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A
SYNOPSIS ON
Density Based Traffic Signal System
SUBMITTED TO JAGANNATH GUPTA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (B.TECH) IN ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted By: Submitted To: Student name Mr. Nidhish Tiwari Sir Associate Professor (DEPARTMENT OF ECE)
COLLEGE
LOGO YEAR_
Jagannath Gupta Institute of Engineering And Technology
Plot No.IP-2&3, Phase IV, Tonk Road, Sitapura Industrial Area, Opp Chokhi, Dhani, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302022
Objective:
Density based traffic signal system
Introduction: The project is designed to develop a density based dynamic traffic signal system. The signal timing changes automatically on sensing the traffic density at the junction. Traffic congestion is a severe problem in many major cities across the world and it has become a nightmare for the regular people in these cities. Conventional traffic light system is based on fixed time concept allotted to each side of the junction which cannot be varied as per varying traffic density. Junction timings allotted are fixed. Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the junction demands longer green time as compared to standard allotted time. The proposed system using a ATmega8 controller family duly interfaced with sensors, changes the junction timing automatically to accommodate movement of vehicles smoothly avoiding unnecessary waiting time at the junction. The sensors used in this project are IR and photodiodes are in line of sight configuration across the loads to detect the density at the traffic signal. Further the project can be enhanced by synchronizing all the traffic junctions in the city by establishing a network among them. The network can be wired or wireless. This synchronization will greatly help in reducing traffic congestion. many studies and statistics were generated in developing countries that proved that most of the road accidents are because of the very narrow
roads and because of the destructive increase in the transportation means.
This idea of controlling the traffic light efficiently in real time has attracted many researchers to work in this field with the goal of creating automatic tool that can estimate the traffic congestion and based on this variable, the traffic sign time interval is forecasted. Researchers now are so much interested in automatic real-time traffic congestion estimation tool as it is the most significant factor on which intelligent transportation systems are based. Some of the researchers have focused in their work on traffic flow estimation. It is measured as the rate at which vehicles pass a fixed point (e.g. vehicles per minute). They used spot sensors such as loop detectors and pneumatic sensors to quantify the traffic flow However; the sensors are very expensive and need a lot of maintenance especially in developing countries because of the road ground de-formations. In addition, metal barriers near the road might prevent effective detection using radar sensors.
Principle:
In this system, we will use IR sensors to measure the traffic density. We have to arrange one IR sensor for each road; these sensors always sense the traffic on that particular road. All these sensors are interfaced to the microcontroller. Based on these sensors, controller detects the traffic and controls the traffic system.
The main heart of this traffic system is microcontroller. IR sensors are connected to the PORT C (PC0, PC1, PC2, and PC3) of the microcontroller and traffic lights are connected to PORT B and PORT D. If there is a traffic on road then that particular sensor output becomes logic 0 otherwise logic 1. By receiving these IR sensor outputs, we have to write the program to control the traffic system. If you receive logic 0 from any of these sensors, we have to give the green signal to that particular path and give red signal to all other paths. Here continuously we have to monitor the IR sensors to check for the traffic. IR transmitter looks like an LED. This IR transmitter always emits IR rays from it. The operating voltage of this IR transmitter is 2 to 3v. These IR (infra red) rays are invisible to the human eye. But we can view these IR rays through camera. IR receiver receives IR rays that are transmitted by IR transmitter. Normally IR receiver has high resistance in order of mega ohms, when it is receiving IR rays the resistance is very low. The operating voltage of IR receiver is also 2 to 3V. We have to place these IR pair in such a way that when we place an obstacle in front of this IR pair, IR receiver should be able to receive the IR rays. When we give the power, the transmitted IR rays hit the object and reflect back to the IR receiver. Instead of traffic lights, we are using LEDs (RED, GREEN, YELLOW). In normal traffic system, we will glow the LEDs on time basis. If the traffic density is high on any particular path, then glows green LED of that particular path and glows the red LEDs for remaining paths.
In normal traffic system, we allow the traffic for a time delay of 1 minute for each path.
Circuit diagram :
Circuit Components:
ATmega8 controller PCB board IR sensors -4 LEDs-12(4-red,4-green,4-yellow) 12v Battery or adaptor Serial cable Connecting wires
Applications of Density Based Traffic Signal System:
This project is mainly used to control the traffic in metropolitan cities.
Limitations of this Circuit:
1.)
IR sensors sometimes may absorb normal light also. As a result, traffic system works
2.) 3.)
in improper way. IR sensors work only for fewer distances. We have to arrange IR sensors in accurate manner otherwise they may not detect the traffic density.
Conclusion: The controller we used has the following features like 8 bit architecture in a tiny 28 pin PDIP package,1KB RAM and 8KB on-chip Flash Program Memory. For low end applications, thiscontroller is very easy to use and at the same time IR also widely accepted protocol for mobile communication. By using IR technology and ATmega8 controller architecture based microcontroller , we implemented electronic based traffic density control system.
Bibliography: http://www.electronicshub.org Programming and Customizing the AVR Microcontroller by Dhananjay Gadre http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded_Systems/Atmel_AVR
