Remarks On An Unnoticed Seventeenth-Century French Lute in Sweden, The Swedish Lute (Svenskluta or Swedish Theorbo) and Conversions of Swedish Lutes
Remarks On An Unnoticed Seventeenth-Century French Lute in Sweden, The Swedish Lute (Svenskluta or Swedish Theorbo) and Conversions of Swedish Lutes
Remarks On An Unnoticed Seventeenth-Century French Lute in Sweden, The Swedish Lute (Svenskluta or Swedish Theorbo) and Conversions of Swedish Lutes
Lundberg, R., Les Luths des Dieux: The Enigma of the French Lute, Luths et luthistes en Occident. Actes du
colloque organis par la Cit de la musique 13-15 mai 1998. (Paris, 1999). pp. 319ff.
1
209
210
2
Instrumentistes et luthiers parisiens XVIIe-XIXe sicles. Ouvrage collectif prsent par la Dlgation lAction
Artistique de la Ville de Paris rdig par Florence Getreau. (Paris, 1988), p. 39.
3
Les luths (Occidental). Catalogue des collections du Muse de la musique (vol. 1) Les Cahiers du Muse de la musique 7.
(Paris, 2006), p. 92f.
4
Musikhistoriska Museets i Stockholm Instrumentsamling. r 1902, (Stockholm, 1902). p. 21. Authors translation
of the Swedish text.
5
There are only very few professional string instrument makers in Stockholm who could possibly have done the
first repair in 1738 (if this date is correct): Sueno (Sven) Beckman (1717-1762) or Petter Hellstedt the elder (?-1772),
More fitting candidates would have been Jonas Elg and his apprentice Olaus Arling, but they were both dead in 1738.
Another possibility is Johann hberg the elder (1723?-1779) but in 1738 he was only 15 years old.
211
6
Laurencie, L. de la, Quelques luthistes franais du XVIIe sicle, Revue de musicologie, Tome 4e No. 8e, 1922,
p. 149, Ltgendorff, W., Die Geigen- und Lautenmacher vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Ergnzungsband erstellt
von Thomas Drescher, (Tutzing, 1990), p. 139. [Dubut] uvres des Dubut. dition et transcription par Monique Rollin et
Jean-Michel Vaccaro. Corpus des luthistes franais, (Paris, 1979), p. XIV Les luths (Occident) catalogue des collections
du Muse de la musique (vol. 1). Les cahiers du Muse de la musique. 7. (Paris, 2006), p. 92ff. Helwig, G., Joachim Tielke.
Ein Hamburger Lauten- und Violenmacher der Barockzeit, (Frankfurt am Main, 1980), pp. 147, 160 and 238.
7
Some information with attribution of lute music to Nicolas Dubut has been distributed with CD releases and
concerts, but I have not seen any evidence of such a connection.
212
213
8
Hammarlund, A., Monsieur Mouton, lutan och civilisationsprocessen, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 88/2005,
pp. 27-44. Hammarlund, A., Ett ventyr i staten. Carl Gustav Heraeus 1671-1725 Frn Stockholm till kejsarhovet i
Wien, (Stockholm, 2003), pp. 101, 106-107
9
Rudn, J.O, Stormaktstidens 10 i topp, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 58/1976 pp. 25-52
10
Sparr, K. French Lutenists and French Lute Music in Sweden, Le luth et sa musique II, (Paris, 1984), pp. 59-67 and
an augmented and updated version at http://www.tabulatura.com/FRELUTE.htm
11
Norlind, Tobias, Den svenska lutan, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 17(1935) pp. 5-43. Boivie, H. Ngra
svenska lut- och fiolmakare under 1700-talet, Fataburen 1921 pp. 51-73.
12
http://www.tabulatura.com/SWELUTE1.htm A Swedish version, Den frbttrade sittran. Musik i tryck och
handskrift fr den svenska lutan samt frteckning ver svenska lutor can be found at http://www.tabulatura.com/
SITTRA1.htm
13
An overview of Swedish musical instrument making is given in Helenius-berg, E. Svenskt instrumentmakeri
1720-1800, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 59:1 (1977) pp. 5-43.
214
Figure 5. An early 11-course cittern with English watch-key tuning mechanism by Mathias Petter Kraft with
label Matth. P. Kraft. / Kongl Hof Instrument Makare / N36 Stockholm A:1780. The Stockholm Music
Museum, inventory number N34289. Photo: The Stockholm Music Museum.
Norlind, Tobias, Den svenska lutan, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 17(1935) p. 10. Boivie, H. Ngra svenska
lut- och fiolmakare under 1700-talet, Fataburen 1921 pp. 51-73. Helenius-berg, E. Svenskt instrumentmakeri 17201800, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 59:1 (1977) pp. 29ff.
15
Boivie, H. Ngra svenska lut- och fiolmakare under 1700-talet, Fataburen 1921 pp. 52 and 56. Helenius-berg, E.,
Svenskt instrumentmakeri 1720-1800, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 59:1 (1977) pp. 37f.
16
Helenius-berg, E. Mathias Petter Kraft, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon 21, (Stockholm, 1975-77), pp. 522-523.
14
215
Figure 6. A 15-course theorboed cittern/Swedish lute with English watch-key tuning mechanism by
Mathias Petter Kraft with label Pet: Kraft / Kongl Hof Instrum:Makare / Stockholm / N12 A:177?.
The Stockholm Music Museum inventory number M1898. Photo: The Stockholm Music Museum
Krafts estate inventory 1807 mentions two lutes of the older type with flat back. The inventory further mentions
two cittror by Jerner. See Boivie, H. Ngra svenska lut- och fiolmakare under 1700-talet, Fataburen 1921 pp. 66ff.
18
The Stockholm Music Museum, inventory number N164731.
19
In fact the lute type of bridge can be found on a very late instrument by A. Lindberg dated 1831 (Kulturen. Lund
inventory number KM 16437, but this is an isolated case.
20
The pin bridge can be found on lutes made by Kraft in 1781 and 1795 (The Stockholm Music Museum, inventory
numbers M124, M1535 and N32001). These lutes seem however to have been changed later.
21
Early examples from the period 1790-1792 are lutes by Kraft in The Stockholm Music Museum, inventory numbers
M215, M219, F442, F443,
17
216
Figure 11. The diapason capo mechanism on a cittern/lute by Mathias Petter Kraft No. 181, 1784 in The Nydahl Collection
(The Foundation for the Advancement of Music Culture), Stockholm, inventory number IKN 39. Photo: Author.
22
Norlind, Tobias, Den svenska lutan, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 17(1935) p. 20. The very late instrument
by A. Lindberg dated 1831 (Kulturen. Lund inventory number KM 16437 is an exception.
23
This group and classification is based on a few single instruments, as Norlind himself noted, which cannot really
be used as a basis for a classification.
24
Norlind gives the earliest date for this type of bridge in two lutes by Mathias Petter Kraft, No. 28 from 1780 and
No. 45 from 1781. No. 28 (The Stockholm Music Museum, inventory number M2745) has probably been changed later
and No. 45 has not been seen by Norlind himself.
217
Many earlier lutes have the pin bridge type, but they do not seem to be in original condition.
There is a similar mechanism on a cittern/Swedish lute, dated 1784, by Kraft (no. 181) in the Nydahl collection,
inventory number IKN 39.
27
Boivie, H. Ngra svenska lut- och fiolmakare under 1700-talet, Fataburen 1921 pp. 51-73. Helenius-berg, E.,
Svenskt instrumentmakeri 1720-1800, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 59:1 (1977) pp. 5-43. Information about lute
makers in Finland also kindly provided by Aki Arponen.
25
26
218
Norlind, Tobias, Den svenska lutan, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 17 (1935) pp. 16ff. See also the present
authors Preliminary List of all Known Swedish Lutes and Citterns at http://www.tabulatura.com/SWELUTE7.htm
29
Helenius-berg, E., Svenskt klavikordbygge 1720-1820, (Stockholm, 1986).
30
Jonsson, L., Offentlig musik i Uppsala 1747-1854. Frn representativ till borgerlig konsert, (Sthlm, 1998), p. 172.
31
Dahlstrm, F., Instrumentariet i det gustavianska bo, Det gemensamma rikets musikskatter. Den gemensamma
tonen. Red. av Hannu Apajalahti. (Helsingfors, 1990), pp. 33ff.
28
32
Vretblad, P., Konsertlivet i Stockholm under 1700-talet, (Stockholm, 1918), pp. 178ff.
Copy in The Music Library of Sweden (shelf mark E2/Sv.-R). Described in Sparr. K. The Improved Cittern. Printed and
Manuscript Music for the Swedish Lute and a List of Swedish Lutes at http://www.tabulatura.com/SWELUTE2.htm
33
34
219
Figure 12. Drawing by W. Meyer with unknown provenance and dating. Authors collection. Photo: Author.
Larger and smaller citterns with steel and metal
strings can be found with substantial changes from
four to twelve Chor-strings, which are played through
plucking with the fingers The lute (Testudo) had in
the beginning only four double Chor-strings, but this
number was later increased to 12 Chor. 35
35
Hlphers, A.A., Historisk afhandling om musik och instrumenter.... (Vsters, 1773) pp. 81f. Authors translation
of the Swedish text.
36
Hedwall. L. En fwersigt af musiken inom Wermland. Bidrag till belysningen av det sena 1700-talets svenska
musikliv, (Stockholm, 1995), p. 101. Authors translation of the Swedish text.
220
Envallsson, C., Svenskt musikaliskt lexikon, (Stockholm, 1802), pp. 50 Authors translation of the Swedish text.
Hedwall. L., En fwersigt af musiken inom Wermland. Bidrag till belysningen av det sena 1700-talets svenska
musikliv, (Stockholm, 1995), p. 98. Authors translation of the Swedish text.
39
Ljung, H., Frklassik fr knppinstrument. En studie kring en sonat fr cittra av Johan Wikmanson, (C-uppsats,
2008). Institutionen fr musikvetenskap Uppsala universitet.
40
Ozolins, B. Musiknotiser I bouppteckningar ren 1690-1854. Arkivstudier infr en underskning om Gteborgs
musikhistoria. Uppsats fr seminariet i musikvetenskap vid Gteborgs universitet, hstterminen 1970. These
annotations are also cited in my article The Improved Cittern. Printed and Manuscript Music for the Swedish Lute and
a List of Swedish Lutes at http://www.tabulatura.com/SWELUTE1.htm
41
Sparr, Kenneth, Den svenska lutan i en anonym mlning frn 1800-talets brjan, Dokumenterat 34 - Bulletin frn
Statens musikbibliotek, (Stockholm, 2003), pp.25ff. Also available at http://www.tabulatura.com/dokumenterat_34.pdf
42
For a description of these prints and manuscripts see Sparr, Kenneth, The Improved Cittern. Printed and Manuscript
Music for the Swedish Lute and a List of Swedish Lutes at http://www.tabulatura.com/SWELUTE1.htm
37
38
221
Karle, G., Kungl. Hovkapellet i Stockholm och dess musiker 1772-1818, (Uppsala, 2000), pp.334ff.
Karle, G., Kungl. Hovkapellet i Stockholm och dess musiker 1772-1818, (Uppsala, 2000), pp.211. Authors translation
of the Swedish text.
45
Vretblad, P., Konsertlivet i Stockholm under 1700-talet, (Stockholm, 1918), p. 217.
43
44
46
47
222
Karle, G., Kungl. Hovkapellet i Stockholm och dess musiker 1772-1818, (Uppsala, 2000), pp.207ff.
Hedwall. L., En fwersigt af musiken inom Wermland. Bidrag till belysningen av det sena 1700-talets svenska
musikliv, (Stockholm, 1995), p. 63. Authors translation of the Swedish text.
50
Sjstrm Carl, Blekingska nationen 1697-1900 : biografiska och genealogiska anteckningar jemte historik (Lund,
1901), p. 205. Detailed information about Johann Gottfrid Zaar can be found in Karle, G. Kungl. Hovkapellet i Stockholm
och dess musiker 1772-1818, (Uppsala, 2000), pp.297ff.
51
Hedwall. L., En fwersigt af musiken inom Wermland. Bidrag till belysningen av det sena 1700-talets svenska
musikliv, (Stockholm, 1995), p. 134. Authors translation of the Swedish text.
52
Berg, W., Bidrag till musikens historia i Gteborg, I, (Gteborg, 1914), p. 171.
48
49
223
53
I thank Erik Stenstadvold who kindly supplied this information. Authors translation of the Norwegian text.
224
225
Figure 20. Lute by Lorents Mollenberg No. 83, 1817, repaired (converted to a 10-string lute)
by F.L.Wallin in 1900 and by Alfred Brock in 1902. The Stockholm Music Museum inventory
number M3371. Photo: The Stockholm Music Museum
Figure 21. Lute by Johan Jerner 181[7?]. Restored by Alfred Brock in 1907. This lute has 11 strings
and has a new fingerboard and a supportive rod. The Stockholm Music Museum, inventory
number M1790. Photo: The Stockholm Music Museum.
226
[Sjstrand, Johan] Bermda lutbyggare i det gamla Stockholm, Sljd och ton 1931 p.21.
A good examples of Brocks conversions can be found in a lute signed Peter Kraft Kungl. Hofinstrumentmakare.
Stockholm, No 609, 1797 with another label saying Alfred Brock, instrumentmakare, violiner och lutor, Repar,
Stockholm, 1923, now in Lake Vnern Museum inventory number 5M16-5281. Another example is a lute by Johan
Jerner, dated 181[7?] now in the Stockholm Music Museum inventory number M1790.
56
Bergman, L., Vrlds-luto-mstaren. Om Alfred Brock och Brocklutan, Evert Taube-sllskapet. rsskrift 1991 pp.
57ff.
57
Auktionskatalog N:o 16 Frteckning ver mlningar, skulpturer, gobeliner, mattor och textilier, frggravyrer, mbler
och konstmobilier, silver, bronser och pretiosa samt ostindisk och europeisk keramik, glas och kristaller ur generalkonsul
Jean Jahnssons samlingar. Samlingen frsljes p auktion i Svensk-Franska konstgalleriet, Arsenalsgatan 9 - Stockholm
Torsdagen den 26, fredagen den 27 och lrdagen den 28 oktober 1933. This P. Gardin may be identical with Sven Peter
Gerdin who had a musical instrument and string factory in ml in 1888-1904. This information, first discovered by Eva
Helenius-berg, was kindly supplied to me by Hans Riben at the Stockholm Music Museum.
58
One possible owner may have been Ulrika Sofia Sprengtporten (1793-1869), but this has yet to be verified.
59
Boivie, H., Ngra svenska lut- och fiolmakare under 1700-talet, Fataburen 1921 p.73. Authors translation of the
Swedish text.
54
55
227
60
There is a cittern by Johann hberg the elder, numbered 45 and dated 1777 in the Nydahl Collection (The
Foundation for the Advancement of Music Culture), Stockholm, inventory number IKN 42, that was converted to a
Swedish lute in 1821 by Carl berg, according to the handwritten repair label.
61
Boivie, H., Ngra svenska lut- och fiolmakare under 1700-talet, Fataburen 1921 pp. 72ff. Helenius-berg, E.
Svenskt instrumentmakeri 1720-1800, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 59:1 (1977) pp. 17, 29ff. Nilsson, B. Svensk
fiolbyggarkonst. [Malm 1988] pp. 26ff.
62
[Sjstrand, Johan] Bermda lutbyggare i det gamla Stockholm, Sljd och ton 1931 p.50. Authors translation of
the Swedish text.
228
229
Figure 32. Lute 1807 converted by Jerner, side of neck and fingerboard showing
the new fingerboard glued to the old with filled in fret slots. Photo: Author.
230
Figure 35. Lute 1809 by Jerner, lower and part of upper peg box showing the
capo tasto mechanism for the diapasons. Photo: Author.
Figure 36. Capo tasto feature on the diapasons on an anonymous Swedish lute. This has been
misplaced as the strings run under the wooden plate. The small brass reinforcements have both a
protective and a decorative function. The Stockholm Music Museum, inventory number N52453.
Photo: The Stockholm Music Museum
231
Figure 38. Lute 1809 by Jerner, side view of part of upper and lower peg box
showing the capo tasto feature for the diapasons. Photo: Author.
232
Figure 41 (above and below). Lute 1807 converted by Jerner showing the supportive rod
made of brass and its attachments to the peg box and body of the lute. Photos: Author.
The author has not been able to investigate the barring of the many preserved Swedish lutes for this article.
233
BIBLIOGRAPHY
kerberg, E., Musiklifvet inom Par Bricole 1779-1890. Stockholm 1910.
Andersson, O., Musikaliska frbindelser mellan bo och Stockholm under det gustavianska tidevarvet, Svensk tidskrift
fr musikforskning 9 (1927), pp. 99ff.
[Andrasson, Rune], Matthias Petter Kraft. Ett 200-rsminne, Sljd och ton 23 (1953), pp. 40ff.
Auktionskatalog No. 16. Frteckning ver mlningar, skulpturer, gobeliner, mattor och textilier, frggravyrer, mbler
och konstmobilier, silver, bronser och pretiosa samt ostindisk och europeisk keramik, glas och kristaller ur generalkonsul
Jean Jahnsson samlingar. Samlingen frsljes p auktion i Svensk-Franska konstgalleriet, Arsenalsgatan 9 - Stockholm
Torsdagen den 26, fredagen den 27 och lrdagen den 28 oktober 1933.
Berg, W., Bidrag till musikens historia i Gteborg. I. Gteborg 1914.
Bergman, L., Den svenska lutan och den svenske lutsngaren, Musikrevy 1980, nr 7 pp. 314-317.
Bergman, L., Sna toner! Sdan takt. Evert Taube spelar p sin Brockluta, Evert Taube-sllskapet. rsskrift 1991,
pp. 101-111.
Bergman, L., Sven Scholander, Sumlen 1977, pp.125-167.
64
An example of this is the description of a Swedish lute in the Royal College of Music Museum of Instruments. In
the catalogue Wells, Elizabeth & Nobbs, Christopher. European Stringed Instruments. Royal College of Music Museum
of Instruments. Catalogue. Part III, (London, 2007), p. 82, it is suggested that the capo tasto mechanism on the RCM
135, a lute by Lorents Mollenberg, 1817, might be an addition. This is however not the case and this lute seems to be in
perfect original condition and a typical example of the developed Swedish lute.
234
Bergman, L., Vrlds-luto-mstaren Om Alfred Brock och Brocklutan, Evert Taube-sllskapet. rsskrift 1991, pp. 57-100.
Boivie, H., Ngra svenska lut- och fiolmakare under 1700-talet, Fataburen 1921, pp. 51-73.
Brandel, R., Hgkomster och erinringar om Kraftska skolans stiftare, stiftelse och verksamhet. Stockholm 1909.
Carlsson, C.A., Ngot om lutan, Sljd och ton 1933, pp. 17-18.
Dahlgren, F.A., Frteckning fver svenska skdespel... Stockholm 1866.
Dahlstrm, F., Instrumentariet i det gustavianska bo, Det gemensamma rikets musikskatter. Den gemensamma tonen.
Red. av Hannu Apajalahti. Helsingfors 1990, pp. 33ff.
[Dubut] uvres des Dubut. dition et transcription par Monique Rollin et Jean-Michel Vaccaro. Corpus des luthistes
franais. Paris 1979.
Eklund,R., UUB Imhs 20:13. A Contextual Study of a Lute Manuscript. Otryckt uppsats. Stockholms universitet,
institutionen fr musikvetenskap 1991.
Envallsson, C., Svenskt musikaliskt lexikon. Stockholm 1802.
Hedwall. L., En fwersigt af musiken inom Wermland. Bidrag till belysningen av det sena 1700-talets svenska musikliv.
Stockholm 1995.
Helenius-berg, E. and Mathias Petter Kraft., Svenskt biografiskt lexikon 21. Stockholm 1975-77, pp. 522-523.
Helenius-berg, E., Svenskt instrumentmakeri 1720-1800, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 59:1 (1977), pp. 5-43.
Hlphers, A.A., Historisk afhandling om musik och instrumenter... Vsters 1773.
Instrumentistes et luthiers parisiens XVIIe-XIXe sicles. Ouvrage collectif prsent par la Dlgation lAction Artistique
de la Ville de Paris rdig par Florence Getreau. Paris 1988.
Jonsson, L., Offentlig musik i Uppsala 1747-1854. Frn representativ till borgerlig konsert. Sthlm 1998.
Karle, G. Kungl, Hovkapellet i Stockholm och dess musiker 1772-1818. Uppsala 2000.
Kinberg, A., Par Bricoles gustavianska period. Sthlm 1903.
Kungliga Teatern. Repertoar 1773-1973. Stockholm 1974.
Laurencie, L. de la, Quelques luthistes franais du XVIIe sicle, Revue de musicologie, Tome 4e No. 8e, 1922, pp. 145-155
Les luths (Occident) catalogue des collections du Muse de la musique (vol. 1). Les cahiers du Muse de la musique. 7.
Paris 2006.
Ljung, H., Frklassik fr knppinstrument. En studie kring en sonat fr cittra av Johan Wikmanson. C-uppsats 2008
Institutionen fr musikvetenskap Uppsala universitet.
Ltgendorff, W., Die Geigen- und Lautenmacher vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. Egnzungsband erstellt von Thomas
Drescher. Tutzing 1990.
Musikhistoriska Museets i Stockholm Instrumentsamling. r 1902. Stockholm 1902.
[Musikmuseet], Den svenska lutan. [Utstllningskatalog 25 oktober 1992 - 31 januari 1993].
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Nilsson, B., Svensk fiolbyggarkonst. [Malm 1988]
Nisser, C., Svensk instrumentalkomposition 1770-1830. Stockholm 1943.
Norlind, T., Den svenska lutan, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 17(1935), pp. 5-43.
Oxenstierna, J.G., Dagboksanteckningar. I. r 1769. Upsala 1881.
Ozolins, B., Musiknotiser I bouppteckningar ren 1690-1854. Arkivstudier infr en underskning om Gteborgs
musikhistoria. Uppsats fr seminariet i musikvetenskap vid Gteborgs universitet, hstterminen 1970.
Reenstierna, M.H., rstadagboken. Del I 1793-1812. Stockholm 1946.
Reenstierna, M.H., rstadagboken. Del II 1813-1825. Stockholm.
Scholander, S., Visan, lutan och jag. Stockholm 1933.
[Sjstrand, Johan], Bermda lutbyggare i det gamla Stockholm, Sljd och ton 1931 pp.18-22, 49-51 and 1945 pp. 37-41.
Sjstrm Carl, Blekingska nationen 1697-1900 : biografiska och genealogiska anteckningar jemte historik. Lund 1901.
Tegen, M. Den hlstrmska sngrepertoaren 1789-1810, Svensk tidskrift fr musikforskning 65(1983), pp. 69-107.
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Wells, Elizabeth & Nobbs, Christopher. European Stringed Instruments. Royal College of Music Museum of Instruments.
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202
KENNETH SPARR
Remarks on an Unnoticed Seventeenth-Century French Lute in Sweden, the Swedish Lute
(Svenskluta or Swedish Theorbo) and Conversions of Swedish Lutes
Figure 1. Front and back view of lute by Dubu[c?]a Paris 1672 repaired in 1738(?), later repaired again in 1755(?)
and ultimately repaired and converted to a 13-string Swedish lute by Johan Jerner in 1792. The Stockholm Music
Museum inventory number M36. Photo: Photo: Olav Nyhus, The Stockholm Music Museum.
Colour Section
Figure 2. Side views of the Dubu[?c] lute. The Stockholm Music Museum inventory number M36.
Photo: Olav Nyhus, The Stockholm Music Museum.
203
204
Figure 3. The note on the end-clasp showing the attribution of the back to a dubu[?c] a paris /
1672 and the misplaced strap button. The Stockholm Music Museum, inventory number M36.
Photo: Olav Nyhus, The Stockholm Music Museum.
Colour Section
Figure 9. Case belonging to a Swedish lute. The Stockholm Music Museum inventory number N52453.
Photo: The Stockholm Music Museum.
205
206
Facing page.
Figures 22 and 23 (above).
Lute by Johan Jerner 1809.
Front.
Back.
Authors collection. Photo: Author
Colour Section
207