Microwave Research Group, Centre for Telecommunication Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2 Department of Engineering Mechanics, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. E-Mail: xxxxxx@xxxxxx.xxx
ABSTRACT The mechanism of corrosion attack on carbon steel coated with WC-10%Ni was observed in different parameters including temperature, pH and velocity. The corrosion rate was observed from weight loss measurement and electrochemistry test. The quantative analysis by electrochemistry analysis from Tafel plot will illustrate the corrosion attack in terms of open circuit potential, corrosion potential, Ecorr and current density icorr . The most severe attack was identified at the base metalcoating interface. The mechanism of these attack was characterised by using SEM to evaluate the coating integrity. This research will suggest the solution for corrosion defect on pipeline due to corrosion and how the temperature, pH and velocity in pipeline affect the corrosion on pipelines. Keywords: Firefly Algorithm
Hybridization
Modification
1.0 INTRODUCTION The U.S Department of The global thermal spray coating coating market is expected to reach 12.29 USD billion by 2011 [1]. This anticpated growth result from the rising scope of end-use applications due to coating benefits that include wear and corrosion protection, low toxic gass emission, thickness capability and electrical resistance. The growing need for corrosion resistant coatings in most top two application segments; aerospace and industrial gas turbines is expected to fuel demand over the next seven years [2]. In the oil and gas industry, it is common to transport the liquid or gaseous goods through undersea pipelines. Any penetration of the coatings, can eventually result in leakage and environmental disaster. Therefore, for both corrosion prevention and protection, the pipes are typically coating up to 100 mm thick in total.
temperature starts with ambient room temperature (30 oC
+- 1oC); and test device is WPG100 electrochemical measurement instrument with a three-electrodes system. During the test, the scan rate was set into 1mV/sec. For weight loss measurement, the samples was immersed in artificial seawater for 1, 2 , 3 and 4 weeks. After immersion complete, the samples were removed from the test solution, and the corrosion products on the sample surface were removed with derusting liquids (500 mL concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl), 500 mL deionized water, and 3.56 g methenamine) and then dried. The samples were measured with a shimadzu microbalance. The average corrosion rate was equal to the ratio of weigh loss (mg) to corrosion surface area (cm 2) and time. The corrosion rate according to electrochemical analysis was determined from Stern Geary equation (equation 2.1).
2.0 METHODOLOGY The experimental material was a domestic carbon steel which is commonly used as a contruction material expecially as structure and pipelines. The chemical composition of this carbon steel by wt% consist of 0.035 C, 0.275 Si, 0.245 Cu, 0.100 Ni, 1.8 Mn, 0.01 P, 0.005 S and the reminder Fe. The experimental was devided itno two techniques which are using electrochemical method and by immersion technique by identify the weight loss of the samples. The size of the test sample for electrochemical corrosion testing was 10x10x10 mm. A copper wire was inserted into the non-working surface, and this surface was coated with epoxy. The artificial seawater was synthesized composed of 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) and the
The surface morphologies and chemical compositions
were analyzed with a XXX Scanning Electrone Microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were also used to evaluate the mechanical performance, corrosion resistance and corrosion mechanism of the coating performance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The test was divided into Temp (C)
Weight loss (mg)
Corrosion rate mm/year
VOL. X, NO. X, XXXXXXXX
ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
20 40 60 80
0.1 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5www.arpnjournals.com
2006-2015 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved.
After immersion in different length of time, the wight loss
and the corrosion rate was calculated according to Stern Geary equation curve (E/iapp), as shown in Figure 2.16. The corrosion rate can then be determined using the SternGeary equation: a c E icorr RP 2.3( a c ) iapp The quantity a, and b are referred to as the Tafel 2.1 constant, which can be measured experimentally or estimated. Corrosion rate can be obtained from Faradays Law;
icorr moles / cm 2 / sec nF
2.2
Where F= Faraday constant = 96500 Coulombs/mole
Electrochemical Corrosion Test Figure 1 shows the polarisatio curves for carbon steel coated 10% WC-Ni in 3.5% artificial seawater. The Open Circuit Potential, OCP was decreased as the artificial seawater temperature increased, as expected. The OCP represents a initial value when metal is exposed to an electrolyte. This describe the a finite amount of time to transform an air-formed oxide film on a metal surface into an electrical double layer (EDL). Then the direction of potential change is determined by how EDL chemistry adjust to accommodate electrolyte chemistry. This is elucidate how metal surface form a passive film and protects the metal from further corrosion attack (metal self-healing, typically at increasing OCP). The selfcorrosion potential of the sample increased from -76.6 mV to 70.5 mV showing superior of corrosion resistance due to increasing in corrosion protection.
Figure 1 Polarisation curve of the carbon steel coated
WC-10%Ni
VOL. X, NO. X, XXXXXXXX
ISSN 1819-6608
ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Yang, X. (2010). Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic 2006-2015 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. Algorithms. 2nd ed. Frome: Luniver Press.
At 40 C
Yu, S., Yang, S. and Su, S. (2013). Self-Adaptive Step
www.arpnjournals.com Firefly Algorithm. Journal of Applied Mathematics, pp.18.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCE
Abdullah, A., Deris, S., Mohamad, M. and Hashim, S.
(2012). A new hybrid firefly algorithm for complex and nonlinear problem. Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp.673--680. Talbi, E. (2009). Metaheuristics. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. .
