each returning different
values.
E-07
If return type of a function is not

specified, it defaults to int.
E-07
While defining a function it is necessary to

collect the values passed to it.
E-08
It is not compulsory to collect the value

returned from a function.
E-09
Actual arguments used in a function can

be variables, constants or expressions.
E-10
Redeclaration of a function is not an error.
E-11
Redefinition of a function is an error.
E-12
In a function two return statements

should never occur successively.
E-13
Usually recursion works slower than loops.
E-14
Too many recursive calls may result into

stack overflow.
06. The C Preprocessor
E-01
If the file to be included doesnt exist, the

preprocessor flashed an error message.
E-02
A header file contains macros, structure

declarations and function prototypes.
E-03
A preprocessor directive is a message

from programmer to the preprocessor.
E-04
Once preprocessing is over and the

program is sent for the compilation the
macros are removed from the expanded
source code.
E-05
Preprocessor directive #undef can be used

only on a macro that has been #defined
earlier.
E-06
Macros with arguments are allowed.
E-07
Preprocessor directive #ifdef #else

#endif is used for conditional compilation.
E-08
There exist ways to prevent the same file

from getting #included twice in the same
program.
E-09
To define the SQR macro such that it gives

the correct result:
#define SQR(x) (x * x)
As
#define SQR(x) ((x) * (x))
E-10
Header files contains Preprocessor

directives like #define, structure, union
and enum declarations, typedef
declarations, global variable declarations
and external function declarations. You
should not write actual code (i.e. function
bodies) or global variable definition (that
is defining or initializing instances) in
header files. The #include directive should
be used to pull in header files, not other
.c files.
E-11
Header files are searched:
If included using < > the file get searched in

the predefined include path. It is possible to
change the predefined include path.
If included with the syntax in addition to
the predefined include path the file also get
searched in the current directory (usually the
directory from which you invoked the
compiler).
07. Pointers
E-01
*ptr++ increments the pointer and not
the value pointed by it, whereas ++*ptr
increments the value being pointed to by
ptr.
++*ptr works like *ptr = *ptr + 1.
E-02
Another expression which does the same

job as ++*ptr is:
(*ptr)++
E-03
The equivalent pointer expression for

referring the array element a[i][j][k][l] is:
*(*(*(*(a + i) + j) + k) + l)
E-04
Compiler never detects error if bounds of

an array are exceeded.
Q-04
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
char str[5] = "fast enough";
return 0;
}
A-05
No error.
E-06
You can think of using pointer at lot of

places, some of which are:
Accessing array or string elements

In passing big objects like arrays, strings and
structures to functions
Dynamic memory allocation
Call by reference
Implementing linked lists, trees, graphs and
many other data structures
E-07
To declare an array of three function

pointers where each function receives two
ints and returns a float:
Float (*arr[3]) (int, int);
E-08
The NULL macro is defined in the header

files:
stdio.h
Stddef.h
E-09
For each pointer type (like say a char

pointer) C defines a special pointer value,
which is guaranteed not to point to any
object or function of that type. Usually,
the null pointer constant used for
representing a null pointer is the integer
0.
E-10
A null pointer is a pointer, which doesnt
point anywhere.
A NULL macro is used to represent the null
pointer in source code. It has a value 0
associated with it.
The ASCII NULL character has all its bits
as 0 but doesnt have any relationship
with the null pointer.
The null string is just another name for an
empty string .
08. Arrays
E-01
While initializing a 2-D array, either both

dimension should be mentioned or the
column dimension should be mentioned.
E-02
The array int num[26]; can store twentysix elements.
E-03
The expression num[27] designates the

twenty-eighth element in the array.
E-04
The declaration num[SIZE] is allowed if

SIZE is a macro.
E-05
In the following definition:
int arr[3][4][5];
arr is a collection of 3 2-D arrays, each

containing 4 rows and 5 columns of
integers.
E-06
A pointer to a block of memory is

effectively same as an array.
E-07
If you pass an array as an argument to a

function, it passes:
Base address of the array
E-08
The following declaration:
int (*ptr) [10];
Means ptr is a pointer to an array of 10

integers.
09. Strings
10. Structures, Unions and Enums
11. Input/Output
12. Command Line Arguments
13. Bitwise Operators
14. Subtleties of typedef
15. The const Phenomenon
16. Memory Allocation
17. Variable Number of Arguments
18. Complicated Declarations
19. Library Functions
References
Yashavant Kanetkar, Test Your C Skills,

5th Edition, BPB Publications, 2013.

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01. Declarations and Initializations

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

Whenever there is a conflict between a

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

When an automatic structure is partially

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

When an automatic array is partially

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

Enum elements always take values like 0,

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

Sizes of short integer and long integer

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

Sizes of short integer and long integer can

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

A float is 4 bytes wide, whereas a double

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

A long double should be used if range of a

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

The modulus operator cannot be used with

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

A char variable can store either an ASCII

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

A short integer is as least 16 bits wide and

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

By default, the data type of a constant

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

02. Control Instructions

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

goto cannot take control to a function

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

Constant expression required in the case,

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

Constant expression like 1 * 2 + 4 are

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

Though never required, there can exist a

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

All statements in a switch have to belong

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

continue can work only with loops and not

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

When 0.7 is stored in variable what get stored is

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

switch is useful when we wish to check the

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

Compiler implements a jump table for

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

It is not compulsory to use a break in

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

During comparison int x and float y, x

B.Bhuvaneswaran / AP (SS) / CSE / REC

x and y are equal