THE NICENE CREED

The Nicene Creed is the most widely accepted and used brief
statements of the Christian Faith. In liturgical churches, it is
said every Sunday as part of the Liturgy. It is Common Ground to
East Orthodox, Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Lutherans, Calvinists,
and many other Christian groups. Many groups that do not have a
tradition of using it in their services nevertheless are committed
to the doctrines it teaches.

(Someone may ask, "What about the Apostles' Creed?" Traditionally,

in the West, the Apostles' Creed is used at Baptisms, and the Nicene
Creed at the Eucharist (aka the Mass, the Liturgy, the Lord's
Supper, or the Holy Communion). The East uses only the Nicene Creed.)

I here present the Nicene Creed in two English translations, The

first is the traditional one, in use with minor variations since
1549, The second is a modern version, that of (I think) The
Interdenominational Committee on Liturgical Texts. Notes and
comment by me follow.

TRADITIONAL WORDING

I believe in one God,

the Father Almighty,
maker of heaven and earth,
and of all things visible and invisible;

And in one Lord Jesus Christ,

the only begotten Son of God,
begotten of his Father before all worlds,
God of God, Light of Light,
very God of very God,
begotten, not made,
being of one substance with the Father;
by whom all things were made;
who for us men and for our salvation
came down from heaven,
and was incarnate by the Holy Ghost
of the Virgin Mary,
and was made man;
and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate;
he suffered and was buried;
and the third day he rose again
according to the Scriptures,
and ascended into heaven,
and sitteth on the right hand of the Father;
and he shall come again, with glory,
to judge both the quick and the dead;
whose kingdom shall have no end.

And I believe in the Holy Ghost the Lord, and Giver of Live,
who proceedeth from the Father [and the Son];
who with the Father and the Son together
is worshipped and glorified;
who spake by the Prophets.
And I believe one holy Catholic and Apostolic Church;
I acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins;
and I look for the resurrection of the dead,
and the life of the world to come. AMEN.

MODERN WORDING

We believe in one God,

the Father, the Almighty,
maker of heaven and earth,
of all that is, seen and unseen.

We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ,

the only son of God,
eternally begotten of the Father,
God from God, Light from Light,
true God from true God,
begotten, not made,
of one being with the Father.
Through him all things were made.
For us and for our salvation
he came down from heaven:
by the power of the Holy Spirit
he became incarnate from the Virgin Mary,
and was made man.
For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate;
he suffered death and was buried.
On the third day he rose again
in accordance with the Scriptures;
he ascended into heaven
and is seated at the right hand of the Father.
He will come again in glory
to judge the living and the dead,
and his kingdom will have no end.

We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life,

who proceeds from the Father [and the Son].
With the Father and the Son
he is worshipped and glorified.
He has spoken through the Prophets.
We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church.
We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.
We look for the resurrection of the dead,
and the life of the world to come. AMEN.

NOTES AND COMMENT

When the Apostles' Creed was drawn up, the chief enemy was
Gnosticism, which denied that Jesus was truly Man; and the emphases
of the Apostles' Creed reflect a concern with repudiating this error.

When the Nicene Creed was drawn up, the chief enemy was Arianism,
which denied that Jesus was fully God. Arius was a presbyter
(=priest = elder) in Alexandria in Egypt, in the early 300's. He
taught that the Father, in the beginning, created (or begot) the
Son, and that the Son, in conjunction with the Father, then
proceeded to create the world. The result of this was to make the
Son a created being, and hence not God in any meaningful sense. It
was also suspiciously like the theories of those Gnostics and pagans
who held that God was too perfect to create something like a
material world, and so introduced one or more intermediate beings
between God and the world. God created A, who created B, who
created C... who created Z, who created the world. Alexander, Bishop
of Alexandria, sent for Arius and questioned him. Arius stuck to
his position, and was finally excommunicated by a council of
Egyptian bishops. He went to Nicomedia in Asia, where he wrote
letters defending his position to various bishops. Finally, the
Emperor Constantine summoned a council of Bishops in Nicea (across
the straits from modern Istambul), and there in 325 the Bishops of
the Church, by a decided majority, repudiated Arius and produced the
first draft of what is now called the Nicene Creed. A chief
spokesman for the full deity of Christ was Athanasius, deacon of
Alexandria, assistant (and later successor) to the aging Alexander.
The Arian position has been revived in our own day by the Watchtower
Society (the JW's), who explicitly hail Arius as a great witness to
the truth.

I here print the Creed (modern wording) a second time, with notes
inserted.

* We believe in one God,

* the Father, the Almighty,
* maker of heaven and earth,
* of all that is, seen and unseen.

* We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ,

* the only son of God,

Here and elswhere (such as John 1:14) where the Greek has
MONOGENETOS HUIOS, an English translation may read either "only Son"
or "only begotten Son." The Greek is ambiguous. The root GEN is
found in words like "genital, genetics, generation," and suggests
begetting. However, it is also found in words like "genus" and
suggests family or sort or kind. Accordingly, we may take MONOGENETOS
to mean
either "only begotten" or "one-of-a-kind, only, sole, unique".

* eternally begotten of the Father,

Here the older translation has "begotten of the Father before all
worlds." One might suppose that this means, "before the galaxies
were formed," or something of the kind. But in fact the English word
"world" used to mean something a little different. It is related to
"were" (pronounced "weer"), an old word for "man," as in "werewolf"
or "weregild." (Compare with Latin VIR.) Hence a "world" was
originally a span of time equal to the normal lifespan of a man.
Often in the KJV Bible, one finds "world" translating the Greek AION
("eon"), and a better translation today would be "age." (Thus, for
example, in Matthew 24:3, the question is one of "the end of the
age," which makes it possible to understand what follows as a
description of the destruction of Jerusalem in the year 70, and of
the end of an era in the spiritual history of mankind. But I
digress.) So here we have "begotten of the Father before all times,
before all ages." Arius was fond of saying, "The Logos is not
eternal. God begat him, and before he was begotten, he did not
exist." The Athanasians replied that the begetting of the Logos was
not an event in time, but an eternal relationship.

* God from God, Light from Light,

A favorite analogy of the Athanasians was the following: Light is

continously streaming forth from the sun. (In those days, it was
generally assumed that light was instantaneous, so that there was no
delay at all between the time that a ray of light left the sun and
the time it struck the earth.) The rays of light are derived from
the sun, and not vice versa. But it is not the case that first the
sun existed and afterwards the Light. It is possible to imagine that
the sun has always existed, and always emitted light. The Light,
then, is derived from the sun, but the Light and the sun exist
simultaneously throughout eternity. They are co-eternal. Just so,
the Son exists because the Father exists, but there was never a time
before the Father produced the Son.
The analogy is further appropriate because we can know the sun only
through the rays of light that it emits. To see the sunlight is to
see the sun. Just so, Jesus says, "He who has seen me has seen the
Father." (John 14:9)

* true God from true God,

* begotten, not made,

This line was inserted by way of repudiating Arius's teaching that

the Son was the first thing that the Father created, and that to say
that the Father begets the Son is simply another way of saying that
the Father has created the Son.

Arius said that if the Father has begotten the Son, then the Son
must be inferior to the Father, as a prince is inferior to a king.
Athanasius replied that a son is precisely the same sort of being as
his father, and that the only son of a king is destined himself to
be a king. It is true that an earthly son is younger than his
father, and that there is a time when he is not yet what he will be.
But God is not in time. Time, like distance, is a relation between
physical events, and has meaning only in the context of the physical
universe. When we say that the Son is begotten of the Father, we do
not refer to an event in the remote past, but to an eternal and
timeless relation between the Persons of the Godhead. Thus, while we
say of an earthly prince that he may some day hope to become what
his father is now, we say of God the Son that He is eternally what
God the Father is eternally.

* of one being with the Father.

This line: "of one essence with the Father, of one substance with
the Father, consubstantial with the Father," (in Greek, HOMO-OUSIOS
TW PATRI) was the crucial one, the acid test. It was the one formula
that the Arians could not interpret as meaning what they believed.
Without it, they would have continued to teach that the Son is good,
and glorious, and holy, and a Mighty Power, and God's chief agent in
creating the world, and the means by which God chiefly reveals
Himself to us, and therefore deserving in some sense to be called
divine. But they would have continued to deny that the Son was God
in the same sense in which the Father is God. And they would have
pointed out that, since the Council of Nicea had not issued any
declaration that they could not accept, it followed that there was
room for their position inside the tent of Christian doctrine, as
that tent had been defined at Nicea. Arius and his immediate
followers would have denied that they were reducing the Son to the
position of a high-ranking angel. But their doctrine left no
safeguard against it, and if they had triumphed at Nicea, even in
the negative sense of having their position acknowledged as a
permissible one within the limits of Christian orthodoxy, the damage
to the Christian witness to Christ as God made flesh would have been
irreparable.

Incidentally, HOMOOUSIOS is generally written without the hyphen.

The OU (in Greek as in French) is pronounced as in "soup", "group",
and so on, and the word has five syllables HO-mo-OU-si-os, with
accents on first and third, as shown. The Greek root HOMO, meaning
"same,"
is found in English words like "homosexual" and "homogenized", and
is not to be confused with the Latin word HOMO, meaning "man,
human".

The language finally adopted in the East was that the Trinity
consists of three HYPOSTASES (singular HYPOSTASIS) united in one
OUSIA. The formula used in the West, and going back at least to
Tertullian (who wrote around 200, and whose writings are the oldest
surviving Christian treatises written in Latin), is that the Trinity
consists of three PERSONAE (singular PERSONA) united in one
SUBSTANTIA. In English, we say "Three Persons in one Substance."
Unfortunately, the Greek HYPO-STASIS and the Latin SUB-STANTIA each
consists of an element meaning "under, below" (as in "hypodermic",
"hypothermia", etc) followed by an element meaning "stand". Thus it
was natural for a Greek-speaker, reading a Latin document that
referred to One SUBSTANTIA to substitute mentally a reference to One
HYPOSTASIS, and to be very uncomfortable, while a Latin-speaker
would have the same problem in reverse. Thus the seeds were sown for
a breakdown of communication.

* Through him all things were made.

This is a direct quote from John 1:3. Before the insertion of the
HOMO-OUSIOS clause, this line immediately followed "begotten, not
made." The two lines go naturally together. The Son is not a created
thing. Rather, He is the agent through Whom all created things come
to be. Inserting the HOMO-OUSIOS at this point breaks up the flow,
and if I had been present at the Council of Nicea, I would have
urged the bishops to insert it one line further down instead. In
the older translation, in particular, someone reading the Creed is
likely to understand it as referring to "The Father by whom all
things were made." The newer translation, by revising the English
wording, makes this misreading less likely.

* For us and for our salvation

The older translation has, "for us men." Now, while English has in
common current usage the one word "man" to do duty both for
gender-inclusive ("human") and for gender-specific ("male"), Latin
has "homo, homin-" for gender-inclusive and "vir" for
gender-specific, while Greek has "anthropos" for gender-inclusive
and "aner, andro-" for gender-specific. (Given the demand for a
similar distinction in English, I have been arguing for a
gender-inclusive use of "man", and the revival of the older word
"were" (as in "werewolf" and "weregild") in the gender-specific
sense. But so far I have had but scant success.) Where the older
translation of the Creed is used, with its "for us men" at this
point, a feminist might consider complaining of sexist language. But
the Greek and Latin wording here are both gender-inclusive, and so a
feminist, reading the Creed in either of those languages, ought to
find nothing that will upset him.

* he came down from heaven:

* by the power of the Holy Spirit
* he became incarnate from the Virgin Mary,
* and was made man.
* For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate;
* he suffered death and was buried.

You will note that the older translation has here simply, "He
suffered and was buried" (Latin, "passus et sepultus est").
Apparently by the time of Nicea, it was no longer necessary to
emphasize, to spell out unmistakeably, that Christ had really died
at Calvary, as it had been spelled out in the Apostles' Creed. And
indeed, I have never heard anyone try to argue that the Creed here
leaves a loophole for those who want to believe that Jesus merely
swooned on the Cross. So apparently the Nicene Fathers were right in
supposing that their language would not be misunderstood. However,
the framers of the new translation decided to make the meaning
unmistakeable and to close this particular loophole. And I for one
am not sorry.

* On the third day he rose again

* in accordance with the Scriptures;

The wording here is borrowed from 1 Corinthians 15:4. The older

translation has "according to the Scriptures," which in terms of
modern language is misleading. Today, when we say, "It will rain
tomorrow, according to the weatherman," we mean, "The weatherman
says that it will rain, but whether he is right is another
question." And this is clearly not what either St. Paul or the
Nicene Fathers had in mind. The newer translation is an improvement.
I would have suggested, "in fulfilment of the Scriptures," which is
clearly what is meant.

* he ascended into heaven

* and is seated at the right hand of the Father.
* He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead,
* and his kingdom will have no end.
*
* We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life,
* who proceeds from the Father [and the Son].

The words shown in brackets,

"and from the Son," are a Western addition to the Creed as it
was originally agreed on by a Council representing the whole Church,
East and West. They correspond to the
Latin word FILIOQUE (FILI = Son, -O = from, -QUE = and; pronounced
with accent on the O), and the controversy about them is accordingly
known as the Filioque controversy.

If we are looking for a statement that can be taken as common

ground by all Christians, East and West alike, it clearly cannot
include the FILIOQUE. On the other hand, Western Christians will
be unwilling to have it supposed that they are repudiating the
statement that the Spirit proceeds jointly from Father and Son.
I accordingly suggest that we print the Creed with the FILIOQUE
either in brackets or omitted altogether, but with the understanding
that, while assenting to the resulting statement does not commit
anyone to belief in the Dual Procession of the Spirit, neither does
it commit anyone to disbelief in the Dual Procession.

I reserve extensive comments on the Dual Procession, the history

of the belief, and the reasons for and against believing in it,
for a separate essay, called CREED FILIOQUE.

* With the Father and the Son he is worshipped and glorified.

* He has spoken through the Prophets.

This line was directed against the view that the Holy Spirit did not
exist, or was not active, before Pentecost.

* We believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church.

Since many Christians from various backgrounds will want to know,

"Precisely what would I be agreeing to if I signed this?" I
have commented extensively on the wording in a separate file,
called CREED CHURCH.

* We acknowledge one baptism for the forgiveness of sins.

* We look for the resurrection of the dead,
* and the life of the world to come. AMEN.

----------------
Posted by: James E. Kiefer
Source: CHRISTIA File Archives
(for more info send INDEX CHRISTIA to listserv@asuvm.inre.asu.edu)

jab/15-Mar-94