A Guide To Translation

A GUIDE TO
TRANSLATION
Mohamed Azab, Ph.D.
] : -:
[22
And of his signs is the

creation of the heavens and
the earths and the difference
in your languages and colors.
3
Herein indeed are portents

.for men of knowledge
Table of Contents
Subject
I-
Introduction:
1234-
II-
General
The need for translation
Translation and enlightenment
How to translate
Classification of Translation:
123-
Page
14
By method
By type
By topic
III-
Translation and Lexicography
21
IV-
Challenges that face the translator:
31
123-
V-
Critical Translation:
123-
Culture
Structure
Vocabulary
Idioms
Proverbs
Poetry
70
VI-
Texts for Studying, Comparing and

Analyzing
102
VII-
Practice Texts
151
VIII-
Annex:
160
12IX-
A Collection of Idioms
A Collection of Proverbs
Index:
229
1- Readings on Language and Translation

2- Useful Material for Translators
3- Answer to some Assignments
4- Test Samples
X-
Bibliography
274
Introduction
I1-
Introduction
General:
Translation is a science and an art. It requires much talent, skill,

inspiration, patience and toil. For all this, the translator has been
dubbed the second author of the book.
2-
The need for translation:
Translation began when people felt a need for contact and

communication. This stringent need, according to the Old Testment,
might have emerged shortly after the incidence of the tower of Babel
and the consequent diversity of tongues. Translators were needed to
work for dealmakers, marriage brokers and peace seekers. As long as
we lack a lingua franca or an Esperanto, translation will never be underappreciated.
3-
Translation and enlightenment:
Translation has played a major part in the movement of

knowledge: from ancient Greece to Persia, from India to Arabia, from
Islam into Christianity and from Europe to China and Japan.
Examples of translation activities that helped preserve and
develop human civilization are many, but let's touch on a few:
Bibliotheca Alexandrina embarked on the translation of

almost all the manuscripts of the ancient world.
In 282 AD, Jeronimo, the Bishop of Rome did Bible

translation from Hebrew to Latin. He traveled to Palestine
where he lived and studied Hebrew for 20 years in order to
perform this task. Bringing the Bible to Europe was a
landmark in its history. In the 4th century, Wycliff translated
the Bible into English and so did Martin Luther into German.
In 830 AD, Caliph Al-Mamun founded the House of

Wisdom in Iraq. Under the direction of Hanayn Ibn Ishag,
heaps of Greek works were translated into Arabic. Al-Mamun
weighed the translated books to gold in return. This
encouraged translators to undergo the hardships and the
uneasiness of translation. Ibn Al Mokafaa went to India and
10
for one year he sneaked into the ruler's palace to translate a

part of Kalila and Dimna.
The translation of Rosetta Stone opened the eyes to the
secrets of Egypt. Under the reign of Mohamed Aly, the school
of Al-Alsun was established by Rifaa El-Tahtawy. Subsequent
translators were indebted to Tahtawy. Hereafter are some
outstanding names and the masterpieces they brought to their
mother tongue, Arabic.

The influence of Rifaa was to last until the second half of the
20th century when national projects like " " came
into existence.
Assignment (1)
-Select and bring to class a translated work from English to Arabic.
Get ready to talk about it from any aspect you like.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4-How to translate:
In order to perform this job successfully, translators should meet
three important requirements:
The source language
11
The target language

The subject matter
The Know How
Understand perfectly the content and intention of the author

through careful reading of the text.
Although a translator has to maintain good knowledge of both

languages (mother tongue and second language), he should
utilize his dictionary in looking up problematic words.
Avoid word by word tracing unless there is an obligation to do

this.
Review the translation for beefing up or revising.
Assignment (2)
Read the following passage on ways of translation and decide on
the one you like and mention why:
:

)(
) (
.
0 )(
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transitions
In studying translation, transitions are neither classified with
vocabulary nor structure. It is something the translator can add to give
sense to the text. It is like the spices that are added to the food to make
it yummy. Transitions are of two types: sentence-to-sentence linkers
12
and paragraph-to paragraph linkers. Hereafter are some examples of

transitions:
Assignment (3)
Transitions
( )
( )

( )

Expressing
Translatable as
Addition
moreover
in addition to
furthermore
Apposition
that is to say
in other words
to rephrase it
to conclude
to wrap it up
to sum up
Summation
Result
Contrast
therefore
as a result
consequently
thus
in view of that
on the contrary
in contrast
on the other hand
on the other side of
the coin
on the flip side
Translate the following transitions into Arabic and determine

what they express (condition-concession-similarity). If possible use
them in sentences of your own:
13
Likewise
It goes without saying
Provided that
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Classification of Translation
14
15
16
Classification of translation:
1-
By method(word by word or sense by sense)
Let's face it; the translational capacity of languages varies.

Therefore a prefect translation does not exist. Look at screen
translation or closed caption and you will discover some mistakes. We
have to admit that in translation we cannot achieve every thing. It
should be noted that while it may not be hard to tell what a bad
translation is, it is not always easy to tell, definitely, what a good
translation is. A bad translation simply is inaccurate, nonsensical,
ungrammatical, unnatural and so on. In the case of good translation, the
sky is the limit. You do your best, but you have to understand that you
can not reach perfection. What a translator seeks in his venture is
a good and trustworthy translation as opposite to the bad, dishonest
and imprecise translation .
UN resolution 242 is a good example of inaccurate translation.
The definite article "the" (from the territories---from territories) has
caused a problem in understanding and implementing the resolution.
The famous saying "You translator, you traitor" highlights this idea.
In order to prove that there is no "perfect translation", let's carry
out this little experiment which breaks down to three steps:
- step one -------- translate a text from Arabic to English at the

beginning of the week
- step two ----------- retranslate the English text to Arabic again at

the end of the week without looking at the original text. This
process is called "back translation"
- step three ----------- compare the original Arabic text with the
back-translated text. Account for the discrepancy and the ratio of
loss.
Many schools and theories of translation have come to light to
tackle the issue of word or sense / word and sense translation. Word by
17
word translation is also called mechanical or literal translation. It goes

without saying that this kind of translation can be ambiguous. Tracing
word for word is not honesty if you are violating or sacrificing the
meaning. Sense by sense or free translation does not mean feeling free
with the text and changing the message it conveys. If you want to
change, you have to state from the very beginning that this is an
adaptation which includes also what is known as .
Hereafter is an example of word by word and sense by sense
translation:
" "
-:
The darkness grew apace; a cold wind began to blow in
freshening gusts from the east, and the showering white flakes in
the air increased in number. From the edge of the sea came a ripple
and whisper. Beyond these lifeless sounds the world was silent.
Silent? It would be hard to convey the stillness of it. All the sounds
of man, the bleating of sheep, the cries of birds, the hum of insects,
the stir that makes the background of our lives-all that was over.
As the darkness thickened, the eddying flakes grew more
abundant, dancing before my eyes; and the cold of the air intense.
At last, one by one, swiftly, one after the other, the white peaks of
the distant hills vanished into blackness.
The breeze rose to a moaning wind. I saw the black central
shadow of the eclipse sweeping towards me. In another moment the
pale stars alone were visible. All else was rayless obscurity. The sky
was absolutely black.
A horror of this great darkness came on me. The cold that smote
to my marrow and the pain I felt in breathing overcame me. I
shivered and a deadly nausea seized me. Then like a red-hot bow in
the sky appeared the edge of the sun. I got off the machine to
recover myself. I felt giddy and incapable of the return journey.
18

,
,
.
.

,
.

.
, ,
. ,

.
.

. ,
.
.

.
Study the phrase "freshing gusts" in both translations. Does
? or "freshening" here mean
2-By type:
Translation breaks down into textual and verbal. The former
deals with any written text even if it is a cyber text on the net. The latter
alludes to simultaneous translation and is subdivided into (at sight and
means remote like audio consecutive) translation. At sight video conferences where ." the tempo is real fast. Consecutive
refers to the sentence/ pause/ translation technique. In doing both
19
textual and simultaneous interpretation, you should have the same

degree of linguistic sensitivity and awareness. While the style is more
important in textual translation, the response should be faster in
simultaneous translation in the sense that you have to seek the operative
verb very quickly. With a non-controlled vocabulary, delivery is no
doubt a challenge.
3-By topic:
Translation is categorized into several thematic fields:
-Military.
-Medical.
-Scientific.
-Literary.
-Religious.
-Political.
-Economic.
-Legal..etc.
Some researchers divide translation into literary and nonliterary. In literary translation, language and the beauty of the language
is the ultimate goal. In non-literary translation, language is a means to
an end. The style also varies. In scientific translation for example, you
have to be extra cautious with the textual message while in journalistic
translation, you try to be concise and to the point.
Assignment (4)
Translate the following sentences, paying attention to
technical words:
. -1
-2
.
. -3
. -4
. -5
. -6
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
21
Translation and Lexicography
22
23
Translation and lexicography:

In doing technical translation as at the very end of the previous
chapter, we need specialized or technical dictionaries or at least
a book on classified technical terminology. Here is how Samy Al
Shahed classified his Groundwork of Translation which came out in
1986:
Page
9
19
22
30
36
40
46
24
Subject
State and state institutions

Law
Religion
-Islam
-Christianity
-Judaism
-Other religions
Police, prosecution, courts and

prisons
Election, parties and

parliament
The press, publishing and

printing
Armed Forces

- Ranks
- Units and formations
- Posts
- Armed Forces Authorities
- Armed Forces Departments
- Armed Forces Academies
- Infantry
- Artillery
- Amour
- Military Engineers
- Signal Corps
- Military Intelligence
- Electronic Warfare
- Chemical Warfare
- Air Force
-
9
19
22
30
36
40
46
61
72
75
80
90
95
105
25
- Navy
- Air Defense
- Tactics
- Topography
- Strategy
Economy, Banks, and
Companies
Management
Labors and Workers
Agriculture
- Agrarian reform
- Soil
- Fertilizers
- Pests
- Irrigation and draining
- Crops
- Fruits
- Vegetables
- Milk and Dairy
Industry
- Weights
Petroleum
- Prospecting
- Soil and oil location
- Rocks
- Drilling and extraction
- Types of wells
- Petroleum products
- Oil processing
- Gauging instrument
- Petroleum transportation
- Petroleum economics
- Minerals
Tourism
- Tourist attractions
- Archaeology and history
- Sports
- Arts and culture
- Shopping

-
61
72
75
80
90
95
105
111
114
120
122
140
145
148
151
153
26
- Other attractions
-Hotels
- Civil Aviation
- Nuclear energy and
weapons
-Medicine
- Branches of medicine
- E.N.T. medicine
- Ophthalmology
- Digestive System
- Respiratory System
- Urinary System
- Circulatory System
- Nervous System
- Genital System
- Skeleton System
- Surgery
- Radiology
- Medical Analysis
- Blood
- Fever
- Glands
- Skin diseases (Dermatology)
- Symptoms
- Medical tools and instrument
- Dentistry
- Veterinary Medicine
- Pharmaceuticals
- Medical effects
- Dosage
- Drug components
- Cosmetics
- Demography
- Ecology
- Astronomy
- Geography
140
145
148
151
153
111
114
120
122
168
172
175
178
- Music and singing-Radio and television

- Cinema
- Automotive Engineering
- Engine
- Gear Box
- Brakes
General dictionaries on the other hand are more

accessible and abundant. Up to date dictionaries are recommended to
include recent words. If you look up a word like netiquette
in a dictionary printed out before 2005, you
would not probably find it.
Assignment (5)
Try to look up the following words in a pre- and a post 2000
dictionary and write down their meanings:
- Air kiss
- Electronic money
- Euro-zone
- Feng shui
- Junk mail
- Microwavable
- Dotcommer
- Yard sale / garage sale
- Zero tolerance
On more than one occasion while seeking help in your
dictionary, you can not help feeling frustrated. As there is not a perfect
translation, there is not a perfect dictionary either. Although most
lexicographers begin their career as translators, they forget in writing
their dictionaries the need for unsophisticated counterparts. Let's take
an example of how helpless and frustrating dictionaries sometimes are!
"Yesterday, I ate a dish of seafood at dinner. Beside fish, it contained
CRAB, LOBSTER, SQUID AND SHRIMP".
27
168
172
175
178
"
*"
* Taken from Monir Al-Baalabaky's English-Arabic dictionary "AlMawrid".
If you are translating into English, you might confront some

difficult Arabic vocabulary that you need to understand in Arabic first.
Here is an example:
Assignment (6)
Give the meaning of - - - -
- Elect five Arabic items that you feel difficult to understand. Consult a
lexicon for clarification.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Machine Translation (Electronic Dictionaries)

Translation is a human production. It destroys brain. That is
mainly why the U N has assigned certain number of pages/ hours/ a day
with numerous coffee breaks. Machine translations are merely
developed electronic dictionaries. They are easy to carry, but they do not
answer all your questions. They are prosperous in translating words,
phrases and simple sentences only, but they would fall short in so far
patterns, cultureetc are concerned.
28
One of these machines translated "NO FLY ZONE" as

instead of .
The following is another example tried on an electronic

dictionary:
Southern American students at the very beginning of the
Nineteenth century used to pick up fresh apples in the morning , polish
them and offer them to their teachers . The idiom TO POLISH THE
APPLE which means TO FLATTER dates back to that time. The
emblem of the instructor in the United States of America is still the
APPLE.

.
. .
Now go through the following passage by Prof. Mohamed

Anany on machine translation:

.

. ":
".
.
( Generation 5 ) 1995

:
) ( ) (The meat is tender
)
( The flesh is weak .

.
) ( The Times
flesh )(The flesh
29
)" " "" ( sins of flesh

to go the" :
"way of all flesh ) ( "it made my
"flesh creep ) (
) (:
In the flesh flesh and blood
more than flesh and blood can stand
.
.
)2004 (.
)Assignment (7
Try a brief text on a machine translation. Print out the result
and bring it to class for further discussion.
30
31
Challenges that Face the Translator
32
33
Challenges that Face the Translator :

1- Culture:
It has been said that every language is a perfect index of the
culture which has created it, and that it is at the same time the highest
product of that culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences,
which includes history, social norms, religion, traditional customs and
geographical and environmental features..etc. Cultural meanings are
subtly and intricately woven into the texture and span of the language.
A good translator needs to be not only bilingual but also
bicultural. Here is an example of this awareness. An Egyptian official
told his American guest that once he visited a fattening farm. A cow
gave birth to two babies. The American visitor asked," Did they name
any after his name?" The translator took that out and replaced it with a
social compliment. In the United States of America, it is OK to name an
animal after a person, especially if this person is paying a visit to this
place. In Egypt this would be considered as an insult. The translator did
a good job by not doing this part; he proved that he was aware of the
cultural Don'ts, taboos or faux-pax. He could have caused a diplomatic
problem had he translated this sentence.
Culture can affect vocabulary and structure. In America, some
people do not like to talk about death and say that Americans do not
die; they simply pass away. In Egypt death is a favorable topic.
Americans have like seven tools to express futurity. In Arabic you
express futurity by adding because future in our culture is
risky. People do not feel comfortable when they talk about the future.
They start and end their talks with the phrase "God Willing".
A good translator should trace cultural points and project them
in the translated work. Even the climate has its input in translation. Just
compare the sentence "This news has warmed my heart" and its
version in Arabic .When you translate, you
should read between the lines, looking for cultural aspects. For
example, snow is a part of the Eskimos' life. There are different words
to identify different kinds of snow. For an Egyptian, snow is something
that he rarely experiences. On the other hand, how can an Egyptian
translate words and phrases like - from his
language into others?
34
Assignment (8)
Read the following article on Khul' and comment on how
this cultural aspect was handled in the translation into English.
Khul' law passes major test

Feminists, human rights activists and civil society organizations
are cheering the recent supreme constitutional court (SCC) ruling
declaring the procedural personal status law passed in 2000
constitutional. the law was being appealed, with particular critical
emphasis placed on its Article 20 , which grants women the right of
Khul'- - the right to get divorced by court order on condition the woman
forgoes many of her financial entitlements.
Alexandria resident Alaa-Ma'aty Abul-Fotoh decided to fight
the law after his former wife - Aliaa Sayed Mohamed - was granted the
right of Khul' by Alexandria's personal status court. Aliaa had appealed
for Khul' to end the three year marriage on the grounds that repeated
disputes had taken her to the point of no longer being able to live with
her husband . Abul-Fotoh's lawyer was contesting the constitutionality
of the law because it violates Islamic Shari'a (Rulings) since it does not
require a husband's consent as a prerequisite for granting a woman
Khul'.
When you translate you have to consider the culture of the
target language as well as the culture of the source language. From
English to Arabic, you will have to handle with care words like:
- Web site
- ATM
- Time share
- Collect call
- Icon
- Cell phone-mobile
- Set up ( program )
35
Look at the following translation and comment on it:

- - - - A translator should be aware of not only the culture of his language and
the target language, but international courtesies as well. In other words,
he ought to be informed about euphemism and politically correct
words. The underneath list helps clarify this idea:
The word
Pregnant
Negro
Handicapped
Birth control
Liar
Fat
Prostitute
Snore
The politically correct word

Expecting
Black
Physically challenged
Family planning
Economical with the truth
Overweight
Sex care provider
To saw logs
Some words seem culture- bound but they are not. When you
examine them carefully, you find out that they have counterparts in
English:
36
Lattice
Herbalist
Anklet
Occidentlist
Eastover
Yearling
Water wheel
Title by occupancy
Wade
Hymeneal alter

( )
Read the following research paper by Dr. Adel Anany on

Cultural terms:
:Arabic words, broadly speaking, can be said to fall into two categories
(a) Words expressing universal concepts, i.e. ideas which are more or
less available in other languages like , and (b)
Words expressing culture specific concepts, i.e. ideas which are more or
less peculiar to the Arabic language.
:The latter category includes such words as

The distinction between culture-specific terms and words with
concepts which the Source Language (SL) and the Target
Language(TL) have in common is of concern to the translator, because
cultural terms are not as easy to translate as non-cultural words. Arabic
cultural terms express concepts which distinguish native speakers of
Arabic from speakers of other languages. They refer to distinctive
social and political institutions, eating and clothing customs, historical
events, geographical features, wildlife, etc. Such terms rarely have
readily available equivalents in English, simply because they are not
part of the English culture. Special translation techniques are therefore
necessary to deal with such terms. Such techniques are shown below.
37
(1) Transliteration:
This is the substitution of TL letters for the SL letters of the
word in question, as you do when you write your name in English. Here
are a few examples:
Ministry of Waqfs
Zakat
galabia
Fuul and falafel
Shura Council, Majlis al Shura
Khamasin
Sham el Nessim
Of the above transliterated forms, Ministry of Waqfs and Shura

Council are party transliterated (Waqfs and Shura) and partly translated
(Ministry and Council). In both of them, there is a word which helps to
get the message across to the English-speaking reader. The words
"ministry and council" are, after all, part of the English lexicon, or the
vocabulary of English. The name , , the Arabic word of a
particular sandstorm has found its way into the English language. Other
Arabic words with an established transliterated form in English include:
Caliph
Mufti
Mosque
Mecca
Emir
Hajj
Mujahedeen
Fedayeen
Intifada
Lute
Jerboa
Henna
Algebra
Alcohol
38
(2) Explanation:
An explanation consists of an elaborate definition of a given
Arabic cultural term. Here are a few examples from Hans Wehr's
a Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic:
Consultative / advisory house of parliament
Official expounder of Islamic law
Ritual ablution before prayer
Abstention from food , drink and the like
from dawn to sunset
A long length of cloth wound round a man's
head
A fiddle like instrument with one to three
strings
A ceremony held on the fortieth day after
someone's death
A sweet made from sesame seed meal and
sugar
)(

The morning of the day after someone's

wedding
Egyptian popular holding on the Monday

following the Greek Coptic Easter in March,
April, or May
(3) Transliteration, together with explanation:

A term distinctive of Arabic culture may be transliterated and
then followed by an explanation. The explanation may also precede the
transliteration. Look at the following examples:
39
Majlis Al Shura' ( consultative council ) Majlis Al

Shura', an advisory house of parliament
Mufti , official expounder of Islamic Law
Jerboa, a type of small jumping desert rat found

in some Arab countries
Intifada ( Palestinian popular uprising)
Rebaba, a fiddle- like instrument with one to

three strings
Imama, a long length of cloth wound round a

man's head
The morning of the day after someone's wedding

'known as 'sabahia
Ministry of waqfs (Islamic endowment )
(4) The nearest English equivalent:

A more transparent way of translating Arabic cultural terms than
transliteration and more concise than explanation may be needed for
one purpose or another. In such case, we look for the nearest English
equivalent, i.e. a concept already in existence in English. There is a
choice, however, between (A) an English equivalent which maintains
the 'flavor' of the original and (B) an English equivalent which does
away with the cultural distinctiveness of the Arabic term.
(A) An English equivalent with the cultural ' flavor' of the

Arabic term
.( 1)
.Ministry of Housing, Reconstruction and New Urban Communities
.( 2)
40
.Ministry of Transport, Telecommunications and Maritime Transport

. ( 3)
Deputy Premier, Minister of Agricultural and Land Reclamation, and

.Secretary- General of the National Democratic Party
( 4)
Governorate of Sharkia
( 5)
.The daughter of my father's brother
.My father's brother's daughter
( 6)
The night of consummation
( 7)
Higher Institute for Tourism and Hotels
( 8)
The smelling of the breeze
( 9)
Her husband's other wicked wife
( 10)
Suicidal fighters
You will agree that the translation given for the ten terms in (A)
above sound more Arabic than English - in spite of the fact that the
individual words used are all genuine English words. This is so because
an English translation which preserves the cultural character of an
Arabic term is by definition, a literal translation.
(B) An English equivalent without the cultural flavor of

the Arabic term:
Alms
( 1)
sugar doll
( 2)
deprived district, slums
( 3)
prince
( 4)
pilgrimage
( 5)
guerillas
( 6)
fast, fasting
( 7)
( 8)
Ministry of Housing
her bigamist husband's other wife
( 9)
province of Sharkia
( 10)
saints
( 11)
my cousin
( 12)
41
wedding night
) (13
:Translate the following cultural terms
Write an explanatory translation for the following

:cultural terms

Translate the following cultural terms in such away as to

preserve their Arabic distinctiveness:

Translate the following cultural terms without

maintaining their Arabic 'flavor':

42
:Structure -2
Structural features in a language do not correspond to those of
another language. You can not force a pattern to accept a filling if this
filling is not matching the criteria of the pattern. Arabic is a Semitic
language whereas English is an Indo-European Germanic language.
Each has different syntactic patterns and grammatical constructions.
Here are some of these differences:
Pattern
English
Position of
adjectives
After the noun as in Before the noun as in "

a tall man "
Plural
Plural in Arabic
Plural in English beings
beings with (three) with (two)
--
-
Punctuation
Not as decisive as
they are in English
Kind of
sentences
43
Arabic
Crucial

study hard

you
.
Few examples that show the need to manipulate some

:grammatical patterns in translation
............
..
Books are informative

Education is important
Definite and
indefinite nouns
An essential
constituent of the
.sentence
A sentence in Arabic can

do without this
verb as in.
" Another example is
there is" which can be
assimilated in Arabic by
the word
"Verb " To Be
Achieved an astonishing
victory

:
" " forced passive
:
) (
The thief was killed by the policeman

" -: ".

.
44
:
:
Most Americans, if not all of them, like to travel.
parenthetical sentences
:
.
.

appositive sentence
.
-Wilfred Owen, one of the most famous poets of the Great War, was
killed in action in 1918.
1918 .
In the process of translation, mistakes are evident, but a translator
should endeavor to keep them at a minimum. Many translators and
even authors ask grammarians to go through their work for
rectification. A translator should be familiar with the grammatical
constructions of both languages. Take for example the issue of numbers
when translated from English to Arabic. If you are not acquainted with
this rule in Arabic, you are likely to mess up somewhere.
Assignment (9)
Translate the following sentences paying a special attention
to numbers:
I wrote one hundred and fifty- two letters .The apartment cost three thousand and four hundred pounds -
45
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -: -:
-1 .
-2 ). ( 19 -11
-3 ) ( 99- 21 .
-4 90 ......50 40 30 20
-5 .
-:
-1 ) ( 2 1 :
" ".
-2 .
" -: " .
-3 " "10 .
-: .
* .
.
4 ) ( 90 20
.
-: .
-:
-1 : .
-: .
-2 " "
.
. -:
.
-3 .
" -:
".
46
:Vocabulary -3
When we translate, we are pre-occupied with vocabulary.
Culture and structure are important but vocabulary is always in quest
and question. Arabic vocabulary is bulky and sometimes needs some
consultation. Arabic has three levels of expression: Classical or
traditional Arabic that only linguists understand, modern Arabic that is
used in contemporary writings and spoken corrupted Arabic. The
following example helps draw and shape up the three levels.
Classical Arabic
Modern Arabic
Spoken Arabic
Assignment (10)
Think of two more examples, showing this variation among the
three levels.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Also one Arabic word might stand versus several English
equivalents. For example the word may refer to:
- A bookshelf at home
- A public library
- A stationary
Hereafter are some more examples:

Writer
Author
Letter
Message
Thesis
47
Drought
Dehydration
Set free
Launch
Earth
Soil
Ground
Territory
Terrain
System
Authority
Apparatus
Device
System
Order
Office
Desk
Bureau
Decision
Resolution
Decree
Statement
Permission
Advertisement
Announcement
Declaration
Course
Rotation
Session
Monuments
48
Footprints
Effects
Assignment (11)
Think of two other examples and discuss them with your classmates.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The problem here is not with Arabic as much it is with English.
English is loaded with meaning. A word in English can refer to
different unrelated things as in the following examples:
-Land along the side of the river

pse ,wor A
Bank
ni ecalp A
rehw ecalp A -

b nosaes ehT - Spring
m fo htgnel A a tsiwt ro , llup
epahs
( )
ruf fo eceip A fo noitcelloC swor
Table

49
Assignment (12)
Think of two other examples, showing the different shades of
meaning.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Synonyms:
- In translation, the use of 3rd person pronouns (it-he-she) should not be
often used in order not lose track of the target word.
- Similarly, try to use different synonyms. If you keep using the same
word, you will sound redundant. Avoid using the same non-key
words over and over again in neighboring sentences. The occurrence
or recurrence of the same word should be limited.
- Synonyms are not wholly synonyms. There are no two words in
English, Arabic or in any other language, which are identical. A word
is coined because there is a need for it to convey an aspect, which
other synonyms can not do. It is true that synonyms are important to
enrich the language and break the monotony of it, but this does not
abolish the differences that exist among the same family members.
Some words fit in some context, but others simply do not. This is
usually called "usage". Let's go through an example from our mother
tongue. In Arabic, the word is the generic word, which refers
to a sandy and desolate area of land. Synonyms for this item are -
- . It is called because many people who lose track in it
simply meet their end. It is called because those who get out of
it safely are winners. Thus, in one context, it seems lexically correct,
but semantically incorrect to say and in another example ,
it is equally shocking to say .
- Similarly in English, you can find a lot of words referring to the same
idea, but with slight technical uses. We can not say that (blast gust gale - twister- whirlwind- storm- tempest- blizzard- tornado50
hurricane- typhoon- cyclone ) are identical , otherwise how can we

name the various types of the wind activity.
Assignment (13)
Look up the following words in your dictionary. Pay attention
that although they share one scope / / , they have
different focuses. Some, as you will see allude to complete destruction,
others to partial destruction. Implied also are horizontal or vertical
destruction, natural or deliberate destruction, materialistic or
otherwise . . . . etc.
annihilate / torpedo / tear down / smash / subvert / shatter /
sabotage/ dynamite / ruin / ravage / raze / obliterate / extirpate /
destroy / demolish / devastate / wipe out / vandalize / damage / wreck /
bulldoze
Quite often in translation we feel torn out between two words.
Some people indicate that they choose by sense. Sense is all right, but it
is also misleading. Study for example the couple "evidence-proof".
They seem synonyms-yes- but only in a multiple-choice test -
- - . Evidence is something you obtain and help finally to
form a proof. Here are some other examples:
Alter:
Allow: -
Answer:
Ancient :( ) -
Abstain :( )
Admit:
Ample :( ) -
Amusement:
Accept: -
Change : -
Permit :
Reply :
Old :( ) -
Refrain :( )
Confess: -
Plenty :( ) -
Recreation :
Acknowledge : -
Assignment (14)
51
Think of some other examples, showing the difference in

usage.
Collocation:
This is another important aspect for the translator. Why do we

say "pay attention" and not "give attention"? Because words usually
tend to choose and favor one another until they form what is known as
clichs. The case is applicable to Arabic. Here are some Arabic
collocations:

Assignment (15)
Think of ten other examples of Arabic and English
collocations.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
52
It doesn't sound right
Assignment (16)
Some English words are difficult to grasp and
translate. Try to translate the words in the following table:
Access
Facilities
Implications
Maximize
Option
Secular
Potential
Stamina
Inter-operability
Vulnerability
Typical
Approach (n)
Feasibility
Junk food
Cyberspace
Assignment (17)
Scan the following passage from Dr. Mohamed
Anany's Art of Translation ( Longman-Lebanon, 1988) and
be all set to discuss it with your instructor.
-1

.
53
.
"" "" - -

. ))Reader
) (Arabic Companion
. ) (

pleasure to please
) ( delight joy
.

.
pleasure
) (

. delight
joy

.

.

) ( .

.

" " ) ( ) (

.

) satire (
cynicism :
paradox .irony )
( to mock, ridicule, or make fun of
) (sarcasm ) (lambasting
) (pillorying irony
54
irony irony of
fate it is ironical that
" " "
! "

varieties of irony :
(1986
. irony
paradox

) (

satire
cynicism

" "
-2 :

.

. .

.
communism

socialism )( " "
. " "
)
(. bureaucracy
) (

: democracy surrealism
bourgeoisie . :
)
55
(. . . behavior

) behaviorism ( . capitalism culture
" "
) (1926 kultur

.
: : .
-3 :

" " )
( .

. dog .
. : cur
hound
collie .
pedigree mongrel
dalmatian
alsatian spaniel
dachshund pekinese labrador
great Dane terrier
.

" " )
( pekinese
great Dane
)
. . ( great Dane
) bulldog ( . .
.
.
.

56
. ornithology
.
) eagle
( vulture
" " finch :
"" blackbird
.
alouette lark
" :" " : ! " ) (

. kite.
hawk flacon
1968
) Bedford
College Regent's Park (
) heron ( .

.

shrike
great grey shrike
warbler kingfisher wryneck
cuckoo )( flamingo teal
mallard .

demersal pelagic
.

) (
.
-4 :

abbreviations
acronyms
.eponyms
.

57
R.S.V.P :
rpondez s'il vous plait

.

) U.S.A

( ) .U.K ( ) .U.N (
) .A.P ( ) UPI ( ) AFP
( .
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
CFC chlorofluorocarbon

ERM exchange rate mechanism

EEC (European Economic
) Community
%6 .
)( FBI Federal
Bureau of Investigations )
( ) (
) IFB (
Invitation for Bids . (RSPCA) :
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals :
.

ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights

USA State
.

The UN Committee on Human Rights : The UN :

Human Rights Commission
.
58
Scientific Terminology
Every language has its own shortcomings. English for example
does not differentiate between the brother of the father and the brother
of the mother. One aspect which shows these drawbacks is the idea of
colors in Arabic. It is true that Arabia where Arabic was born is not
colorful enough, but the language was carried to other places like Egypt
and Tunisia. We still, however have a problem with some colors,
particularly those generated by computers. Why do we use words like
..etc?
Likewise, Arabic seems to have a problem in coining words to
refer to technological devices simply because we no longer contribute
much to this field.

" "
If you compare a list of the English words loaned from Arabic

with the list of English words used in Arabic, you will discover that the
former includes mainly words of clothes, music instruments, herbs and
flowers while the latter contains a large group of scientific denotations.
It goes without saying that when you import a device, you
import its name unless you have flexible tools in your language to find
a suitable counterpart. In the past, linguists succeeded in absorbing
words like :
-Iron
-Heater
-Washing machine
-Refrigerator
59
But do not forget that such devices are less complicated if

compared to the sophisticated inventions of today. Linguists did not
quite prosper in the translation of some inventions like:
-Television
-Video
-Radio

-1
:
.
-2 : : - :
: - : : - :.
:.
) - - (
: .
) (
: .
Whereas people use the first category of words, they do not
seem to like the latter. The issue has turned to a joke. What might the
Academy translate an invention like "mp3"? Will it be the same
"ridiculous story of translating the word "sandwich
? like although this particular word can be translated as
Hafez Ibrahem in his famous poem on Arabic argued that this
language can absorb any name. The problem lies in the linguists, not
the language.

)Assignment (18
60
Read the following passage by Mohamed Anany and

?write your comment. Do you agree or disagree and why

.
)
) ( )( ) ( .

.

.
.
" "
" "
"" .

.
)
( ) " :
. " ( .
.

1
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 2004 )(178
61
But let's be practical. Arabicization has not achieved much

success so far. The issue becomes more sophisticated when the bridges
of cooperation between the Academies in Cairo and Damascus are
broken. The result is a chaotic state of translated words. Try to answer
the following quiz which clarifies this idea.
Translation Quiz
Number (1) is done as an example for you:
1-Which of the flowing in your point of view is the best translation of
helicopter? Justify your choice.
a-
b-
c-
d-
e-
In giving reasons for your selection, you can mention something
like "I believe choice (d and e) are the best answer because they refer to
a functional part of this craft. Choice (a and b) are applicable to other
aircraft as well. Choice is the most widely used word, but it is a
transliteration of the English word.
Comment:
- )
(
" " "
"
2- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation
of " Globalization ? Justify your choice.
a-
b-
c-
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62

of computer? Justify your choice.
a-
b-
c-
d-
e-
f-
g-
h-
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation
of CD drive? Justify your choice.
a-
b-
c-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation
of scroll bars? Justify your choice.
a-
b-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
63

of telephone? Justify your choice.
a-
b-
c-
d-
e-
of bus? Justify your choice.
a-
b-
c-
d-
of chicken? Justify your choice.
a-
b-
c-
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
64

of chewing gum? Justify your choice.
a-
b-
c-
d-
e-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10- Which of the following in your point of view is the best translation
of air conditioner? Justify your choice.
a-
b-
c-
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11- Which of the following in your point of the best translation of
logistics? Justify your choice.
a-
b-
c-
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Academy in Cairo has done very well in some aspects, but
failed in others. Try to determine if the following endeavors listed in
the table below succeeded or failed.
65

oid

Metalloid
able
" /
"...
Salable
Hyper
)(

hyperactive

) (
) /
(
) /
(
The Issue of the Arabicization of Medicine:

Read the following extract from a letter sent by Mr. Saeid
Bauomy to the President of the Republic, advocating the issue of
medicine- arabicization:

.

: ) (142
) (141

. ) (37
(87) ) (
) ( 29 ) (38
) (80
) (31 .
......

. :

.
66

.
Now skim the following sheet from the Lexicon of Anatomy
Terminology developed by the Academy of the Arabic Language and
gives us your feedback. Visit the Academy website at
http://www.arabicacademy.org.eg or the WATA site (World Arabic
Translators Association) for further problematic issues in translation:

Abdominal inguinal ring
Abdominal part of sympathetic
Acoustic area
Adductor tubercle of femur
Aggregated lymph glands
Alveolar arch
Alveolar ducts of lungs
Alveolar glands
Alveolar index
Alveolar process
Alveoli of glands
Alveoli of jaws
Alveoli of the teeth
Amitosis
Amnion
Amniotic fluid

. ......." - " :
We have dwelt much on the topic of scientific terms because
they are important and unavoidable on many occasions. The last
activity we will embark on in this connection is the following extract
from a research paper written by Ahmed Amin on the need to develop
our language. Read the paper and sum up the main ideas.
67

) - (1951

.

.
.

. .

.

.

.

) ( .

.
. .
:

. .

68

....
. .
:
) (1 .

.
.
. :
)(
:

.
)( .

.

.

.
69
70
Critical Translation
71
72
In this section on critical translation, we will deal with three

types: poetry, idioms and proverbs. These three share one aspect known
as the metaphoric language. Every word has a denotation (direct
meaning) and a connotation (indirect and unexpressed meaning).
Figurative language is teeming with connotation. A good translator had
better be familiar with the denotation and connotation of words. Blood,
for example, can be used in a text to refer to kinship in addition to
killing. The following table highlights this idea:
The word
denotation
connotation
Relaxation
Crippled
Chair
Energy
Life
Light
Sun
Assignment (19)
Give the connotation of the following words:
The word
The connotations
Earth
Hand
Snow
We have to understand that idioms, proverbs and poetry are just
examples of critical translation, but the scope is really bigger. Even an
abbreviation or an acronym could be a critical aspect to the translator.
They are thousands in every technical field. If you face some
abbreviations and you do not know what they stand for, you are in deep
trouble because an abbreviation can refer to more than one entity
depending on the text. AAA can read "American automobile
73
Association" and "Anti aircraft Artillery ". How would you translate an
abbreviation as DVD? Even the translation of a simple affix in a word
might be critical.
Assignment (20)
Try to translate the following words:
Prefix
Anti
PPseudo
s
e
u
d
o
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
InterFalse
HypoMMacroa
c
r
o
e
c
74
Meaning
Illustration
Against
Antithetical
Between,
Interrelation
Below, beneath
Hypodermic
Translation
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
Large
Here are some more critical English / Arabic words.
Assignment (21)
Try your hand at the non-translated items in the following
lists:
Few
A few
Clergy
Chorus
Cast
Staff
Kleptomania
Autarky
Littoral deposits
Zoolatry
Fish
Anchovy
Eel
Bass
Whitebait
Bonito
Gilt-head
75
Herring
Mackerel
Whiting
Sea perch
Bream
Nile perch
Skate
Sprat
Sole
Tuna
Squid
Date shell
Oyster
Lobster
Clam
Crab
Shrimp
Snail
Animals
Insects
76
Fruits
77
Seasonings
Cereals
Hereafter is an alphabetical list of miscellaneous items that

may be hard to find or critical to translate:
Alum
Aloes
Almond
Ambergris
Artichoke
Eggplant
78
Barley
Beetroot
Black cumin/fennel flower
Cabbage
Carnation
Castor
Cauliflower
Celery
Chard
Chicory
Clover
Taro
Fennel
Date compressed
Dill
Galangal
Egyptian privet
Fenugreek
Flax
Frankincense
Thyme
Ginger
Hibiscus
Indigo
Ivy
Jujube
Leeks/scallion
Lettuce
Linseed
Licorice
Mallow
Marrow/squash
Mastic
Millet
Mint
Molasses
mushroom
Mustard
Nutmeg
79
Oats
Okra/lady's fingers
Parsley
Pennyroyal/basil
Prune
Quince
Radish
Rocket
Rose moss
saffron
Semolina
Seville
Snake cucumber
Sycamore
Tamarind
Turnip
Walnut
Worm wood
Translating phrases is sometimes also critical. Is it reasonable

that the following phrases are all translated as ---------- ?
Give your opinion.
Assignment (22)
a flock of birds -------------------------------------------------------a awarm of bees ---------------------------------------------------a school of fish -----------------------------------------------------a plague of locusts --------------------------------------------------
Assignment (23)
Translate the following phrases related to sounds:
80
hissing of steam ----------------------------------------------------a buzz of a telephone ----------------------------------------------a creak of a hinge --------------------------------------------------
howling of wind ----------------------------------------------------jingle of coins --------------------------------------------------------
Assignment (24)
Translate the following small quantities:
a puff of air --------------------- a whiff of air ---------------------a touch of color ---------------- a tint of color --------------------a sip of water ----------------- a drop of water ------------------a crumb of bread----------------a crust of bread--------------------
1-Idioms:
Idioms are a colorful and fascinating aspect of a language. They
are a group of words that take on a specialized meaning distinct from
the meanings of the individual words considered separately. "To hit the
sack "is an American English idiom which means "to go to bed", but if
it were translated literally into another language, it would be
understood to mean "to strike a cloth bag in one's hand". One of the
problems we have with idioms is that we cannot guess the meaning
from the words they contain. "To burn the boats" is not translated as
but as "" Also" To smell a rat " is not
translated as but as
Look at the following English idioms and their endeavored translation:
81
1) Bread and butter...................

2) Bury the hatchet
3) Face the music ......................................
4) It is raining cats and dogs. ....
5) Pigs might fly......
You may have noticed that most of these examples are cultural
oriented and the only way to know how to
translate them is through context and by being
familiar with these common expressions. In
number one, the word is replaced by
because this is how it is expressed in Arabic.
Number two and four have entirely different
lexical counterparts. Number three and five
came colloquial. There is nothing wrong with
that if the meaning is completely conveyed, but some translators do not
feel comfortable with slang.
Idiomaticity:
Arabic is as idiomatic as English. In some cases, the similarity
between many English and Egyptian-Arabic idioms is stronger than it
could have been produced by accident. No linguist could examine the
idioms given below without believing them to have sprung from some
common source. To account for such similarity, you can just say that
human beings have the same brain mechanisms that can produce the
same utterances.
English
82
Egyptian Arabic
As cheap as dirt
83
Settle accounts with someone
84
A little bird told me
85
Make someone's blood boil
86
As like as two peas in a pod
87
Clip someone's wings
88
With one's nose in the air
89
You have to wait donkey's years
90
To buy the Brooklyn Bridge
91
)Assignment (25
Read the following passage from Dr. M.Anany's book
And comment on it. 2004 114

.
.

.
.
" to blow the gaff " blow ) (
gaff
.
.
- to spill the beans
to let the cat out of the bag
. ) to kick the bucket
( . to
have a narrow shave . .
shave ) ( .
to have a
finger in every pie

.
pie :a pie in the sky
) ( ) (
finger
: He has bats in the belfry )
( ) ( )
( ) (
) (
)Assignment (26
Study the following tables and try to translate the idioms in them:
92
example
meaning
idiom
The teacher has sugared the too much

homework pill by offering extra
marks.
I can't stay in one place for more than
a year without having itchy feet.
do something to make
something unpleasant
more acceptable.
want to travel or move
on
To sugar
the pill
Jim has been feeling under the

weather for weeks.
not very well
Meaning
To have
itchy feet
Under
the
weather
Idiom
Annoy someone greatly
Drive someone up a wall
Lead someone on dishonesty
String someone along
Betray someone
Sell someone down the river
Abandon someone
Leave someone high and dry
Underestimate someone
Sell someone short
Deceive someone
Feed someone a lion
Chat informally
Shoot the breeze
Go down in defeat
Bite the dust
Try very hard
Bend over backwards
Go to bed
Hit the hay
Give unwillingly
Cough up
To be hasty
Jump the gun
93
Return a favor
Scratch someones back
Become very angry
Hit the ceiling
Disgust someone
Turn someone off
Go away
Go fly a kite
Protest strongly
Raise a stink
Bother someone
Get in someones hair
Express ones opinion loudly
Shoot off ones mouth
Become angry with someone
Jump down someones throat
Pay too high a price
Pay through the nose
Not serious
Tongue and cheek
Improvise as one goes along
Play it by ear
Take a risk
Stick out ones neck
Clumsy
All thumbs
To have no good defense for ones

opinions or actions
Not have a leg to stand on
Stop bothering someone
Get off someones back
Become run down
Go to the dogs
Take decisive actions in a difficult

situation
Quite a different matter
Take the bull by the horns
Inform before hand
Let the cat out of the bag
Uninteresting and meaningless
For the birds
94
Horse of a different color
From a reliable source
Straight from the horses

mouth
Cat got your tongue

Cant talk
Check the Annex of this book for a collection of more

idioms arranged topic-wise.
2- Proverbs:
Proverbs are elliptical statements labeled with national identity.
Unlike idioms, proverbs render complete meaning and can stand alone.
Although some may seem foolish, the majority reflects the accumulated
wisdom of a specific culture. That is mainly why they are appreciated
by many people. Because proverbs are typical human thoughts, you
can find Arabic equivalents to the English proverbs. In the following
list think of the Arabic context rather than of the English individual
words.
Assignment (27)
Go through the list and mark off any disputed translation in your point
of view.
Propose other translations to disputed ones.
)
. A
c
r
o
w
i
s
95
n
e
v
e
r
t
h
e
w
h
i
t
e
r
f
o
r
w
a
s
h
i
n
g
i
t
s
e
l
f
o
f
t
e
n
.
A
d
96
d
p
e
n
c
e
t
o
p
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
w
e
a
l
t
h
.
Age and wedlock tames man
and beast.
After death the

.doctor

( ) B
e
a
l
w
a
y
s
i
n
97
t
i
m
e
,
t
o
o
l
a
t
e
i
s
c
r
i
m
e
.
B
e
t
t
e
r
a
n
e
g
g
t
o
d
a
98
y
t
h
a
n
a
h
e
n
t
o
m
o
r
r
o
w
.

.Better an old hat than a bare head
)
(

C
l
a
w
Call the bear "uncle" till you

are safe across the bridge.
Care is no cure.
m
e
a
n
d
I
99
'
l
l
c
l
a
w
y
o
u
.
C
o
n
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
w
a
s
h
a
n
g
e
d
l
o
n
g
a
g
100
o
.
C
u
t
y
o
u
r
c
o
a
t
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
y
o
u
r
c
l
o
t
h
.
D ) (
e
101
e
d
s
a
r
e
f
r
u
i
t
s
;
w
o
r
d
s
a
r
e
b
u
t
l
e
a
v
e
s
.
D
e
s
t
r
o
y
102
t
h
e
n
e
s
t
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
b
i
r
d
s
w
i
l
l
f
l
y
a
w
a
y
.
Don't cross bridge until you
come to it.
Handsome is that handsome

103

Do not burn your house to get rid
.of mice

Fretting.
.cares make grey hairs
does.
Hard work breaks no bones.
.. .
Hasty climbers have sudden

falls.
)
(.
.
)
(.
)
(.

.
..
.
) (.
)
(.
)
(.

L
i
g
h
He that will steal a pin will

steal a greater thing.
He that hunts two hares will
catch neither.
He that would eat the fruit

must climb the tree.
He who commences many
things finishes but few.
He who comes uncalled sits
unserved.
He who depends on another
dines ill and sups worse.
In a calm sea, every one a
pilot.
It is in vain to cast your net
where there is no fish.
Let bygones be bygones.
104
t
g
a
i
n
s
m
a
k
e
h
e
a
v
y
p
u
r
s
e
s
.
Live and let live.
Lost time is never found.
Little and
.often fills the purses

M
a
n
y
d
r
o
p
s
105
m
a
k
e
s
s
h
o
w
e
r
.
M
a
n
y
k
i
s
s
t
h
e
h
a
n
d
t
h
e
y
w
i
s
h
106
c
u
t
o
f
f
.
M
u
c
h
c
o
i
n
,
m
u
c
h
c
a
r
e
.
O
n
e
e
y
e
w
i
t
107
n
e
s
s
i
s
b
e
t
t
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
w
o
h
e
a
r
s
o
'
s
.
P
a
t
i
e
n
c
e
108
i
s
b
i
t
t
e
r
b
u
t
b
e
a
r
s
s
w
e
e
t
f
r
u
i
t
.
Rome was not built in a day.
)
Plough deep and you will get(
.plenty of corn

S
i
l
e
n
c
e
109
i
s
t
h
e
b
e
s
t
o
r
n
a
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
w
o
m
a
n
.
S
p
e
n
d
a
n
d
G
o
d
110
w
i
l
l
s
e
n
d
.
The shortest answer is doing.
The more light a torch gives,
the shorter it lasts.
The absent party is not so
faulty.
The joy of the heart makes the
face merry.
The kettle calls the pot black.
The proof of the pudding is in
the eating.
The devil dances in an empty
pocket.
There is no accounting for
tastes.
The sooner the better, delay is
a fetter.
The time that bears no fruit
deserves no name.
111
Talk much and

.err much

( )

( )
)
(
)
(

...

The tongue wounds more than

a lance.
The cross on the breast and
the devil in the heart.
Throw him into the Nile and
he will come up with a fish in
his mouth.
To will is to can.
To err is human, to forgive

divine.
Too many cooks spoil the
broth.

)
(
Too much bed makes a dull

head.
Who chatters to you, will

chatter of you.
You must stoop if you have a
low door.

()
Assignment (28)
Hereafter are some more proverbs:
Comment on their frequency.
Cluster the proverbs that have theme-like connections.
List some proverbs that contradict one another in meaning.
A bargain is a bargain.
( )

.A clean hand wants no washing
112
.A foul morning may turn to a fair day

.A fox is not taken twice in the same snare
A friend to all is a
.friend to none
A good Jack makes a good Jill.
A little body often harbors a great

soul.
A man can die but once.
A man of words and not of deeds is
like a garden full of weeds.
A silent fool is counted wise.
A small leak will sink a great ship.
A wise man changes his mind,
a fool never will.
All lay load on the willing horse.
An empty vessel gives a greater
sound than a full barrel.
Bad news has wings.
A friend's
frown is better than foe's
.smile

.

()

.Beggars cannot be choosers
.Believe not all that you see nor half what you hear
.Better be born lucky than rich
113
Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a

.lion
.Better deny at once than promise long
.Better die standing than live kneeling
.Better early than late
.Better go to bed supperless than rise in dept
.Better late than never
Better the devil you know than devil you
.don't
.Better the foot slip than the tongue
.Charity begins at home
Death pays all debts.
Confession
.is the first step to repentance
Draw not your bow till your arrow

is fixed.

Don't
trouble trouble until trouble
.troubles you
Easier said than done.
Every why has a wherefore.

)
Each bird loves(
.to hear himself sing

Every mother
thinks her own gosling a
.swan

114
.Everything comes to him who waits( )

.Everything is good in its season
Give a fool rope enough and he will
.hang himself
Give him an inch and he'll take
a mile.
Greedy folks have long arms.
Good clothes
.open all doors

He that will eat the kernel must

crack the nut.
He that
fears you present will hate
.you absent
He who hesitates is lost.
.He who likes borrowing dislikes paying

.He who makes no mistakes makes nothing
.Health is not valued till sickness comes
.Honesty is the better policy
.Hunger is the best sauce
Idleness rusts the mind.
Assignment (29)
The meaning of the following proverbs has been indicated.
Try to find the Arabic equivalents:
Expression
115
Example
Arabic
Equivalents
Beauty is not only in the
face, but also in manners
and behavior
Handsome is as handsome does.
Life is not a bed of
rosesThe beauty of a
Life is hard, so work for it
man is only in his
behavior
Make hay while the
Work for your day and
sun shines
never postpone it
Beauty is only skin
deep
Misery loves company

Oil and water don't
mixIf you are
miserable, you will
find relief in
accompanying other
miserable people.
Strike while the iron is
hot
You can't tell a book
by its cover.
People of different tempers

contradict.
Take the chance

Don't judge by appearance.
Assignment (30)
Try to find an Arabic equivalent translation to the following
proverbs and wise sayings:
April showers bring may flowers
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The best doctors are Dr. Diet, Dr. Quite and Dr. Merry man
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fish and guests stink after three days
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ What can't be cured must be endured
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A liar ought to have a good memory
116
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Little leaks sink a ship

------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Men make houses, women make homes
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Love me, love my dog
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ He who pays the piper calls the tune
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ One swallow does not make a summer
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Three may keep a secret, if two of them are dead
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Check the Annex of this book for a collection of more

proverbs.
3- Poetry:
Is poetry translatable?
Translating poetry is very critical and irksome mainly because
of its metaphoric and emotional aspect. It is true that blank verse is
easier to translate than rhymed and rhythmic verse, but both need
special treatment. The poetic language is a different and sophisticated
level of expression. Look at the following pun by the American poetess,
Sylvia Plath, writing to her mother
There is nothing between us

117
Did she mean, "Our relations are over, or nothing can block the
flow of good feelings between us?" Try to translate this line. Another
example is from Salah Abdel Sabour. Read the line, analyze it and
translate it:

Poetic language is loaded with associations. Although the
translator is encouraged to use the footnotes, he should not fill the page
with explanations of what he fails to translate. This digression is
a burden on the reader since it breaks his train of thoughts.
Assignment (31)
Read the following translation and comment on it:
""
:

Of women do you ask me ? I can spy

Their ailments with a shrewd physician eye
The man whose head is grey or small his herds
No favor wins of them but mocking words
Are riches known, to riches they aspire?
And youthful bloom is still their heart's desire
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assignment (32)
Read the following translation and comment on it:
118
All the world's a stage

And all the men and women merely players:
They have their exits and their entrances;
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His act being seven ages. At first the infant,
Mewling and puking in the nurse's arm,
And then whining school-boy, with his satchel,
And shining morning face, creeping like a snail, unwillingly to school
(From: As You Like It, by Shakespeare)

........
( / :)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
Assignment (33)
Read the following translations and comment on them:

-
119
( /)
Je suis l' etat
I am all of it
I am all in it
I am the money, justice and wisdom
I am the mosque, school and hospital
I am you
You are just vanishing shadows
Whereas I'm the core

( /)
Poetry is as dear as life
Yet, it is an indecisive sword
I aspire power
Seeking sword and sovereignty
It is more than tales
Far beyond sayings
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assignment (34)
Translate the following excerpts:
120

....
....
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

..

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

121

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village, though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.
He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound's the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,

And miles to go before I sleep.
Robert Frost
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
122
123
Texts for Studying, Comparing

and Analyzing
124
125
A large portion of the following translations were done by

students. Mistakes do exist, but they are maintained for analysis. Again
a perfect translation does not exist.
1. One Translation:
A-From Arabic to English:
Some people believe that translating from English into Arabic is
easier than translating from Arabic into English. There might be some
truth in this statement. That is mainly why the following 100 Arabic
sentences and their translation into English have been added.
Assignment (35)
Study the following 100 sentences and try to classify the
hardships in them into: vocabulary / structure / culture.
. .1
It has been proved that early ablactation (weaning off) might lead to
psychological disorder in maturity stage.
. . 2
Immediately the patient was taken to the intensive care unit as he was
suffering from urine retention.
.3
. ..
What we watch nowadays on several satellite channels is nothing but
floor shows and nasty songs performed by shower singers.
.4
.
The wife got an absolute(irrevocable) divorce by her husband who
made sure that she received her bill of divorce as soon as possible. He
turned his back to this gloomy period of his life.
126
/ .5
.
It was strange that Dr Aayman out voted Dr Goma despite the recency
of Gad Party compared to Al Wafd.
6. .
Ahmed El Zibak slammed El maalem Kisha on his nape. On the
following day he eloped with his daughter to an unknown place.
.7
.
The Egyptians were overtaxed by the Romans to the extent that they
had to pay taxes for the burial of their dead in their land.
. .8
There are many young Juvenile offenders in the slums and you can see
many of them nowadays in reformatories.
. .9
Rats are ante- diluvium and they seem to exist to the infinity.
. .10
Whenever I remember "Gog"and "Magog" and the exhumation, my
blood creeps and I start reciting Sorat El Kahf.
.11
.
The composer, Mohamed Abd El Wahab, was one of the most famous
examples of hypochondriac people.
.12
.
Before the dictation, the teacher asked her pupils to avoid cheating and
to write on every other line.
.13
.
He was preoccupied for a long time ...... how he would spend all that
time in his grave without reading.
127
.14
.
Palestine Liberation Organization suffers from many problems , and it
could be described as divided against itself.
.15
.
Whoever suffers from chronic otitis media must use ear plugs whenever
exposed to water.
2006 .16
.
In June 2006, Germany hosted the World Cup, a big quaternion soccer
event.
. .17
After devouring tripe, Om Hasanin felt pain in her blind gut.
.18
.
Coast residents can easily tell the difference between sea fish and
hatchery fish while most of the Cairoians don't care to know the kind of
fish they eat.
.19
.
The pickpocket felt prick of conscience so he decided to return the
wallet, but he put it into someone else's pocket.
. .20
After ablution, the repentant circumambulated Kaaba, swept with
remorse for the sins he committed.
.21
.
Skirmishes took place yesterday at the Wailing Wall between the
Palestinians and the Israeli; accordingly the occupation authority sealed
off the site.
128
.22
.
Would a long history of election rigging in our country be over so that
we can turn over a new leaf of honest election down to the
municipalities?
.23
.
The religious extremists have triggered off what is known as sectarian
sedition.
. .24
Gamal had always dreamed of being seconded to a Gulf state, but he
discovered that he is inflicted with hepatitis.
. " " .25
"Retaliation or blood money" is the title of a symposium which will be
held today at Asyout Cultural Palace.
.26
""
The curvaceous actress looked at the huffy-buffy paparazzo and said"
rubbishy".
. .27
If you want to get rich quickly in Egypt, get a food cart. It is a cash
cow.
. 28
.
Debt-dropping contributes to enhancing the economy while
rescheduling is not but a temporary relief.
.29
.
Drugs had greatly affected the player; he remained for along time
receiving treatment with acupuncture.
. .30
Would Vatican Papal Conclave apologize for the Crusades?
129
.31
.
The foundling phenomenon has recently mushroomed out in Egypt, a
matter which reflects a social disorder.
. .32
Lots of animals set booby traps during the mating season.
.33
.
Every body talks about the anticipated cabinet reshuffle in Egypt as if it
were a magic word that would end all our problems.
.34
.
Saladin swore an oath of obedience to his master Nor El Dine, however
the former's deeds in Egypt sowed the seeds of dispute with the latter.
. " " .35
"Vispiary" is the title of a new TV trailer which tackles men in grey
suits who pull strings in our country.
. .36
I do not know but I have found out that I get nervous and moody
whenever the moon turns to wane.
.37
.
The young singer ushered her career with a lovely oratorio but soon and
strangely enough she turned to songs containing sexual connotations.
.38
.
The documentary on circumcision in Upper Egypt broadcast by the
BBC has offended us.
.39

.
130
The manger refused to investigate the matter core and crux. He

considered the complaint vexatious and intended to restrict the grief
box.
.40 .
I can not tell black from oily in the dark so it must be color blindness.
.41

!
Everything in his life was bought second hand: clothes, books and car.
Even his wife was divorced after a couple of months.
.43
.
An owl is an acronychal bird disliked by Egyptians who consider it a
bad omen.
.42
.
Telepathy does not mean coincidence. It has a spiritual aspect related to
the nature of the sender and the recipient.
44.
.
Khaled was known for his weighty opinions, but he was rush in some
situations. Almost all his body was marked by sword and spear scars
"!and yet he died on his bed. "Damn cowards
. 45
.
The millionaire thought that he paid the vagabond hush-money, but the
later frequently blackmailed him.
.46
.
Doctors' syndicate must take drastic measures against doctors who
perform hyman grafting.
.47 " :
" .
131
Mr. Delnger, a whimy person, took a whiff at his cig and said "what a
lucky man! Would this half-wit marry that girl who is as white as
snow?" She became Mr. Delnger's new whim.
. .48
The bread winner could not afford the summer resort expenses. Thus,
his wife tongue-lashed him.
. . 49
The increasing of white blood cells in the blood culture showed marks
of appendicitis.
. .50
The boy kept on receiving knowledge from one sheik to another at AlAzhar and eating wormy whey until he became extremely feeble.
.51
!.
How much have the Egyptians loved the willow tree when its branches
lean on the Nile banks as a delicate woman!
.52
.
Throughout his life time, this professor believed that land reclamation
is more important than the Agrarian Reform initiated by July 23rd
revolution.
. .53
The only flag which is never lowered at a half mast is the Saudi flag
because of its symbolic religious denotations.
.54
.
Only when conciliation efforts proved fruitless, the family court passed
a sentence giving a lemony to the wife and her three children.
.55

.
132
For centuries, Syrians have been clever in making sheeted apricot. They
have exported it to almost all Islamic countries, in return for heaps of
money.
.56
.
Amr Ibn Alass had nothing to do with the arson of Bibliotheca
Alexandrina as he represented Islam which venerates books.
.57
.
The accused was bailed out until his trial, but he managed to travel
abroad with a forged passport.
. .58
It has been proved that lees is useful for the treatment of ulcer.
.59

For a complete luster, the father had been waiting for his son's return
from Europe with a Ph. D., but, to his amazement and disappointment,
he found a Miss Nancy.
. .60
The priest kept on praying and saying his beads until the leportic child
died.
.61
.
Hassan came to know that the tumor is malignant, so he resigned to the
will of God, and felt satisfied about his life and relieved that all his
sufferings would end.
. " " " " .62
Many of existing terms such as "Land of Leal" and "laurel" have
religious roots.
133
.63
.
Because the miserable employee lived in a blind lane, so he fell easily
in the hands of lazoroni and received his lot of beating and insult.
.64
.
I have always dreamt of a hammock and rocking chair in a hut in
a remote island where no body can see me.
.65
" "
It has been noted that lapidating existed prior to Islam. In one situation
Christ said "He who is without a sin shall cast the first stone"
.66
.
I remember that back-to-school in Qalubia was postponed a week so
the pupils could participate in picking up boll weevil.
.67
.
Her life turned to a vicious circle like revolving doors as if she had
been nationalized and become a taxi girl.
.68
.
It goes without saying that break waters have a scientific importance
and they provide a more safe place for fishermen, except that they look
ugly just like speed barriers in the streets of Cairo.
. .69
The man took his sick mother to the spa of Helwan where people seek
hydrotherapy.
.70
.
This young man perplexed me; sometimes he horse-laugh and at other
times he sobs into tears.
134
-71
.
After her frequent miscarriage, her husband believing that she is
haunted, took her to exorcists.
.72
.
Her eyes brimmed over with tears, but her half brother paid no attention
as she has been always tearful.
.73
.
Mahmoud Abou Shawareb, an ear witness, had elastic conscience. He
has always testified untruthfully for any sum of money or even a
seafood dish at Qadura.
.74 .! .
The meek young man was snoring. "What a pity!" the ductless glands
would kill him one day.
.75
.
Metwally overate crab, an aphrodisiac food, but he had heart burn and
running stomach.
. 76
.
Rodents are not only vermivorous, ossivorous, granivorous,
carnivorous, lingnivorous and herbivours but omnivorous as well.
.77 .
The most painful types of headache are migraine and sinus headache.
.78 .
Dracula, a horrendous example of vampires, had a heliphobia.
-79 .
.
135
He sat on the settee behind the lighting shaft. He sponged a lot on his
mates today. Now he feels like vomiting although he is not that
squeamish.
. 80
. .
.
Maalem Hawash went to the cafe as usual. He sat there eating
mandarin. His cheeky nephew beside him. Suddenly, a trill cry of joy
rang out around. He knew that Tafida got engaged. So, he decided to
disfigure her face with sulphuric acid.
.81
.
From the economic perspective, the planned monorail between Cairo
and Alexandria along side the desert high way is lucrative and highly
serviceable.
.82
.
Quite often, Politicans employ hack writers to propagandize the regime.
Wouldn't they feel ashamed of themselves?
.83
.
Whilst the Rabbi, lost in thought, was looking at the sea, someone
holding a cone of ice-cream approached him. Soon, he found himself
in water.
.84
..
The tall man liked gliding but after he broke his backbone, he became
an introvert creature. One day, he lost his temper and beat his sister up
to death.
. 85

.
136
Atiat was beating the carpet in the balcony, the father was sitting in the
hall, holding the paper and the kids playing cat's cradle. Suddenly, the
cotton candy seller siren blew out and the children rushed to the street.
.86
. .
President Mubarak inaugurated the suspension bridge joint which was
built according to the highest degree of technology. Nowadays necks
crane towards Sinai, which has been tied perfectly to the rest of the
country.
.87
. " "
Adam is philo-progentive. Whenever any of his wives reaches
menopause, he replaces her until he met Sharbat, the most beautiful girl
in Haret Al-Taybeen who drove him nuts.
.88
.
Sheikh Sharawy said that he who earns his bread does not have his
freedom. As a matter of fact, the satellite countries (puppet states) do
not possess their own free will.
.89
.
There is no free press in a police state. Instead, there is a force majeure
abusing journalists.
.90

.
Yesterday a fashion show was held and attended by many people
working in the cinema production. The moment the girl with a dimple
and light freckles showed up, the viewers applauded while confetti kept
falling upon her.
.91

.
137
The bill of indictment stipulated that the accused connived with the
criminal. Hence the court of 1st instance sentenced him for three years
in jail. The court of cassation confirmed the verdict and indicated in
the preamble of judgment that there is an implied extradition treaty
between the government and the citizens just like the one concluded
between countries.
. .92

Forensic medicine is concerned with the faintest details. I saw it by
myself a strangulation case and yet examined also for coronary artery,
earwax, tonsillitis, and spinal cord.
. . .93
.
.
He has a potbelly. Normally, he uses all dishes when eating. His body
looks like swastika. He wears skin tights, girls always flirt with him for
his money. As for me, I eat my fill and yet I suffer from frequent
intestinal obstruction and have to put up with enema.
.94

.
At the boarding school, we played warren and rope skipping. We
watched cocoons, shooting stars, concave and convex mirrors and
tulips. We used tracing paper to produce replica of pretty images.
. . 95
.
" : .
"
Hamouda kept craving meat until the Bairam's cutlery appeared in the
streets. His dream is about to come true. After the feast, the butcher
looks daggers to people like Hamouda. There is news stressing the
danger of dumping the market. Hamouda asked himself:" why do not
they dump the market with meat?"
138
.96
.
Wine gave him false bravery, so he beat up Fathia who conceived
illegally from him. Her brother, Hassanein beat him black and blue.
Then, Fathia ran away after stigmatizing her family.
" . " .97

.
"God forbid, it is not me. I don't believe in demons and stuff like that."
But when Hassanein heard a voice like death rattle and a tramping of
feet, he ran like hell"
" .98
." - " "
After, he watched the captivating beauty of the first runner up, he said
"In plain English, this girl certainly deserves to be Miss World" Ousta
Khafaga cogged the dice and said "all that is cinema tricks".
.99

.
Ground water does not exist in this area of quick sand. There live
primitive nomads. They worship totems. When any of them gets
married, he presents an ewe to the tribe chief seeking salvation in a
similar manner to indulgence papers.
. .100
2 :
. 5
.
The clerk messed up all accounts. I wonder why he included in the
petty expenses 2 pennies for buying a potty for junior Bey and then 5
pennies for his candy. The Bey has a sweet tooth, well isn't food
supposed to come before chamber pot?
139
:
"
" :
. ".
.

! . ".
Beautiful summer is dead in order that gloomy autumn might live.
Between that death and this life , time has stood pointing with his right
hand to a branch made bare by the winds and broken by the storm ,
saying " this is the symbol of your days, man, consider it well :
awakening , then joy , then sadness, then agony, then deep slumber ".
Is this the symbol of our life? A branch which April adorned with
blossoms, and June clothed with leaves and August loaded with fruit,
and which, the winds of October then laid bare and the storm broke
with its fury and threw on the ground, in order that it might perish
?slowly under layers of snow! Is this the symbol of our life time
:
.

- .
.

. .
-
.

.
.
.

.
.
140
The First Lighthouse at Alexandria:

Alexandria, the chief seaport of Egypt, is named after Alexander the
Great, who was its founder. Having decided that this place was ideally
situated for a harbor and a wealthy town, he sent for Dinocrates, the
distinguished Macedonian architect and asked him to draw plans for the
building of a town on this site, and through this work Dinocrates won
great fame. Pharos was then a small island separated from main land,
but Dinocrates by erecting an artificial dyke which extended for nearly
a mile, joined it to Alexandria. A tragedy led to the building of the first
lighthouse. Sostratus, one of the best pupils of Dinocrates, desired to
marry a lovely Athenian maiden, and when the time for the wedding
came, the girl together with her parents set out to cross the water
separating Greece from Egypt. As they approached Egypt, the sea,
which was up to then quite calm, became very rough, and the darkness
of night prevented them from seeing ahead, neither could those on land
who heard their cries, help them in any way. When the dawn came,
Sostratus and his relatives found that his bride and all who had
accompanied her had been drowned, for the ship had struck against
some terrible rocks and been broken to pieces. Sostratus was so
overcome with grief that he gave up his work and passed his time
sighing and weeping over the event. Then Dincorastes suggested to
build a high tower on the island from the top of which flames would
show to those on the sea the rocks and dangerous shoals near the coast.
The lighthouse was set up at the eastern end of the isle by the entrance
to the harbor.
:
( 583 / 1187 )
.

.
.
.

" "
141
Saladin and the Prisoners of Hittite:

Upon the victory of Hittite (1187A.D.) (583 Hijri), Saladin ordered his
men to treat the Crusaders' internees in the most proper way and to
provide them with all means of comfort in their confinement places. In
a special tent after the end of the battle , Saladin received a number of
noticeable internees headed by king Jay Lozgnan and Renault de
Chatteon , prince of El- Shawbak and El-kark forts and greeted them
nicely . When Saladin noticed that the king was thirsty, worried and
fatigued, he ordered him cold water. Unexpectedly, the king passed the
water to Renault. Then and there, Saladin objected to the king's act, and
through the translator he told him that against his will, he gave the
water to Renault. Saladin had previously sworn to kill Renault as a sort
of a punishment for what he had committed against Arabs and
Moslems. It is well known that Renault launched many assaulting raids
on pilgrims' caravans and traders' convoys. He was rude enough to
offend Moslems by trying to invade their sacred mosques in both
Mecca and Medina.
:

.. ..

. ....... ......
.

.......
..

..
142

.
That's Why I Disagree with Amr Ibn Aas:

Osama Anwar Okasha's latest dilemma in which some people
motivated the public prosecution to file a marital separation suit against
him being regarded as an apostate is neither his first nor his last .
Whether we agree or disagree, Osama is not a troublemaker, but a man
of a viewpoint in a society where intellectual diversities are not really
welcomed. In such societies, people incline towards autocratic
opinions, violating religious doctrines and civilized codes. What
exactly happened? And what's the story behind all this? Only Osama
has the answer. All of a sudden, Osama has been accused of attacking
Islam and offending Amr Ibn Alass. Why?
- Because I answered a reporter's question about not writing historical
drama. I told him that the existing circumstances don't allow it to be
written properly because when you write a drama about a character or a
biography, you are talking about conflicts and contradictions not about
an infallible character which is a mistake, the mistake of glorifying a
character as the case with Amr Ibn Alass. For example, if I ever wrote
about this particular person, I would say that he was one of the meanest
characters throughout the Islamic history.
:
...... 27
.....
" "

....
: 14
""
... . ..

143

....

1969
....

...
" "
1971
. .
1973

1973 19
. 1974 23 .
Heba Selim, the Pretty Spy:

The first Egyptian spy was a beautiful, intelligent and well -educated
young lady and was only 27 years old. Heba Selim belonged to
a family that could be ranked financially as well off. Her father was an
ex-general manager in a ministry. Her importance is not for being the
pretty spy but for the approval of the Israeli Intelligence that she has
become its principal spy in Egypt, working in a dangerous field and
recruiting other agents, and she succeeded in recruiting an Egyptian
engineer. She was invited to Israel twice by its intelligence. During the
second one, the head of the Israel intelligence held her an honor party
that was attended by 14 of the chief officers and he said to her " You
have done a great job no one in this room could have done it ". This
was a very critical issue as Egypt was getting ready for the battle. Also
the importance of this issue is highlighted when we know that Admon,
the Israeli officer who recruited Heba and her partner and worked for
the Israeli embassy in Paris, had a breakdown after she was caught and
committed suicide in his house in Paris in a propaganda that was well
covered by the media . The Israeli intelligence was made foolish in
one of its most important hidden activities.
The story began after Heba's graduation in 1969 . She was granted
a scholarship at Sorbon and for her intelligence she got an extension.
She also got a job at the Arab League office. Her beauty, good
144
personality and open- mindedness made her a well known person to

most Egyptians and the Arabs who lived in Paris. She met the
journalist Admon and spent the whole night with him emphasizing her
favoritism to the Israeli case, and then he knew she was ready to work
with them. In the summer of 1961 Admon asked her to travel to Egypt
and get general information about the military and the political
situation. And that was what she did successfully.
In June 1973, few months prior to the battle, the young engineer was
secretly arrested ,and Heba's story was coming to an end as the
Egyptian Intelligence set a trap to bring her back to Egypt , and they
did . On 19th July, 1973 Heba received a death sentence and got hanged
on 23rd May, 1974.
B- From English to Arabic:

Animal Farm by George Orwell
CHAPTER 1:
Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-house for the night,
but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. With the ring of
light from his lantern dancing from side to side. He lurched across the
yard, kicking off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of
beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where
Mrs. Jones was already snoring.
As soon as the light in the bedroom went out there was a stirring and a
fluttering all over the farm buildings. Word had gone round during the
day that old Major, the prize Middle White boar, had had a strange
dream on the previous night and wished to communicate it to the
animals. It had been agreed that they should all meet in the big barn as
soon as Mr.
Jones was safely out of the way. Old Major ( so always called, though
the name under which he had been exhibited was Willington Beauty )
was so highly regarded on that every one was quite ready to lose an
hour's sleep in order to hear what he had to say .
145
At one end of the big barn, on a sort of raised platform, Major was
already ensconced on his bed of straw, under a lantern which hung from
a beam. He was twelve years old and lately grown rather stout, but he
was still a majestic-looking big with a wise and benevolent appearance
in spite of the fact that his gushes had never been cut.

/

!

.

""

.
" "
!
""
!
.
The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on Aug. 2nd 1990 created a serious crisis
by all measures. Not only the Arab nations, but also the whole world
was shocked by the outbreak of the crisis. For the second time in a
decade Iraq was involved in two military actions which led the region
to long term strategic results.
146
The first was its war against Iran which caused the first Gulf
crisis from early to late eighties; and the second when invaded Kuwait
and annexed it by force. That invasion occurred at the time where
faithful Arab efforts were directed towards reconstructing the Arab
structure of solidarity and joint work. What happened in Kuwait turned
all measures and relations upside down and wiped out a lot of
principles and rules.

1990

.

.
I thought the world was caving in, for the first time ever I lost
somebody I loved; he didn't die; he just went away, but I still measure
all pain by the hurt Ren caused me. It was a very nice childhood, an
adolescence most people would wish to have. We were living in a tiny
village and were a close family, very pleasant, very earthed, and the
table was very important. Our neighbors had a son, and my wonderful
childhood was shared with Ren ; basically, we grew up together, we
spent every day together, went to school together. We did all the things
that children can do. It was a childhood spent in the woods, discovering
the beautiful seasons. There was an abundance of produce that grew in
the wild, and we went mushrooming and frog hunting, and we searched
for cpes under a full moon in winter, which we would sell because my
parents didn't have much money. The adventure that children go
through in the making of a friendship, building a tree house and
spending a night in the forest-and losing our way back home..
. .
.
.
. .
147
.

.

.
Among the proponents of the divine-origin theory a great interest arose

in the language used by God, Adam, and Eve. Men have not always
been pessimistic about discovering an answer to this question. For
millennia, scientific experiments have reportedly been devised to verify
particular theories of language origin. In the fifth century B.C. the
Greek historian Herodotus reported that the Egyptian Pharaoh
Psammetichus (664-610 B.C.) sought to determine the most primitive
"natural" language by experimental methods. The monarch was said to
have placed two infants in an isolated mountain hut, to be cared for by
a servant who was cautioned not to utter a single word in their presence
on pain of death. The Pharaoh believed that without any linguistic input
the children would develop their own language and would thus reveal
the original tongue of man. Patiently the Egyptian waited for the
children to become old enough to talk. According to the story, the first
word uttered was" bekos". Scholars were consulted, and it was
discovered that bekos was the word for "bread" in Phrygian, the
language spoken in the province of Phrygia (the northwest corner of
modern Turkey).This ancient language. Which has long since died out,
was thought, on the basis of this "experiment," to be the original
language.

.
.
.
-664)
( 610
.

.

.
148

" "." "

.
.
World War I, also called the Great War, erupted in 1914. It is
considered to be the first modern war since many new weapons were
introduced to the arena during its course. It was fought mainly in
trenches that the soldiers had to dig out. The irony is that these soldiers
felt that they were digging their own graves. Because these trenches
were apt to be shelled and gassed, soldiers discovered that they die like
rats or insects. They discovered that they were not prepared for this
kind of fighting, and that they were deceived by the slogans of glory,
sacrifice and heroism. They discovered that they encounter a barbaric
death coming from a far area in a twinkle of an eye without being given
a fair opportunity to defend themselves.
.1914
.
.
.

.

.
Down with beauty contests

Young women who participate in beauty contests are helping to keep
alive an outdated view of women: that a woman's most important asset
is how she looks. I'm against beauty contests for this reason.
Women have been working very hard through the years to
change their image. They have been trying to prove that the value of a
woman does not lie solely in her beauty. The world is just beginning to
recognize that women are as intelligent, capable, wise, and strong in
character as men are, and that there are virtues more important than
looks when judging people. When women focus attention on their
149
bodies by competing for top prizes in beauty contests, they encourage

people to value them for their beauty alone. It is demeaning to say that
beauty alone determines one's worth.
Beauty contests not only encourage spectators to judge women
by their appearance, but they encourage this attitude in the contestants
as well. These young women spend months dieting to become the
"right" size and learning how to dress, wear makeup, and walk just
right so that some judges will call them beautiful . I think it's great for
a woman to feel good about her appearance, but looks shouldn't
become an obsession. There are too many other, more important,
concerns in a young woman's life: learning, developing friendships, and
preparing for a career and perhaps a family.
As long as there are beauty contests, women won't be fully
appreciated as well-rounded, complex human beings. Let's abolish
!beauty contests now

.

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.

.

.
.
.
. .
2. More than one Translation:

150
A-From English to Arabic:

Let's start this part on comparing and analyzing translation with an
exciting experiment carried out by Prof. Adel Anani at the Language
Department, Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University. He analyzed the
translation exam answer sheets of the fourth year, 1998. Look over his
analysis and write your feedback:
It was once believed that being overweight is healthy, but nowadays
few people subscribe to this viewpoint. While many people are fighting
the battle to reduce weight, studies are being conducted concerning the
appetite and how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical
factors. Some of the conclusions of these studies may give insights into
how to deal with weight problems..
(1) It was once believed that:
) ( -
- ) ( (2) Being overweight is healthy:

151
(3) But nowadays few people subscribe to this viewpoint:

(4) While many people are fighting the battle to reduce weight:

152

) (

-
(5) Studies are being conducted concerning the appetite:

-
(6) And how it is controlled by both emotional and biochemical factors:

............ ... ... ...... - .....
......... ... ...

-
153
(7) Some of these studies may give insights:

..... . .... .... ......
(8) Into how to deal with weight problems:
-
-
-
-
Assignment (36)
The following extract from Shakespeare is followed by six translations
done by professional translators. Study them carefully and account for
differences.
From Macbeth:
CAPTAIN:
Doubtful it stood?
As two spent swimmers, those do cling together
And choke their art .The merciless Macdonald,
Worthy to be a rebel,
for to that the multiplying villainies of nature
do swarm upon him from the western isles.
154

:

. " "
.

: : .
) (
.

:

.
.
/
:
.
. .
155
Assignment (37)
The majority of the following translations are done by students.
Mistakes are left uncorrected for the sake of learning. Try to detect
these mistakes and learn from them.
Defeated candidates urge Mubarak to keep his promises

Most of the nine candidates, who lost the country's first multi-candidate
presidential election, have admitted defeat and congratulated President
Hosni Mubarak on his re election.
In a civilized gesture, the candidates called on the President to start
implementing his election program immediately and make use of the
programs, which they announced during their election campaigns.
:

.

.
:

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.
Why Not Clone people?

Vera Sirotkina from Russia thinks cloning can have benefits but
says we need to be careful. Progress inevitable. Nowadays, cloning,
the latest ultramodern subject in genetic research, is becoming a
controversial issue. Some people are ready to eat cloned fruits and
156
vegetables, but many people express negative attitudes about cloning

animals. They think it is morally unacceptable. Some scientists,
however, say cloning animals can have a lot of benefits for humans.
Certainly, we don't have to look for to see this; recently, a young bull
was cloned in Texas, the state that produces the best steaks. Cloning
could be very important in this business.
Human cloning is more controversial.

The question of human cloning is even more controversial. Perhaps a
few people-the adventurous types! - - would clone themselves. To me,
this seems very exciting. Sometimes I wish I could have a twin sister
with whom I could share my interests. Why not a clone? But I am not
as excited about cloning as my husband is. He said that he would be
!very happy to have two or three girls like me

.
.

.

.

/
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.
.
157

. .

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. .
. !! .
. .
Environmentalists renew warning

ONCE again, environmentalists bang the drums for immediate action to
combat the growing pollution nationwide. The pessimistic ecologists
have wisely decided to issue their warning a few weeks ahead of the
seasonal black smoke which hangs over Delta provinces and Cairo in
October.
Despite rice growers having always been under suspicion, they
continuously insist that blame should be placed on the shoulders of
manufacturers and workshop owners in the infamous capital and its
neighboring cities.

.

.

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.
158

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Ways to Keep Phone Calls Short

The phone rings. It's a friend who wants to tell you about his or her
latest health problem. You hate to be rude and cut your friend off, but
what can you do? Time management consultant Stephanie Winston,
author of Stephanie Winston's Best Organizing Tips, offers this
advice:
1. Don't ask questions like "What's new?" they give the impression that
you have time to chat. After "hello, get right to the heart of the matter.
2. Time your calls intelligently. If you make a call right before lunch or
dinner, or at the end of the workday, people chat less.
3. Set a time limit. Start with, "Hi, I've only got a few minutes, but I
wanted to talk to you about." Or, "Gee, I'd love to talk more, but I
"only have a couple of minutes before I have to run errands.
159
4. Jump on a pause. Even the most talkative caller has to pause now and
then. Quickly say, "It has been great talking with you." Then end the
conversation.
5. Forget niceties. Some people just don't take a hint. Interrupt your
caller and say, "I'd like to talk to you longer, but I'm pressed for time.
Good-bye." Then hang up. Don't ask for permission to end the
conversation.
6. Find a "partner in crime." If nothing else works, ask someone in your
home to help you. For example, one woman signals her husband, who
"!yells, "Jane, I think the roast is burning
7. Avoid the phone completely.
Use an answering machine to screen calls. If you have an important
message for a chatterbox, leave the message when he or she isn't in.

:
-1 " "
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.
-3 .
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-4 .
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160
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161
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.
OLD MAN AT THE BRIDGE

A short story by: Ernst Hemingway
An old man with steel rimmed spectacles and very dusty clothes sat by
the side of the road. There was a pontoon bridge across the river and
carts, trucks, and men, women and children were crossing it. The muledrawn carts staggered up the steep bank from the bridge with soldiers
helping push against the spokes of the wheels, the trucks ground up and
away heading out of it all and the peasants plodded along in the ankle
deep dust. But the old man sat there without moving. He was too tired
to go any farther.
It was my business to cross the bridge, explore the bridgehead beyond
and find out to what point the enemy had advanced. I did this and
returned over the bridge. There were not so many carts now and very
few people on foot, but the man was still there.
"Where do you come from?" I asked him.
"From San Carlos," he said, and smiled.
That was his native town and so it gave him pleasure to mention it and
he smiled.
"I was taking care of animals," he explained.
"Oh," I said, not quite understanding.
"Yes," he said, "I stayed, you see, taking care of animals, I was the last
one to leave the town of San Carlos."
He did not look like a shepherd nor a herdsman and I looked at his
black dusty clothes and his gray dusty face and his steel rimmed
spectacles and said, "What animals were they?"
"Various animals," he said, and shook his head. "I had to leave them."
I was watching the bridge and the African looking country of the Ebro
Delta and wondering how long now it would be before we would see
162
the enemy, and listening all the while for the first noises that would
signal that ever mysterious event called contact, and the old man still
sat there.
"What animals were they?" I asked.
"There were three animals altogether," he explained. "There were two
goats and a cat and then there were four pairs of pigeons."
"And you had to leave them?" I asked.
"Yes. Because of the artillery. The captain told me to go because of the
artillery."
"And you have no family?" I asked, watching the far end of the bridge
where a few last carts were hurrying down the slope of the bank.
"No," he said, "only the animals. The cat, of course, will be all right. A
cat can look out for itself, but I cannot think what will become of the
others."
"What politics have you?" I asked.
"I am without politics," he said. I am seventy-six years old. I have come
twelve kilometers now and I think now I can go no further."
"This is not a good place to stop," I said. "If you can make it, there are
trucks up the road where it forks for Tortosa."
"I will wait a while," he said, "and then I will go. Where do the trucks
go?"
"To Barcelona"
"I know no one in that direction, "he said, "but thank you very much.
Thank you very much."
He looked at me very blankly and tiredly, and then said, having to share
his worry with some one, "The cat will be all right, I am sure. There is
no need to be unquiet about the cat. But the others. Now what do you
think about the others?"
"Why they'll probably come through it all right."
"You think so?"
"Why not," I said, watching the far bank where now there were no
carts.
"But what will they do under the artillery. I was told to leave because
of the artillery?"
"Did you leave the dove cage unlocked?" I asked.
"Yes."
"Then they'll fly."
"Yes, certainly they'll fly." But the others. It's better not to think about
the others," he said.
"If you are rested I would go," I urged. "Get up and try to walk now."
163
"Thank you," he said and got to his feet, swayed from side to side and
then sat down backwards in the dust.
"I was taking care of animals," he said dully, but no longer to me. "I
"was only taking care of animals.
There was nothing to do about him. It was Easter Sunday and the
Fascists were advancing toward the Ebro. It was a gray overcast day
with a low ceiling so their planes were not up. That and the fact that
cats know how to look after themselves was all the good luck that old
man would ever have.

.
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164
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167
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168
B-From Arabic to English:

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:

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1772

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.
Social Activity Keeps the Mind Up

News Agencies, Washington:
A new study for some American scientists disclosed that associating
with relatives and friends is one of the strong factors that protects
mental abilities and prevents dementia (Alzheimer's disease).
Searchers explained that the study comprised 1772 people, 65 years
above, proved a noticeable withdrawal of the dangers of contracting
Alzheimer. The searchers said that socializing, reading books and
magazines and walking regularly contribute to decreasing the
possibilities of contracting the disease by those who are subjected to it
by 38 percent. These simple jobs are thought to be very helpful to
refresh the memory and to keep man's intellectual abilities up,
especially the elderly.
Social Activity Protect the Mind

Washington news agencies:
There is a new study for American scientists who indicated that mixing
with relatives and friends performs one of the strong factors in keeping
the mental ability, and protecting it senile dementia (Alzheimer
disease).
In a study involved 1772 persons above the age of sixty five, the
researchers undertaking this study noticed a decline in risks of being
subjected to Alzheimer disease.
169
Researchers also said that social gathering, reading books & magazines
and regular walking participate in decreasing possibilities of being
affected by the disease with nearly 38% of those whom are subjected to
that disease.
These simple chores are thought to be a help for jogging memory, and
keeping the mental ability, especially for the old ones.
Assignment (38)
The following extract by Nageeb Mahfouz was translated by a native as
well as by a non-native. Study their translations carefully, compare
them and analyze points of differences.
-

.
.
.....

.
Once more he breathed the air of freedom. But there was stilling dust in
the air, almost unbearable heat, and no one was waiting for him,
nothing but his blue suit and gym shoes.
As the prison gate and its unconfessable miseries receded, the world
streets belabored by the sun, careening cars, crowds of people moving
or still- returned.
No one seemed happy. But who of these people could have suffered
more than he had, with four years lost, taken from him by betrayal?
And the hour was coming when those who had betrayed him would
despair unto death, when treachery would pay for what it had done.
Translated by:Trevor Le Gassick
170
Once more he breathed the air of freedom even if the weather is terribly
dusty and hot. Except for his blue clothes and tennis shoes there is
nothing and no one waiting for him?
But that doesn't matter any more. The world is coming back and the
solid prison gates are fading away, keeping within all sorts of desperate
secrets. Straight ahead are the streets heavy with the sun, the honking
cars, the pedestrians, the houses, and the stores. Yet there is no smile on
his face. He is a person who lost a great deal, including four valuable
years of his life. Soon he will stand before all of them and challenge
them. It is time for his anger and hatred to burst and to burn. It is time
for the traitors to be scared to death; it is time for treachery to pay for
its ugly and horrible face
Translated by: Adel Ata Elyas
171
172
Practice Texts
173
174
1- From Arabic into English:

.

.
______________________________________
.
.

: .

175

" "

.

.
: !

.

:

!!
" "
80

176

.

.

""

200
.

.
2- From English into Arabic:

The best things are nearest: Light in your eyes, flowers at your feet,
duties at your hands, and the path of God just before you. Then why
grasp at the stars. Do your life's common work instead and be assured
that the daily duties are the sweetest things of life.
Signs that you need glasses
177
2-You tell hat stands that

1-You're standing at the bus stop
you think they're looking
and you try to stop a fire engine by
great in that outfit.
mistake.
3-You get a black nose when you read the newspaper.
4-You can't get near enough to your toenails to cut themMany people
say that traveling is one of their hobbies. Danjuma, however, thought
how odd it would be if any one traveling in that third class carriage still
maintained that traveling was a pleasure.
The carriage was packed full of people of all kinds; tall, short, thin, fat,
healthy and unhealthy people, all fighting to find a spot where their two
feet, or even one foot, could find a steady spot. There was no question
of finding a seat. The taller people had a distinct advantage. They could
stretch out their arms and grip of the luggage rack attached to the rest of
the people at the back.
Danjuma was lucky enough to find a corner which had already been
appropriated by a large, elderly woman who had a number of pretty
trading items piled around her and Danjuma found some protection
against the crushing weight of the other passengers. This was the first
time Danjuma had traveled on a train. He was surprised to find how
stuffy and unhealthy it was! The depressing effect of the crush at least
helped to take his mind off his plight as he wondered if he ever survives
the journey!
Buried Alive
In 1856, in a small town in Germany, a little boy was very sick. His
name was Max Hoffman.
"Will our son die?" Max's parents asked the doctor.
"Maybe," the doctor said quietly. "Stay with Max. Keep him warm.
That's all you can do." for three days Max lay in his bed. Then he died.
He was only five years old.
Max's parents buried their son in the town cemetery. That night Max's
mother had a terrible dream. She dreamed that Max was moving in his
coffin. She screamed in her sleep. "sh, sh" her husband said. "It's all
right. You had a bad dream."
178
The next night Max's mother screamed in her sleep again. She had the
same terrible dream. On the third night Max's mother had another bad
dream that Max was crying. She got out of bed and got dressed.
"Quick! Get dressed." She told her husband. "We're going to the
cemetery. I want to see Max. I want to dig up his coffin."
At four o'clock in the morning Max's parents and a neighbor hurried to
the cemetery. They dug up Max's coffin and opened it. There was Max.
He looked dead. But something was different. When Max's parents
buried him, he was lying on his back. Now he was lying on his side.
Max's father carried Max home. Then he ran to get the doctor. For an
hour the doctor rubbed whiskey on Max's lips and warmed his body.
Then Max opened his eyes. Max was alive! A week later he was
playing with his friends.
Max Hoffman died-really died-in the United States in 1953. He was 93
years old.
_________________________________________________________
This story is set in Wales in the middle Ages. There was a prince whose
name was Llewellyn. He lived in a valley. He had a baby son. He also
had a dog called Gelert. One day the prince went hunting. He left the
dog to look after the baby. Some wolves came from out of a wood.
They ran towards the cottage. The dog saw the wolves and hid the baby.
The dog ran outside and fought the wolves. He killed two but was
wounded. He was tired and lay down to sleep. The prince returned. He
saw the dog covered in blood. He saw that his son's cot was empty. He
took his sword and killed the dog while it slept, then heard the baby cry
and found him. Through the window he saw the two dead wolves. Then
he understood. He carried the dog to the top of a hill and buried it. He
collected a pile of stones to mark the grave. You can still see it today.
Demining the Globe

Anti-personnel mines (AP) are often less than 10 centimeters in
diameter and are activated by the weight of a foot.
There are more than 344 types of AP mines that have been produced by
over 100 companies in 52 counties.
179
One of the most savage mines is the "butterfly" mine, a blast mine,
designed to look like a toy but which explode when played with.
Landmines maim or kill an estimated 500 people every week.
Mines cost as little as $3 each but it cost 1000% to clear. The process of
clearing is also nerve shattering and life- threatening.
AP mines are called the "hidden killers". They never sleep or respect a
ceasefire or a peace treaty. They do not differentiate between khaki and
other colors. It is ironical that the verbs we use to refer to laying mines
are (plant and sow).
Antipersonnel landmines constitute a menace to post-war economic
development, construction, promising projects and cultivation of land.
These weapons continue to take thousands of innocent civilian lives.
Besides, refugees can not return home.
There is a movement nowadays calling for the ban of mines. However,
it is estimated that 205 million mines are planted every year. But some
armies can not do without mines because they are a cheap and effective
means of defense.
The three nations with the largest landmine problem are Afghanistan,
Angola, and Cambodia.
In Angola, the Civil War, which lasted for 20 years, left behind 20
million mines. It is estimated that 70,000 Angolans are amputees.
In Alamein, the warring countries took liberty of sowing unmapped
mines. These countries are reluctant to provide technical support or
money. The Devils' Gardens planted by Gen. Rommel while pulling out
of Egypt denies any access to utilizing this region. Electronic detecting
is not always doing very well because these mines are damn old.
Sometimes they are washed out. Besides, the desert is teeming with
other metal objects.
An action should be taken to confront this problem. Imagine having a
child who has lost an arm or a leg to a land mine, mistaking it for a toy.
180
Imagine the anger and frustration you would feel while kissing and
putting this kid in bed every night
181
Annex
182
183
184
Idioms
- 1
:
The following matrix contains a large number of idioms used in the
English Language. A lot of them were collected and recorded
through actual contact with natives. I hope that this little collection
of idioms would be useful for those who are interested in this area.
Legend:
sb: somebody
st: something
185
Idiom
Push up daisies 1Meaning
Meet ones end

Pay the debt of nature
Expire (slang)
Pass way (euphemism)
Be six feet under
Kick the bucket
Polish the apple
Lick ones shoes
Browny nose
Flatter
Die
Build castles in the air4

A pie in the sky
Cry
for the moon
Windbag
Big mouth
Talk nineteen to the dozen
To have a verbal diarrhea
A blabbermouth
To talk the hind leg off a donkey
Be loose-tongued
Yak yak
Cant get a word from edgeways
Loose lips sink ships
Come rain or sunshine
Come hell or high water
Come what may
186
Talkative
5
( )
Under any
6
circumstances

Una
ttain
ble
drea
m
The ebbs and flows

The snakes and ladders
Thats how the ball bounces
187
The ups and downs

7

A rare bird8
One in a million
One
his own kind
In aof
flash
Snappy
In a twinkle of an eye
Before
youminds
could blink
Be in two
To straddle over the fence
Um
and ah
Green
Wet behind the ears
A babe in the woods
Fit to a T
Undecided
10
A
uniq
ue
Inexperienced
11

Fit like a glove12
Caught red-handed
Caught with his pants down
Caught
with his
in the candy jar
Like oranges
andhand
apples
Like chalk and cheese
All over the place
Uphill and down dale
Caught in the act

13

Entirely different
14

Here and
15
everywhere
Suit
sb
perf
Spare no effort
Leave no stone unturned
Try all means

16

See eye to eye17
Have the same wavelength

Speak the same language
Be in good terms
Cant make head or tail of st
Its beyond me
Over my head
Hit the target on the nose
Hit
Hitthe
thebull's
sack eye
Its all Greek to me18Agree

Hit the nail on the head19Not understand
Catch some Zs
Take a nap (catnap)
Reflect on what he said
On
thoughts,..
Notsecond
have two
pennies to rub together
Not one red cent
Live from hand to mouth
To grease ones palm
To cross ones palm with silver
Under the table
188
Sleep
20
Get
the
Sleep onpoin
it21
Poor /Penniless
22
/
Bribe
23
Thin
k st
over
Get the munchies

Can eat a horse
Sb(especially
a youth) has a wolf in
Expecting
A mother to be
Have
bun in the oven
Cost aafortune
Cost an arm and leg
Keep my fingers crossed
Break a leg
Rabbits foot
Dead from the neck up
Bird brain
A hot potato
Juggling frogs
Smell a rat
Hungry
24
Pregnant
25

Expensive
26

Wish sb good luck
27

Have nothing between his ears28
A touchy topic29Stupid
Fishy30A sensitive topic
Dead sure
Be certain
31 Sus
Bet my life on it
pici
As sure as eggs is eggs
ous
Not a snowballs chance in hell32
A slim chance
Ghost of a chance
My dish33A weak chance/st is not going to Happen
My cup of tea
Music
my ears
A yes to
man
A weak character
34 St
Anemic character
A mamas boy
Like the cat that ate the canary
Full
of his
ones
selfout
Work
heart
As busy as a bee
Sweat blood
Bored to the teeth
Be
stuckones
in a teeth
groove
Grind
Go ballistic
Foaming at the mouth
Play it by ears
Off the cuff
Be all in
189

favo
rite
As proud as a peacock35
Toil
36
Hau

ghty
/sno
Bored to tears37
Angry/make angry
38
/
Bor
ed
On the spur of the moment39
Dog-tired40Unrehearsed / improvise
Shake like a leaf

Scare the pants off sb
Make ones hair stand on its end
Chicken
Scared
Be as nutty as a fruitcake
Be banana
Be driven out of ones mind
It rains cats and dogs
Good
day isforinducks
The ball
your court
Insane/lunatic
You are to bat

Set the ball rolling
In a tight spot
Be
over the barrel
Bread-winner
Bring home the bacon
41
Fati
gue
d
Yellow42
43
Cow
ard
It pours44
Initiate an action
45 Rain

s
heav
A sticky situation46
Sustain a family
47 In a

diffi
cult
A bitter pill to swallow48
Bite the bullet

(memory)Leave a bad taste in sbs mouth
Keep sb at arms length49Unpleasant situation
Keep sb at bay
Give sb the cold shoulder
Rack over the ashes
Talk ,when there is
50 Not
Open old wounds
not a need to, about
soci
Rub salt in an old wound
unpleasant past
alizi
Get the ax
Be fired
51
Get the sack

Be
given
the
pink
slip
On automatic pilot
Easy
52
Piece of cake

Like the falling off a log
-Could do st with ones hand tied
American as apple pie53
Green with envy

To put the evil eye on st
190
Envious
54
Typi
cal
Am
eric
Much ado about nothing55

Make a mountain out of a molehill
Stir a storm in a tea-cup
From A to Z
From Alpha to Omega
All and every thing

56

Mak
ea
fuss
/a
About- face57
A U- turn
A change in the wind
A flip-flop
To have ants in his pants58A turning point
To have butterflies in his stomach
To
have
a bee in ones bonnet
Feel
blue
Sad
59 Exci
Down in the dumps
Be in the doldrums
Pull a long face
Dressed to kill
Dressed to the teeth
InHear
his best
bib andthe
tucker
st through
grapevine
ted/r
estle
ss/w
Dressed to the nines60
Rumors
61
Have a loose tongue

Spill the beans
Let
out of
the home
bag
Untilthe
thecatcows
come
Until Jesus returns
Waiting for Godot
Get on the gravy train
Swim with the tide
Take that back
I eat my words
Burn the tape
I wasnt born yesterday
Tell that to the Marines
Pull the other leg
At a stake
Doll
up/d
ress
Reveal a secret
62

Wait for along time
63

Get on the bandwagon64
Go back on his words 65

Not nave
Join
ing
a
66

On the rocks67
Mum the word68St in a critical situation

Hush it up
Draw a curtain over st
191
Open ones eyes to69Keep a secret

Burst ones bubble
Wake up and smell the coffee
Run around in circles
Move in a vicious circle70Delude sb

Take someone for a ride71 Achieve nothing
Take sb to the cleaners

Pull
ones
Over
my legs
dead body
Impossible
When hell freezes over

When
pigs
fly
The dog
days
Indian summer
Blistering
heat
Eager-beaver
Bright-eyed and bushy-tailed
Full steam ahead
A sparkplug
Know the ins and outs of st
Know st like the back of his hand
72

Hot / heat wave
73
/
Energetic/enthusiastic 74

Fool
sb
Street savvy75
In the red76Street smart
Knee-deep in debts
Up to his ears in debt
As red as a beetroot
Blushing moment
If looks could kill
Take it or leave it
Feast or famine
A fly on the wall
Walls have ears
192
Have an egg on sbs face77In debt
All or none78Embarrassed / embarrassing situation

To have big ears79One package
Go fly a kite80Overhear/eavesdrop
Beat it
Take a hike
Get lost
193
Seal you lips

Not utter a word
81 Ask
Button your lips

sb
Shut like a clam
to
Keep up with the Jonses82
-The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence
-Every
As sickhores
as a thinks
dog its own pack is the heaviest
Sick
83 Alw
As white as a sheet
Be under the weather
Splash his money around
Be rolling in it
Rich
HaveasaCroesus
mind like a sieve
St doesnt ring a bell
It slipped my mind
My mind goes blank
ays
diss
Money to burn84
A foggy memory
85

Hav
ea
lot
of
Long time no see86
Havent seen you for a month of Sundays

Have friends in high places87 Havent seen sb for a long time(ages)
To pull strings
Movers and shakers
Drink like fish88Favoritism
Drink like an Irish
Paint the town red
Pull himself up by the bootstraps
Start from a scratch
Grow
ashes
Be thefrom
thirdthe
wheel
Odd man out
Have a score to settle with sb
Tit for tat
Get even
One
goodwith
turn sb
deserves another
You scratch my back, I scratch yours
Self-made man
89 Drin

k
One who doesnt
90 exce
have a match
91
Retaliate
Favor for a favor

92

Head over heels93
Be at sixes and sevens

Healthy as a horse
As sound as rain
as sound as a bell
Between the devil and the deep blue
sea
Between a rock and a hard place
194
Healthy
94

Facing two difficult

95
choices/situations

Stat
e of
conf
Face the music96

Take the bull by the horns
Keep
stiffthe
upper
Holdaout
olivelip
branch
Make peace
Bury the hatchet
97 Enc
ount
er a
Speak ones mind98
Call a spade a spade

Be at the helm of st
Call the tune
Be in the drivers seat
Sleeping on the wheel driver
Upset the apple cart
Be in charge
99 Be

fran
k
Cook ones goose100
Cut to the bone101Ruin an opportunity/plan
Tighten the belt

Its too late102Reduce expenses
The die is cast
Bug on sb
Drive sb up the wall
Get under ones skin
Annoy
103 Irrec
over
able
Eat out of house and home105

Eat like a pig
Eat
likethe
there
is no
From
word
go tomorrow
Back to square one
From the very

106 Eat
beginning
larg
e
Give
sb a buzz107
Give sb a ring
Have ones hands full
Have many irons in the fire
Ducking and diving
Damn if you do damn if you dont
Make hay while the sun shines
Strike when the iron is hot
Very busy
108 Pho
ne
Cant suit everyone109
Seize the
110 Not
opportunity/take
bein
advantage And stuff like that111
g
And all that jazz

Four- letter words
Call someone names
Swear like a sailor
195
Dirty words

112 And
thin
gs
Handle with kid gloves114

Walk on eggshell
Hold your horses115Treat very carefully
Keep ones shirt on
Leave sb in the lurch116Wait
Leave sb high and dry
Sell
down
I amsbfull
tankthe river
I dont have room for
IWatch
got stuffed
your tongue
Mind your Ps and Qs
Can not eat more

117 Aba

ndo
Take care in speech

118 n

On the fritz
On the blink
Mal-function
119
/
Pretty good for Monday120
Monday quarterback

Black
Monday
Pressed
for time
Its a race against time
Work against the clock
Save for a rainy day
A penny saved is a penny gained
Sink or swim
Bear or tear
Beating around the bush
A snake in the grass
As slippery as an eel
You took the words out of my mouth
Be on the tip of ones tongue
196
Have little time

121 Begi

nnin
g of
Save up money
122

Pull through or give
123
in
124
A deceitful
person

Was about to say st
125

Upside down
Topsy-turvy
Head over heels
Inside out
Put the cart before the horse
The shoe on the other foot
Vice-versa
197
Reverse order
126

watchamacallit127
This stuff
AOnce
John/Jane
Doemoon
in a blue
Rare
Few and far between
Be a square pig in a round hole

Be a small fish in a big pond
Doesnt fit in a job

The ins and outs

Every nook and cranny
All details
128 Unk
now
n
129
130

Dig into ones past131
Look for skeletons in ones closet

Snoop around
Muckraker
Goody-goody
Whiter than white
Airs and graces
Pour cold water on st
Throw a wet blanket on st
Add fuel to the fire
Fan the flames
Lets hit the road
Lets call it a day
Too good to be true

132 Loo

k
for
past
Spoil a plan
133

Aggravate
134
Stop work and leave

135

Live and let live136
Mind your own business

Dont poke your nose where Die
it doesnt
belonginterfere in others people lives
hard137Not
Die in the last ditch
Fuddy-duddy
As stubborn as a mule138Resist change
As obstinate as a donkey
Play one camp against the other
To have a foot in both camps
Run
with
thelocusts
hare and hunt with the
Swarm
like
Be packed like sardines
Draw straws
Heads or tails
Flip the coin
198
Support both sides

139 Un

willi
Be crowded
140 ng
Toss up
141
Show ones teeth

Show ones muscles
Menace
142
/
St taken for granted143
Rule of thumb
A cock-and-bull story
Be economical with the truth
Telling lies
144 St
kno
wn
Man has needs145
The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak

Have a heart
Have the guts to..
Have the courage

146 Tryi

ng
to
Spare the rod and spoil the child147
Shape up or ship out

No sweet without sweat148Behaving a child
No rose without thorns
-You can't make an omelet withoutNot
breaking
wortheggs
a fig149No gains without pains
A dime a dozen
Chopped
liver
Shes a peach
A beautiful woman
150 Wor
Foxy
Buxom
Run after anyone in skirts
Curb-crawler
A doubting Thomas
Down -to -earth person
Talk about the nuts and bolts

th
noth
A ladies man151
Seeing is believing152Womanizer
Practical
153
Doe
snt
Read between the lines154
Put two and two together

Peeping Tom
Big brother is always watching you
Sneaky ways to see sb
155 Mak

ea
ded
Doesnt practice what he preaches156
Look who is talking

Double-faced person There is no accounting for taste157Say st and do st else
Different strokes for different folks
Variety
of life side of bed
Get outisofthe
onspice
the wrong
Not in a good
158 Diff
Have a bad hair day
199
mood/have a bad day

eren
ce
Black cats and broken mirrors159

Bad omen
th
Friday
13English
In plain
In words of one syllable
He said it point blank
Learn in the school of hard knocks
Sadder
wiser
A manbut
of his
word
My word is my bond
Thats the way the cookie crumbles
Thats the way the ball bounces
Wake up and smell the coffee
Like two peas in a pod
Six of one and half dozen of the other
In simple words
160 Supe
rstiti
ons
Learn the hard way161
To keep a vow/oath
162 Lear

n
fro
Cest la vie163
Give a wake-up call164Such is life

165 To
dra
w
See light at the end of the tunnel166
similar
look at st with rose colored glasses

-Even a stopped watch is correct twive aday
I dont need a ghost to tell me this
St obvious/self
167 Opti
Shall I paint you a picture?
explanatory
mist
Stingy/miser
A close-fisted man
168 ic/h
To pinch pennies
The final nail in the coffin
The last straw that broke the camels
back
An apple doesnt fall far from the tree
St which brings about 169

failure
Like
like son170
father,
Be all thumps
Have two left feet
Naked as a jay bird
In his birthday suit
Be in the buff
As a flea in a doghouse
Clumsy
To split hair
To dot the(i) and cross the (t)
200
171 A

chil
Naked
172 d

As snug as a bug in a rug173
Make distinctions
174 Prot
ecte
d/se
A leopard cant change its spots

Once a snake always a snake
People dont change

175

Dont judge a book by its cover

All is not gold that glitters
Tricky appearance
176

Be at sb beck and call177
Wait on sbs hand and foot

Carry the can
Scapegoat
Be blamed
178 Willi
ng to
serv
And that is that179
End of discussion, period.

Making a killing
Money spinner
Be minting money
Make or break
Bear or tear
The nearest and dearest
Make a lot of money 180 Not

chan
ge
Fish or cut bait181
The apple of ones eye182Succeed or fail
Borrowing is sorrowing
If you want to know the value of
money go and try to borrow some
Take sb to the seashore
To make the long story short
And the rest is history
The same old story
Borrow
183 The
dear
ones
Take a long walk on a short pier184
Trying to be brief
185 kill
Lets go Dutch186
Dutch Treat
On separate checks
Bad eggs
The scum of the earth
Some people stink
As bright as a button
Egghead
Steal the show
Steal sbs thunder
Give sb a hand
201
Bad people
187 Ever
/
y
one
As sharp as a tack188
Get all the attention
189 sma

rt
/
Give sb five190
Rules are made to be broken191help

It isnt written on stone
Eat like a bird192Stretch rules
Fussy eater

Monday morning quarterback193Eat

little food
Pretty good for Monday

Shop till you drop194Black Monday
Born with a shop gene
Fashion bug
Give me some sugar(for kids)195Fond of shopping
Bill and coo
Open
mouthfamily
kiss(liplock)
Disrupted
A split home
196 Kiss
Fractured family
The sky is the limit
Raise the bars
Hitch
Man ofyour
Godwagon to a star
The Bible man
No limit
197

A religious man
198

A dime a dozen199
Pay little to nothing

Hawker200Cheap
Sex care provider
A doorknob
I see
I copy that
Walk down the aisle
Got it201Prostitute
Tie the knot202Understand
Hitch your wagon to a star203Get married
Have starry eyes
202
Sneak around
Fool around
Messing around
Play around
203
Cheat on
204 amb
itiou
s
Have an affair
Have a fling
Have a relation with a 205

man/woman
/

On the
other
side
of the coin206-
-On the flip side of that

We click
We hit it off
Sparks were flying
Has the cat eaten your tongue?
A good match
207 On
between a man and a
the
woman
othe
Tongue- tied208
Let's walk the talk

Carry out what has
209 Bein
Actions speak louder than words
been agreed upon
g at
a Money is burning a hole in our pockets210

-Money is running through our fingers
Long in the tooth211Can't account for his expenses
Living on borrowed time

Been there, done
that212Very
old
Deja-vu
Play truant213To experience something before
Play hokey
Book worm
Bibliomaniac
He always has his nose in a book
Time and tide waits for no man
Fond of reading
214 Skip

clas
ses
Strike the iron when it is hot215
This is eating me up
This is tearing me apart
IHave
am carrying
a big egotoo much luggage
Me, myself and I is what counts
Broaden your horizons
Think outside the box
Something worrying
216 Seiz
someone
e
Selfish
217 the
Be creative
218
Takes a shine on someone219
Has a crush on someone

Musical chairs220Like someone from the other sex
It doesn't have your name on it
You can't take it with you when you die
A blast from the past
Feel nostalgic
221 You
Stroll down memory lane

can't
hold
204
: -2
A bad beginning makes a bad
ending.
A bad bush is better than an open
field.
A beggar can never be bankrupt.
A bird in the hand is worth ten in

the bush.
A broken friendship may be

soldered, but will never be sound.
A burnt child dreads the fire.

A cheerful look makes a dish a
feast.
A dainty stomach beggars the
purse.
205

)
(

A bad exc
A danger foreseen is half avoided.

A drop in the sea.
A drowning man will catch at a
straw.
A fair face cannot have a crabbed
heart.
A fault confessed is half
redressed.
A fault once denied is twice
committed.

)
(()

)
(
A fool always rushes to the fore.
A fool's tongue is long enough to

cut his own throat.
)
(
A friend in need is a friend

indeed.
A friend is easier lost than found.
A friend that you buy with

presents will be bought from you.
A full purse makes the mouth run
over.
A gift with a kind countenance is
a double present.
)
(
A good deed breeds a good deed.
A good deed is never lost.

A good dog deserves a good bone.
206
A good be
A good example is the best

sermon.
A good face is a better sermon.
A good face is a letter of

recommendation.
A good friend is my nearest
relation.
)
(
A good name is better than riches.
A good name is sooner lost than

won.
A good worker should have good
wages.
A good workman does quarrel
with his tools.
A good workman is known by his
chips.
A great fortune is a great slavery.
A great ship asks deep waters.

A heavy load is made light by
many.
A home of an alcoholic man will
be ruined.
A house in the sun never calls for
a doctor.
A hungry belly has no ears.
A hungry man is an angry man.
A light purse makes a heavy
heart.
207

)
(
) (

)
(

)
(

)
(
)
(

A little knowledge is a dangerous

thing.
A long tongue is a sign of a short
hand.
A lover dreams of his mistress.
A man can do no more than he
can.
A man is known by the books he
reads.
A man is known by the company
he keeps.
A man is the architect of his own
fortunes.
A man of silence is a man of
sense.
A man that flatters his neighbor
spreads
a net for his feet.
A man will never change his mind
if he has no mind.
A new language is a new man.
A nod is as good as a wink to a
blind horse.
A one-eyed man should not laugh
at a hunch-backed.
A promise delayed is justice
deferred.
A promise is a debt that we must
not forget.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
A small fish is better than an
empty dish.
208
A soft answer turns away wrath.
A sound mind is in a sound body.
A stitch in the time saves nine.

A storm in the tea-cup.
A stranger has no ancestry.
A stranger is kin to a stranger.
A tattler is worse than a thief.
A trade in hand insures against

poverty.
A tree is known by its fruit.

)
(
A vessel filters what is contains.
A wiser head makes a close

mouth.
A wolf in sheep's clothing.
A word is enough to the wise.

A word spoken is past recalling.
A word uttered may bring wealth
as well as ruin.
209
A wonder
A word an
back.
A young man idle, an old man

needy.
Absence sharpens love, presence
strengthens it.
Actions speak louder than words.
Admonish your friends in private,
praise them in public.
Adversity is a great schoolmaster.
Adversity makes a man wise not
rich.

)

(

Adversity tries friends.
Advice is ever in want.
Affection blinds reason.
After a test, men are honored or

disgraced.
After black clouds, clear weather.
After dinner sleep a while, after

supper walk a mile.
After the storm comes sunshine.
All are not friends that speak us

fair.
All covet, all lose.

All doors are open to courtesy.
210
After a sto
All for one and one for all.

All ill turn is soon done.
All is fair in love and war.
All is not gold that glitters.
All is well that ends well.
All men can't be first.
All roads lead to Rome.

All the roads lead to the mill.
All truth is not to be told.
All work and no play make jack a

dull boy.
)
(
Always has been. Always will be.
Always in a hurry. Always

behind.
An accidental meeting may be
better than
a date.
An empty belly hears no body.
An eye for an eye.
211
All men a
All men c
An idle head is a factory for the

devil.
An ignorant man is blind.
An ill turn is soon done.

Anger and haste hinder good
counsel.
Appetite comes with eating.

As laughter increases respect
decreases.
As man lives, so he dies.
As the call, so the echo.
As you sow, so shall you reap.
As you make your bed so you

must lie on it.
As you think of others, others will

think of you.
Associate with men of good
intents.
At Rome, do as the Romans do.
Away goes the devil when he

finds the door shut against him.
212
An ill wou
Any horse
Bad company is the devil's net.
)
(
Bacchus h
Neptune.
Be always in time, too late is a

crime.
Be not ungrateful to your old
friends.
Be slow to promise and quick to
perform.

()
)
(

Bad mone
Be swift to hear, slow to speak.

Bear and forbear is a good
philosophy.
Beating one frighten another.
Believe not every tale.
Best deeds are best completed.
Best defense is offence.
Best to bend while it is a twig.
Better a good word than a battle.
Better alone than in bad company.
Better an open enemy than a false

friend.
)
(
213
Better an
Better be silent than speak ill.

Better buy than borrow.
Better God than gold.
Better have a wise enemy than a
foolish friend.
Better have it out than always
aching.
Better to do well than to say well.
Better to reign in hell than serve
in heaven.
Beware the man who has received
charity from you.
Birds of a feather flock together.
Blind men can judge no colors.
Brave actions never want a

trumpet.
Bring a cow to the hall and she'll
run to the byre.
Business before pleasure.

Buy the truth and sell it not.
By doing nothing, we learn to do
ill.
214
Better be

)
(
Burn not y
By others' faults, wise men learn.

Call a spade a spade.
Call me cousin but cozen me not.
Call no man happy till he dies.
Care and diligence bring luck.
Care killed the cat.
Carrying water to Venice.
Cast not out the foul water till
bring in the clean.
Catch not at the shadow and lose
the substance.
Charity begins at home.

( )

)
(

)
(
Caution is
(
Charity cuts the tongue.
Children of the same age play

together.
Choose your neighbor before you

choose your house.
Claw me and I will claw thee.
Cleanliness is next to godliness.
215
Charity co
Clever people often miss their

way.
Climb not too high lest the fall be
greater.
Company in distress makes
trouble less.
Constant application overcomes
the greatest difficulties.
Constant dropping wears the
stone.
Constant occupation prevents
temptation.

)
(
)
(

)
(
Content is happiness.
Contentment is an inexhaustible
treasure.
Correct the son and he will give

you better.
Counsel is not command.

Count not four, except you have
them in a wallet.
Creditors have better memories
than debtors.
Crime begins with evil thoughts.
Culture is to know the best that

has been said and thought in the
world.
Curiosity killed a cat.
216
Content is
Corn him
Custom is the plague of the wise

men and idol of fools.
Custom is the second nature.
Cut and come again.
Dead men tell no tales.
Deeds, not words!

Dependence is a poor trade.
Debt is the worst poverty.
Desert and freedom.
Desperate diseases must have
desperate remedies.
Destroy the lion while he is yet
but a whelp.
Diamond cuts diamond.
Divide and rule.
Do as you would be done by.
Do justice and love mercy.
217

)
(

Cut your c
Deeds are
Do noble deeds, not only dream

of them.
Do not carry coals to New Castle.
Do not poke your nose in other's

affairs.
Dog does eat dog.

Don't build castles in the air.
Don't count your chickens before
they are hatched.
Don't fight the man who does
what he says.
Don't look a gift horse in the
mouth.
Don't make mountains out of
molehills.
Don't put all your eggs in one
basket.
Don't put the cart before the
horse.
Don't wash dirty linen in public.
Dot your i's and cross your t's.
Each has his own worries.
Each hour has a special
arrangement.
218

)
(
Do not lea
to-day.
Do nothin
Early to be
healthy, w

) (
)
(
)
(
) (

)
(

)
(
Every ma
Every one
East or west, home is best.

Easy come, easy go.
Eat little, live long.
Envy shoots at others and wounds
herself.
Every bird has its mate.
Every cloud has a silver lining.
Every cook is king on his dunghill.
Every country has its customs.
Every day has duties.
Every dog is a lion at home.
Every man has his faults.
Every man has the defects of his
qualities.
Every man's experience is a

lesson due to all.
Every one is his own doctor.
219
Every tide has its ebb.

Every white has its black and
every sweet its sour.
Everything comes to him who
waits.
Expectation is the fool's income.
Experience is the mistress of
fools.
Experience is the mother of
wisdom.
Extravagance brings poverty.
Extremes sometimes meet.
Face to face. The truth comes out.
Facts are stubborn things.

)
(

( )

( )
Failure teaches success.
Fair words slake wrath.
False friends are worse than open

enemies.

.()
Far from eye, far from heart.
Faults are thick where love is

thin.
220
Fair word
Faith may
Fine feathers make fine birds.

Fine words dress ill deeds.
Fire begins with little sparks.
First come, first served.
First think, then speak.
Fool's haste is no speed.

.
)
(

Forbidden fruit is sweet.
Fortune favors the brave.
Fortune is blind.

Four eyes see more than two.
Friends are thieves of time.
Friendship cannot exist without

the forgiveness of sin
continually.
Friendship made in a moment is

of no moment.
From a thorn comes a rose and

from the rose a thorn.
Full of courtesy, full of craft.
221
Fortune
Gifts from enemies are

dangerous.
Give a dog a bad name and hang
him.
Give a fool rope enough and he
will hang himself.
Give advice to all but be security
for none.
Give him an inch and he will
take a mile.
God tempers the wind to the
shorn lamb.
Good counsel does no harm.

)
.(
Good management is better than

good income.
Goodness is the supreme beauty.
Gossiping and lying go hand in

hand.
Grasp all, lose all.
Great hopes make great men.
Great hypocrites are the real

atheists.
Great mind agree.
Great qualities make great men.
222

).
.(
Good adv
Good dee
Great spenders are bad lenders.
Habit ever remains.
Half a loaf is better than no bread.
Hard words break no bones.
Haste makes waste.
Hatred is blind as well as love.
)
(
Have but few friends, though

many acquaintances.
Having wisdom is better than

having millions
He carries fire in one hand and

water in the other.
He carries well to whom it weighs

not.
He covers me with his wings and

bites me with his bill.
He deserves not the sweet that

will not taste the sour.
223
)
(
Haste brin
Hasty clim
He dies like a beast that has done

no good while he lived.
He is a happy man who is warned

by another man's deeds.
He is good friend that speaks well

of us behind our back.
He is like a cat; fling him which

way you will, he'll land on his
legs.
)
(
He is lifel

He laughs best, who laughs last.
He makes no friend who never
made a foe.
He that all men will please shall
never find ease.
He that cannot abide a bad market
deserves not a good one.
He that cannot ask cannot live.
He that commits a fault thinks

everyone speaks of it.
He that does ill hates the light.
He that gains time gains all

things.
224
He is not
command
He that gets out of debt grows

rich.
He that has an ill name is half
hanged.
He that has done ill once will do
it again.
He that is born to be hanged will

never be drowned.
He that is full of himself is very

empty.
He that knows nothing doubts

nothing.
He that makes himself a sheep
shall be eaten by the wolf.
He that once deceives is ever
suspected.
He that promised too much means
nothing.
He that serves everybody is paid
by nobody.
He that serves God to the money
will serve the devil for better
wages.
He that sows the wind shall reap
the whirlwind.
225
He that is
row.
He that is
nobody.
He that will cheat at play will

cheat you anyway.
He who depends on another dines
ill and sups worse.
He who desires the top must sit
up many nights.
He who fears God needs not fear
the world.
He who governs well may govern
long.
He who has the choice has the

torture.
He who keeps off the ice will not
slip through.
He who loves me loves my dog.
He who promises runs in debt.
He who treats you like himself is
not unfair to you.
He who walks in the light will not
fall.
He who would gather roses must
not fear thorns.
He whose father is judge goes
safe to his trial.
His face would turn milk sour.
Homer sometimes nods.
226

()

)
(

)
(

)

(

He who h
Honesty in little things is not a

little thing.
Honesty is the better policy.
Honor and profit lie not in one

bed.
Hunger breaks stone walls.
Idle folks lack no excuses.
Idleness is the devil's bolster.
Idleness is the key to beggary.
Idleness is the root of all evil.
If a donkey brays at you, don't

bray at him.
If the cap fits, wear it.
If the counsel be good, no matter

who gave it.
If the devil finds a man idle, he'll

set him to work.
If the sky falls, we shall catch

larks.
If you buy the cow, take the tail

into the bargain.
227
Honey is
Honor you

)
(.
If you dea

) (
If you can't help, don't hinder.
If you had all the wit in the world,

fools would fool you.
If you mu
If you wish good advice consult

an old man.
If you wish to be obeyed, don't
ask the impossible.
In caution there is safety; in haste

repentance.
In the kingdom of blind men, the

one-eyed is king.

) (
In too much dispute, truth is lost.
)
(
It costs more to do ill than to do

well.
It is a bad coat that will not bear

brushing.
)
(.

It is an ill wind that blows nobody

good.
It is cheap enough to say," God
"help you.
It is good to have company in
trouble.
228
It is no us
It is not gay coat that makes the

gentlemen.
It is too la
horse is st

)
(
It takes all sorts to make a world.
Jack of all trades, master of none.
)
... (
Judge not all men at first sight.
)
()
(

Knowledge is power.
Knowledge without practice
makes but half an artist.
Learn to say before you sing.
Learn wisdom by the follies of
other.
Learn young, learn fair.
Let bygones be bygones.
) (

Liars leav
It never rains but it pours.
)
() (
Let sleeping dogs lie.

Let the cat wink and let the mouse
run.
Life has many ups and downs.
229
Live and learn.

Live not to eat but eat to live.
Live peaceably with all.
Look before you leap.
Love all, trust a few, do wrong to
none and be kind to your enemy.
Make hay while the sun shines.
Make not a fool of yourself to

make another merry.
Malice drinks its own poison.
)
(
Man does not attain all his heart's

desires for the winds do not blow
as the vessels wish.
Man proposes and God disposes.
Many kiss the child for the nurse's

sake.
May duty boast if nothing else.
Mind your own business.
Much ado about nothing.
230
Like fathe
Mildness
Much coin much care.

Much corn lies under the straw
that is not seen.
Necessity is the mother of
invention.
Necessity knows no law.
Necessity sharpens industry.
Never judge by appearance.
Never regret doing good.
Nip it in the bud.

No gains without pains.
No joy without annoy.
No smoke without fire.
None blind as those who won't

see.
None so deaf as those who won't
hear.
)
(
( ..

( )
...

Novelty gives pleasure.
Now or never.
231
No one ev
tongue.

No sweet
Of two disputants, the warmer is

generally in the wrong.
Of two evils choose the least.
One man's meat is another man's
poison.
One scabby sheep spoils the
whole flock.
Opportunities do not wait.
Opportunity makes the thief.

)
(

Out of sight, out of mind.
Out of temper, out of reason.
Patience is a virtue.
Patience is the key to relief.
Peace begins where ambition

ends.
Poor and content is rich enough.
Pour not water on a drowned

mouse.
Prevention is better than cure.
Punctuality is the soul of the

business.
232
Out of the
Patience i
)
(

)
(
Put by for a rainy day.

Quick thoughts are slippery
thoughts.
Quickly come, quickly go.
Rather death than shame.
Right wro
Seek know
grave.
...

)
(
)
(

Rights are never granted but taken

by force.
Send a wise man on an errand,

and say nothing to him.
Send not a cat for lard.
Short pleasure, long lament.
Silence does seldom harm
)
(
)
(
Sometimes the best gain is to

lose.
Spare the rod, spoil the child.
Silence gives consent.
Spend and God will send.
Step after step the ladder is

ascended.
Step by step one goes far.
233
Still water runs deep.

Strange food tastes best.
Talk much and err much.
Talk of the devil and be sure to

appear.
The absent are always in the
wrong.
The absent party is not so faulty.

)
(
Strike wh
)
(
( ()

The beginning of wisdom is the

fear of God.
The bride goes to her marriagebed, but knows not what shall
happen to her.
The burnt child dreads the fire.
The camel, going to seek horns,

lost his ears.
The cat and the dog may kiss, yet

are none the better friends.
The cat is out of the bag.
The cat shuts its eyes while it
steals cream.
234

( )

Talk of th
wings.
The child says nothing, but what

heard by the fire.
The cow known not what tail is
worth till she has lost it.
The devil dances in an empty

pocket.
)
(
The devil is never nearer than

when we are talking of him.
The die is cast.

The early bird catches the worm.
The earth produces nothing worse
than an ungrateful man.
The end justifies the means.
The fear of God is the beginning
of wisdom.
The greatest talkers are the least
doers.
The greatest wealth is
contentment with little.
The key to evil is one word.
The last straw breaks the camel's
back.
The light is naught for the sore
eyes.
235
( )

)
(

The day is
The misfortunes of some people

are advantages to other.
The morning hour has gold in its

mouth.
The only way to keep a secret is

to say nothing.
)
(
The shoemaker's wife has always

the worst shod.
The shortest answer is doing.
The tongue wounds more than a
lace.
The trick is the liar's weapon.
The worth of a man lies in what
he does well.
There is many a slip betwixt cup
and lip.
There is no better looking glass
than an old friend.
There is no companion like the
penny.
There is no darkness like
ignorance.
There is no good accord where
every man would be lord.
Things done by halves are never
done right.
236
)
(
The midd
The more
Those living in glass houses must

not throw other with stones.
Those playing with fire will harm

none but themselves.
Time tries all.

Tit for tat.
To be poor and contented is rich
enough.
To blind men, don't talk about
colors.
To break one's head and bring a
blaster.
To err is human, to forgive is
divine.
To err is to learn.

( )

To fall into sin is human; to

remain in sin is devilish.
To forget a wrong is the best

revenge.
)
(
To jump out of the frying pan into

the fire.
To live is to learn.
Tomorrow isn't too long to wait.
To will is it can.
237
Too many cooks spoil the broth.
Truth and oil are ever above.
Truth is stranger than fiction.
Truth is the daughter of time.
Truth is truth to the end of the

reckoning.
Truth needs no colors.
Truth will prevail.
Try that bone on some other dog.
Try your friend before you trust
him.
Two heads are better than one.
Union is strength.
United we stand, divided we fall.
Use the front door and not the
back one.
Use your wit as a buckler, not as a
sword.
Vice makes virtue shine.
Victory does not come by
jealousy.
Virtue is jewel of great price.
238

( )
)
(

Virtue is the only true nobility.

Wait and see which way the cat
jumps.
Walls have ears.
Waste makes want.
We are all in the same boat.

( )

We may give advice but we can

not give conduct.
We may not expect a good help

from an ill dog.
)
(
Well begun is half done.

What can't be cured must be
endured.
What greater crime than loss of
time.
What is bred in the bone cannot
come out of the flesh.
What is done by night appears by
day.
What will be, will be.

When a thing is done, advice
comes late.
When all men speak, no man
hears.
When a donkey kicks you, never
tell it.
239
What mus
When drink is in, wit is out.

When fortune knocks open the
door.
When love fails, we see all faults.
When the cat is away, the mice
will play.
When the heart is full, the tongue
will speak.
When there is will, there is a way.
When you obey your superior,

you instruct your inferior.
When you

Where there is drink, there is

danger.
While the word is in your mouth
it is your own; once it is spoken it
is another's.
Who eats his cock alone, must
saddle his horse alone.
Who has a fair wife, needs more
than two eyes.
Who is bad to his own is bad to
himself.

.
)
(

Wise man have their mouth in their heart, fools their heart in their mouth.
240
Where the
will lie.
Words bind men.

Wrong hears, wrong answer gives.
Years know more than books.
You find fault with a fat goose.
You look for a needle in a sack of hay.

You must stoop if you have a low door.

Zeal without knowledge is fire without light.
241
242
Index
243
244
: -1
A word is like a human being. New words are born every day. Take for
example the word "dotcommer" which refers to a person working in the
field of the internet. Other words die. Take for example the word
"yesterweek". These words are called archaic or obsolete. Etymology is
the science that studies the history and roots of words and expressions.
If someone invites you to a cup of tea, but you are really busy, you can
say:" I'll take a rain check". This expression dates back to the early
Nineteenth Century in England. At that time, if you paid for a theater
ticket and the show was put off because of heavy rain, you could take
a rain check, meaning you could keep the ticket and attend the play
another time when it cleared up.
_______________________________________________________
As for foreign borrowings it should be noted that Arabic was a
language at one time foreign to Egyptians, and since the Arab conquest
(effectively completed in 641 AD), there has been a fusion of one or
more kinds of Arabic with certain pre-existing language elements in
Egypt, together with the super-addition of further foreign borrowings.
The majority of non-Arabic items came from Coptic (e.g. ), Persian
(e.g. ) and Turkish (e.g. ), together with some Greek (e.g.
), Italian (e.g. ), French (e.g. ) and English (e.g. )
However, the Arabic character of the language is pervasive, to the
extent of having recast in an Arabic mould some of what was absorbed
as alien to the Arab cultural heritage (e.g. yabassi' to pass,
' yigarrash' to park a motor vehicle in a garage, ' yisaflit' to cover a
road with asphalt, 'yitalfin' to telephone ).
_________________________________________________________
245
In his Introduction to An English-Arabic Interpretation Manual, 2001 M.

M. Enany outlined the method to be adopted in teaching simultaneous
translation:
Firstly, the student should have a tape-recorder. This is not an optional
learning aid but absolutely essential. In the absence of a language
laboratory, self-teaching must rely on a tape recorder.
Secondly, the student will have to look at the passage to be translated
quickly before starting to translate so as to estimate the time required for
the delivery in English and try not to exceed it in his interpretation. If he
or she decides it may take 10 minutes, then the time allotted for the
interpretation should not exceed that by more than two to three minutes.
Thirdly, having read the English passage to oneself, one may be able to
spot the most difficult parts to translate, be they individual words,
phrases or whole structures. At this initial stage of interpretation
learning, the student is not required to give the fullest sense possible
but only the main ideas gleaned from the passage during delivery. If,
therefore, too many difficulties are found in the text, that is, if the
difficulties should prevent the student from grasping the essential ideas,
they must be overcome first. The student may do that by using a
dictionary.
Fourthly, the student should use the tape recorder to record his or her
Arabic version of the English text without having to restructure any
sentences. The process should be as follows:
1. Looking at your text in the book, begin to read silently, following the
syntax of the English sentence until you have arrived at an operative
verb. This should be your cue: now speak into the recorder until you
believe that the meaning is complete, before moving on to the next
sentence.
2. For the purposes of interpretation, a sentence is re-defined here to
mean any complete unit of meaning or, in technical terms, any
meaningful set of words.
3. In this controlled-vocabulary process, the emphasis will always be on
conveying the meaning, regardless of any flaws in the Arabic structure.

246

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247

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249

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250
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251

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257
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258
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.
-

.

.

:
.
259
: : : :
: : :
.
: .
)( )( .
2-Useful Material for Translators:

COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS:
Adjective
Austrian
Guinean
Mauritius
260
Senegalese
South African
Ugandan
261
262
263
264
265
266
Shires of England
County
Avon
267
Abbrev.
Avn
County Town
Bristol & Bath
Bedfordshire
Berkshire
Buckinghamshire
Cambridgeshire
Cheshire
City of London
Cleveland
Cornwall
Cumbria
Derbyshire
Devonshire
Dorset
Durham
East Sussex
Essex
Gloucestershire
Greater Manchester
Hampshire
Hereford & Worcester
Hertfordshire
Humberside
Inner London
Isle of Wight
Kent
Lancashire
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
Merseyside
Norfolk
Northamptonshire
Northumberland
North Yorkshire
Nottinghamshire
Outer London
Oxfordshire
Shropshire
268
Beds
Berks
Bucks
Cambs
Ches
London
Clev
Corn
Cumb
Derby
Devon
Dors
Dur
E Ssx
Esx
Glos
G Man
Hants
H&W
Herts
Humb
London
IOW
Kent
Lancs
Leics
Lincs
Mers
Nflk
Northants
Northumb
N Yorks
Notts
London
Oxon
Salop
Bedford
Reading
Aylesbury
Cambridge
Chester
Truro
Carlisle
Derby
Exeter
Dorchester
Durham
Lewes
Colchester
Gloucester
Winchester
St Albans
Newport
Maidstone
Preston
Leicester
Lincoln
Liverpool
Norwich
Northampton
Harrogate
Nottingham
Oxford
Shrewsbury
Somerset
South Yorkshire
Staffordshire
Suffolk
Surrey
Tyne and Wear
Warwickshire
West Midlands
West Sussex
West Yorkshire
Wiltshire
Som
S Yorks
Staffs
Sflk
Sry
T&W
Warks
W Mids
W Ssx
W Yorks
Wilts
Taunton
Stafford
Ipswich
Guildford
Warwick
Chichester
Leeds
Salisbury
The United States of America

State
Capital
Abbrs.
Delaware
Dover
DE or Del
Pennsylvania
Harrisburg
PA or Pa
New Jersey
Trenton
NJ
Georgia
Atlanta
GA or Ga
Connecticut
Hartford
CT or Conn
Massachusetts
Boston
MA or Mass
Maryland
Annapolis
MD or Md
South Carolina
Columbia
SC
New Hampshire
Concord
NH
Virginia
Richmond
VA or Va
New York
Albany
NY
North Carolina
Raleigh
NC
Rhode Iasland
Providence
RI
269
Vermont
Montpelier
VT or Vt
Kentucky
Frankfort
KY or Ky
Tennessee
Nashville
TN or Tenn
Ohio
Columbus
OH
Louisiana
Baton Rouge
LA or La
Indiana
Indianapolis
IN or Ind
Mississippi
Jackson
MS or Miss
Illinois
Springfield
IL or Ill
Alabama
Montgomery
AL or Ala
Maine
Augusta
ME or Me
Missouri
Jefferson City
MO or Mo
Arkansas
Little Rock
AAR or Ark
Michigan
Lansing
MI or Mich
Florida
Tallahassee
FL or Fla
Texas
Austin
TX or Tex
Iowa
Des Moines
IA or Ia
Wisconsin
Madison
WI or Wis
California
Sacramento
CA or Calif
Minnesota
St Paul
MN or Minn
Oregon
Salem
OR or Oreg
Kansas
Topeka
KS or Kan
West Virginia
Charleston
WV or W. Va
Nevada
Carson City
NV or Nev
Nebraska
Lincoln
NE or Nebr
270
Colorado
Denver
CO or Col
North Dakota
Bismark
ND or N. Dak
South Dakota
Pierre
SD or S. Dak
Montana
Helena
MT or Mont
Washington
Olympia
WA or Wash
Idaho
Boise
ID
Wyoming
Cheyenne
WY or Wyo
Utah
Salt Lake City
UT
Oklahoma
Oklahoma City OK or Okla
New Mexico
Santa Fe
NM or N. Mex
Arizona
Phoenix
AZ or Ariz
Alaska
Juneau
AK or Alas
Hawaii
Honolulu
HI
Major Deserts of the World

Desert
Location
Sahara
Libyan
Northern Africa
Libya, Egypt, and Sudan (part of Sahara)
Africa
Kalahari
NamibSouthwestern Africa
AsiaSouthwestern Africa
Arabia
271
Gobisouthern Arabian
Rub'al KhaliSouthwestern Asia

Mongolia and northeastern China
Peninsula
Kara-Kum
Kyzyl-KumTurkmenistan
Takla MakanKazakhstan-Uzbekistan
Kavirnorthern China
Syriancentral Iran
TharSaudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq
Dasht-e-LutIndia and Pakistan
Australiaeastern Iran
Great Victoria
Great SandyWestern and South Australia
Gibsonnorthern Western Australia
SimpsonWestern Australia
North AmericaNorthern Territory

Great Basin
Chihuahuansouthweste
northern Mexico
rn United States
Sonoran
Coloradosouthwestern U.S. and Baja California
YumaCalifornia and northern Mexico
MojaveArizona
and
Sonora, Mexico
South America
southwestern United States
Patagonian
Atacamasouthern Argentina
northern Chile
Principal lakes of the World
272
Name
Location
Caspian Sea (salt)
Russia - Iran
Superior
USA - Canada
Victoria
Africa
Aral (salt)
Russia
Huron
USA - Canada
Michigan
USA
Tanganyika
Africa
Baykal
Russia
Great Bear
Canada
Great Slave
Canada
Erie
USA - Canada
Winnipeg
Canada
Malawi (Nyasa)
Malawi - Mozambique - Tanzania
Maracaibo (salt)
Venezuela
Ontario
USA - Canada
Balkhash
Russia
Ladoga
273
Russia
Chad
274
Onega
Russia
Eyre (salt)
Australia
Turkana (salt)
Kenya - Ethiopia
Titicaca
Peru - Bolivia
Athabasca
Canada
Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Principal Mountains of the World

Mountain
Country
Everest
K2 (Godwin - Austen)Nepal - Tibet
KangchenjungaKashmir - Xinjiang
MakaluNepal - Sikkim
DhaulagiriNepal - Tibet
Nanga ParbatNepal
AnnapurnaJammu - Kashmir
GasherbrumNepal
Sisha Pangma (Gosainthan)Jammu - Kashmir
Nanda DeviTibet
RakaposhiIndia
KametJammu
275
- Kashmir
India - Tibet
Nancha Barwa
Tibet
Gurla Mandhata
Tibet
Muztag
Tibet
Kongur Shan
Xinjiang
Tirich Mir
Pakistan
Gongga Shan (Minya Konga)
China
Muztagata
Xinjiang
Kommunisma (Pik)
Russia
Pobedy (Pik)
Russia - Xinjiang
Chomolhari
Bhutan - Tibet
Lenina (Pik)
Russia
Ojos del Salado
Chile - Argentina
Aconcagua
Argentina
Bonete
Argentina
Tupungato
Chile
Huascaran
Peru
Kangrinboqe Feng (Kailas)
Tibet
Yerupaja
SajamaPeru
Bolivia
Illampu
Bolivia
Coropuna
Peru
Illimani
Bolivia
Chimborazo
Ecuador
Major Rivers of the World

River
Nile
276
Country
Africa
Amazon
South America
Mississippi - Missouri
United States of America
Irtysh
Russia
Chang Jiang (Yangtze)
China
Huang He (Yellow)
China
Zaire (Congo)
Africa
Amur
Asia
Lena
Russia
Mackenzie
Canada
Mekong
Asia
Niger
Africa
Yenisey
Russia
Parana
South America
Murray - Darling
Australia
Volga
Russia
Madeira
South America
Purus
South America
St Lawrence
Canada
Rio Grande
USA - Mexico
Yukon
Alaska
Orinoco
Sao FranciscoSouth America
SalweenSouth America
Burma - China
Danube
Europe
Indus
BrahmaputraAsia
277
Asia
List of International Organizations

United Nations (UN Secretariat, Organs and Their
Subsidiary Bodies and Special Programs)
278
United Nations Secretariat

UN Capital Development Fund
UN Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS)
UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)
UN Development Fund for Women
UN Development Program (UNDP)
UN Environmental Program (UNEP)
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
UN Office of Drug Control & Crime Prevention

(UNODCCP)
UN International Training and Research Center (UNITAR)
UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the
Near East (UNRWA)
UN University
UN Volunteers
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
International Civil Service Commission (ICSC)
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
International Research and Training Institute for the
Advancement of Women (INSTRAW)
World Food Program (WFP)
Specialized Agencies of the United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
International Fund for Agriculture Development (IFAD)
International Labor Organization (ILO)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)
Universal Postal Union (UPU)
World Health Organization (WHO)
International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
International Financial Institutions
279
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)
North American Development Bank (NADB)
UN Regional Development Banks
o African Development Bank
o
o
o
o
o
o
Asian Development Bank

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD)
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
International Bank for Reconstruction &
Development (IBRD)
International Finance Corporation (IFC)
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
Inter-American Organizations
Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC)

Inter-American Center of Tax Administrators (CIAT)
Inter-American Indian Institute (IAII)
Inter-American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture
(IICA)
Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
Organization of American States (OAS)
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
Pan American Institute of Geography and History
Pan American Railway Congress Association
Postal Union of the Americas, Spain and Portugal (PUASP)
Other Regional Organizations
Asia Pacific Energy Research Center (APERC)

Colombo Plan Council
Great Lakes Fisheries Commission
International Energy Agency (IEA)
North Atlantic Assembly
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
(OECD)
South Pacific Commission
Other International Organizations
280
281
Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)

Commission For Labor Cooperation
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine
Living Resources
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
Fund for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage (World Heritage Fund)
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
International Agreement on the Maintenance of Certain
Lights in the Red Sea
International Bureau of Weights and Measures
International Bureau for the Permanent Court of Arbitration
International Bureau for the Protection of Industrial
Property
International Bureau for the Publication of Custom Tariffs
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry
Areas (ICARDA)
International Center for the Study of the Preservation and
Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)
International Coffee Organization
International Committee of the Red Cross
International Cotton Advisory Committee
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)
International Council of Scientific Unions and Associate
Unions
International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid
Tropics (ICRISAT)
International Development Law Institute (IDLI)
International Fertilizer Development Center
International Grains Council (formerly Int'l Wheat Council)
International Human Frontier Science Program
Organization (HFSP)
International Hydrographic Organization
International Institute for Cotton
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law
International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO)
International North Pacific Fisheries Commission
282
International Organization for Legal Metrology

International Organization for Migration (IOM)
International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions
International Plant Genetics Resources Institute (IPGRI)
International Rubber Study Group
International Science and Technology Center (ISTC)
International Seed Testing Association
International Service for National Agriculture Research
(ISNAR)
International Sugar Council
International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)
International Union of Credit and Investment Insurers
(Berne Union)
International Whaling Commission
Interparliamentary Union
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization
(KEDO)
Multinational Force and Observers (MFO)
Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
(OPCW) (formerly the Preparatory Commission to OPCW)
Pacific Aviation Safety Office (PASO)
Permanent International Association of Navigation
Congresses
Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear
Test-Ban Treaty (PC/CTBT)
Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern
Europe
The Hague Conference on Private International Law
Science and Technology Center in Ukraine (STCU)
Sierra Leone Special Court
The World Heritage Fund
World Customs Organization (WCC) {formerly the
Customs Cooperation Council (CCC)}
World Trade Organization (WTO) {formerly the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)}
Conversion Tables
WHEN YOU KNOW
MULTIPLY BY
TO FIND
inches
25.4
millimeters
feet
0.305
meters
yards
0.914
meters
283
miles
284
1.61
kilometers
square inches
645.2
square
millimeters
square feet
0.093
square meters
square yard
0.836
square meters
acres
0.405
hectares
square miles
2.59
square kilometers
fluid ounces
29.57
milliliters
gallons
3.785
liters
cubic feet
0.028
cubic meters
cubic yards
0.765
cubic meters
ounces
28.35
grams
pounds
0.454
kilograms
short tons (2000 lb)
0.907
megagrams (or
"metric ton")
Fahrenheit
(F-32) x 5 / 9
or
(F-32) / 1.8
Celsius
WHEN YOU KNOW
MULTIPLY BY
TO FIND
millimeters
0.039
inches
meters
3.28
feet
meters
1.09
yards
kilometers
0.621
miles
millimeters
0.0016
square inches
square meters
10.764
square feet
square meters
1.195
square yards
hectares
2.47
acres
square kilometers
0.386
square miles
Most Common English and American Male Names

Ronald
Kevin
Jason
Jeff
milliliters
liters
Christopher
DanielAnthonyJames
Paul
RobertJohn
Mark
Michael
Donald0.034
William
fluid ounces
George
David
0.264
gallons
Kenneth
Richard
Steven
Charles
Edward
Joseph
Brian
Thomas
3-Answers to some assignments:

No. of
assignment
Answer
/ / / -
-The Arab League held a meeting yesterday at the

foreign ministers' level.
- It is highly important to separate among the three
authorities because when the executive branch
becomes tyrannical, the whole state turns to
autocracy.
- Inflation
has negatively
impacted
the state
budget.
Most Common
English
and American
Female
Names
- It is strange that most citizens do not know the
Michelle
NancyLauraMary
difference between Lisa
the offense and
the
Sarah
Karen
LindaPatricia
misdemeanor.
- The 3rd mechanized
infantry divisionBarbara
crossed the
Kimberly
Betty
canal under massive
barrage.
Deborah
Helen
Elizabeth
- Tropical medicine and geriatrics are nowadays
Sandra
Jennifer
ranked among the most important branches of
Donna
Maria
medicine.
Carol
Susan
=
Ruth
Margaret
=
Sharon
Dorothy
=
285
=
.
.

A Guide To Translation

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What are the main sections covered in the document?

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What challenges does the translator face according to the text?

What challenges does the translator face according to the text?

A GUIDE TO

Mohamed Azab, Ph.D.

And of his signs is the

Herein indeed are portents

Translation and Lexicography

Challenges that face the translator:

Texts for Studying, Comparing and

1- Readings on Language and Translation

Translation is a science and an art. It requires much talent, skill,

The need for translation:

Translation began when people felt a need for contact and

Translation and enlightenment:

Translation has played a major part in the movement of

Bibliotheca Alexandrina embarked on the translation of

In 282 AD, Jeronimo, the Bishop of Rome did Bible

In 830 AD, Caliph Al-Mamun founded the House of

for one year he sneaked into the ruler's palace to translate a

The target language

The Know How

Understand perfectly the content and intention of the author

Although a translator has to maintain good knowledge of both

Avoid word by word tracing unless there is an obligation to do

Review the translation for beefing up or revising.

and paragraph-to paragraph linkers. Hereafter are some examples of

Translate the following transitions into Arabic and determine

By method(word by word or sense by sense)

Let's face it; the translational capacity of languages varies.

- step one -------- translate a text from Arabic to English at the

- step two ----------- retranslate the English text to Arabic again at

word translation is also called mechanical or literal translation. It goes

textual and simultaneous interpretation, you should have the same

Translation and Lexicography

Translation and lexicography:

State and state institutions

Election, parties and

- Music and singing-Radio and television

General dictionaries on the other hand are more

If you are translating into English, you might confront some

Machine Translation (Electronic Dictionaries)

One of these machines translated "NO FLY ZONE" as

The following is another example tried on an electronic

Now go through the following passage by Prof. Mohamed

)" " "" ( sins of flesh

Challenges that Face the Translator

Challenges that Face the Translator :

Khul' law passes major test

Look at the following translation and comment on it:

The politically correct word

Read the following research paper by Dr. Adel Anany on

Of the above transliterated forms, Ministry of Waqfs and Shura

The morning of the day after someone's

Egyptian popular holding on the Monday

(3) Transliteration, together with explanation:

Majlis Al Shura' ( consultative council ) Majlis Al

Jerboa, a type of small jumping desert rat found