Plates PDF

Plates
Basic Stress Analysis in Plates
1.1
Uniaxial stress state
Suppose we have a plate with thickness t, width w (in the x-direction) and length L (in the y-direction).
Also suppose that the plate is rigidly connected at the bottom and loaded by a force P at the top, such
that the stresses are uniformly divided over the plate. Now we have a plate with a uniaxial stress
state. The stresses are now given by
y =
P
,
wt
x = 0.
(1.1)
From these stresses we can derive the strains. If is Poissons ratio of the material, then
y =
1.2
y
P
=
,
E
Ewt
x = y =
P
.
Ewt
(1.2)
Biaxial stress state
What if we constrain the plate of the last paragraph on the left and the right side? We then actually set
x to be zero. This causes the stresses in the plate to change. Lets call the strain in x-direction x and
the strain in y-direction y . We can now solve this problem, using the basic equations
y =
y
x
P
Rx
,
E
E
Ewt
ELt
x =
x
y
Rx
P
,
E
E
ELt
Ewt
(1.3)
where Rx is the reaction force in horizontal direction. Since x = 0, we can derive that
Rx =
PL
.
w
(1.4)
Rx
P
=
= y .
Lt
wt
(1.5)
Using this, the stresses can be found. They are

y =
1.3
P
,
wt
x =
Multiple materials
When a plate consists of individual parts of different materials, the situation is more complicated. Still
the equations of the previous paragraphs can be applied, but several other compatibility equations are
necessary. There are no basic equations for that, but there are a few tricks that often need to be used.
The stresses in the individual plate parts, in both x and y-direction can be expressed as a force
using F = A, where A is the cross-sectional area. Using sum of the forces is zero for individual
plate parts can give several compatibility equations.
Often a plate is constrained in horizontal direction. In that case you can use the rule: The sum of
the horizontal displacements is zero.
Finally, a plate is often constrained at the bottom and stressed uniformly at the top. In that case
you can use the rule: The vertical displacement of every part is equal.
2
2.1
Stress Analysis in Plates Using Mohrs Circle

Present stresses
In the previous chapter, we have only considered uniform load cases on rectangular uniform plates. Such
simple geometries are often not present. For plates, stress analysis is therefore usually too complex. In
that case stresses can not be calculated directly. Nevertheless, the stresses are present.
In a 2-dimensional plate, three kinds of stresses are present, being x (normal stress in x-direction), y
(normal stress in y-direction) and xy (shear stress in the xy-plane). In 3-dimensional plates, six kinds of
stresses are present, being x , y , z , xy , xz and yz . However, we only consider 2-dimensional plates
from now on.
2.2
Mohrs circle
The stresses in a plate can not be calculated, but they can be measured. Suppose we measure x , y and
xy at a certain point. We get certain values. Suppose we now change (rotate) our coordinate system
and measure x , y and xy at the same point again. We now get different values. If we keep doing this
for different (rotated) coordinate systems, and plot all the data we find in a coordinate system, we
get a circle, as can be seen in figure 1. This circle is called Mohrs circle.
Figure 1: Mohrs Circle
2.3
Circle properties
Now lets take another look at figure 1. Suppose we have done a measurement and gotten the values x ,
y and xy . We mark them in a graph and then draw a line between them. Where the line crosses the
-axis is the average stress av , which can also be calculated using
av =
x + y
.
2
Also the radius of the circle can be calculated, using

s
2
x y
2 .
R=
+ xy
2
(2.1)
(2.2)
2.4
Maximum stress
If we take measurements for different coordinate axes, the stresses will be different. What we are interested
in, are the maximum stresses. The maximum shear stress is
max = R.
(2.3)
To find the minimum and maximum normal stresses, we can use

1 = av R,
2 = av + R.
(2.4)
Note that 1 and 2 can be both positive (in case of tension in both directions), both negative (in case
of compression in both directions), or it is possible that 2 > 0 and 1 < 0. For figure 1 this means that
the circle can move to the left and to the right for different load cases. However, the circle can not move
upward or downward - the circle center is always at the -axis.
2.5
Stress directions
It is often handy to know in which direction maximum stresses occur. This can also be derived from
Mohrs circle. Lets start rotating our coordinate system and do measurements. At some moment, when
we have rotated the coordinate system by an angle p , we measure maximum normal stress. In figure 1
this angle p is visualized. From this figure we can see that
tan 2p =
xy
x y
2
2xy
.
x y
(2.5)
Lets define s to be the angle at which maximum shear stress occurs. We can now see that
s = p 45 .
(2.6)

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Plates

Basic Stress Analysis in Plates

Uniaxial stress state

Biaxial stress state

Using this, the stresses can be found. They are

Stress Analysis in Plates Using Mohrs Circle

Figure 1: Mohrs Circle

Also the radius of the circle can be calculated, using

To find the minimum and maximum normal stresses, we can use

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