Stellenbosch University

Musical
Theatre
Instrument
ation
A look at the classical orchestra and the
jazz band compared to the musical
theatre orchestra.

Kelsey Mller

1. Introduction
Looking at the instrumentation of a symphonic work can provide an idea of what
sort of piece one is dealing with. For example, a small orchestra with few
woodwinds, brass and percussion already tells us that there is a chance that the
piece could be an earlier work from the 1600s while a large orchestra tells us
that the piece was composed later and much closer to the twenty-first century.
While of these types of deductions are fairly dangerous, as many exceptions
occur, they often provide insight into the piece that one is studying. In the same
way musical theatre orchestras/bands provide similar insights into what the style
the musical is in and whether it is an early or recent musical. I will thus compare
the instrumentations of jazz and classical music to musical theatre and see
where musical theatre fits in and where the specific types of instrumentations
stem from. Rock musicals and musicals where small bands are used will be
excluded.

2. The Classical Orchestra

Strings
The classical has evolved over many centuries and thus there is no one specific
instrumentation setup. It is, however, commonly known that the instruments of
the symphonic orchestra are divided into four sections. These sections are the
woodwinds, brass, percussion and strings. A few sources call the string section
the foundation (Casella & Mortari, 2004: 160) of the orchestra and note that the
strings are often considered the most important section (Adler, 2002:7) and
dominant (Piston, 1969:3) (in the orchestra. The first section to be fully
developed was the string orchestra and thus it become the biggest section of the
orchestra. The string section is also the largest section in the orchestra with two
violin parts, a viola part, cello part and bass part. This section is the only section,
however, where multiple instruments play on the same part. This has often led to
divisions in the parts.
According to Rimsky-Korsakov (1964: 7) a small orchestra contains eight first
violins and a full orchestra contains sixteen first violins. However, there are
modern works with much larger requirements. Offertorium (1990) by Sofia
Gubaidulina (1990:2) conforms exactly to the full orchestra requirements that
Rimsky-Korsakov (1964:7) stipulates despite the work being late twentieth

century where large orchestras where common. Rimsky-Korsakov does, however,

mentioned that orchestras can be larger than the standard which he has
provided.
Unusual divisions of the strings can often be seen in the twentieth and twentyfirst century such as in Pendereckis Threnody to the Victims of Hiromshima
(1960) which is for string orchestra. Here the violins consist of four parts instead
of two and the violas, celli and basses are all in two parts instead of the standard
one part (Penderecki, 1961:2). The string section is also the most homogenous
section and therefore requires the least amount of skills required to orchestrate.
Later we will find that the importance of the string section may not be the same
in musical theatre.

Woodwinds
The woodwind section seemed to be the next section to be developed as seen in
the early classical period. Concertos such as Mozarts Flute Concerto in D major,
K. 314 (1778), Flute Concerto in G major, K. 313 (1777-1778) and Oboe Concerto
in C major, K. 314 (1777) all written close to each other contain flutes, oboes and
even horns, which are brass, but no clarinets or bassoons. Later Mozart
composed his famous Die Zauberflte, K, 620 (1791) which contained a relatively
small orchestra by todays standards. Mozarts opera contains woodwinds in two
(Mozart, 1879: 1). Woodwinds in two contains two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets
and two bassoons (Rimsky-Korsakov, (1964: 13). Another piece that contains this
setup is Concerto for small orchestra, Op. 34 (1927) by Albert Roussel. This is
one of three setups that have become common place in the instrumentation
setup of woodwinds in the orchestra. The other setups include winds in three
and winds in four. Winds in three contains two flutes one piccolo, two oboes one
English horn, two clarinets one bass clarinet or Eb clarinet and two bassoons and
contrabassoon (Rimsky-Korsakov, 1964: 13). An example of winds in three can be
seen in the pieces Pictures at an Exhibition (1891) by Mussorgsky arranged by
Ravel and Concerto for Orchestra (1943) by Bartok. Winds in four contains three
flutes one piccolo with one flute possibly doubling on alto flute or bass flute,
three oboes one English horn, three clarinets one bass clarinet and one clarinet
doubling on Eb clarinet and three bassoons one English horn (Rimsky-Korsakov,
1964: 13). An example of a piece with winds in four is Bartoks Kossuth (1903).
Later we will see that the woodwind section is very different in musical theatre
instrumentation.

Saxophones are not often found in the classical symphonic orchestra, however,
there are naturally a few cases where this does occur. Rachmaninovs Symphonic
Dances (1940) contains winds in three with an added alto saxophone while Ravel
makes use of a Sopranino, Soprano and Tenor Saxophones in Bolero (1928).

Brass
Brass is the section that may have undergone the most change since its
introduction into the orchestra (Piston, 1969: 206). Natural horns and trumpets
existed (Piston, 1969: 206) and thus more ways of achieving notes were needed
such as the crook used in horns before valve were created (Adler, 2002: 314).
Brass remains the most standardized section other than strings in the orchestra.
According to Adler the standard instrumentation for the brass is four horns, three
trumpets, three trombones and a tuba (Adler, 2002: 297). Composers of course
ignore these standardizations often in compositions such as Wagner who often
used six horns instead of four. Many of the pieces mentioned above use the
standard horn instrumentation guideline. Pictures at an Exhibition, Symphonic
Dances and Bolera are examples of this although Bolero does include a piccolo
trumpet. Some composers prefer to exchange the third trombone with a bass
trombone such as Bartok who did so in Concerto for Orchestra.
The strings and woodwinds are arranged in the order of the instruments ranges,
however, in the brass section the horns are above the trumpets even though the
trumpets have the highest range of the brass instruments. The horn appeared in
orchestras quite early in the classical period and were created before the
clarinets and bassoons of the woodwind sections. In the two Mozart flute
concertos and oboe concerto mentioned earlier the orchestra contained flutes
and oboes as well as horns. The horns were naturally part of the woodwind
section at the time and thus this setup has remained so (Adler, 2002: 297) as
horns may often be doubled with woodwind instruments. Other brass
instruments exist such as piccolo trumpets, tenor tubas, etc., however, unlike
woodwinds these variations on brass instruments are very rarely used.

Percussion
The percussion section provides the most uncertainty when composing. There is
certainly no standard of players or parts or even instruments used. The most
common percussion instrument used is of course the timpani which sometimes
requires a part of its own. Also if a composer is not composing for a specific
orchestra he himself will have to decide how many instruments to used and how

many players to use as well as which players will play which instruments. Here
the composer can decide to use a timpanist and two other percussionist using
percussion instruments that are fairly standard such as triangles, tambourines,
snare and bass drums, etc. or the composer can use as many instruments as is
required such as George Crumb who used eight percussionists for his piece Star
Child (1977). This type of decision can determine if and how often ones piece is
performed. It is thus easier to compose for a specific orchestra where these
requirements will be given to you and thus these decisions will not be the
composers to make. In musical theatre, however, this is mostly the case as
orchestrations are done while productions are underway and thus the
percussionists will determine the percussion setup.

3. The Jazz Band

Rhythm Section
The jazz orchestra or jazz band as it is more commonly works differently from the
classical orchestra. As a much more recent genre jazz often relies on more recent
and technologically advanced instruments as well as the symphonic instruments
found in the classical orchestra. It is for this reason that the rhythm section is the
most important section in the in the jazz band (Absil, F. 2014: 11). The rhythm
section consists of an electric bass/string bass, a drum kit a piano or keyboard
and/or a guitar. These instruments are typically improvised and this is important
as this score is then notated differently. The bass and drums keep the rhythm
and will always rely on each other. The piano/keyboard and guitar provide the
harmonic basis of the piece.

Percussion
Percussion is an interesting group in jazz considering that there is already a drum
kit required in jazz and percussion is not really needed. This of course does not
and should no stop jazz musicians from using percussion. It is very interesting
that Russo (1961: 38) speaks of percussion as the whole drum kit and the
drummer as the percussionist and does not mention any other forms of
percussion. Absil (2014: 24), however, separates the drum kit from the
percussion and speaks of regular pitched and non-pitched percussion. He also
standardized the percussion ensemble by stating that the percussion is mostly
played by one or two musicians and needs to be amplified to be heard (Absil,
2014: 25).

Brass
Many times jazz orchestras consist of brass and saxophones. Saxophones
become part of the brass if the woodwinds fall away, however, if there are
woodwinds in the orchestra the saxophones will be put after the clarinets and
before the bassoons such as in a wind band.

Woodwinds
If woodwinds are used in a jazz orchestra they arranged the same way that a
classical woodwind section is arranged. Winds in two, three and four also apply
here, but winds in one are also common in a jazz band.

Strings
Strings are smaller than the typical classical orchestra and a ratio of 2:3 is used
for creating a good balance within the string section with the higher group being
more than the lower group (Absil, 2014: 20). Of course most of the time a jazz
band does not have a string section at all.

4. The Musical Theatre Orchestra

The musical theatre orchestra is different from both the classical symphonic
orchestra and the jazz band. However, the musical orchestra contains attributes
from both and can be seen as a mixture of the jazz band and the symphonic
orchestra. There are, of course, musicals that lean more towards the classical
orchestra such as the Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals which include
musicals such as Allegro, (1995) Oklahoma, (1943) South Pacific, (1949) The
King and I (1978) and The Sound of Music (1960). These musicals were written
between the years 1943 and 1995 and thus are twentieth century musicals.
While not all twentieth century musicals used the more classical instrumentation
Richard Rodger certainly did. Cole Porter who was a similar type of composer
used a different type of instrumentation in his musicals Anything Goes and Kiss
Me, Kate. This type of orchestration was jazzier and contained no strings, but
plenty of woodwinds and brass. While there is certainly no standard for the
musical theatre orchestra there are certain things that can be said about it and
certain deductions that can be made. I should also mention that a wave of rock
musicals such as Hair, (1995) American Idiot, (2009) Spring Awakening (2016)
and Rent (2016) have also become quite popular and these use small bands with
very little strings, brass and woodwinds. I will not be discussing these musicals.

Woodwinds
Woodwinds work quite differently from the symphonic and jazz ways of
orchestration. In fact, the woodwind section is the most different from symphonic
writing. While the classical orchestra focuses on keeping similar instruments
such as flutes and piccolos together musical theatre orchestrators do not
consider this at all.
Firstly, saxophones often form a major part of the woodwind section. Secondly,
the doubling in the woodwind section is irregular and musicians seems to be
players of a multitude of woodwind instruments. Instruments are always doubled
and no musical theatre musician only plays one instrument. Most woodwinds can
play multiple saxophones, clarinets and flutes. Parts are marked as reeds rather
than flute, oboe, clarinet or bassoon. Here are a few examples of this.
Anything Goes (1977):

I. Piccolo/Flute/Clarinet/Alto Saxophone

II. Flute/Clarinet/Soprano Saxophone/Alto Saxophone

III. Oboe/English Horn/Clarinet/Tenor Saxophone
IV. Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Tenor Saxophone/Baritone
Saxophone
Every part here contains a type of saxophone and clarinet. Here is another
example of this.
Bye Bye Birdie (1988):

I. Flute/Piccolo/Clarinet/Alto Saxophone

II. Clarinet/Alto Saxophone

III. Clarinet/Tenor Saxophone
IV. Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Baritone Saxophone
Woodwind players thus become similar to percussionists. Here Ive used
examples that require four woodwind players. However, two players, three
players, five players and even six players are sometimes required.
9 to 5 (2016):

I. Alto Saxophone/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo
II. Baritone Saxophone/Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute/Tenor

Saxophone

Beauty and the Beast (2016):

I. Flute/Piccolo

II. English Horn/Oboe

III. Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute

A Little Night Music (1973):

I. Flute/Piccolo/Alto Flute

II. Clarinet/Flute
III. Clarinet/Bass Clarinet
IV. Oboe/English Horn
V. Bassoon/Clarinet
On a Clear Day You Can See Forever (1987): I. Flute/Piccolo/Clarinet
II. Flute/Piccolo
III. Clarinet
IV. Clarinet/Bass Clarinet
V. Oboe/English Horn
VI. Bassoon
Musical theatre orchestrators also used instruments such as baritone
saxophones, Eb clarinets and English horns way more often especially the
piccolo. It seems that with such extreme doublings each instrument naturally
plays less and therefore it is easier to include these instruments without the fear
that that specific instrument will not be played enough. Here are a few examples
of these instruments.
A Little Night Music (1973):

I. Flute/Piccolo/Alto Flute

II. Clarinet/Flute
III. Clarinet/Bass Clarinet
IV. Oboe/English Horn
V. Bassoon/Clarinet

Candide (2016):

I. Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo
II. Clarinet/Eb Clarinet
III. English Horn/Oboe/Oboe dAmore

IV. Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute

V. Bassoon

Company (2016):

I. Alto Flute/Alto Sax/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo

II. Alto Flute/Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute/Tenor Sax
III. Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute/Tenor Sax
IV. Baritone Sax/Clarinet/English Horn/Oboe
V. Baritone Sax/Bassoon/Clarinet

It is also more common to use instruments that are not typically part of the
orchestra that matches the setting of the musical. Aida which is based on the
opera with the same name is set in Egypt. To give the musical a more authentic
sound bamboo flutes are included in the reeds. Miss Saigon which is based on
the opera Madame Butterfly is set in Vietnam and uses Asian flutes. Recorders,
which are almost never seen in classical orchestras or jazz bands occasionally
make their appearance in musicals. Pippin (2016) uses soprano, alto and tenor
recorders while Sweeney Todd (1981) also uses soprano and tenor recorders.
This makes orchestrating musicals very interesting and the colours that one can
use is seemingly endless.

Brass
The section as in the classical orchestra is section that stays mostly the same.
There are generally one to three of each instrument and musical orchestras
rarely have tubas. The use of tubas can be found in the Rodgers and
Hammerstein musicals which follows classical orchestration. Often the brass
doubles with the saxophones of the woodwind section. If each woodwind is
playing a saxophone than the sound can be quite brassy and is useful when the
music sounds like jazz or African American church music. Even rock orchestras
such as Hair (1995) contain a solo brass instrument here and there when no
other classical instruments are being used. The brass sound seems to be a staple
in the musical theatre orchestra unlike the woodwind section the brass does not
often double on other instruments. The trumpets sometimes double on
flugelhorns. The brass section is thus the simplest section of the orchestra in
terms of instrument choices.

Rhythm section

Much like a jazz band the musical theatre orchestra often contains a rhythm
section. This section fits the style of the musical. As I mentioned earlier the rock
musical only contains this rhythm section with a few other instruments. Unlike
jazz, however, the parts are all fully written out for the drums, guitars and
keyboards. Improvisation does not take place and musical orchestrators are often
extremely specific often stating exactly what type of keyboard or guitar is
needed and what effects are required for the piece. West Side Story (1958)
requires a piano and celeste as well as an electric guitar, Spanish guitar and
mandolin. The Secret Garden (1993) requires an acoustic guitar, a nylon acoustic
guitar, a synth guitar and a dulcimer. Some orchestrators go even further and
ask for specific guitar brands. 9 to 5 (2016) requires an electric guitar, and
electric with slide, a hollow body electric, mandolin, nylon guitar, round neck
dobro, telecaster, steel string acoustic and an archtop. Banjos and mandolins as
well as twelve-string guitars are often required in musicals such asAnything
Goes, (1977) Billy Elliot (2016) and Bonnie & Clyde (2016). Keyboards are used
more often than pianos as the keyboard has effects and other sounds available.
Anything from one to three keyboards or more can be used. The Little Mermaid
requires four keyboards.
Drums often replace percussion as musicals are closer to jazz than they are to
classical music. Musicals such as the Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals are
closer to classical music and thus do not use drums, but rather percussion.
Percussion is often played by one or two players. It is not strange to see the
drummer play instruments that hang on stands or that are easier to pick up like
chimes and shakers. Obviously, there is not a need for a percussionist to play
cymbals, snares and toms as the drummer plays these instruments.
An electric bass or string bass is often used as well especially if there are no
strings. Some orchestrators prefer to replace the basses in the string section with
one electric bass other orchestrators so not use a string section and thus an
electric bass or string bass is required. Here are examples of musicals that have
a small string sections but no double bass.
Aida (2016):

3 Keyboards
2 Guitars
Drums
Electric Bass

Percussion

Violin
Viola
Cello
Miss Saigon (2016):

3 Keyboards

2 Percussionists
Acoustic Bass/Electric Bass

Violin I
Violin II
Viola
Cello

Strings
The string section unlike the classical orchestra is the least important section in
the orchestra and is often left out of a musical. If strings are used a small
ensemble will usually play as the instruments of the orchestra are amplified.
There are a few musicals that use the standard string setup such as Les
Misrables, (2016) Little Women (2016) and My Fair Lady (1969). Most
orchestrators that use strings use one violin part instead of two.
Candide (2016):

Violin
Viola
Cello
Bass

Strings are not on account of the ensembles being so small. Often orchestrators
only require two on a part without the double bass as mentioned above.
Sometimes the viola is also left out. Many times a solo violin and/or cello is used.
Bye Bye Birdie (1988):

Violins

Cello
Bass

Children of Eden (2016): 3 Keyboards

Cello
Bass
Drums/Percussion
Percussion
Acoustic Guitar/Electric Guitar/Mandolin
Acoustic Guitar/Electric Guitar

Company (2016):

Piano/Harpsichord/Lute/Organ/Pipe Organ/Tamoura
Violin
Cello
Acoustic Bass/Electric Bass
Percussion
Acoustic Guitar/Banjo/Electric Guitar

Musicals such as A Chorus Line (1977), Anything Goes (1977) and Sweeney Todd
(1981) have no string sections despite having full woodwinds and brass sections.

5. Conclusion
While the musical theatre orchestra contains many similarities to both the
classical orchestra and the jazz band the orchestrators and composers have
changed the instrumentation techniques used to suite the genre. Also while the
classical and jazz orchestras are mostly instrumental musical theatre orchestras
always provide accompaniment to the voices on the stage. This has not stopped
the musical theatre community creating interesting and colourful orchestrations
especially as the strings are not being use. Orchestrating for the musical theatre
orchestra is a challenge that is much different than classical orchestration.

6. Appendices
Musical Theatre Instrumentations
1. 9 to 5
Music by:

Dolly Parton

Lyrics by:

Dolly Parton

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. 9 to 5 The Musical. [online]

Available from: http://www.mtishows.com/9-to-5-the-musical [Accessed 24 June

2016].
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Sax/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo
II. Baritone Sax/Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute/Tenor Sax

2 Trumpets/Flugelhorns
Trombone

2 Keyboards
Electric Guitar/Electric W/Slide/Hollow Body Electric/Mandolin/Nylon Acoustic
Guitar/Round Neck Dobro/Telecaster
Acoustic Guitar/Archtop/Hollow Body Electric/Steel String Acoustic/Telecaster
Acoustic Bass/Electric Bass
Drums/Percussion
Percussion

2. A Chorus Line
Music by:

Marvin Hamlisch

Lyrics by:

Edward Kleban

Source:

Hamlisch, M. & Kleban, E. 1977. A Chorus Line. [musical score]

U.S.A.: Wren Music Co., Inc. and American Compass Music Corp.
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Sax/Flute/Piccolo/Clarinet/Alto Flute
II. Alto Sax/Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/E Flat Clarinet/Flute
IV. Tenor Sax/Oboe/English Horn/Clarinet/Flute
V. Bari Sax/Bassoon/E Flat Contra-Bass Clarinet/Flute/Clarinet

3 Trumpets (All Double Flugelhorn)

2 Trombones
Bass Trombone

Percussion
2 Keyboards

3. A Little Night Music

Music by:

Stephen Sondheim

Lyrics by:

Stephen Sondheim

Source:

Sondheim, S. 1973. A Little Night Music. [musical score] New York:

Rilting Music Inc.

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Flute/Piccolo/Alto Flute
II. Clarinet/Flute
III. Clarinet/Bass Clarinet
IV. Oboe/English Horn
V. Bassoon/Clarinet

3 Horns
2 Trumpets
Trombone

Percussion
Harp
Piano
Celeste

Violin I
Violin II
Viola
Cello
Bass

4. Aida
Music by:

Elton John

Lyrics by:

Tim Rice

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016.Elton John and Tim Rices Aida.

[online] Available from: http://www.mtishows.com/elton-john-and-tim-rices-aida

[Accessed 24 June 2016].
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Flute/Big Bamboo Flute/Flute/Small Bamboo Flute
II. English Horn/Oboe

Horn

3 Keyboards
2 Guitars
Drums
Electric Bass
Percussion

Violin
Viola
Cello

5. Allegro
Music by:

Richard Rodgers

Lyrics by:

Oscar Hammerstein II

Source:

Rodgers, R. 1995. Allegro. [musical score] New York: Williamson

Music.
Instrumentation:

Flute/Piccolo
Oboe/English Horn
2 Bb Clarinets
Bassoon

3 Horns
3 Trumpets
2 Trombones
Tuba

Percussion
Piano

4 Violins I
3 Violins II
3 Violas
2 Cellos
2 Basses

6. Annie
Music by:

Charles Strouse

Lyrics by:

Martine Charnin

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Annie. [online] Available from:

http://www.mtishows.com/annie [Accessed 24 June 2016].

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Sax/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo/Soprano Sax
II. Alto Sax/Baritone Sax/Clarinet/Flute
III. Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Tenor Sax
IV. Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo
V. Clarinet/Flute

Trumpet
2 Trombones
Tuba

2 Keyboards
Violin
Cello
Bass
Guitar
Drums
Percussion

7. Anything Goes
Music by:

Cole Porter

Lyrics by:

Cole Porter

Source:

Porter, C. 1977. Anything Goes. [musical score] New York: Tams-

Witmark Music Library, Inc.

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Piccolo/Flute/Clarinet/Alto Saxophone
II. Flute/Clarinet/Soprano Saxophone/Alto Saxophone
III. Oboe/English Horn/Clarinet/Tenor Saxophone
IV. Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Tenor Saxophone/Baritone

Saxophone

3 Trumpets/Flugelhorns
2 Trombones
Bass Trombone

Violin (one player)

Bass
Guitar (also Banjo & Twelve String Guitar)
Piano and Keyboard Synthesizer
Drums
Percussion (mallet Instruments)

8. Beauty and the Beast

Music by:

Alan Menken

Lyrics by:

Howard Ashman & Time Rice

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Disneys Beauty and the Beast.

[online] Available from: http://www.mtishows.com/disneys-beauty-and-the-beast

[Accessed 24 June 2016].
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Flute/Piccolo
II. English Horn/Oboe
III. Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute

Horn
Trumpet

2 Keyboards
Violin
Cello
Bass
Percussion

9. Billy Elliot
Music by:

Elton John

Lyrics by:

Lee Hall

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Billy Elliot The Musical. [online]

Available from: http://www.mtishows/billyt-elliot-the-musical [Accessed 24 June

2016].
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Flute/Soprano Sax/Tenor Sax
II. Alto Sax/Clarinet

Horn
Trumpet/Cornet/Flugelhorn/Trumpet

2 Keyboards
Bass
Drums
Guitar/Banjo/Electric Guitar/Steel String Guitar/12-String Acoustic/6-String
Acoustic

10.

Bonnie & Clyde

Music by:

Frank Wildhorn

Lyrics by:

Don Black

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Bonnie & Clyde. [online]

Available from: http://www.mtishows.com/bonnie-clyde [Accessed 24 June 2016].

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Sax/Clarinet/English Horn/Flute/Piccolo/Soprano Sax
II. Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Tenor Saxophone

2 Keyboards
Violin
Acoustic Bass/Electric Bass
Drums/Percussion
Acoustic Guitar/Electric Guitar/Les Paul Guitar/12-String
Guitar
Acoustic Guitar/Banjo/Dobro/Electric Guitar/Mandolin/Pedal
Steel Guitar

11.

Bye Bye Birdie

Music by:

Charles Strouse

Lyrics by:

Lee Adams

Source:

Strouse, C. 1988. Bye Bye Birdie. [musical score] New York: Strada

Music.
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Flute/Piccolo/Clarinet/Alto Saxophone
II. Clarinet/Alto Saxophone
III. Clarinet/Tenor Saxophone
IV. Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Baritone Saxophone

Horn
3 Trumpets
2 Trombones

2 Percussionists
Guitar/Banjo
Piano

Violins
Cello
Bass

12.

Camelot

Music by:

Frederick Loewe

Lyrics by:

Alan Jay Lerner

Source:

Loewe, F. Camelot. New York: Chappell & Co., Inc.

Instrumentation:

Flute/Piccolo
Oboe/English Horn
Bb Clarinet
Bb Clarinet/Eb Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Flute

Bassoon

3 Horns
3 Trumpets
2 Trombones

2 Percussionists
Guitar/Lute/Madolin
Harp

10 Violins
2 Violas
2 Cellos
2 Basses

13.

Candide

Music by:

Leonard Beinstein

Lyrics by:

Richard Wilbur

Source:

Music Theatre International 2016. Candide. [online] Available from:

http://www.mtishows.com/candide [Accessed 24 June 2016].

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo
II. Clarinet/Eb Clarinet
III. English Horn/Oboe/Oboe dAmore
IV. Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute
V. Bassoon

Horn
Trumpet/Flugelhorn
Trombone

Keyboard
Percussion

Violin
Viola
Cello
Bass

14.

Catch Me If You Can

Music by:

Marc Shaiman

Lyrics by:

Marc Shaiman

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Catch Me If You Can. [online]

Available from: http://www.mtishows.com/catch-me-if-you-can [Accessed 24 June

2016].
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Flute/Alto Sax/Clarinet/Flute/Soprano Sax
II. Clarinet/Flute/Oboe/Tenor Sax
III. Baritone Sax/Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute

2 Trumpets/Flugelhorns
Trombone

3 Keyboards
Acoustic Guitar/Banjo/Electric Guitar/Gospel Strat/Solid Body Electric/Steel
Acoustic/Steel String Rhythm/Telecaster
Drums/Percussion
Acoustic Bass/Electric Bass

15.

Chess

Music by:

Benny Andersson and Bjrn Elvaeus

Lyrics by:

Tim Rice

Source:

Andersson, B. & Ulvaeus, B. 1989. Chess. [musical score] New York:

3 Knights LTD.
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Flute/Piccolo/Clarinet
II. Oboe/English Horn/Clarinet/Flute
III. Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Flute
IV. Bassoon/Clarinet/Baritone Saxophone

Horn
3 Trumpets
2 Trombones

Drums
Percussion

16.

Children of Eden

Music by:

Stephen Schwartz

Lyrics by:

Stephen Schwartz

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Children Of Eden. [online]

Available from: http://www.mtishows.com/children-of-eden [Accessed 26 June

2016].
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Sax/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo
II. Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Tenor Sax
III. Clarinet/English Horn/Oboe/Tenor Sax

Horn

3 Keyboards
Cello
Bass
Drums/Percussion
Percussion
Acoustic Guitar/Electric Guitar/Mandolin
Acoustic Guitar/Electric Guitar

17.

Company

Music by:

Stephen Sondheim

Lyrics by:

Stephen Sondheim

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016.Company. [online] Available from:

http://www.mtishows.com/company [Accessed 24 June 2016].

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Flute/Alto Sax/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo
II. Alto Flute/Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute/Tenor Sax
III. Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute/Tenor Sax
IV. Baritone Sax/Clarinet/English Horn/Oboe
V. Baritone Sax/Bassoon/Clarinet

Horn
2 Trumpets/Flugelhorns
2 Trombones

Piano/Harpsichord/Lute/Organ/Pipe Organ/Tamoura
Violin
Cello
Acoustic Bass/Electric Bass
Percussion
Acoustic Guitar/Banjo/Electric Guitar

18.

Fiddler On The Roof

Music by:

Jerry Bock

Lyrics by:

Sheldon Harnick

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Fiddler On The Roof. [online]

Available from: http://www.mtishows.com/fiddler-on-the-roof [Accessed 24 June

2016].
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Flute/Piccolo
II. Clarinet
III. Bass Clarinet
IV. Bassoon
V. English Horn/Oboe

Horn
3 Trumpets
Trombone

Accordion
Acoustic Guitar/Lute/Mandolin
Percussion

Violin I
Viola
Cello
Bass

19.

Funny Girl

Music by:

Jule Styne

Lyrics by:

Bob Merrill

Source:

Styne, J. 1968. Funny Girl. [musical score] New York: Chappell & Co,.

Inc. and Wonderful Music Corp.

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Saxophone/Clarinet/Flute/Alto Flute/Piccolo
II. Alto Saxophone/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo/Soprano Saxophone
III. Tenor Saxophone/Clarinet/Bass Clarinet
IV. Tenor Saxophone/Clarinet/Oboe/English Horn
V. Bass Saxophone/Bassoon/Bass Clarinet

Horn
3 Trumpets
3 Trombones

Percussion
Guitar
Piano, Celeste

6 Violins
3 Cellos
Bass

20.

Guys And Dolls

Music by:

Frank Loesser

Lyrics by:

Frank Loesser

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Guys And Dolls. [online] Available

from: http://www.mtishows.com/guys-and-dolls [Accessed 24 June 2016].

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Sax/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo
II. Alto Sax/Clarinet/Flute
III. Clarinet/English Horn/Oboe/Tenor Sax
IV. Clarinet/Tenor Sax
V. Baritone Sax/Bass Clarinet

Horn
3 Trumpets
Trombone

Percussion

Violin I
Violin II
Cello
Bass

21.

Hairspray

Music by:

Marc Shaiman

Lyrics by:

Marc Shaiman

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Hairspray. [online] Available

from: http://www.mtishows.com/hairspray [Accessed 24 June 2016].

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Sax/Clarinet/Flute/Tenor Sax
II. Alto Sax/Baritone Sax/Clarinet/Flute/Tenor Sax

Trumpet/Flugelhorn
Trombone

3 Keyboards
Violin
Cello
Bass
Percussion
Acoustic Guitar/Electric Guitar
Drums

22.

Into the Woods

Music by:

Stephen Sondheim

Lyrics by:

Stephen Sondheim

Source:

Sondheim, S. 1988. Into the Woods. [musical score] New York:

Rilting Music Inc.

Instrumentation:

Flute/Piccolo
Clarinet in Bb/Clarinet in A
Bassoon

2 Horn
Trumpet

Percussion
Piano
Synthesizer

2 Violins
2 Violins
2 Violas
2 Violas
Cello
Bass

23.

Jekyll & Hyde

Music by:

Frank Wildhorn

Lyrics by:

Leslie Bricusse

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Jekyll & Hyde. [online] Available

from: http://www.mtishows.com/jekyll-hyde [Accessed 24 June 2016].

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Flute/Flute
II. English Horn/Oboe
III. Alto Sax/Bass Clarinet/Clarinet
IV. Bassoon/Contrabassoon

Horn
Trumpet
Trombone

3 Keyboards
Percussion

Violin
Viola
Cello
Bass

24.

Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat

Music by:

Andrew Lloyd Webber

Lyrics by:

Tim Rice

Source:

Webber, A. L. 1975. Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat.

[musical score] London: Novello.

Instrumentation:

Reeds:

I. Flute/Piccolo
II. Clarinet in Bb/Soprano Saxophone
III. Clarinet in Bb/Bass Clarinet

Trumpet
Trombone/Tuba

Guitar
Bass Guitar
Piano
Drums
Percussion

25.

Kiss Me, Kate

Music by:

Cole Porter

Lyrics by:

Cole Porter

Source:

Porter, C. 1950. Kiss Me, Kate. [musical score] New York: Tans-

Witmark Music Library, Inc.

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Piccolo/Flute/Clarinet/Soprano Saxophone/Alto Saxophone
II. Flute/Clarinet/Alto Soprano

III. Flute/Oboe/English Horn/Clarinet/Soprano Saxophone/Tenor Saxophone

IV. Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Bassoon/Baritone Saxophone

Horn
2 Trumpets/Flugelhorns/Piccolo Trumpets
Trombone/Bass Trombone

2 Percussionists
Harp
Guitar, Mandolin, Lute
Keyboard

2 Violins/Mandolin
Viola/Mandolin
Cello
Bass

26.

Legally Blonde

Music by:

Laurence OKeefe & Nell Benjamin

Lyrics by:

Laurence OKeefe & Nell Benjamin

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Legally Blonde The Musical.

[online] Available from: http://www.mtishows.com/legally-blonde-the-musical

[Accessed 24 June 2016].
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Sax/Clarinet/English Horn/Flute/Oboe/Piccolo
II. Baritone Sax/Clarinet/Flute

2 Trumpets
Trombone

3 Keyboards
Violin
Acoustic Bass/Electric Bass/Fretless Electric/5-String Acoustic
Drums/Percussion
Electric Guitar/Hollow Body Guitar/Mandolin/Nylon String Acoustic/Steel String
Acoustic/12-String Acoustic

27.

Les Misrables

Music by:

Claude-Michel Schnberg

Lyrics by:

Herbert Kretzmer

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Les Misrables. [online] Available

from: http://www.mtishows.com/les-miserables [Accessed 24 June 2016].

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Flute/Alto Recorder/Flute/Piccolo
II. Cor Anglais/Oboe
III. Bb Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Eb Clarinet/Tenor Recorder

2 Horns
Trumpet/Flugelhorn
Trombone/Tuba

Percussion
2 Keyboards

Violin I
Violin II
Viola
Cello
Bass

28.

Little Women

Music by:

Jason Howland

Lyrics by:

Mindi Dickstein

Source:

Music Thearre International. 2016. Little Women. [online] Available

from http://www.mtishows.com/little-women [Accessed 26 June 2016].

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Flute/Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo
II. English Horn/Oboe

Horn
Trumpet/Cornet/Flugelhorn
Trombone/Bass Trombone/Euphonium

Piano
Percussion

Violin I
Violin II
Viola
Cello
Bass

29.

Miss Saigon

Music by:

Claude-Michel Schnberg

Lyrics by:

Alain Boublil

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Miss Saigon. [online] Available

from: http://www.mtishows.com/miss-saigon [Accessed 24 June 2016].

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Asian Flutes/Flute/Piccolo
II. English Horn/Oboe
III. Alto Sax/Clarinet/Flute
IV. Bassoon

2 Horns
Trumpet/Flugelhorn
Trombone/Bass Trombone

3 Keyboards
2 Percussionists
Acoustic Bass/Electric Bass

Violin I
Violin II
Viola
Cello

30.

My Fair Lady

Music by:

Frederick Loewe

Lyrics by:

Alan Jay Lerner

Source:

Loewe, F. 1969. My Fair Lady. [musical score] New York: Chappell &

Co., Inc.
Instrumentation:

Flute/Piccolo
Oboe/English Horn
2 Bb Clarinet
Bassoon

2 Horns
3 Trumpets
2 Trombones
Tuba

Percussion
Harp

Violin I
Violin II
Viola
Cello
Bass

31.

Oklahoma!

Music by:

Richard Rodgers

Lyrics by:

Oscar Hammerstein II

Source:

Rodgers, R. 1943. Oklahoma! [musical score] New York: Williamson

Music Inc.
Instrumentation:

Flute
Oboe
2 Clarinets
Bassoon

2 Horns
2 Trumpet
Trombone

Timpani
Glockenspiel
Drum Kit
Guitar
Harp

2 Violins

32.

On A Clear Day You Can See Forever

Music by:

Burton Lane

Lyrics by:

Alan Jay Lerner

Source:

Lane, B. 1987. On A Clear Day You Can See Forever. [musical score]

New York: Chappell & Co, Inc.

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Flute/Piccolo/Clarinet
II. Flute/Piccolo
III. Clarinet
IV. Clarinet/Bass Clarinet
V. Oboe/English Horn
VI. Bassoon

2 Horns
3 Trumpets
2 Trombones

2 Percussionists
Harp
Piano/Celesta/Harpsichord

8 Violins
4 Violas
3 Cellos
Bass

33.

Parade

Music by:

Jason Robert Brown

Lyrics by:

Jason Robert Brown

Source:

Brown, R. B. 1999. Parade. [musical score] Los Angeles: Semolina

Farfelle Music Co. Inc.

Instrumentation:

Reed 1
Reed 2
Reed 3
Reed 4

2 Horns
2 Trumpets
Trombone

3 Violins
2 Cello

Bass
Keyboard
2 Percussionists
Piano

34.

Passion

Music by:

Stephen Sondheim

Lyrics by:

Stephen Sondheim

Source:

Sondheim, S. 1994. Passion. [musical score] New York: Rilting Music

Inc.
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Piccolo/Flute/Alto Clarinet/Clarinet
II. Clarinet
III. Oboe/Cor Anglais/Clarinet
IV. Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Bassoon

2 Horns
Trumpet

2 Keyboards
Percussion

2 violins
Viola
2 cellos
Double Bass

35.

Pippin

Music by:

Stephen Schwartz

Lyrics by:

Stephen Schwartz

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Pippin. [online] Available from:

http://www.mtishows.com/pippin [Accessed 24 June 2016].

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Flute/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo/Soprano Recorder/Tenor

Recorder
II. Alto Recorder/Clarinet/English Horn/Flute/Oboe

Horn
Trumpet/Flugelhorn/Piccolo Trumpet
2 Trombones

Piano/Harpsichord
Piano/Organ
Percussion
Harp
Acoustic Guitar/Banjo/Electric Guitar/12-String Guitar
Drums/Percussion

Violin
Viola
Cello
Bass

36.

Singin in the Rain

Music by:

Arthur Freed, Nacio Herb Brown

Lyrics by:

Arthur Freed, Nacio Herb Brown

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Singin In The Rain. [online]

Available from: http://www.mtishows.com/singin-in-the-rain [Accessed 26 June

2016].
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Sax/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo
II. Alto Sax/Clarinet/Flute
III. Clarinet/Tenor Sax
IV. Baritone Sax/Bass Clarinet/Clarinet

3 Trumpets
2 Trombones

Keyboard

Drums
Percussion

Violin
Viola
Cello
Bass/Tuba

37.

South Pacific

Music by:

Richard Rodgers

Lyrics by:

Oscar Hammerstein II

Source:

Rodgers, R. 1949. South Pacific. [musical score] New York:

Williamson Music Inc.

Instrumentation:

Flute/Piccolo
Oboe/English Horn
3 Clarinets
Bassoon

2 Horns
3 Trumpets
2 Trombones
Tuba

Harp
Piano
Percussion

Violin I
Violin II
Viola
Cello
Bass

38.

Sunday in the Park with George

Music by:

Stephen Sondheim

Lyrics by:

Stephen Sondheim

Source:

Sondheim, S. 1987. Sunday in the Park with George. [musical score]

New York: Revelation Music Publishing Corp. & Rilting Music Inc.
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Flute/Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/English Horn/Piccolo/Soprano

Sax
II. Flute/Oboe/Clarinet/English Horn/Piccolo/Alto Sax

Horn

Percussion
Piano/Celeste
Harp
Synthesizer

Violin I
Violin II
Viola
Cello

39.

Sweeney Todd

Music by:

Stephen Sondheim

Lyrics by:

Stephen Sondheim

Source:

Sondheim, S. 1981. Sweeney Todd. [musical score] New York: Rliting

Music Inc.
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Flute/Piccolo/Alto Recorder/Soprano Recorder
II. Bb Clarinet/Eb Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo
III. Bass Clarinet/Bb Clarinet/Flute
IV. Oboe/English Horn/Bb Clarinet
V. Bassoon/Bb Clarinet

Horn
2 Trumpets
2 Trombones
Bass Trombone

Percussion

40.

The Apple Tree

Music by:

Jerry Bock

Lyrics by:

Sheldon Harnick

Source:

Bock, J. 1966. The Apple Tree. [musical score] New York: Hal

Leonard Publishing Corporation.

Instrumentation:

Reeds:

I. Piccolo/Flute/Eb Clarinet/Bb Clarinet/Melodica or Harmonica/Alto Saxophone

II. Piccolo/Flute/Alto Flute/Bb Clarinet/Alto Saxophone
III. Oboe/English Horn/Bb Clarinet/Tenor Saxophone
IV. Flute/Bb Clarinet/Tenor Saxophone
V. Bassoon/Bb Clarinet/Bass Clarinet/Baritone Saxophone

Horn
3 Trumpets
3 Trombones (III doubles on Tuba)

Harp
Guitar/Banjo
2 Percussionists
Piano/Celeste

3 Violins
Viola
Cello
Bass

41.

The King and I

Music by:

Richard Rodgers

Lyrics by:

Oscar Hammerstein II

Source:

Rodgers, R. 1978. The King and I. [musical score] New York:

Williamson Music, Inc.

Instrumentation:

2 Flutes
Oboe
3 Clarinets
Bassoon

3 Horns
3 Trumpets
2 Trombones
Tuba

Percussion
Harp

5 Violins
2 Violas
2 Cellos
Bass

42.

The Little Mermaid

Music by:

Alan Menken

Lyrics by:

Howard Ashman

Source:

Music Theatre International. 2016. Disneys The Little Mermaid.

[online] Available from: http://www.mtishows.com/disneys-the-little-mermaid

[Accessed 24 June 2016].
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Alto Flute/Clarinet/Flute/Piccolo
II. English Horn
III. Alto Sax/Bass Clarinet/Clarinet/Soprano Sax

Horn
Trumpet/Flugelhorn

4 Keyboards
Percussion
2 Violins
Cello
Acoustic Bass/Electric Bass
Drums

43.

The Secret Garden

Music by:

Lucy Simon

Lyrics by:

Marsha Norman

Source:

Simon, L. 1993. The Secret Garden. [musical score] Canada: ABCDE

Publishing LTD.
Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Flute/Piccolo/Pan Pipes/Penny Whistle
II. Oboe/Oboe dAmore/English Horn/Heckelphone
III. Clarinet/Soprano Sax/Flute/Recorder/Piccolo
IV. Bassoon/Bass Clarinet/Bb Clarinet

Trumpet/Flugelhorn
Trombone/Tuba
3 Horns

Guitar (Acoustic/Nylon/Synth Gtr.)

Dulcimer/Guitar
Percussion
Harp

Violins
Viola
Cello
Bass

44.

The Sound of Music

Music by:

Richard Rodgers

Lyrics by:

Oscar Hammerstein II

Source:

Rodgers, R. 1960. The Sound of Music. [musical score] New York:

Williamson Music Inc.

Instrumentation:

2 Flutes/Piccolos
Oboe, English Horn
2 Bb Clarinets
Bassoon

3 Horns
3 Bb Trumpets
2 Trombones
Tuba

Percussion
Harp

Violin I
Violin II
Viola
Cello
Bass

45.

West Side Story

Music by:

Leonard Bernstein

Lyrics by:

Stephen Sonheim

Source:

Bernstein, L. 1958. West Side Story. [musical score] New York:

Boosey & Hawkes Inc.

Instrumentation:

Reeds:
I. Piccolo/Flute/Alto Saxophone/Clarinet in Bb/Bass Clarinet
II. Clarinet in Eb/Clarinet in Bb/Bass Clarinet

III. Piccolo/Flute/Oboe/English Horn/Tenor Saxophone/Baritone

Saxophone/Clarinet in Bb/Bass Clarinet
IV. Piccolo/Flute/Soprano Saxophone/Bass Saxophone/Clarinet in Bb/Bass Clarinet
V. Bassoon

2 Horns
3 Trumpets in Bb
2 Trombones

Timpani
4 Percussionists
Piano/Celeste
Electric Guitar/Spanish Guitar/Mandolin

Violin I-VII
Cello I-IV
Bass

46.

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