Module 12-Private STP

Private Sewage Treatment
and
Points of Disposal
Septic Tank
Seepage Pit
Sanitary Drain Field/Leaching Field
Anaerobic Baffled Reactor
Soak Pit
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER
SYSTEM DESIGNS.
CONVENTIONAL PLUMBING SYSTEM

SYSTEM COMPONENTS
SEPTIC TANK: PRIMARY TREATMENT

POINTS OF DISPOSAL: SEEPAGE PIT
and
DISPOSAL FIELD
AS PROVIDED FOR IN THE
1999 REVISED NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
Septic Tank:
Private Sewage Treatment System
Most urban and suburban areas in our country
do not have Public Sewage Treatment Plants.
It is therefore necessary the sanitary wastes in
every building be processed and neutralized by
means of a Private Sewage Treatment System
and Disposal Unit.
The General Scheme of a Private Treatment System is relatively simple, as enumerated below:
1. The sewage is retained in a submerged, tightly enclosed tank;
2. Solid wastes, known as sludge, are diverted to the bottom of the tank;
3. The action of bacteria present in the tank breaks up the solids and aids in purifying the fluids;
4. An amount of sludge builds up at the bottom of the tank while other organic matters, known as
scum, floats to the surface.
5. An outlet pipe is provided so that the partially purified effluent (the liquid content of the sewage)
will be disposed to a proper point of disposal.
The septic tank is the primary purification unit and should be installed close to the surface
of the soil, because correction of the effluent depends on oxidation and the presence of
aerobic bacteria that is usually found not more than 1500mm below the surface
SITING OF SEPTIC TANK

(Minimum Horizontal Distance)
From building or structure: 1.50 meters
Property line adjoining
Private property:
1.50 meters
Water supply Wells:
15.20 meters
Streams:
15.20 meters
Trees:
3.00 meters
Seepage pits or
Cesspools;
1.50 meters
Disposal Fields;
1.50 meters
On site Domestic Water

Service line:
1.50 meters
Pressure Public
Septic Tank A watertight receptacle which receives

the discharge of a sanitary plumbing system,
designed and constructed to retain solids, digest
organic matter through a period of detention and to
allow the liquid to discharge into the public sewer or
an approved private sewage disposal system.
Water Main:
3.00 meters
Septic Tank: Design and Construction Considerations

Septic Tank .
A water tight receptacle

which receives the
discharge of a sanitary
plumbing system or part
thereof, designed and
constructed to retain
solids, digest organic
matter through a period
of detention and to allow
the liquids to discharge
into the soil outside of
the tank through a
system of open-jointed
sub-surface pipings or a
seepage pit meeting the
requirements of the
National Plumbing Code.
Septic Tank Construction:

Septic tanks shall have a minimum of 2 compartments.
The Inlet Compartment shall not be less than 2/3 of the total
capacity of the tank, nor less than 2 cubic meters liquid
capacity.
Minimum Length of 1500 mm
The Outlet Compartment shall have a

minimum capacity of 1 cubic meter and a
maximum capacity of 1/3 of the total
capacity of the septic tank
Minimum Width of
900 mm
The vaults and chambers are

vented through the sanitary
tees in the inlet and outlet
having the top ends open and
screened to make the tank
mosquito proof
Manhole: Minimum of 2 with

Minimum Dimension of 508mm x
508mm placed over the inlet and the
outlet
228.6mm
Minimum Air
Space or
Freeboard
Liquid Depth:
600 mm
(minimum) to
1800 mm
(maximum)
2 cu.m. minimum
volume
The bottom of the tank should slope (1:10) towards the

center and below the manhole to facilitate cleaning
No septic tank shall be constructed or

installed within or under a house.
If the Septic Tank is over 6 cubic meters,

the minimum length of Secondary
Compartment shall be 1500mm.
Secondary Compartment: Minimum Capacity of 1 cubic

meter or Maximum of 1/3 of the Total Capacity of
Sec. 233 of the 1959 Phil. National Plumbing Code
Septic Tank
Inlet Pipe and Fitting:

use 104.6mm (minimum)
The invert of the Inlet Pipe shall be at

least 50.8mm above the invert of the
Outlet Pipe
Inlet and Outlet Pipe

shall extend at least
101.6mm above the
water surface
304.8mm Minimum
Depth of Inlet and
Outlet Pipe below
the water surface
Siphon Pipe and Fitting:

Use 104.6mm (minimum)
Outlet Pipe and Fitting:

use 104.6mm
(minimum)
Access to each septic tank shall be provided by at least 2 manholes

508mm in minimum dimension or by an equivalent removable cover slab.
One access manhole shall be located over the inlet and 1 access manhole
shall be located over the outlet. Whenever a first compartment exceeds
3700mm in length, an additional manhole shall be provided over the
baffle wall.
Septic tank installed under concrete or black

top paving shall have the required manholes
accessible by extending the manhole
openings to grade in a manner acceptable to
the Administrative Authority.
Septic tank shall be structurally designed to withstand all anticipated earth or other
loads. All septic tanks covers shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not
less than 14.4 kPa when the maximum coverage does not exceed 9000mm.
Sizing of the Septic Tank

Septic tank should be properly sized due to the following conditions:
1. A septic tank of smaller capacity is impractical because some leeway must be allowed
for storage of accumulated sludge.
2. A tank of larger size is not advisable because retarded bacterial activity is liable to
result.
Methods of Sizing the Septic Tank
1. The Philippine National Plumbing Code of 1959 (Sec. 233) provides the standard sizes of septic
tanks based on the capacity (the number of persons) served by the tank.
2. The 1999 Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines uses the Estimated Waste/Sewage
Flow Rates of the Design Population in sizing the septic tank. (Tables B-2 and B-3).
3. If the number of persons served (design population) is not available, the Fixture Unit Method
may be employed.
4. If the values for the estimated waste flow rate are not available, use the following volume:
- For residential installations, allow 0.14 to 0.17 cubic meter of tank content per person.
- For school, commercial or industrial purposes, allow 0.06 to 0.09 cubic meter of tank content
per person.
Method 1:
Standard Sizes of Septic Tanks (Section 233 Philippine National Plumbing Code of 1959)
Inside Dimension of the Digestive Chamber
Depth in meters
Width in meters
10
1.20
0.90
1.80
15
1.20
1.10
2.20
20
1.20
1.25
2.50
25
1.20
1.40
2.80
30
1.30
1.50
3.00
35
1.30
1.60
3.20
40
1.40
1.65
3.30
45
1.40
1.75
3.50
50
1.50
1.80
3.60
60
1.50
1.95
3.90
70
1.50
2.00
4.00
80
1.60
2.20
4.40
90
1.80
2.30
4.60
100
1.80
2.50
5.00
Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU
CHAPTER
REMARKS
Length in
meters
Additional length of 1.00 meter should be added to the

vault for the Secondary Chamber.
Number of
Person Served
Method 2a:
Estimated Waste/Sewage Flow Rates (Table B-2, 1999National Plumbing Code)
Capacity of Septic Tanks*
SINGLE
FAMILY
DWELLING
(NO. OF
BEDROOMS)
MULTIPLE
DWELLING
UNITS or
APARTMENTS
OTHER
USES:
MAX. DFU
SERVED
MINIMUM SEPTIC TANK CAPACITY IN:

GALLONS
LITERS
CUBIC
METERS
1 or 2
---
15
750
2838
2.84
---
20
1000
3785
3.79
2 units
25
1200
4582
4.58
5 or 6
3 units
33
1500
5677.5
5.68
---
4 units
45
2000
7570
7.57
---
5 units`
55
2250
8516.3
8.52
---
6 units
60
2500
9462.5
9.46
---
7 units
70
2750
10,408.8
10.41
---
8 units
80
3000
11,355
11.36
---
9 units
90
3250
12,301.3
12.30
---
10 units
100
3500
13,247.5
13.25
Extra Bedroom: 150 gallons (567.8 liters) each

Extra Dwelling Units over 10: 250 gallons (946.3 liters)
Extra Fixture Units over 100: 25 gallons (94.6 liters) per fixture unit
*Septic Tank sizes in this table include sludge storage capacity and the connection disposal of domestic food waste units
without further volume increase. Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER
Method 2b:
Estimated Waste/Sewage Flow Rates (Table B-3, 1999 National Plumbing Code)
Type of Occupancy
Gallons per Day
Liters per Day
Type of Occupancy
Gallons per Day
Liters per Day
Airport : per employee
15 + 4 per
passenger
56.8 + 18.9 per

passenger
Restaurant: Cafeteria
20/employee
75.7/employee
Churches (Sanctuary)
4 per seat; (with

Kitchen): 7 per
seat
18.9 per seat; (with

Kitchen): 26.5 per
seat
Restaurant: Toilet
7/customer
26.5/customer
Restaurant: Kitchen
waste
6/meal
22.7/meal
Factories: w/o shower
25/person/shift
94.6/person/shift
3.8/meal
Add 10/employee
Add 3.79/employee
Restaurant: Add for

garbage disposal
1/meal
Factories: w/ showers
Factories: w/ cafeteria
Add 5/employee
Add 18.9/employee
2/customer
7.6/customer
Hospitals
250 per bed
946.3 per bed
Restaurant: Add for

cocktail lounge
Hospital: Kitchen waste
25 per bed
94.6 per bed
Schools: Staff & Office
20/person
75.7/person
Hospital: Laundry waste
40 per bed
151.4 per bed
Hotel: No kitchen waste
60/bed (2 person)
227.1/bed (2
person)
Hotel: w/ kitchen waste
70/bed(2 person)
264.95/bed
Offices
20/employee or
1.12/ sq.m. floor
area
75.7/employee or
4.23/sq.m. floor
area
Stores
20 /employee
75.7/employee
Stores: Public Restroom
Add 1.2/sq.m. of
floor space
Add 4/sq.m. of
floor area
Schools: Elementary
56.8/person
Schools: intermediate
& High School
20/person
75.7/student
Schools: w/ gym &

showers
5/person
Add 18.9/student
Schools: w/ cafeteria
3/person
Add 11.4/student
Recommended Design Criteria:

A. Waste/Sewage Flow, up to 1500 GPD (5677.5 LPD):
Septic Tank Capacity = Flow x 1.5
B. Waste/Sewage Flow over 1500 GPD (5677.5 LPD):
Septic Tank Capacity = (Flow x 0.75) + 1125
Method 3.
Sizing of Septic Tank: Fixture Unit Method
Plumbing Fixture
Drainage Fixture
Unit (DFU)
Bathtub
Bidet
Drinking Fountain
Floor Drain
Grease Trap
Laundry Tub
Shower, single stall
Sink, residential
Sink,
Commercial/Industrial
Sink, service
Urinal. Wall-mounted
36
Wash basin (lavatory),

Single
Wash basin, in sets
Water Closet, private
4*
Water Closet, public
Use the formula:

4log L = log (1.65 x F)
Where:
L = length of the septic tank
F = The total fixture units that drain into the septic tank.
To Solve for the Width of the Tank, use the formula:
W = 0.5 L
To Solve for the Depth of the Tank, use the formula:
D = 0.6 L
*Use 6 DFU when computing for septic tank

size
Prefabricated Septic Tanks

Manufactured or prefabricated septic
tanks shall comply with all approved
applicable standards and be approved
by the Administrative Authority.
Independent laboratory tests and
engineering calculations certifying the
tank capacity and structural stability
shall be provided as required by the
Administrative Authority.
Plastic Purifying Septic Tank (PPST): Courtesy of KOTEC PLASTIC CORPORATION.

Invented by a Korean Engineer, Soon Weon Seo in 1997
Private Sewage Disposal
Types of Private Sewage Treatment and

Disposal System
1. Septic tank and Disposal Field
2. Septic tank and Seepage Pit
Where permitted by the rules and
regulations of the department of
Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR), the building sewer may be
connected to a private sewage disposal
system complying with the provisions of
the Code.
The type of system shall be determined
on the basis of:
1. Location
2. Soil porosity
3. Ground water level
The system shall consist of a septic tank with

effluent discharging into a subsurface
disposal field, into one or more seepage pits
or into a combination of subsurface disposal
field and seepage pits.
In order to determine the absorption

qualities of the soils for disposal fields and
seepage pits, the project site shall be
subjected to percolation tests acceptable to
the Administrative Authority.
Percolation Test
Percolation test determines

the absorption capability of
the soil at the site. This Test
must be done before
designing a wastewater
system.
If the percolation rate exceeds
60 minutes, the soil is not
suited for a seepage pit.
A percolation rate over 30
minutes indicates borderline
suitability for soil absorption,
and other methods of
wastewater disposal should be
considered.
100
300
150
50
STEPS:
1. First fill the test hole with water and allow it to seep into the
surrounding soil.
2. Then refill the hole to a depth of at least 150mm while the
bottom of the hole is still wet.
3. Measure the depth of the water and record the time it takes for
all of it to be absorbed into the soil.
4. Calculate the time required for the water level to drop 25mm.
Private Sewage Disposal System a septic tank with the effluent

discharging into a subsurface disposal field, seepage pits or of such other
facilities as may be permitted by the plumbing code.
Seepage Pit
Seepage Pit a
loosely lined
excavation in the
ground, which
receives the discharge
of a septic tank and
designed to permit
the effluent from the
septic tank to seep
through the pit
bottom and sides.
45.7m from water supply wells

30.5m from streams
3.70m from seepage pit, cesspool
3.0 m from tress, public water main
2.4m from buildings, adjacent property
1.5m from disposal field, on-site domestic water
service line, distribution box
Each seepage pit

shall be circular in
shape and shall have
an excavated
diameter of not less
than 2.20 meters.
2.2 m minimum excavated diameter
Sizing of Seepage Pit: By Percolation Test Method

The required size of a seepage pit can be
determined from a percolation test and
the estimated amount of effluent from
the facility.
Several smaller pits for a facility may be
more feasible than one large pit.
However, care should be considered to
ensure that there is equal distribution of
the waste water to all the pits.
Sizing of the Seepage Pit

1. Perform the percolation test and determine the
application rate from the Table 1.0 shown.
2. Find the required absorption area (A) by dividing
the total estimated effluent (E) from the facility
by the application rate (R).
A=ER
3. Solve for the length of wall. Assume depth of
wall from 1.80m to 4.25m. The bottom of the
pit must be at least 600mm above the
groundwater table.
4. Solve for the diameter of the pit.
APPLICATION RATE FOR SEEPAGE PIT

SOIL PERCOLATION RATE
APPLICATION RATE
(25 MM)
(LPD/SQ. METER)
1 MINUTE
216
2 MINUTES
175
5 MINUTES
130
10 MINUTES
94
15 MINUTES
73
20 MINUTES
61
30 MINUTES
45
45 MINUTES
33
60 MINUTES
20
Sizing of Seepage Pit: By Soil Type Method

From Table B-4, 1999 NPC page 196
LEACHING AREA DESIGN CRITERIA FOR FIVE TYPICAL SOILS

TYPES OF SOIL
REQUIRED AREA
OF LEACHING
(m/L)
MAXIMUM
ABSORPTION
CAPACITY IN
L/m OF
LEACHING AREA
FOR A 24 HOUR
PERIOD (L/m)
COARSE SAND
AND GRAVEL
0.005
203.7
FINE SAND
0.006
162.9
SANDY LOAM or
SANDY CLAY
0.010
101.9
CLAY WITH
CONSIDERABLE
SAND or GRAVEL
0.022
44.8
CLAY WITH
SMALL AMOUNT
OF SAND or
GRAVEL
0.029
33.8
SIZING OF THE SEEPAGE PIT

1. Determine the estimated sewage
flow.
2. Determine the required area of
leaching (A) for the type of soil
(refer to table).
3. Solve for the circumference of the
pit. Assume depth of pit (D) from
1.80m to 4.25m.
C=AD
4. Solve for the diameter of the pit.
= circumference 3.1416
Private Sewage Disposal System: Disposal Field or Sanitary

Drain Field
Disposal Field
Disposal Field is a method of sewage
disposal which allows sewage to seep
directly into the soil.
Materials for distribution lines for disposal
fields are;
1. Clay tile with open joints
2. Perforated clay pipe
3. Perforated Bituminous Fiber Pipe
4. Perforated High Density Polyethylene
(HDPE) pipe
5. Perforated ABS pipe
6. Perforated PVC pipe
Required conditions for the proper functioning

of the disposal field
1. The groundwater is well below the level of
the tile field
2. The soil has satisfactory leaching
characteristics within a few meters of the
surface, extending several meters below the
tile.
3. The subsurface drains away from the field.
4. The area is adequate.
5. There is no possibility of polluting potable
water supplies, particularly from shallow or
driven wells in the vicinity.
Refer to Section B 6.9 for

construction specifications for
disposal fields, as shown on page
185 of 1999 NPC
ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTOR

(ABR): SECONDARY TREATMENT
ANAEROBIC BAFFLED REACTOR

(ABR)
What is an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)?

An Anaerobic Baffled
Reactor (ABR) is an
improved septic tank
because of the series of
baffles under which the
wastewater is forced to
flow.
The increased contact
time with the sludge
(active biomass) results
in improved treatment.
Application Level:
- Household
- Neighborhood
Management Level:
- Household
- Shared
- Public
Inputs: Blackwater and
Greywater
Outputs: Fecal Sludge
and effluent
Concept
Examples
The ABR under construction, down pipes and perforated slabs to support filter media in the Anaerobic Filter
(AF) sections, pouring ABRs concrete slab at Pestalozzi School, Zambia
Source: http://www.germantoilet.org/
Concept
Background and working principle

(adapted from U.S. EPA 2006, SASSE 1998)
physical and biological (anaerobic)

treatment of wastewater
integrated sedimentation chamber for
pre-treatment of wastewater
alternating standing and hanging baffles
wastewater passes through the sludge to
move to the next compartment
solid retention time (SRT) separated from
hydraulic retention time (HRT)
high treatment rates due to enhanced
contact of incoming wastewater with
residual sludge and high solid retention
low sludge production
Cut-away view and longitudinal section of an ABR

Source: SANIMAS (2005), MOREL & DIENER (2006)
Design principles
ABRs start with settling chamber for larger solids and impurities
followed by series of at least 2
, sometimes up to 5
upflow chambers
(SASSE 1998)
(MOREL & DIENER 2006)
(SASSE 1998)
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) is relatively short and varies from only
a few hours up to two or three days (FOXON et al. 2004; MOREL & DIENER 2006; TILLEY et al. 2008)
up-flow velocity is the most crucial parameter for dimensioning,
especially with high hydraulic loading. It should not exceed 2.0 m/h
.
(SASSE
1998; MOREL & DIENER 2006)
organic load <3 kg COD/m3/day. Higher loading-rates are possible with

higher temperature and for easily degradable substrates
(SASSE 1998)
Treatment efficiency
Treatment performance of ABRs is in the range of
(SASSE 1998; MOREL & DIENER 2006; BORDA 2008)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal: 65% to 90%,

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal: 70% to 95%,
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal: up to 90%
Pathogen reduction: low
(SINGH 2008)
Superior to BOD-removal (30% to 50%) of conventional septic tank

.
2004)
(UNEP
Operation and maintenance

inoculate (seed) ABR with active anaerobic sludge from e.g. septic
tank to speed up start-phase
allow bacteria to multiply, by starting with 1/4 of daily flow, and then
increasing loading rates over 3 months
long start-up time do not use ABRs when need for treatment is
immediate
check for water-tightness regularly and monitor scum and sludge
levels
remove sludge every 1 to 3 years (preferably by vacuum truck or
gulper to avoid that humans get in direct contact with sludge)
leave some active sludge in each compartment to maintain stable
treatment process
take care of advanced treatment and/or safe disposal of sludge
Source: adapted from SASSE 1998, TILLEY et al. 2008, EAWAG/SANDEC 2008
The majority of settleable solids are removed in the

settling chamber at the beginning of the ABR.
Vent
To prevent the release of potentially harmful

gases, the tank should be vented.
Inlet
Inflow
ranges
from 2,000
to 20,000
liters per
day
Settlement
Chamber
As sludge is accumulating,
desludging is required
every 2 to 3 years.
Upflow Chambers
Outlet
Cham
ber
Outlet;
To point
of
disposal
The upflow chambers provide

additional removal and digestion of
organic matter: BOD may be reduced
by up to 90%, which is far superior to
that of a conventional septic tank.
Anatomy of an Anaerobic Baffled Reactor

Adequacy of Technology
This technology is easily
adaptable and can be
applied at the household
level or for a small
neighborhood that are
using a considerable
amount of water for clothes
washing, showering, and
toilet flushing.
This is most appropriate if
water use and supply of
wastewater are relatively
constant.
This technology is also

appropriate for areas where
land maybe limited since
the tank is installed
underground and requires a
small area.
ABRs can be installed in
every type of climate
although the efficiency will
be affected in colder
climates.
Health Aspects/Acceptance
Although the removal
of pathogens is not
high, the ABR is
contained so users do
not come in contact
with any of the
wastewater or disease
causing pathogens.
Effluent and sludge

must be handled with
care as they contain
high levels of
pathogenic organisms.
To prevent the release
of potentially harmful
gases, the tank should
be vented.
Maintenance
ABR will not operate at full
capacity for several months
after installation because of
the long start-up time
required for the anaerobic
digestion of the sludge.
To help the ABR to start
working more quickly, it can
be seeded, that is, active
sludge can be introduced so
that active bacteria can
begin working and
multiplying immediately.
ABR tanks should be

checked to ensure that they
are watertight and the
levels of the scum and
sludge should be monitored
to ensure that the tank is
functioning well.
Because of the delicate
ecology, care should be
taken not to discharge harsh
chemicals into the ABR.
Examples
Use of straight handle (left) and Z-handle (right) brushes for cleaning of down-ward pipes
Source: K.P. Pravinjith
Examples
Measuring sludge levels

Source: K.P. Pravinjith
ADVANTAGES
Resistant to organic and
hydraulic shock loads.
No electricity required.
Greywater can be
managed concurrently.
Can be built and repaired
with locally available
materials
Long service life

No real problems with
flies or odors if used
correctly
High reduction of
organics
Moderate capital costs,
moderate operating cost
depending on emptying;
can be low cost
depending on number of
users.
DISADVANTAGES
Requires constant
source of water.
Effluent requires
secondary treatment
and/or appropriate
discharge.
Low reduction of
pathogens
Requires expert design

and construction.
Pre-treatment is
required to prevent
clogging.
Design and Calculations of an

Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR)
Step 1. Solve for
Estimated Maximum
Sewage Flow (Qdmax):
Qdmax = (N x F) 1000
Where:
Qdmax = Maximum Daily Sewage
Flow in m/day
N = Design Population
F = Sewage Flow Rate in liters/day
Step 2. Solve for

Estimated Maximum
Peak Flow (Qhmax):
Qhmax = Qdmax T
Where:
Qhmax = Maximum Peak Flow in
cubic meter/hour
T = Peak Period in hours per day
Step 3. Solve for Volume of

Settling Chamber (Vsc):
Dimension Parameters:
Vsc = (Qhmax x Hrt ) +
a. Typical depth: 1.00 to 3.00 meters
b. Length to Width Ratio:
Vscum + Vsludge
Where:
Hrt = Hydraulic Retention Time, use 2
hours
Vscum = (N x 10 liters/person) 1000
Vsludge = (N x 20 liters/person) 1000
Approximately 1 : 1 to 2 : 1
c. Length to Height Ratio:
Approximately 1.5 : 1
Step 4. Solve for Volume of

Up-flow Chamber (Vuc):
Vuc = (Qdmax x Hrt )0.042
Where: Qdmax = Maximum Sewage Flow
Hrt = Hydraulic Retention Time,
use 12 to 24 hours
Step 5. Determine
number of Up-flow
Chambers.
* Use length to height
ratio = 0.5 to 0.6
Dimension Parameters:
a. Depth and width should be
equal to the settling chamber
(easier to construct).
Length of Up-flow Chamber
(Luc):
Luc = Vuc (W x H)
Check for Up-flow

Velocity (S):
S = Qhmax ( L x W )
Recommended Up-flow Velocity:
0.50 to 1.80 meters per hour
Check for Volume per

Capita ( Vc ):
Vc = (Vsc + Vuc) N
Where:
Vc = Volume per Capita in liters
per person
Vsc = Volume of Settling Chamber

Vuc = Volume of Up-flow
Chambers
N = Design Population
ARTICULATED SEPTIC TANK: FOR

SMALL TO MEDIUM
DEVELOPMENTS
INLET PIPE
MANHOLE
CLEANOUT
PLAN
OUTLET PIPE
VENT PIPE
DIGESTIVE
CHAMBER
SETTLING
CHAMBER
UPFLOW
CHAMBER
OUTLET
BOX
SECTION
Danilo V. Ravina
NAMPAP-CEBU
CHAPTER
ARTICULATED SEPTIC TANK
or THREE
CHAMBERED
SEPTIC TANK
ARTICULATED SEPTIC TANK or THREE CHAMBERED SEPTIC TANK

REED BED Or WATER GARDEN

TREATMENT UNIT: TERTIARY
TREATMENT or GREYWATER
TREATMENT
Reed bed technology was developed in Germany in the 1960s
by Dr. Kthe Seidel
Reed bed treatment system activates microbial processes

that stimulate the natural breakdown of polluting compounds
in an specific waste water situation. This system utilizes
particular combinations of plants, soils, bacteria, substrates
and hydraulic flow to optimize physical, chemical and
microbial processes naturally present within the root zones of
the plants
Reed Bed Systems
Natural Treatment System
Low operating cost
Land requirement
Typical Reed Bed Construction
Bayawan City Fishermens Village

Gawad Kalinga
700 households
183 m3 per day
2700 m2
Buri Resort, Puerto Galera
1 x HOUSEHOLD UNIT
Internal
Dimensions 4mlong x 1.5mdeep x 2mwide
SEWAGE & WASTE-WATER TREATMENT by Roots + Microbes

Outward Appearance.. Lush Garden
4m
Decorative
capping
internal
dry sand
gravel
1.5m
limestone
Domestic unit x 4 person (western*) household

*total - black & grey water 500litres/person/day
Septic
tank
Reinforced Concrete Structures

1. Anaerobic (septic) Tank 2m x 2m x 2m
2. Garden Tank 4mlong x 1.5mdeep x 2mwide
CALCULATING THE SIZE OF

THE REED BED
In calculating the size of
the reed bed, the
following formula and
its variables are
required:
A = (t x Q) (n x z)
Where:
A = area of reed bed in
sq.meters
t = retention time, use 5
to 8 days
Q = flow rate in cubic
meter per day
n = gravel cavity rate, use
0.4 for sand & gravel
z = height in meters, use
0.70 to 1.00
SAMPLE PROJECT CALCULATION

A 20-bed pension house
requires a reed bed
treatment system. What
will be its possible size?
2. Determine the following:

a. Retention time: use 8 days
b. Height level: use 1.00 m
c. Gravel cavity rate: use 0.40
3. Substituting:
Solution:
1. Determine the estimated sewage
flow rate. From the NPC, use 60 liters
per bed per day (double occupancy) :
Q = 20 beds x 60 liters/bed/day
Q = 1,200 liters/day
or 1.2 cubic meter/day
A=
8 days x 1.2 cu.m./day

0.40 x 1.00 m
A = 24 cubic meter
SOAK PIT
Or
DRY WELL
STORM WATER DISPOSAL
SOAK PIT
The Average Monthly Rainfall Data of Metro

Cebu:
January
109.00 mm
February
71.10 mm
March
54.60 mm
April
58.60 mm
May
120.90 mm
June
177.00 mm
July
196.70 mm
August
152.70 mm
September
186.70 mm
October
201.40 mm
November
162.30 mm
December
137.70 mm
The AverageDanilo
Annual
Rainfall
for Metro
Cebu is 1628.70 mm
V. Ravina
NAMPAP-CEBU
CHAPTER
SIZING OF SOAK PIT: ROUGH CALCULATION
Use the formula:
C = (A x R ) 3
Where:
C = capacity in cubic meters
A = area to be drained in
square meters
R = rainfall rate in
meter/hour, use 0.05 to
0.125 m/h
SIZING OF SOAK PIT: DETAILED CALCULATION METHODS
Step 1. Carry out a

Percolation test on site
Step 2. Determine the
soakage rate (Q) in the
ground:
Where:
S = storm water
catchment capacity in
cu.m.
C = runoff coefficient, use
Q = (60 x water level drop in mm) 5 min.
1 for hard surface areas
Q = __________mm/hour
Step 3. Assess the storm I = local rain intensity, use
125
water catchment
A = catchment area in
capacity (S):
hectares
S = 10 x C x I x A

area of bottom of hole,
use minimum diameter
of 2.40 meters.
Step 5. *Calculate
soakage allowance into
the bottom of hole:
Soakage volume= (base area)
x (rate per hour 1000)
* This is not necessary if there was a zero
result from the percolation test

depth of soak pit
SAMPLE PROJECT: PROPOSED EXTENSION OF

FORMATION HOUSE FOR THE RELIGIOUS
SEPTIC TANK AND ABR

SEPTIC TANK AND ABR
WATER GARDEN TREATMENT UNIT
WATER GARDEN TREATMENT UNIT
GREASE INTERCEPTOR
GREASE INTERCEPTOR
GREASE INTERCEPTOR
SOAK PIT
End of Presentation

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Private Sewage Treatment

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

CONVENTIONAL PLUMBING SYSTEM

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

SEPTIC TANK: PRIMARY TREATMENT

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

SITING OF SEPTIC TANK

Water supply Wells:

On site Domestic Water

Septic Tank A watertight receptacle which receives

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Septic Tank: Design and Construction Considerations

A water tight receptacle

Septic Tank Construction:

The Outlet Compartment shall have a

The vaults and chambers are

Manhole: Minimum of 2 with

The bottom of the tank should slope (1:10) towards the

No septic tank shall be constructed or

If the Septic Tank is over 6 cubic meters,

Secondary Compartment: Minimum Capacity of 1 cubic

Inlet Pipe and Fitting:

The invert of the Inlet Pipe shall be at

Inlet and Outlet Pipe

Siphon Pipe and Fitting:

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Outlet Pipe and Fitting:

Access to each septic tank shall be provided by at least 2 manholes

Septic tank installed under concrete or black

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Sizing of the Septic Tank

Danilo V. Ravina NAMPAP-CEBU CHAPTER

Additional length of 1.00 meter should be added to the

MINIMUM SEPTIC TANK CAPACITY IN:

Extra Bedroom: 150 gallons (567.8 liters) each

Gallons per Day

Liters per Day

Gallons per Day

Liters per Day

Airport : per employee

56.8 + 18.9 per

4 per seat; (with

18.9 per seat; (with

Factories: w/o shower

Restaurant: Add for

250 per bed

946.3 per bed

Restaurant: Add for

Hospital: Kitchen waste

94.6 per bed

Schools: Staff & Office

Hospital: Laundry waste

151.4 per bed

Hotel: No kitchen waste

Hotel: w/ kitchen waste

Stores: Public Restroom

Schools: w/ gym &