The document outlines the objectives and content of a high school general chemistry course. The course aims to provide students with foundational knowledge in key areas of chemistry including defining chemistry and its branches; applying the scientific method; understanding matter, atoms, chemical bonds, reactions, stoichiometry, gases, solutions, acids/bases; and introducing concepts in thermo, electro, and organic chemistry. The content is organized into 12 sections covering topics such as atomic structure, the periodic table, states of matter, chemical nomenclature, equilibrium, kinetics, stoichiometry calculations and gas laws.
The document outlines the objectives and content of a high school general chemistry course. The course aims to provide students with foundational knowledge in key areas of chemistry including defining chemistry and its branches; applying the scientific method; understanding matter, atoms, chemical bonds, reactions, stoichiometry, gases, solutions, acids/bases; and introducing concepts in thermo, electro, and organic chemistry. The content is organized into 12 sections covering topics such as atomic structure, the periodic table, states of matter, chemical nomenclature, equilibrium, kinetics, stoichiometry calculations and gas laws.
The document outlines the objectives and content of a high school general chemistry course. The course aims to provide students with foundational knowledge in key areas of chemistry including defining chemistry and its branches; applying the scientific method; understanding matter, atoms, chemical bonds, reactions, stoichiometry, gases, solutions, acids/bases; and introducing concepts in thermo, electro, and organic chemistry. The content is organized into 12 sections covering topics such as atomic structure, the periodic table, states of matter, chemical nomenclature, equilibrium, kinetics, stoichiometry calculations and gas laws.
Objectives: At the end of the school year, the students should:
1. Define Chemistry and Related Fields;
2. Apply the Scientific Method in Experiments and Researches; 3. Keep in mind the scientific attitudes; 4. Be acquainted on how to work in the laboratory; 5. Familiarize laboratory apparatuses; 6. Apply proper laboratory techniques; 7. Convert a given unit to a desired unit with significant figures; 8. Draw a Concept Map of Matter; 9. Compare and contrast the different states of matter, its composition and the changes it undergoes; 10. Classify matter and the changes it undergoes; 11. Solve for the number of protons, neutrons and electrons; 12. Distribute electrons via complete atomic structure, electron population and electron configuration; 13. Synthesize the Trends/ Behavior of Elements in the Periodic Table; 14. Draw a Lewis structure of a given compound, its molecular geometry and polarity; 15. Name Chemical compounds and write chemical formulas; 16. Identify types of chemical reactions; 17. Balance chemical equations by inspection and reduction oxidation principles; 18. Define Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Kinetics; 19. Write Keq expressions and solve for equilibrium concentrations; 20. Differentiate a reaction with and without a catalysts; 21. Use stoichiometry in solving unknown mass, volume or moles; 22. Apply different gas laws; 23. Prepare a solution quantitatively; 24. Express a given amount of concentration to another concentration; 25. Differentiate different Acid Base Theories; 26. Know the concept of pH and pOH; and 27. Know the basic concepts on Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry and Organic Chemistry. 1. CHEMISTRY AS A CENTRAL SCIENCE 1.1. What is Science 1.1.1. Branches of Science: Physical Science, Earth Science & Life Science 1.2. What is Chemistry 1.2.1. Branches of Chemistry: Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Agricultural Chemistry (etc.) 1.2.2. Chemistry as a Science and Technology Three Types of Technology (Tools/ Gadgets, Products, Processes) 1.2.3. Development of Chemistry through Time 1.3. The Chemists 1.3.1. Scientific Attitudes 1.3.2. Scientific Method 1.3.3. Famous Local and International Chemists 1.3.4. FEATURE: Know the Best Filipino Chemists. 1.4. The Laboratory 1.4.1. Laboratory Apparatus 1.4.2. Laboratory Safety 1.4.3. Basic Laboratory Procedures 1.5. Math in Chemistry 1.5.1. Measurement: Two Systems of Units (English and Metric), Base and Derived Units, Basic Unit of Measurements (SI units) 1.5.2. Precision versus Accuracy 1.5.3. Significant Figures 1.5.4. Scientific Notation 1.5.5. Conversion of Units/ Dimensional Analysis 1.6. The Periodic Table of Elements 1.6.1. Development of the Periodic Table 1.6.2. Features of the Periodic Table 1.6.3. FEATURE: Changes in the Periodic Table 2. MATTER 2.1. States of Matter 2.1.1. Solid: Amorphous and Crystalline Solids 2.1.2. Liquid 2.1.3. Gas 2.1.4. Plasma 2.1.5. FEATURE: How many states of matter do we really have? 2.2. Classifying Matter 2.2.1. Elements: Metals, Non-Metals, Metalloids 2.2.2. Compounds : Acid, Base, Salts, Oxides 2.2.3. Mixtures Homogeneous Mixtures: Solutions Heterogeneous Mixtures: Colloids, Suspensions, Foams, Gel, etc. 2.3. How Chemists Classify Compounds 2.3.1. Metallic Substances 2.3.2. Ionic Substances 2.3.3. Covalent Molecular Substances 2.3.4. Covalent Network Substances 2.3.5. FEATURE: The Allotropes of Carbon 2.4. Changes in the Different Phases of Matter 2.4.1. Melting, Sublimation, Freezing, Evaporation, Condensation, Deposition 2.4.2. The Phase Diagram 2.5. Separation of Mixtures 2.5.1. Physical Means 2.5.2. Chemical Means 2.6. Changes in Matter 2.6.1. Physical Changes 2.6.2. Chemical Changes 2.6.3. Nuclear Changes: Nuclear Fission and Fusion 2.7. Properties of Matter 2.7.1. Physical Properties: Extensive and Intensive 2.7.2. Chemical Properties 2.7.3. FEATURE: What’s behind the display monitor of your calculators? 3. THE ATOM: THE SMALLEST PARTICLE 3.1. Atomic Theory Development 3.2. Atomic Structure and Subatomic Particles 3.2.1. Proton 3.2.2. Neutron 3.2.3. Electron 3.3. Quarks and Leptons 3.4. Solving the Number of Proton, Neutron and Electron 3.5. Isotopes 3.6. FEATURE: An Introduction of Nuclear Chemistry 3.7. Different Models of the Atom 3.8. Ways of Distributing Electrons 3.8.1. Complete Atomic Structure 3.8.2. Electronic Configuration 3.8.3. Electron Population 3.8.4. FEATURE: Unusual Electronic Configurations 3.9. Quantum Numbers 3.10. Periodic Trend of Elements 3.10.1. Atomic Radius 3.10.2. Metallic Conductivity 3.10.3. Ionization Energy 3.10.4. Electronegativity 3.10.5. Electron Affinity 4. CHEMICAL BONDS 4.1. Laws of Chemical Combination 4.1.1. Law of Conservation of Mass 4.1.2. Law of Definite Proportion or Composition 4.1.3. Law of Multiple Proportion 4.2. Lewis Structures or the Electron Dot Formula 4.3. Types of Chemical Bonds 4.3.1. Ionic Bond 4.3.2. Covalent Bond: Polar and Non Polar Covalent Bonds 4.3.3. Metallic Bond 4.4. Three Kinds of Bonding: Single, Double and Triple Bonds 4.5. Molecular Geometry and Polarity of Molecules 5. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND FORMULAS 5.1. Chemical Nomenclature 5.1.1. Binary Compounds: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic Compounds and Acids 5.1.2. Ternary Compounds: Polyatomic Ions 5.1.3. FEATURE: Unusual Polyatomic Ions: Do they really exist? 5.2. Writing Chemical Formulas 5.3. Chemical Reactions 5.3.1. Writing Chemical Equations 5.3.2. Parts of a Chemical Equation 5.3.3. Types of Chemical Equations 5.3.4. Balancing Chemical Equations: By Inspection and by Reduction-Oxidation Principles 5.4. FEATURE: Balancing Chemical Equations by Redox Principles in Acidic/ Basic Medium 6. CHEMICAL REACTIONS 6.1. Chemical Equilibrium 6.1.1. Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium 6.1.2. Writing the Chemical Equilibrium Constant Expressions 6.1.3. Applications of the Chemical Equilibrium 6.2. Chemical Kinetics 6.2.1. Reaction Rates 6.2.2. Half Life 6.2.3. Factors Affecting Reaction Rates 6.2.4. Collision Theory 6.2.5. Catalysts 7. STOICHIOMETRY 7.1. Formula Mass 7.2. Molecular Mass 7.3. Percent Composition 7.4. Empirical Formula 7.5. Molecular Formula 7.6. Computations involving Stoichiometry 7.6.1. Mass to Mass 7.6.2. Mole to Mass 7.6.3. Volume to Volume 7.6.4. Mass to Mole 7.6.5. Mass to Volume 7.6.6. Volume to Volume 7.7. Limiting and Excess Reagent 7.8. Percentage Yield (Theoretical Yield) 8. GASES 8.1. The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 8.2. Measurable Properties of Gases 8.2.1. Temperature 8.2.2. Pressure 8.2.3. Volume 8.2.4. No. of Particles 8.3. Different Gas Laws 8.3.1. Boyle’s Law 8.3.2. Charles’ Law 8.3.3. Combined Gas Law 8.3.4. Gay-Lussac’s Law 8.3.5. Avogadro’s Law 8.3.6. Ideal Gas Law 8.3.7. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure 8.3.8. Graham’s Law of Diffusion 8.4. Applications of the Different Gas Laws 9. SOLUTIONS 9.1. Types of Solutions 9.2. Properties of Solutions 9.2.1. Solubility: Types of Solubility, Factors Affecting Solubility, Predicting Soluble and Insoluble Salts in Water 9.2.2. Miscibility 9.2.3. Concentration 9.3. Chemical Arithmetic of Solutions 9.3.1. % by Mass, Volume and Mass/Volume 9.3.2. Molarity 9.3.3. Molality 9.3.4. Normality 9.3.5. Mole Fraction 9.3.6. Parts per Million & Parts per Billion 9.4. Preparing Solutions: Dilution 9.5. Colligative Properties of Non Electrolytes 9.5.1. Boiling Point Elevation 9.5.2. Freezing Point Depression 9.5.3. Osmotic Pressure 9.5.4. Vapor Pressure Lowering 10. ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS 10.1. Differences between Acid, Bases and Salts 10.2. Different Theories on Acids and Bases 10.2.1. Arrhenius Concept 10.2.2. Bronsted- Lowry Definition 10.2.3. Lewis Definition 10.3. Classification of Acids and Bases 10.4. Strengths of Acid and Bases: 10.4.1. pH: Power of Hydrogen 10.4.2. pOH: Power of Hydroxide 10.5. Quantitative Aspects of Acids and Bases: Calculating pH, pOH, and H3O+ and OH- concentrations. 11. GOING BEYOND REACTIONS 11.1. Thermochemistry 11.1.1. The Law of Conservation of Energy 11.1.2. Thermodynamics 11.1.3. Exothermic and Endothermic Changes 11.1.4. Enthalphy 11.1.5. Calorimetry (using a Coffee – Cup Calorimeter) 11.1.6. Standard Heat of Formation 11.1.7. Hess’ Law of Heat Summation 11.2. Electrochemistry 11.2.1. Galvanic Cells 11.2.2. Writing Cell Notations and Cell Potentials 11.2.3. Standard Reduction Potential Table 11.2.4. Electrolysis 11.2.5. Corrosion 11.2.6. Applications of Electrochemistry 12. AN INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 12.1. The Carbon Atom 12.2. Functional Groups: Hydroxyl, Carbonyl,Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phospate 12.3. Biomolecules in Food 12.4. Major Classes of Organic Compounds 12.4.1. Carbohydrates and Sugars: Monosaccharides, Disacchrides, Polysaccharides 12.4.2. Lipids 12.4.3. Proteins 12.4.4. Nucleic Acids Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid or DNA and Ribonucleic Acid or RNA