可汗学院语法30篇（明志教育推荐）

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Section 1 Informative(
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1. An Unusual Island ...................................................................................... 6

2. Resurrecting Zora .................................................................................... 12
3. GI Bill: A Real American Hero ............................................................... 18
4. Thomas Jefferson, Academic Visionary ................................................. 24
5.
The Battle Against White-Nose Syndrome ...................................... 29
6.
The Boreal Chorus Frog: An Exceptional Amphibian? ................. 34
7.
Chemists for Clean Water ................................................................. 39
8.
False or False: The Question of Falsifiability .................................. 43
9. The Business of Hospitality ..................................................................... 47

11. A Moveable Street: Haussmann's New Paris ....................................... 56
12. A work in Progress: The Periodic Table............................................... 59
Section 2 Narrative
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.................................................................... 63
1. Trumans Winning Whistle-Stop Tour ................................................... 63

2. El Sistema: Venezuelas Revolutionary Music Education .................... 68
3. A Wave of Molasses .................................................................................. 73
4. The Creation of Treasure Island ............................................................. 77
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5. The Pumpkin Papers ............................................................................... 82

6. Personal Anthropology ............................................................................ 86
7. The Other Tolstoy..................................................................................... 90
8. Dr. Kings Guiding Light ......................................................................... 94
9.
10.
John Snow and the Story of the Broad Street Pump ...................... 98
Mary Walker: A Century Ahead of Her Time ........................... 103
11. Demystifying Digestion ........................................................................ 108

Section 3 Argument
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................................................................. 112
1. Judithe Hernandez and the Chicana Artistic Voice ............................ 112

2. Creative Translation .............................................................................. 116
3.
Taking on Gatsby: A Directors Tall Task ....................................... 121
4.
Preserving America .......................................................................... 126
5. Cholesterol: Friend and Foe ................................................................. 132

6. The Political Power of the First Ladies ................................................ 137
7. The Relevance of Linguae Latinae ....................................................... 141
8. Healthy Outlook for Male Nurses ........................................................ 146

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Section 1 Informative(
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1. An Unusual Island
Located in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of southeastern Africa, Madagascar is the worlds
fourth-largest island. Hosting an unusually large number of species in a relatively tiny area, [1
Madagascars biodiversity is its exceptional feature. This unusual variety is made possible in part
by the islands geographic features. Covering less than 0.5 percent of the worlds landmass, the
island contains rainforests, mountains, and plains. [2
The vast number of species found in Madagascar stems from the fact that it has been cut off
from other landmasses for 80 million years. [3
As a result, the island has been an ideal setting
for allopatric speciation, a process in which geographically isolated populations of the same
species
4 evolves independently. Due to the diverse habitats of Madagascar, many populations
have also become isolated from one another on the island itself, resulting in further speciation.
Over half of the [5
worlds species of chameleons live on Madagascar. The islands many
habitats have resulted in chameleon species that have a wide variety of sizes, diets, and
camouflages. The worlds largest and smallest species of chameleon are both found on
Madagascar. The largest, Parsons chameleon, can be almost a meter in [6] length. The smallest
can sit comfortably on the head of a match.
Madagascars plants are just as diverse as its animals, with over 12,000 species of plants on the
island found nowhere else on earth. The tallest species of palm tree on the [7] island, Tahina
spectabilis, reaches heights of over 60 feet. Botanists and island residents alike assumed the plants
were unusually tall specimens of another palm species until they were surprised by one trees
sudden flowering. It produced a bizarre-looking shoot that resembled a pine tree with each branch
bearing hundreds of bunches of tiny white flowers. To date, only about three dozen of these [8]
durable trees are known to exist in the wild.
[9] This palm tree was among the 600 previously unknown species discovered on Madagascar
in just the first decade of the twenty-first century. The habitats that these species call home,
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though, are under threat. Over 23 million people live on the island, and the human population is
growing. Most people on the island make their living as [10] a farmer, and they have to cut down
forests to create fields for crops. The larger forces of global climate change are having an effect,
too. Temperatures are rising and rainfall patterns are changing. Species that have adapted to very
specific, small ranges may now find them unsuitable habitats. [11]
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. biodiversity is Madagascars most exceptional feature.
C. the exceptional feature of Madagascar is biodiversity.
D. Madagascar features exceptional biodiversity.
2.
At this point, the author wants to add an additional statistic that supports the
paragraphs main point about Madagascars biodiversity. Which choice best
accomplishes that goal?
A. Up to 90 percent of the islands plant and animal species cannot be found anywhere else in
the world.
B. The temperature of the Indian Ocean around Madagascar has been rising at the rate of one
degree Celsius per year.
C. Madagascars climate makes it ideal for coffee production, and the island exports 25.5
million kilograms of coffee annually.
D. All of the worlds lemur species are endemic to Madagascar, but 90% of them are
forecasted to go extinct within the next 50 years.
3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. On the other hand,
C. In spite of this,
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D. At the same time,
4.
A. NO CHANGE
B. evolve
C. is evolving
D. has evolved
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. worlds species
C. worlds species
D. worlds species
6.
Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?
A. length; notwithstanding, the

B. length, while the
C. length; albeit the
D. length, even though the
7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. island Tahina spectabilis,
C. island, Tahina spectabilis
D. island Tahina spectabilis
8.
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Which choice is most consistent with the characterization of the trees throughout the
paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. plentiful
C. intriguing
D. beneficial
9.
A. Kept, because it provides a transition between the previous paragraph and the new topic of
habitat destruction.
B. Kept, because it portrays Madagascar as heavily forested, which is inconsistent with its
characterization in the rest of the passage.
C. Deleted, because it provides a statistic that contradicts information presented previously in
the passage.
D. Deleted, because it distracts from the paragraphs main idea of habitat destruction.
10.
A. NO CHANGE
B. farmers,
C. farmer,
D. farming,
11.
The writer wants to conclude the passage with an optimistic outlook on the problem
raised in the previous sentence. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. Madagascars population has been growing steadily at the rate of 2.8% per year, which
means forest will continue to be sacrificed to grow both subsistence crops like cassava and
cash crops like coffee and vanilla.
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B. Madagascars gross domestic product, however, is closely linked to the prices of coffee on
the commodities market, and thus should continue to increase over the next decade, providing
its human population with a higher standard of living.
C. Moreover, many of Madagascars unique creatures like lemurs and chameleons are
frequently captured and trafficked to other countries to be sold on the illegal market for exotic
pets, further reducing populations in the wild.
D. Some encouraging studies, however, show that some of Madagascars unique species are
altering their behavior in response to their new environments, and may still be able to thrive in
their changing habitats.
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2. Resurrecting Zora
A flamboyant leader during the Harlem Renaissance (an era of notable cultural and artistic
achievements from the African American community in Harlem during the 1920s and [1] 1930s).
Zora Neale Hurston achieved fame and notoriety in the first half of the 20th century but then faded
into obscurity.[2 Raised in Eatonville, Florida, Hurston spent her years of literary productivity in
New York, only to return to Florida at the end of her career, penniless and out of print. This
renewed interest in Hurston's work brought several of the author's works, such as Their Eyes Were
Watching God and Mules and Men, back into the literary limelight. Though now generally
recognized as an important contributor to the American literary canon, [3] Hurston was one of the
most controversial authors of her time.
In 1925, Hurston began her studies at Barnard College, [4] where, under the tutelage of Franz
Boas, the Father of Modern Anthropologyshe embraced the idea of cultural relativism, or
studying a culture in isolation rather than in comparison to others. Her work reflected this [5]
exposition, as she sought to capture what she termed the natural art of African Americans [6]
through speech song and folklore. By adopting the vernacular, for example, Hurston believed that
she could develop the authenticity of her characters and present the uniqueness of African
American culture. [7]
Hurstons revolutionary work resulted in scathing criticism, especially from some of the
intellectual leaders of the Harlem Renaissance. Two of the movements [8] rulers, authors
Langston Hughes and Richard Wright, saw Hurstons work as a harmful caricature of African
American life and even accused Hurston of creating new stereotypes that were no better than the
old. [9] While Hurston viewed her work as a tribute to a rich and sophisticated culture, her
detractors saw it as a mockery, [10] and Hurstons work, according to them, was lampooning
African Americans in the worst possible way.
Today, Hurston is often revered as a fiercely independent thinker who challenged many of the
literary and social norms of her day. Since Walkers rediscovery of Hurstons work, a dozen short
story collections, essays, and folk tales have been published posthumously. Festivals, foundations,
literary societies, endowed chairs, journals, and honors now exist in Hurstons name. [11] When
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Walker found Hurstons unmarked grave in 1973, she purchased a headstone and inscribed the
epitaph: A Genius of the South, illustrating her veneration of Hurstons work.
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. 1930s),
C. 1930s), when
D. 1930s) and
2.
Which choice provides the most effective transition from the preceding sentence to the
rest of the paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Many current African American authors, such as Alice Walker and Toni Morrison, have
cited Hurston as having a major influence on their own work.
C. A 1970s movement to reclaim lost female artists led Alice Walker, a prominent African
American author, to rediscover Hurston.
D. In 1948, Hurston published her last novel, Seraph on the Suwanee, which was not well
received by critics, so she attempted to make her way as a journalist.
3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. many considered Hurston as
C. critics considered Hurston to be
D. DELETE the underlined portion.
4.
A. NO CHANGE
B. where under the tutelageof Franz Boas,
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C. whereunder the tutelage of Franz Boas,

D. where under the tutelage of Franz Boas,
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. disposition,
C. deposition,
D. composition,
6.
A. NO CHANGE
B. through speech, song, and, folklore.
C. through: speech, song, and folklore.
D. through speech, song, and folklore.
7.
At this point, the writer wants to provide an additional example of how studying with
Franz Boas influenced Hurstons work. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. Hurstons autobiography, Dust Tracks on a Road, was widely criticized due to its
inconsistencies and inaccuracies which made it seem more like her works of fiction than a
factual account of her life.
B. Hurston had an interest in theater, for example, and even helped to establish a school of
dramatic arts four years later at Bethune-Cookman College.
C. Although Hurstons work was not initially well-received because she failed to take up the
political rights of African Americans, it is now viewed as groundbreaking feminist literature
because her characters challenge systemic misogyny.
D. In addition, rather than dwelling on or overtly challenging the social and economic
oppression of certain communities, she used her anthropological training to explore how
folklore could empower African Americans by legitimizing their local cultures.
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8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. luminaries,
C. moguls,
D. tycoons,
9
At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.
Yet, others praised her ability to seamlessly include idiomatic speech and lauded her efforts to
capture authentic culture.
Should the writer make this addition here?
A. Yes, because it provides an example of how some agreed with Hurston and viewed her work as
a cultural tribute.
B. Yes, because it introduces information to support the paragraphs claim that despite criticism,
Hurstons work was revolutionary.
C. No, because it introduces information outside the paragraphs focus on the issues Hurstons
critics had with her work.
D. No, because it does not explain why Hughes and Wright viewed Hurstons work as a mockery
of African American culture.
10.
A. NO CHANGE
B. lampooning African Americans in the worst possible way.
C. asserting that Hurstons work lampooned African Americans in the worst possible way, as her
critics claimed.
D. as her detractors thought that Hurstons work was lampooning African Americans in the worst
possible way.
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11.
The writer wants to conclude with a sentence that encapsulates both the central idea of the passage
and Hurston's lasting legacy. Which best accomplishes this goal?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Even with her highly controversial style and content, Hurston precipitated a significant
reevaluation of stereotypical representations and forever transformed the nature of the African
American literary tradition.
C. Additionally, the Hurston/Wright Foundation and literary award were established in 1990, a
combination that may have troubled both authors due to their artistic differences.
D. These awards are a reminder of how much of Hurstons work relied on the ethnographic
research techniques she learned under the eminent anthropologist, Franz Boas.
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3. GI Bill: A Real American Hero
The Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, often referred to as the GI Bill, was passed by the
federal government to assist US veterans returning home after their service in World War II. It
provided various kinds of support, 1 such as support in the form of unemployment benefits and
mortgage assistance. The GI Bill is best known, however, for the education and training assistance
2 they provided veterans. By 1956, the bill had enabled nearly eight million veterans to pursue
higher education and training opportunities. The resulting influx of students had a dramatic effect
on higher education in the United States. 3 This sharp increase primarily took place during the
post-war years. In that relatively short time, the GI Bill engendered long-lasting changes in the
landscape of US higher education.
Under the provisions of the 1944 GI Bill, veterans received financial support to take academic,
technical, or vocational classes. For a variety of reasonsto build on their technical military
experience, 4
to support their families,or perhaps to retrain and become competitive in a pre-war
professional careermany veterans chose the second or third option. Whether they enrolled in a
technical engineering class or a vocational class on auto-repair, 5
theyreoverarching objectives
were to become employed. According to a survey analysis, veterans returning to the University of
Illinois had 6 one predominating request: an efficient course of study to prepare for a job.
Many new programs began to emerge in response to the rising demand for job-oriented
training and education. For example, a proposal to expand the programs for technical and general
education in New York surfaced as early as 7
1944. The State University of New York (SUNY)
was subsequently founded in 1948. Massachusetts Stonehill College, which 8
has been
established in the same year, estimates that veterans comprised up to a third of its first entering
class. 9 Some vocational training programs were even created specifically for the benefit of
returning veterans.One of the most unique examples in this category is the Culinary Institute of
America, founded in 1946 to offer 10 a novel curriculum for learning cooking stuff.
By opening the gates of higher education to veterans, the GI Bill 11 dramatically increased the
college enrollment growth rate. The bill is credited with producing 500,000 engineers, 250,000
teachers, 200,000 medical professionals, and 117,000 metal workers. At that time, this was the
most highly educated workforce in the countrys history.
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1.
A.NO CHANGE
B.which included these types of support:
C.including a variety of assistance in the areas of
D.including
2.
A.NO CHANGE
B. it
C.this
D.that
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3.
At this point, the writer wants to use accurate and relevant data from the graph to elaborate
on the claim made in the previous sentence. Which choice most effectively accomplishes this
goal?
Please choose from one of the following options.
A.The college enrollment growth rate was at its highest between 1869 and 1879.
B.From 1939 to 1949, the college enrollment growth rate jumped to nearly 80 percent from a rate
of approximately 35 percent the preceding ten years.
C.One of the most dramatic decreases in college enrollment occurred between 1959 and 1969,
when the growth rate fell to less than a third of that of the previous decade.
D.More students matriculated between 1919 to 1929 than in the post-World War II period.
4.
A.NO CHANGE
B.supporting their families
C.family support
D.they wanted to support families
5
A.NO CHANGE
B.their
C.there
D.they are
6.
A.NO CHANGE
B.one, predominating request:
C.one, predominating request;
D.one predominating request;
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7.
A.1944, because the
B.1944, whereas the
C.1944; the
D.1944; however, the
8.
A.NO CHANGE
B.will be
C.is
D.was
9
Which choice provides the most effective transition at this point?
A.NO CHANGE
B.Eventually, these numbers would taper off.
C.Nevertheless, the GI Bill had a long-lasting impact on the demographics of higher education.
D.Nor were these figures unique to one college.
10.
A.NO CHANGE
B.a new bunch of courses in the culinary arts.
C.an unprecedented curriculum in the culinary arts.
D.a never-been-done-before batch of classes on cooking.
11.
Which choice most effectively asserts the claim supported by the rest of paragraph?
A.NO CHANGE
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B.eased the transition for the millions of veterans returning home after their military service.
C.shaped not only colleges and training programs but also the workforce as a whole.
D.transformed the demographics of colleges all over the United States.
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4. Thomas Jefferson, Academic Visionary

When authoring his epitaph, Thomas Jefferson omitted his two terms as the nations third
president yet included Father of the University of Virginia. The Founding Father spent the last
years of his life not in government but instead pursuing one of his most treasured 1 missions, it
was creating the University of Virginia. As mastermind of the universitys architecture and
curriculum, Jefferson assured that his legacy was sound.
Jefferson personally designed and oversaw the 2 construction, of what he would deem, an
academical village. At the front and center of a tree-lined lawn area, Jefferson strategically
positioned the Rotunda, a round brick building featuring classical Greek columns in front. The
domed top of the rotunda contained a library stocked with 7,000 books selected by Jefferson
himself, while the area beneath included two floors of oval classrooms. 3
At that time, such
prominent placement of the Rotunda was a marked departure from other universities designs,
which generally featured chapels for the training of clergy. Maximizing use of the grassy area in
front of the Rotunda, Jefferson added ten two-story Romanesque pavilions for faculty housing and
connected them to student dormitories with colonnades, column-lined covered walkways. To 4
sustain faculty through scholarly debates, Jefferson included dining halls in his design, referring to
them as hotels.
5 In the spirit of his new nation, ending what he termed an artificial aristocracy, Jefferson
introduced the notion of what we now call electives. In lieu of a strictly dictated curriculum,
students could select from ten academic disciplines. 6
These disciplines were subject areas that
ranged from ancient and modern languages to certain branches of science. (Not one to overlook
the slightest detail, Jefferson showcased the ten categories by placing a carefully chosen Roman
symbol on each of the ten pavilions.) To support the science components of the universitys
curriculum, Jefferson 7 has included a botanical garden, an experimental farm, and an observatory.
8 Whereas Jefferson was highly involved in designing the architecture of the university,
Jefferson ensured that the university, which would later be named a World Heritage site,
encouraged free choice in classes, respect for classical roots, and 9 he was curious about the
sciences. Those 10
principles are forever remembered in the last portion of his 11 epitaph. The
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epitaph could easily have read academic visionary for all Americans.
1.
A.NO CHANGE
B.missions. The creation of
C.missions, he created
D.missions: the creation of
2.
A.NO CHANGE
B.construction of what he would deem
C.construction of what he would deem,
D.construction, of what he would deem
3.
A.NO CHANGE
B.Moreover,
C.For instance,
D.In contrast,
4.
A.NO CHANGE
B.keep them fueled up while they were talking heatedly
C.fill them up so they could chat a bit about scholarly issues
D.make sure they could keep up school discussions
5.
Which sentence most effectively establishes the main topic of the paragraph?
A.Some historians consider Jefferson a better architect than American statesman.
B.In order to further his legacy, Jefferson created an epitaph that many would discuss.
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C.As meticulously as he laid out the grounds, Jefferson drafted an inspirational curriculum.
D.Thomas Jeffersons legacy would not be intact if not for the university library.
6.
The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the writer make this deletion?
A.Yes, because the information conveyed in this sentence is redundant with information provided
elsewhere in the passage.
B.Yes, because the information conveyed in this sentence is inconsistent with information
provided elsewhere in the passage.
C.No, because the information conveyed in this sentence provides useful information about the
breakdown of disciplines that is further developed later in the paragraph.
D.No, because the information conveyed in this sentence explains why Jefferson relied heavily on
classical Greek architecture.
7.
A.NO CHANGE
B.was including
C.could include
D.included
8.
Which choice provides the smoothest and most logical transition to the new paragraph?
A.NO CHANGE
B.Although he didnt live to see the full completion of the universitys construction, or even the
graduation of the first senior class,
C.Due to his passion for classical architecture as well as his academic interest in astronomy,
botany, and linguistics,
D.Because of Jeffersons career in politics, which allowed him to mingle with some of the
brightest thinkers of his day,
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9.
A.NO CHANGE
B.in addition being curious
C.showed curiosity
D.curiosity
10.
A.NO CHANGE
B.principals
C.principals
D.principles
11.
A.epitaph; the last portion of it
B.epitaph, which, if stated differently,
C.epitaph, which
D.epitaph, and that
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5. The Battle Against White-Nose Syndrome

Bats play a vital role in ecosystems, providing billions of dollars worth of insect-suppression
and pollination services to farmers around the United States. But now, bats face a serious threat:
white-nose syndrome (WNS), a fungal disease that causes a loss of body fat, unusual winter
behavior, and even death. Since the first documentation of the disease in 2006, between 5.7 and
6.7 million North American bats have perished 1 from a disease referred to as WNS, with some
bat habitats experiencing population declines of more than 90 percent. As of 2014, twenty-five
states and five Canadian provinces have confirmed cases of 2 WNS; the affected region now
reaches as far west as the Missouri-Kansas border.
Scientists have determined that the cause of white-nose syndrome is a fungus
Pseudogymnoascus destructansthat flourishes in cold, wet environments and reproduces by
generating spores that can lodge in the floors and walls of caves as well as on 3 their muzzles, ears,
wing membranes, and hairless body parts. 4
For reasons currently unknown, infected bats also
demonstrate atypical behavior at hibernation sites: they awaken, fly outside during the day, and
hover around cave mouths. This excessive activity results in the depletion of vital fat 5 stores
leading to life-threatening emaciation.
6 There is federal funding available to support research on WNS. With grants already in
excess of $17.4 million, scientists are conducting epidemiological research in order to determine
the most effective agents to combat the disease. Interestingly, the research is beginning to suggest
that humans may play a prominent role in the spread of the fungus, as the distance between
infected caves often 7
exceed the typical migratory patterns of bat populations. 8 In contrast, the
USDA Forest Service has mandated a five-year closure of caves and mines in thirteen states and
has ceased all spelunking activity. Through these measures, possible only through collaboration
with various organizations and help from the public, scientists hope to avoid a further decline of
the bat population in the United States.
While it is unlikely that affected species will recover quickly (due to their slow reproductive
rates bats have one offspring, or pup, 9
annually). Several species of bats have exhibited
resistance to the destructive powers of WNS. The Virginia big-eared bat population, for example,
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has not been significantly affected, which led scientists to an exciting discovery: a naturally
occurring yeast on the bats fur inhibits the growth of the fungus. This 10 disclosure offers a
glimmer of hope in the battle against WNS. 11
1.
A.NO CHANGE
B.due to WNS,
C.as a result of a fungal disease, known as WNS,
D.because of WNS, or white-nose syndrome,
2.
A.NO CHANGE
B.WNS, the affected region now reaches,
C.WNS: the affected region now reaches,
D.WNS, the affected region, now reaches
3.
A.NO CHANGE
B.its
C.bats
D.scientists
4.
The annual temperature ranges of affected hibernacula fall between 35F and 57C.
A.Yes, because it provides another example of how the WNS fungus affects the hibernation sites
of bats.
B.Yes, because it introduces information to support the paragraphs claim that the fungus
flourishes in cold, wet environments.
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C.No, because it does not explain why bats demonstrate atypical behavior at affected hibernacula.
D.No, because it introduces information outside the paragraphs focus on how the fungus affects
bat populations.
5.
A.NO CHANGE
B.stores;
C.stores
D.stores,
6.
Which choice most effectively establishes the main topic of the paragraph?
A.NO CHANGE
B.In order to prevent the further spread of WNS, bat hibernation sites have been closed off to
human activity other than scientific research.
C.Work by numerous government and nonprofit agencies and the cooperation of ordinary citizens
have been critical in efforts to prevent further decimation of bat populations by WNS.
D.Scientists are searching for genetic commonalities between various bat species to determine
what causes WNS susceptibility or resistance.
7.
A.NO CHANGE
B.exceeds
C.have exceeded
D.are exceeding
8.
A.NO CHANGE
B.As a result,
C.Moreover,
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D.For instance,
9.
A.NO CHANGE
B.annually); and several
C.annually), several
D.annually) and several
10.
A.NO CHANGE
B.development
C.ramification
D.repercussion
11.The writer wants an optimistic conclusion that emphasizes the importance of bats
recovery by referencing an idea included in the passages opening paragraph. Which choice
best accomplishes this goal?
A.This devastating fungal disease could continue to spread, sickening bat populations in states
west of Missouri.
B.North American bat populations will continue to exhibit unusual winter behavior and perish due
to WNS if scientists cannot find a way to curb its spread.
C.With some bat populations already experiencing 90 percent declines, recovery from this disease
will prevent them from extinction.
D.The sooner the bat population can recover from this disease, the greater the ecological and
agricultural benefit to all.
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6. The Boreal Chorus Frog: An Exceptional Amphibian?

Over the past decade, a remarkable number of amphibians have come under the threat of
extinction. A study conducted by the International Union for Conservation of Nature showed that 1
in 2011 the percentage of amphibian species threatened was greater than the percentage of all
other species combined. This figure marks the largest extinction event since the Pleistocene Era
extinctions 10,000 years ago. Several factors contribute to the alarming decline in amphibian
species; the destruction of habitat, introduction of invasive species, 3 contaminating the

environment, and rise of infectious diseases.
One amphibian species, though, remains curiously robust. Named for its distinctive breeding
call, 4 the habitat of the boreal chorus frog ranges from northern Canada to the American
Southwest. One of the most serious threats to amphibians is chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by
the chytrid fungus. This fungus is most widespread in the United 5 States. Specific boreal chorus
frog populations studied in Colorado revealed that survival rates have not been seriously affected
by the disease. Some studies have also shown that the boreal chorus frog may have a specific
advantage in coping with stressors. 6 Subsequently,classifying a particular species as robust can be
difficult.
[1]Concerning the danger of extinction, amphibians were not completely evaluated (more
than 90 percent of species assessed) until 2004. [2]In reference to the boreal chorus frog, without
this longitudinal data, the natural variability in amphibian reproduction and life histories can mask
declines.[3]The main challenge lies 7 with a lack of longitudinal datadata collected over an
extended period of time. [4]Thus, the boreal chorus frog may simply be in a short robust period
and may eventually prove just as susceptible to the threats facing its fellow species. 8 What has
been made clear from 9 researchers data, and what comprises the key issue in studying
amphibians, is the aforementioned number of threatened species. Amphibians play important roles
in ecosystems, human health, and commerce. They have 10 stuck around for the past 350 millions
years, surviving many changes that caused other organisms to become extinct. 11 The
deterioration of this historically resilient group highlights the importance of the recent studies on
threatened amphibians. Ultimately, the boreal chorus frog may prove to be a red herring in a sea of
data that points to the need to examine the environmental factors that have caused the current
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decline in the overall amphibian population.
1.
Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the data in the chart?
A.NO CHANGE
B.in 2011 the number of amphibian species threatened was greater than the number of plant
species threatened.
C.in 2011 nearly 30 percent of amphibian species were threatened, surpassing the percentage of
threatened mammals.
D.since 2000 the percentage of threatened amphibian species has surpassed all other groups except
mammals.
2.
A.NO CHANGE
B.species,
C.species
D.species:
3.
A.NO CHANGE
B.contaminants entering the environment,
C.contamination of the environment,
D.the environment being contaminated,
4.
A.NO CHANGE
B.the boreal chorus frog occupies a wide habitat that ranges from northern Canada to the
American Southwest.
C.one can find the boreal chorus frog in a wide habitat that ranges from northern Canada to the
American Southwest.
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D.the area of northern Canada to the American Southwest forms the wide habitat of the boreal
chorus frog.
5.
A.States, but specific
B.States, and specific
C.States; consequently, specific
D.States, so specific
6.
A.NO CHANGE
B.Indeed,
C.However,
D.Furthermore,
7.
A.NO CHANGE
B.on
C.at
D.in
8.
To make the paragraph most logical, sentence 3 should be placed, please choose from one of
the following options.
A.where it is now.
B.before sentence 1.
C.after sentence 1.
D.after sentence 4.
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9.
A.NO CHANGE
B.researchers
C.researcherss
D.researchers
10.
A.NO CHANGE
B.hung in there
C.persevered brilliantly
D.been a constant presence
11.
The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the writer make this
deletion?
A.Yes, because the sentence does not focus on the boreal chorus frog.
B.Yes, because the sentence restates a point that has already been made in the previous sentence.
C.No, because the sentence explains how the fact in the previous sentence relates to the
importance of current amphibian studies.
D.No, because the sentence contains a specific example that is relevant to the topic of the
paragraph.
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7. Chemists for Clean Water
At reservoirs in Bangladesh, chemists are hard at work purifying local water supplies. These
experts use filters to remove arsenic from the reservoirs, creating a potable water supply for
nearby residents. Many of these experts are affiliated with 1 Chemists Without Borders (CWB).
CWB is an organization that provides assistance for crucial human health issues such as clean
water. Operating not only in Bangladesh but also in the United States and other nations, CWB
relies on the efforts of trained, professional chemists, as well as those of 2 volunteers interested in
entering the field.
Professional chemists at CWB seek out projects that can provide help directly to populations in
need. Their work in 3 Bangladesh involves removing toxins, from the drinking water, primarily
through water purification. CWB staff members create and give arsenic testing kits to Bangladeshi
locals and work with interpreters to 4 dissipateinformation and instructions. 5 CWB also provides
education about medicine, vaccines, and environmental sustainability.
6
CWB also works with volunteers who are rigorously trained chemists. While some
volunteers are concerned citizens who want to assist with public education 7 campaigns. Others
hold actual chemistry training. The education background for water chemists is varied but includes
many disciplines, including microbiology and geology. Students explore these related fields to
develop a more comprehensive view of the variables that affect water quality. 8
They might
study, for example, the microorganisms living in water, or the effects of particular rocks and soil
on water supplies. Volunteers with a rich background in chemistry also help the CWB
professionals with water testing and supply kit creation. This practical experience is an excellent
opportunity for prospective water chemists to gain insights into what the job entails.
9 A career in water chemistry leading to exciting travel and teaching opportunities, and
working to de-contaminate water supplies around the world is a rewarding experience for those
who undertake it. Also worth noting is the fact that demand for skilled water chemists 10 are on
the rise. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number of jobs in this field is
expected to grow 8 percent by 2022. 11 Looking beyond that, the need for water chemists will
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likely continue to grow to meet the increasing water demands of our burgeoning global
population.
1.
A.Chemists Without Borders (CWB); this is an
B.Chemists Without Borders (CWB), an
C.an organization, which is called Chemists Without Borders (CWB) and is an
D.an
2.
A.NO CHANGE
B.volunteers
C.volunteers
D.volunteerss
3.
A.NO CHANGE
B.Bangladesh, involves removing toxins, from the drinking water
C.Bangladesh, involves removing toxins from the drinking water,
D.Bangladesh involves removing toxins from the drinking water,
4.
A.NO CHANGE
B.disseminate
C.proliferate
D.propagate
5.
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At this point, the writer wants to elaborate on the information in the preceding sentence by
providing additional, relevant details. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A.These kits include a hand-held device that allows users to identify arsenic concentrations in the
water; arsenic is then removed using a filtration system.
B.Arsenic is a metalloid that is often used for strengthening metal alloys that include copper and
lead.
C.Another important area of education is vaccines; people living in Bangladesh have access to
vaccines but often do not receive them.
D.Some of the CWB representatives are fluent in Bengali, the official language of Bangladesh.
6.
Which choice provides the most effective introduction to the main topic of the paragraph?
A.NO CHANGE
B.Trained professionals provide invaluable resources to the water chemistry field.
C.CWBs work depends on the aid of volunteers in a variety of capacities.
D.Education background for water chemists involves studying sciences outside the chemistry
field.
7.
A.NO CHANGE
B.campaigns, others hold
C.campaigns; others hold
D.campaigns, others holding
8.
A.Yes, because it blurs the paragraphs focus on the education of water chemists.
B.Yes, because it is redundant with information provided earlier in the passage.
C.No, because it provides information that supports a claim made in the introductory paragraph.
D.No, because it provides examples that elaborate on the previous sentence.
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9.
A.NO CHANGE
B.Careers in water chemistry leading
C.A career in water chemistry that leads
D.A career in water chemistry can lead
10.
A.NO CHANGE
B.is
C.were
D.have been
11.
Which choice best concludes the passage?
A.NO CHANGE
B.While this might look like an insignificant percentage, water chemists have still made great
strides.
C.Volunteers are also crucial contributors to the advances in the water chemistry field.
D.The need for water chemists will likely continue to grow as individuals take advantage of the
travel opportunities that this field provides.
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8. False or False: The Question of Falsifiability

What is the difference between science and pseudoscience? According to Karl Popper, one of
the most 1 potent philosophers of the twentieth century, it is a matter of falsifiability. He claimed
that in order to be considered truly scientific, a hypothesis or theory must be capable of being
proven false. 2 Next, he decided to make an assertion: Popper offered a new perspective on the
distinction between science and pseudoscience.
In a 1953 lecture at Cambridge University, Popper shared that the concept of falsifiability had
first occurred to him more than thirty years earlier, 3 when he was pondering and considering
Einsteins theory of gravitation and Freuds psychoanalytical approach. Popper realized that
Freud's approach has great explanatory power, because psychoanalysis can be applied to
completely opposite behavior patterns with equal aptness. Although this flexibility might seem
valuable, Popper argued that a theory which cannot be proven falseone which can adapt to any
critical environmentis not science but pseudoscience. The critical component of a scientific
theory is the element of risk; 4 its value lies in predictive rather than explanatory power. 5
Einsteins theory of gravitation was scientific because it made concrete predictions about what we
should observe in the future, and therefore could be falsified if inconsistent 6
to these
observations.
Poppers choice of falsifiability as the line of demarcation between science and pseudoscience
initially seemed counterintuitive to many scientists and philosophers. Traditionally, the difference
had been located in the process of observation and experiment. In addition, many researchers
preferred hypotheses that seemed less likely to be proven false. 7 However, many members of the
scientific community may have, at least initially, misunderstood the concept of falsifiability. The
overarching objective of Poppers approach is not to choose the weaker 8 hypothesis and choose
the hypothesis which will lead us towards truth. Because scientific theories can never be proven
true, our progress depends on using theories which, like Einsteins theory of gravitation, can be
proven false. Statements without predictive power are 9 static because,they cannot be disproven,
we cannot move forwards.
Although the distinction between science and pseudoscience 10 remains controversial,
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falsifiability has many valuable implications for the scientific method and beyond. Although
Popper devised this concept to answer a particular question, he believed that it was the key to
answering many other problems as well. Falsifiability can be applied universally because we
search for truth in all areas 11
even though Freud's psychoanalytic approach is still studied.
1.
A.NO CHANGE
B.pervasive
C.saturating
D.influential
2.
Which choice creates the smoothest and most logical transition?
A.NO CHANGE
B.Therefore, with this controversial assertion,
C.Through this controversial assertion,
D.DELETE the underlined portion.
3.
A.NO CHANGE
B.at a time in his life that was when he had been
C.while he was
D.during the time when he was pondering and
4.
A.NO CHANGE
B.their
C.its
D.theyre
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5.
Predictive power can be illustrated by examining the work of Albert Einstein, who, though born in
Germany, conducted much of his scientific work in the United States after he immigrated in 1933.
A.Yes, because it introduces an example of a scientist whose work can be analyzed using Popper's
approach.
B.Yes, because it illustrates that other highly regarded scientists agreed with Popper's approach to
the scientific method.
C.No, because it digresses from the main topic of the paragraph by introducing unrelated details.
D.No, because it blurs the paragraph's focus on Einstein's theory of gravitation.
6.
A.NO CHANGE
B.for
C.with
D.by
17
A.Yes, because it interrupts the paragraphs discussion of the scientific communitys rejection of
Poppers assertion.
A.Yes, because it restates information from the first part of the paragraph about the critical
reception of Poppers assertion.
C.No, because it clarifies the easily misunderstood concept of falsifiability with more specific
details.
D.No, because it introduces the misconception that the writer addresses in the rest of the
paragraph.
8.
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A.NO CHANGE
B.hypothesis, and choosing
C.hypothesis that choosing
D.hypothesis but to choose
9.
A.NO CHANGE
B.static: because
C.static because
D.static, because,
10.
A.NO CHANGE
B.were remaining
C.have remained
D.remain
11.
The writer wants to provide a conclusion that reiterates a central idea of the passage. Which choice
most effectively accomplishes this goal?
A.NO CHANGE
B.even though Popper's theory still has some outspoken skeptics.
C.even if we can only approach this truth by eliminating what is false.
D.even if the scientific method remains inflexible.
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9. The Business of Hospitality

1 A 150-plus wedding party, a business conference, and a family reunion have all 2
plummeted on the hotel grounds in the same weekend. Ballrooms need tables and food; front desk
and cleaning staff need to be supervised and require shift assignments; and all of the other hotel
guests not affiliated with these large-scale affairs also must have 3 his needs met. If this sounds
like a massive enterprise that requires a level-headed, experienced leader, it is. This is the role of
the hotels General Manager. The work is challenging and requires long hours and hefty
responsibility but can be rewarding for those who undertake it.
4 Due to information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, hotel general managers held
approximately 51,000 jobs in 2010 in the United States, and this number is expected to increase
slightly during the next several years 5 when there will be more jobs in this field. While often no
post-secondary education is required, hotel manager candidates can make themselves more
competitive by earning a Bachelors degree in a business-related field, or an Associates degree in
hotel management or operations. The duties of general managers may 6 include the following
tasks: overseeing employees, scheduling shifts, managing on-site events, ordering supplies, and
resolving customers issues. These duties require an array 7
of interpersonal and planning skills,
as well as the ability to juggle multiple assignments.

8 Shan Kanagasingham was born in Malaysia, speaks several languages, and studied at a
university in Switzerland before working at the Ritz-Carlton in Maui, Hawaii, and the Mandarin
Oriental in Hong Kong. Her most recent 9 job: at The Surrey in New York City, offered
Kanagasingham the opportunity, to help upgrade and gain more recognition for the hotel. 10 She
oversaw The Surreys redesign, which included updating the spa and adding kitchens to suites for
extended stay customers. Kanagasingham says she welcomes the opportunity to make her mark
on a hotel and to meet people from all over the world.
The rigorous career path of hotel management provides challenges, as well as many rewards.
For the hotel manager juggling three major events in one weekend, these rewards come in various
forms: 11 The business conference runs like clockwork. The family reunion fills the hotel with
chatter and laughter. A happy customer offers a word of thanks.
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1.
Which choice most effectively introduces the scene described in the paragraph?
A.An expansive hotel bustles with activity.
B.There are many reasons people gather together.
C.In the hospitality industry, customer satisfaction is paramount.
D.Hotels are popular venues for weddings.
2.
A.NO CHANGE
B.submerged
C.lowered
D.descended
3.
A.NO CHANGE
B.her
C.their
D.its
4.
Which choice most effectively introduces the information provided in the rest of the sentence?
A.NO CHANGE
B.According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
C.From the Bureau of Labor Statistics:
D.As the Bureau of Labor Statistics once said,
5.
A.NO CHANGE
B.as the number of hotel manager jobs grows.
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C.when there will be more than 51,000 hotel general manager jobs.
D.DELETE the underlined portion and end the sentence with a period.
6.
A.NO CHANGE
B.include: the following tasks,
C.include, the following tasks:
D.include the following tasks;
7.
A.NO CHANGE
B.in
C.from
D.DELETE the underlined portion
8.
A.Lucrative salaries are a draw for many prospective hotel managers.
B.New elements to the hospitality industry, such as extended stay suites, are becoming more
popular.
C.One hotel manager in New York City says she enjoys the fast-paced challenges this career
offers.
D.Hotel managers also must have the flexibility and willingness to travel.
9.
A.NO CHANGE
B.job, at The Surrey in New York City,
C.job at the Surrey, in New York City
D.job; at The Surrey in New York City,
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10.
A.NO CHANGE
B.Overseeing
C.When she oversaw
D.DELETE the underlined portion.
11.
The writer wants to provide a supporting example consistent with the frame set up in the first
paragraph. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A.Customer complaints allow managers to improve.
B.The wedding is a picture-perfect celebration.
C.Kanagasingham enjoys working with a large hotel staff.
D.The business executives discuss crucial issues at their conference.
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10. A "Rosie" Turn on American Labor

In order to inspire patriotism and meet the countrys economic needs during 1
World War II
was why theUnited States government launched a massive, targeted propaganda campaign. It
worked with advertising agencies to create images specifically aimed at women to get them to fill
industrial jobs recently vacated by men. These efforts led to the creation of one of the most famous
and enduring icons in American historyan icon who 2 would have an incalculable influence on
American labor and society.
The propaganda posters featured images of a coverall-clad, muscular woman named Rosie the
Riveter. Dirty yet wearing makeup, brawny yet feminine, 3 female factory workers were
symbolized by Rosie. She represented womens wartime work and sacrifice in an exaggerated
form for inspiration. 4 Posters and literature stressed the idea that if women became Rosies and
worked, the war would end sooner.
5 Women broke traditional gender roles to earn money and make their families proud. They
began working on railroads and streetcars, as engineers and technicians, and in steel mills and
lumber yards. By 1943, an additional six million women had entered the workforce. Not only did
more women work as new business sectors opened to them, but the composition of the female
workforce changed. Before the war, working women were primarily young and single.
Middle-aged, married women joined 6 them during the war, almost one out of every four gained
employment outside the home. By 1944, 62 percent of the female workforce was 35 and older, and
46 percent of all working women were wedded.
7
Rosie appeared as a white woman on posters. Changes ushered in by the campaign added
significant opportunities for African American women as well. Rather than continuing to work
domestic jobs for $3.50 a week, they began laboring in industrial plants for $48 a week. By 1945,
the number of African American women working for the federal government had more than tripled,
and the percentage working in the defense industry was equal to 8 it's proportion of the general
population.
As a result of their entry into careers from which they were previously excluded, women
exercised a newfound social and economic independence. They enjoyed having an income of their
own and living on their own for the first time. 9 Comparatively, they refused to shrink back into
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the domestic sphere; 80 percent who worked outside the home wished to continue doing so by the
wars end. Women continued to push for 10 expanded job opportunities, entry into professional
roles, and greater access to higher education. As the graph suggests, Rosies influence persisted
even after the war. 11 To this day, Rosie continues to influence women as a symbol of feminism in
popular culture.
1.
A.NO CHANGE
B.World War II so the
C.World War II; the
D.World War II, the
2
A.NO CHANGE
B.will have
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C.is to have
D.would have had
3.
A.NO CHANGE
B.Rosie became a symbol of the American female factory worker.
C.a symbol of the American female factory worker was developed in Rosie.
D.American factories began using Rosie to symbolize their female workers.
4.
Propaganda also featured women doing their part by conserving food items, planting household
gardens, and buying war bonds.
A.Yes, because it is a strong example of what the US government hoped to gain through its
propaganda campaign.
B.Yes, because it illustrates womens wartime sacrifice with three examples of what they did to
help the war effort.
C.No, because it does not explain how womens activities would help end the war sooner.
D.No, because it introduces information that interrupts the paragraphs discussion of the Rosie
campaign.
5.
A.NO CHANGE
B.Women seized opportunities to perform jobs in what had traditionally been considered male"
industries.
C.The Rosie campaign did not account for the fact that many women were unable or unwilling to
take jobs outside the home.
C.The Rosie propaganda campaign gave women the opportunity to be married and work.
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6.
A.NO CHANGE
B.them; during the war
C.them during the war;
D.them, during the war:
7.
Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?
A.Although Rosie appeared as a white woman on posters, changes ushered in by the campaign
added significant opportunities for African American women as well.
B.Changes ushered in by the campaign added significant opportunities for African American
women as well, while Rosie appeared as a white woman on posters.
C.Rosie appeared as a white woman on posters, and changes ushered in by the campaign added
significant opportunities for African American women as well.
D.Changes ushered in by the campaign added significant opportunities for African American
women as well, with Rosie appearing as a white woman on posters.
8.
A.NO CHANGE
B.their
C.her
D.ones
9.
A.NO CHANGE
B.However,
C.Consequently,
D.Regardless,
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10.
A.NO CHANGE
B.inflated
C.amplified
D.prolonged
11.
Which choice accurately incorporates data from the graph and supports the main claim of the
passage?
A.Changes aligned with the Rosie campaign led to the the number of women in the workforce
nearly doubling from 1940 to 1960.
B.In the years before the Rosie campaign, the number of women in the workforce was rising
slowly.
C.In the years after the Rosie campaign, the number of women in the workforce did not return to
pre-war levels.
D.When the Rosie campaign began, there were roughly twelve million women in the workforce.
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11. A Moveable Street: Haussmann's New Paris

If you were to travel all over the world, you might notice that each of the worlds most famous
cities is characterized by a certain look. Tokyo offers neon billboards and colorful signs. 1 Paris
fans out from the base of the Eiffel Tower, a system of wide, tree-lined avenues and low,
neo-Classical buildings made of gray stone. This area has been inhabited for thousands of years. 2
Regardless, its current look is a relatively recent development. Visiting Paris two hundred years
ago, 3 the city would have looked very different.Until the middle of the nineteenth century, Paris
was characterized by overcrowded conditions and narrow, winding streets. It bore a closer
resemblance to the London of the 1500s than the modern City of Lights so frequently depicted
in popular movies and photographs.
[1]Pariss transformation was largely the work of 4 one man: Georges-Eugene Haussmann,
whose official title was Prefect of the Seine Department. [2]He was appointed to recreate Paris by
Napoleon III, who had declared himself Emperor of France in 1851 and wanted to cement his
legacy by creating a modern capital. [3]At the time, the city was divided into many small, cramped
neighborhoods that 5 was disconnected from one another, making transportation difficult.
[4]Moreover, the overcrowding in these areas led to unhygienic conditions in which disease spread
easily. [5]he aims of Napoleons reforms were twofold: to make Paris more aesthetically pleasing
and to make it more functional. [6]Infant mortality rates in these neighborhoods were sky-high,
and epidemics were very difficult to control. 6
To address these problems, Haussmann installed several wide 7 boulevards. These both opened
up the city visually and made it easier to get from place to place. In order to create these
thoroughfares, though, existing roads had to be widened. Many small streets dating from Pariss
medieval past were completely demolished. In some other areas, Haussmann was forced to work
around existing streets in order to preserve buildings of historical importance.
Other changes that Haussmann made to the city included the addition of more green space in
the form of both large and small public parks, 8 constructing two new train stations to connect the
city to the rest of the country, and the modification of the citys borders. Consequently, Pariss
population 9 quadrupled in number of people by a factor of four.
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Not surprisingly, Haussmanns projects cost millions of francs, which made him a target for
politicians criticisms. 10 Furthermore, many Parisian citizens were unhappy with how
dramatically he had changed their city. Haussmanns ideals, however, went on to become
influential in the City Beautiful urban planning movement in the United States. Cities like
Chicago, Denver, and11 Washington, D.C. all owe a debt, to Haussmann.
1.
At this point, the writer wants to add another example to support the claim made in the first
sentence of the paragraph. Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?
A.Tokyo was almost entirely rebuilt after World War II.
B.Hong Kong, like Tokyo, is a major international financial center.
C.Dubai features glittering skyscrapers rising out of the desert.
D.London and Paris have more similarities than Paris and Tokyo.
2.
A.NO CHANGE
B.However,
C.Furthermore,
D.Particularly,
3.
A.NO CHANGE
B.Paris would have looked very different.
C.the difference in the city would be seen.
D.you would have seen a very different city.
4.
A.NO CHANGE
B.one man; Georges-Eugene Haussmann
C.one man, George-Eugene Haussmann;
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D.one man, George-Eugene Haussmann:
5.
A.NO CHANGE
B.is
C.has been
D.were
6.
To make the paragraph most logical, sentence 5 should be placed
A.where it is now.
B.before sentence 1.
C.after sentence 2.
D.after sentence 3.
7.
Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences at the underlined portion?
A.boulevards in that they
B.boulevards, which
C.boulevards; it was these boulevards that
D.boulevards, the purpose of which in relation to Paris was to
8.
A.NO CHANGE
B.the construction of
C.constructing of
D.to construct
9.
A.NO CHANGE
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B.increased in population count of the number of people by a factor of four.

C.quadrupled.
D.increased and grew.
10
The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or deleted?
A.Kept, because it provides information that helps set up the paragraph's next sentence.
B.Kept, because it supports the previous sentence with an explanation for why politicians were
criticizing Haussmann's expensive projects.
C.Deleted, because the sentence blurs the paragraph's focus on Haussmann's international
influence.
D.Deleted, because it unnecessarily repeats information provided in the previous paragraph.
11.
A.NO CHANGE
B.Washington, D.C., all owe a debt
C.Washington, D.C., all owe a debt,
D.Washington, D.C.; all owe a debt
12. A work in Progress: The Periodic Table
The symbol 1 indicates that question 1 references this portion of the passage. The
symbol[1] indicates that the following sentence is referenced in a question.
A Work in Progress: The Periodic Table
1 How long does it take to write a chemistry textbook? Now a ubiquitous sight in chemistry
classrooms everywhere, 2the conception of this orderly arrangement of the elements was due to
the nineteenth-century Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev while he was writing a textbook on
general chemistry. The basic 3 principle of Mendeleevs periodic order of elements have remained
the same, even as it has grown in size. This key development in the history of science still defines
our contemporary understanding 4 of matter in todays times.
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[1] Like many scientific breakthroughs, 5Mendeleevwas partially anticipated by the work of
other scientists.[2] For example, the French geologist Alexandre-Emile Bguyer de Chancourtois
is generally credited with discovering periodicitythe existence of recurring trends
across 6elementsin 1862. [3] Another key observation was made the following year by the
British scientist John Newlands, who noted that similar elements were often related in mass by a
multiple of eight. [4] By Mendeleevs own account, de Chancourtois and Newlands were among
those foremost in research that led to the discovery of this law. 7
While not the first scientist to attempt a comprehensive organization of the elements,
Mendeleev did publish a paper in 1869 with the first draft of the modern periodic table. In this
table, families of elements were arranged horizontally; however, Mendeleev eventually revised
this format to the vertical structure found in contemporary chemistry textbooks. [[8)]] Based on
the patterns he observed, Mendeleev suggested that the properties of elements are a reflection of
their atomic weight. Also based on these patterns, Mendeleev made concrete predictions about
elements that had yet to be discovered. For instance, Mendeleev predicted the discovery of two
elements analogous to aluminium and silicon; these were later discovered to be gallium and
germanium. 9 This predictive power became one of the defining characteristics of the periodic
table.
The periodic table proposed by Mendeleev was the culmination of many observations and
discoveries 10unfortunately, many of his peers were reluctant to accept his ideas. From
electronegativity to electron orbitals, the periodic table 11 anticipating many future topics of
scientific inquiry. Even today, scientists use the predictive power of the periodic table to generate
new hypotheses and design experiments that further expand our understanding of the universe.
1. Which choice most effectively introduces the main topic of the passage?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Which elements in the periodic table are the most important?
C. What important discoveries were made by Russian scientists?
D. Where did the modern periodic table come from?
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Dmitri Mendeleev, a nineteenth-century Russian chemist, conceived this orderly arrangement
C. the nineteenth-century Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev conceived this orderly arrangement
of the elements
D. this orderly arrangement of the elements was conceived by the nineteenth-century Russian
chemist Dmitri Mendeleev
3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. principles
C. principals
D. principal
4.
A. NO CHANGE
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B. and how we think about matter in todays times.

C. of matter.
D. and how we think about matter.
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Mendeleevs periodic table
C. this
D. it
6.
A. NO CHANGE
B. elements,
C. elements;
D. elements
7. The writer wants to add the following sentence to the paragraph.
This mathematical relationship, named the Law of Octaves by Newlands, would later be defined
as the periodic law.
The best placement for the sentence is after
A. sentence 1.
B. sentence 2.
C. sentence 3.
D. sentence 4.
8. Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?
A. Mendeleev made concrete predictions about elements that had yet to be discovered, and
before this he even suggested, based on the patterns he observed, that properties of elements
are a reflection of their atomic weight.
B. Based on the patterns he observed, Mendeleev not only suggested that the properties of
elements are a reflection of their atomic weight, but he also made concrete predictions about
elements that had yet to be discovered.
C. Mendeleev made concrete predictions, based on the patterns he observed, about elements that
had yet to be discovered, although he also suggested that the properties of elements are a
reflection of their atomic weight.
D. Elements that had yet to be discovered, according to Mendeleev, could be predicted concretely,
and he also suggested that the properties of elements are a reflection of their atomic weight,
based on the patterns he observed.
9. The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or
deleted?
A. Kept, because it effectively concludes the paragraph by tying the discussion back to the
passages focus on the periodic table.
B. Kept, because it provides evidence to support the argument that Mendeleevs periodic table
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was anticipated by the work of previous scientists.

C. Deleted, because it unnecessarily repeats evidence about the the specific elements which
Mendeleev predicted.
D. Deleted, because it blurs the paragraphs focus on the predictions Mendeleev made about the
discovery of future elements.
10. Which choice best establishes the main topic of the paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. however, the accomplishments of his predecessors are not always acknowledged.
C. the mathematical order of the universe was central to his success.
D. but, like every culmination, this end was also a beginning.
11.
A. NO CHANGE
B. anticipated
C. that anticipated
D. that anticipating
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1. Trumans Winning Whistle-Stop Tour

[1] In 1948, United States President Harry S. Truman faced reelection for a second term, but
the polls predicted he would lose. [2] Since the end of World War II three years earlier, the US
economy had been unsteady. [3] Citizens had trouble finding and purchasing goods due to
shortages. [4] Many people felt a fresh face on the political scene in this uncertain time would be
welcome. [5] As the campaign moved into high gear in May of 1948, Truman lagged 11 percent
behind Dewey in the polls. [6] Instead, the polls favored New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey,
Truman's charismatic opponent and a welcome change in an economically turbulent post-war
climate. [7] However, Truman would engage in a hard-fought, unorthodox campaign style that
became known as the first successful whistle-stop tour. [1]
Using train travel in a political campaign was a fairly common practice that had begun in the
nineteenth [2] century. The specific term whistle stop wasn't coined until Truman used it to
describe his whirlwind campaign tour. [3] Truman, delivered hundreds of speeches in towns
across the United States from an open platform on the back of his train car. His arduous travels [4]
were covering 30,000 miles and over 200 train stops, starting in the summer of 1948 and ending
that fall before the November 2nd election. He began the tour in Michigan, then moved on to Iowa,
Ohio, Missouri, Kansas, and Colorado as the summer progressed. In September, he headed west to
Nevada, Utah, California, and Arizona. At one of his stops in [5]Arizona. An estimated 20,000
people waited to greet him at the train station. In October, he headed back east again to Oklahoma,
Illinois, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Pennsylvania.
[6] Truman would make as many as eight stops in a single day. He spoke to thousands of
voters [7] of a time, but the nature of the whistle stop campaign allowed voters to glimpse a more
intimate view of the candidate. By coming to voters hometowns and speaking directly to them,
Truman presented himself as a man of the people. [8] Truman marketed himself as [9]
attainablemaking himself available to discuss local political issues with the residents of the
small towns he visited.
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By November, newspapers and the Gallup poll were still predicting Dewey as the winner.
However, the success of Trumans whistle-stop tours had helped to close the gap. [10] When
voters went to the polls, Truman won the [11] election which is considered the greatest upset in a
US presidential race, due to his exhaustive campaign.
Percentage of Americans Supporting Truman, Dewey, and Wallace in the Ten Months
Preceding the 1948 U.S. Presidential Election
1
To make the first paragraph most logical, sentence 6 should be placed
A. where it is now.
B. after sentence 1.
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C. after sentence 2.
D. after sentence 7.
2.
A. century, but
B. century; also,
C. century, so
D. century; meanwhile,
3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Truman delivered hundreds of speeches in towns
C. Truman delivered: hundreds of speeches, in towns
D. Truman delivered hundreds of: speeches in towns
4
A. NO CHANGE
B. cover
C. will cover
D. covered
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Arizona, an estimated 20,000 people waited
C. Arizona, an estimated 20,000 people waiting
D. Arizona, with an estimated 20,000 people waiting
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6.
Which choice provides the most effective transition from the previous
paragraph to
this one?
A. To cover so much territory,

B. Because of the limitations of train travel,
C. In spite of his attempts to cover a large territory,
D. In order to speak out against his opponent,
7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. on the
C. at a
D. of the
8.
Which choice provides the best supporting details for claim made in the previous
sentence?
A. He told jokes, spoke without flourish, and even introduced his family to the onlookers.
B. He traveled in the presidential train car and was able to visit many constituents hometowns.
C. He spoke to the citizens from the raised platform of his expansive train car.
D. He emphatically enumerated the reasons that his opponent was not the best candidate.
9.
A. NO CHANGE
B. plausible
C. approachable
D. palatable
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10
The writer wants to include accurate and relevant information from the graph to support
the preceding sentence. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. In October, Truman was still trailing Dewey.

B. Truman suffered a setback in the polls from January to March of 1948.
C. By the end of the campaign, Truman only lagged by five percent in the polls, a significant
improvement from his 11 percent lag in May.
D. Dewey and Trumans poll numbers both far surpassed Wallaces.
11.
A. NO CHANGE
B. election, which is considered the greatest upset in a US presidential race,
C. election which is considered, the greatest upset in a US presidential race
D. election, which is considered the greatest upset, in a US presidential race
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2. El Sistema: Venezuelas Revolutionary Music Education

[1] Music education programs vary greatly from country to country: the school bell rings,
signaling the end of the school day, and all the children race to the nearest music center, or ncleo.
They play violins, clarinets, drums and other instruments for hours, learning techniques from
teachers and from their peersand this publicly-funded music instruction is open to all children.
What you're picturing might sound like a fantasy, but in the South American nation of Venezuela,
El Sistema (The System), a comprehensive music education program that serves over 300,000
children, is a reality.
[1] El Sistema, the nickname for the Fundacin Musical Simn Bolvar, was founded in 1975
by Dr. Jos Antonio Abreu. [2] He envisioned this government-funded program not only as a
vehicle for music instruction, but also for social change. [3] Disappointed that Venezuela did not
have its own [2] orchestraAbreu wanted to educate children about classical music on the
national level. [4] By providing safe spaces for children from crime-ridden neighborhoods to
practice music, the government would be both protecting children and showing them that there
were other avenues to success than criminal activity. [5] Abreu also believed that the opportunity
to play music is a basic human right, and he wanted to [3] reinsure that all children had access to it.
[4]
The Venezuelan government began implementing Abreus ideas right [5] away, by the end of
1975, it had opened the first ncleos. Students congregated [6] together at these centers after
school to play music. Children could attend classes from an early age; two-year-olds started
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learning the basics of rhythm even before they reached the regular classroom. The number of
ncleos has grown from just a few in the beginning to over 300 today. They now operate from 2
p.m. to 6 p.m. six days a week, and the government [7] funding every facet of the program, from
the instruments to the teachers. Over 800,000 young Venezuelans have learned music through El
Sistema in the 40 years since [8] their inception.
El Sistema has [9] propelled some of these young people into music careers. In 2002, Edicson
Ruiz, a product of El Sistema, became Berlin Philharmonics youngest professional bass player at
age 17. Gustavo Dudamel, another graduate of the program, is the music director of the Orquesta
Sinfnica Simn Bolvar and became the director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 2009. [10]
As Abreu says, A childs physical poverty is overcome by the spiritual richness that music
provides. [11] Abreus bold ideato provide music education for allhas launched a few music
careers but perhaps more importantly, has given almost a million children the joy of playing
music.
1.
Which choice best introduces the paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Imagine the following scenario:
C. Some people think the following situation would be great:
D. Music education programs offer many benefits:
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. orchestra, Abreu
C. orchestra; Abreu
D. orchestra: Abreu
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3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. ensure
C. assure
D. reassure
4.
To make paragraph 2 most logical, sentence 2 should be placed
A. where it is now.
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. away
C. away;
D. away, it was
6.
A. NO CHANGE
B. with each other
C. all together
7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. funded
C. will fund
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D. funds
8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. its
C. his
D. Our
9.
A. NO CHANGE
B. mobilized
C. plunged
D. pitched
10.
Which choice best sets up the quotation that follows?
A. Not all students become professionals, of course, but all benefit from the program.
B. Audiences from all over the world have benefited from the talent of these two Venezuelan
musicians.
C. Dudamel left Venezuela, but he has not forgotten the skills he learned through the program.
D. While some students in El Sistema become professionals outside of Venezuela, others
pursue music careers within the country.
11.
The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or
deleted?
A. Kept, because it concludes the passage by celebrating Abreus contributions.
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B. Kept, because it provides information about the number of children who have benefited
from the program.
C. Deleted, because it introduces an idea about Abreu instead of concluding the passage.
D. Deleted, because it provides contradictory information about the students music careers
introduced earlier in the paragraph.
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3. A Wave of Molasses
On January 15, 1919, a 50-foot-tall holding tank in Bostons North End burst. [1] 2.3 million
gallons of molasses that weighed 26 million pounds came out. The molasses engulfed the streets.
More than $100 million of property damage in todays dollars resulted, and it took over 87,000
hours to clean the streets.
[1] The following year, a large and expensive class action lawsuit was filed in order to hold
accountable the party responsible for the disaster. [2] The Superior Court condensed 119 separate
claims against United States Industrial Alcohol (USIA) into one proceeding. [3]Sent, however,
claimed that anarchists blew up its tank. [4] It appointed an auditor to hear the evidence and
make recommendations about liability and damages. [5] The victims claimed USIA committed
corporate negligence. [6] It took 920 testimonies, 1,584 exhibits, and 25,000 pages of transcript to
assign responsibility. [2]
The defense maintained that, because molasses made the industrial alcohol used to produce
munitions for [3] World War IUSIA had a plausible claim of sabotage. Rampant anarchist
activity had plagued the nation, and anti-war posters covered the area surrounding the tank. USIA
had even received a threatening phone call before the accident. Expert metallurgists constructed a
replica to prove the tank's soundness, and records of repairs illustrated safety efforts.
The plaintiffs divulged that, rather than appointing a qualified engineer or architect to oversee
the tanks [4] construction, but USIA had appointed an accountant to do the job. The accountant
admitted that he could not read blueprints, never consulted an expert, used cheap materials, and
never tested the tanks soundness. Molasses had wept from the tanks seams from the beginning,
and USIA had ignored repeated warnings about structural insufficiencies. Instead, it painted the
tank brown in an effort to hide the leaking syrup. In January of 1919, the addition of warm
molasses to existing cold molasses [5] embarked on a fermentation process. The resulting carbon
dioxide created pressure that the weak steel could not withstand. The decrepit tank burst.
After three years of proceedings, the auditor found USIA liable and suggested it should pay
damages of $300,000the equivalent of more than $30 million today. [6] Instead of rejecting the
findings and going to trial before a jury, USIA chose to settle the case. Ultimately, [7] we ended
up paying more than double what the auditor recommended to resolve all 119 cases.
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Most people at that time viewed regulations as a hindrance to economic [8] progress, however,
the molasses lawsuit ended the era of unrestricted Big Business with the implementation of
industrial safety standards. After the judgment, inspections, regulations, and corporate restrictions
became commonplace. [9] Furthermore, the trial illustrated the power of citizen action and
encouraged people to protect [10] theyre interests. The destruction of Bostons North End by a
wave of molasses set in motion events that, in turn, increased political participation and ensured
the safety of millions of industrial workers in the years to come. [11]
9. Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?

A. 2.3 million gallons of molasses came out, and that molasses, which weighed 26 million pounds,
engulfed the streets.
B. The streets were engulfed by molasses, which weighed 26 million pounds, and there were 2.3
million gallons of it.
C. 2.3 million gallons of molasses, weighing 26 million pounds, engulfed the streets.
D. Engulfing the streets, molasses2.3 million gallons of it, weighing 26 million poundscame
out.
10. To make the paragraph most logical, sentence 3 should be placed

A. where it is now.
3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. World War I;
C. World War I
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D. World War I,
4.
A. NO CHANGE
B. construction,
C. construction yet
D. construction, and
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. initiated
C. inaugurated
D. Instituted
6. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

Also, the absence of damage to the concrete foundation and lack of evidence of explosives
on site made anarchist activity a more improbable cause of the explosion.
A. Yes, because it refutes USIAs sole line of defense that anarchists sabotaged the tank.
B. Yes, because it provides another example of the evidence used to support the plaintiffs claims
against USIA.
C. No, because it introduces information that interrupts the paragraphs discussion of the lawsuits
resolution.
D. No, because it does not prove USIAs accountant ignored structural insufficiencies.
7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. one
C. it
D. he
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8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. progress, but
C. progress,
D. progress
9. At this point, the writer wants to provide an additional example of an outcome of the
molasses lawsuit. Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?
A. The economic prosperity of the Roaring 20s continued despite the new industrial regulations.
B. After World War I ended, granulated sugar became more plentiful and often replaced molasses
as a sweetener in food production.
C. More industrial oversight was in opposition to President Hardings pro-business stance.
D. All states enacted engineering certification and safety specification requirements.
10.
A. NO CHANGE
B. there
C. their
D. its
11. The writer wants a forceful conclusion that reinforces the wider significance of the
molasses flood. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. These changes are the molasses disasters real legacy.
B. Rumor has it that the aroma of molasses still lingers on a hot summer day.
C. The $30 million molasses payout seems small compared to the huge class-action lawsuit
settlements of today.
D. Nevertheless, engineers are now required to sign off on their blueprints.
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4. The Creation of Treasure Island

[1] Treasure Island, today a suburban community, was originally created for the 1939
Worlds [2] Fair. The Worlds Fair was a celebration of international culture and technology. In the
midst of the economic uncertainties of the Great Depression, Treasure Island and its
accompanying fair offered a glimpse of optimism and provided San Francisco a platform from
which to showcase its latest innovations.
At the beginning of the 1930s, [3] San Francisco along with the rest of the country was
reeling from the effects of the Great Depression. Looking for an opportunity to improve San
Franciscos economy, the citys politicians [4] were seizing upon the idea of hosting a Worlds
Fair. [5] They reasoned that a platform for global attention and tourism would draw business, and
that the construction of the fair would also create jobs. Leland W. Cutler, a local business leader,
was appointed president of the committee tasked with seeking funding for the project. Cutler
found a funding solution in US President Franklin Delano Roosevelts Works Progress
Administration.
To help get Americans who had lost their livelihoods back to [6] work. President Roosevelt
established the New Deal programs in 1933. One of these programs, the Works Progress
Administration (WPA), created jobs mainly in the form of public works projects, such as
constructing bridges and other [7] building-related New Deal infrastructure projects. The WPA
awarded Cutler a $5 million grant for the Worlds Fair project.
[1] Workers built a rock sea wall and filled it with 29 million cubic yards of mud and sand
from the depths of the bay and the Sacramento River Delta. [2] The planning committee chose to
locate the fair on the Yerba Buena Shoals, a sandbank submerged under shallow water in the
middle of the San Francisco Bay. [3] With all of this material, they were able to build the island to
a mere 13 feet above sea level. [4] It was named Treasure Island as a tribute to Californias
Gold [8] Rushthe economic venture, that had allowed the state to succeed early in its history. [9]
Seventeen million people visited the fair during [10] itstwo-year run from February 18 to
October 29, 1939, and May 25 to September 29, 1940. [11] Thousands of workers earned jobs,
both through the construction of the island and at the Fair itself. The influx of tourists also
generated funds for businesses in the city and allowed San Francisco to exhibit two of its newest
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accomplishments, the Bay Bridge and Golden Gate Bridge, on a global scale.
Assorted World's Fairs and Attendance
1. Which choice best introduces the passage?

A. Programs instituted by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt during the Great Depression
continue to benefit Americans to this day.
B. In the middle of the San Francisco Bay sits a 400-acre island that, 80 years ago, did not exist.
C. In the wake of the Great Depression, San Franciscos leaders came to a crucial decision about
presenting the citys technological innovations.
D. The Worlds Fairs had a significant impact on culture and technology sharing in the 20th
century.
2. Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?
A. Fair, and
B. Fair; this fair was
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C. Fair,
D. Fair, and the Worlds Fair was
3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. San Francisco, along with the rest of the country
C. San Francisco, (along with the rest of the country),
D. San Francisco (along with the rest of the country)
4.
A. NO CHANGE
B. seized
C. had been seizing
D. are seizing
5. The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the writer make this
deletion?
A. Yes, because the sentence provides information irrelevant to the subject of the essay.
B. Yes, because the sentence distracts from the main purpose of the paragraph.
C. No, because the sentence answers a question raised in the previous paragraph.
D. No, because the sentence highlights the motivations behind the subjects actions.
6.
A. NO CHANGE
B. work. President Roosevelt establishing
C. work, President Roosevelt established
D. work, President Roosevelt establishing
7.
A. NO CHANGE
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B. infrastructure projects that created jobs.

C. infrastructure projects as part of Roosevelts New Deal programs.
D. infrastructure.
8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Rush; the economic venture
C. Rushthe economic venture
D. Rush; the economic venture,
9.To make the paragraph most logical, sentence 2 should be placed

A. where it is now.
B. before sentence 1.
10.
A. NO CHANGE
B. their
C. it's
D. they're
11. The writer wants to include accurate, relevant data from the graph. Which choice best
accomplishes this purpose?
A. Attendance numbers were low compared to some of the other fairs, but the 1939 San Francisco
fair did welcome more attendees than some others.
B. Chicago held one of the highest Worlds Fair attendances.
C. The San Francisco attendance numbers paled in comparison to New Yorks attendance in 1939:
an impressive 45 million.
D. The 1915 Worlds Fair in San Francisco hosted about 2 million more visitors than the citys
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5. The Pumpkin Papers

On the night of December 2, 1948, the pale light of a crescent moon barely illuminated the
outlines of two men standing beside a pumpkin patch in Carroll County, Maryland. Nearby, a third
man stooped low to the ground, groping around in the pumpkins before grabbing one
and [1] pulls off the top. Inside the hollowed interior [2] laid a small package wrapped in wax
paper. Within this unassuming package were both developed and undeveloped microfilm
imagesevidence that produced the final impetus needed for the controversial indictment of
suspected Communist spy Alger Hiss.
The story of these eccentrically concealed microfilm imagesaffectionately, if inaccurately,
dubbed the pumpkin papers by the [3] presshad begun a decade earlier when Whittaker
Chambers, [4] the man who revealed the evidence on that December evening, decided to defect
from the underground Communist party. It was not a decision lightly made; as Chambers wrote in
retrospect, [5] two things made that break and that flight possible. Sure that he could no longer
serve a force he believed to be evil, Chambers took his family and temporarily [6] fled into
hiding. As a precaution, he also preserved material evidenceincluding the microfilmthat
verified both his own involvement and the involvement of other underground agents
prior [7] from his defection.
A decade later, this precaution would prove invaluable. In November of 1948, Chambers
faced a slander suit from Alger Hiss, one of his former compatriots whom he had reluctantly
identified as a communist in a public interview. This comment opened the door for Hiss to make
an aggressive legal attack during a period when both men were already embroiled in an
investigation by the House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC). Although Chambers
had deliberately chosen not to reveal the microfilm, this legal attack convinced him to tacitly
admit its existence to Robert Stripling, the chief investigator of HUAC. When two investigators
traveled to [8] Chambers farmhouse the following evening, he led them to the backyard and
revealed the evidence hidden inside the hollow pumpkin.
[9] Many people still believed that Alger Hiss was innocent: while some sources argue that
the actual content of the microfilm had little relevance to the case, others suggest that
the [10] sequential public interest created pressure for a careful verdict. However, there is no
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question that the indictment of Alger Hiss on December 15 represented both a triumph and a
tragedy. The conflict between these two men was only a microcosm of the massive, destructive
struggle between two incompatible philosophies; perhaps it is best summarized by [11] Richard
Nixon as a struggle dependent upon the question of identity.
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. pulled
C. was pulling
D. pulling
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. lying
C. lay
D. lain
3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. press, had
C. press; had
D. press had
4. At this point, the writer is considering deleting the underlined portion. Should the writer
make this deletion?
A. Yes, because this phrase contradicts the characterization of Chambers provided in the
introduction.
B. Yes, because this phrase repeats information about the identity of Chambers already provided
in the introduction.
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C. No, because this phrase helps explain why Chambers decided to defect from the Communist
party.
D. No, because this phrase identifies one of the unnamed characters in the introduction as
Chambers.
5. At this point, the writer wants to provide support for the statement made in the first part
of the sentence. Which of the following quotations by Chambers best accomplishes this
goal?
A. NO CHANGE
B. in any such change as I was making, the soul itself is in flux.
C. practicality and precaution are of no more help than prudence or craft.
D. I committed the characteristic crimes of my century.
6.
A. NO CHANGE
B. hid with his family for a short time.
C. went on the run and into hiding after this decision.
D. went into hiding with his wife and children.
7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. for
C. to
D. in
8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Chambers farmhouse
C. Chambers farmhouses
D. the farmhouse of Chambers
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9. Which choice provides the smoothest transition from the previous paragraph to this
one?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Hiding the microfilm inside a pumpkin may not have been wise:
C. Opinions on the importance of the pumpkin papers are split:
D. Few people paid attention to this aspect of the investigation:
10.
A. NO CHANGE
B. consequent
C. adjacent
D. nearby
11. The writer wants to conclude with a strong, memorable reference that captures the
broad historical significance of this struggle. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Robert Striplings comment at one of the many hearings: you are a remarkable and agile
young man, Mr. Hiss.
C. Whittaker Chambers' own phrase, a tragedy of history.
D. Alger Hisss statement that he would do everything in his means to get at the truth.
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WN00006
6. Personal Anthropology
Ethnographers work anywhere from communities in small villages to bustling cities,
but [1] its work is always the same: listening to someone elses story. [2] A subfield of
anthropology, ethnography is the study of people and the cultures in which they live. While an
objective
approach
to
collecting
and
sharing
information
is
traditionally
encouraged, [3] anthropology professor Ruth Behar believes that integrating her personal
experience into her work is not only inevitable but valuable. Doing so, Behar argues, allows
readers to better connect with her work.
Born in Cuba in [4] 1956, the granddaughter of Eastern European Jewish migrs. Behar
moved with her family to New York in 1962. These early experiences [5] in her younger
years generated an interest in how people form identity based on community, eventually leading
Behar to pursue a PhD in cultural anthropology at Princeton. After her graduation in 1983, she
wrestled with the norms of her chosen field. While many ethnographers [6] pressured the
importance of maintaining emotional impartiality during the research process, Behar felt that
divorcing personal experience from ethnography was too clinical.
She first tackled this dilemma in her 1993 bookTranslated Woman: Crossing the Border with
Esperanzas Story. Based on the four years Behar spent interviewing Esperanza Hernndez, a
street peddler in the Mexican town of Mexquitic, [7] Hernndez felt torn between her Mexican
and Indian identities. Behar identified with this tension. [8] Because she maintains an objective
tone for most of the book, the final chapter of Translated Woman offers a personal reflection on
Behars struggle to define her own cultural identity, influenced by [9] Latin America, her
birthplaceand the United States. This chapter garnered a divided critical [10] reception, some
anthropologists insisted, that Behar had strayed beyond the bounds of her field, while others
lauded her unique approach. Behar addressed this topic again in her next book, The Vulnerable
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Observer (1996), contending that ethnography should be tackled with a combination of tenderness
and toughness.
While her technique is unorthodox, Behar finds her work fruitful when she allows her own
experience to shape her understanding of the stories she hears. By rejecting an objective approach,
she is able to cultivate a personal relationship with her interview subjects, learning about both
their identities and her own. She then shares these revelations with her audience. [11]
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. their
C. her
D. my
2. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

Ruth Behar, a Princeton-educated anthropologist, enjoys the process of listening to and
interpreting such stories.
A. Yes, because it provides information essential to the passage.
B. Yes, because it introduces the subject of the passage.
C. No, because it provides information contradicted later in the passage.
D. No, because it interrupts the introduction of the passage.
3. Which choice most effectively states the central idea developed throughout the passage?
A. NO CHANGE
B. some anthropologists believe that a level-headed, detached observation is the best way to
approach ethnography.
C. some anthropologists believe that information about anthropological subjects should not be
catalogued traditionally.
D. anthropology professor Ruth Behar believes in working directly with people when studying
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ethnography.
4.
A. NO CHANGE
B. 1956.. The granddaughter of Eastern European Jewish migrs,
C. 1956, the granddaughter of Eastern European Jewish migrs,
D. 1956, the granddaughter of Eastern European Jewish migrs;
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. in her young life
C. of her youth
6.
A. NO CHANGE
B. strained
C. forced
D. stressed
7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. the book recounts the tensions Hernandez felt
C. Behar found it fascinating that Hernandez felt torn
D. she recounts the tensions Hernandez felt
8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. When
C. If
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D. Although
9.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Latin Americaher birthplace
C. Latin Americaher birthplace
D. Latin America; her birthplace;
10.
A. NO CHANGE
B. reception some anthropologists insisted
C. reception: some anthropologists insisted
D. reception: some anthropologists insisted,
11. The writer wants to conclude the passage by emphasizing the value of ones own
perspective in anthropology. Which quotation by Behar most effectively accomplishes
this goal?
A. According to Behar, a personal voice, if creatively used, can lead the reader into [an]
enormous sea of social issues.
B. She takes this work seriously: Behar considers anthropology the most fascinating, bizarre
and necessary form of witnessing left to us today.
C. As Behar says, Emotion has only recently gotten a foot inside the academy and we still dont
know whether we want to give it a seminar room, a lecture hall, or just a closet we can air out
now and then.
D. According to Behar, It is far from easy to think up interesting ways to locate ones self in
ones text.
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WN00007
7. The Other Tolstoy

For people born into the Russian aristocracy in the nineteenth century, life was full of
interesting opportunitiesunless they were female. At the time, women generally did not have
careers, [1] who were expected, instead, to focus fully on marrying and raising families. Sophia
Behrs was one such young woman. The man she [2] married Leo Tolstoy was one of the worlds
greatest writers. When Sophia married Tolstoy, he was already a well-known author. Both
members of the couple were literary in [3] its interests: Sophia had been a gifted student and, even
at a very young age, was a voracious and sensitive reader. [4]
[1] Sophias marriage to Leo gave her the opportunity to put her abilities as a good reader to
use, often advising him on his work throughout the writing process. [2] She served as her
husbands copyist (since this was before the advent of the typewriter), writing out multiple copies
of his novels by hand.[3] She made suggestions for and edits to his work, many of which
were [5]inculcated into the final product. [4] In addition, she served as his manager, publicist, and
agent, keeping track of the financial and legal sides of her husbands writing career. [5] She
juggled these many roles with grace and skill. [6] If Sophia were alive today, she might have
found her calling at a publishing house or literary agency. [6]
[7] She wrote her own Russian-language grammar textbook and translated texts from German
and English. She also [8] wrote fiction. Including a revision of Leos novellaThe Kreutzer Sonata.
In that story, a man recounts the dramatic breakdown of his marriage; Sophia retold the narrative
from his wifes point of view. The famous writer was himself impressed by his wifes literary
talents. What force of truth and simplicity! he wrote in his diary upon reading one of her stories.
[9] Furthermore, Sophia never sought publication for her own work. Writing was not a
pursuit that she took [10] seriously, rather, she regarded the whole enterprise with a certain
contempt and irony. [11] Sophia was limited by personal modesty, her domestic duties, and the
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expectations for women in her lifetime. She probably never even considered seeking fame on her
own account. Yet Tolstoy would never have been able to produce the work he did without Sophias
vital contributions.
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. for they were expected, instead,
C. were instead expected
D. yet they were instead expected
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. married Leo Tolstoy, was
C. married, Leo Tolstoy was
D. married, Leo Tolstoy, was
3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. her
C. his
D. their
4. At this point, the writer wants to add support for a point made in a previous sentence.
Which of the following quotations from Sophias diary best accomplishes this goal?
A. When I finished David Copperfield, I cried as though I were being separated from a close
friend, she wrote.
B. During the first years at Yasnaya Polyana, we lived a very retired life...everything passed us
by, she wrote.
C. Of music and drawing I learned little; I did not have enough time, though throughout my life
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I have loved all the arts, she wrote.

D. I was working with a friend, the daughter of the Inspector of the University, and therefore
moved in university circles, among intelligent professors and students, she wrote.
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. incorporated
C. ingrained
D. indoctrinated
6. To make this paragraph most logical, Sentence 5 should be placed

A. where it is now.
7. Which choice most effectively establishes the main topic of the paragraph?
A. Sophia had a strong interest in literature, but her husband did not want her to pursue it.
B. It was uncommon for upper-class, nineteenth-century Russian women to be as educated as
Sophia was.
C. Sophia also had literary talents of her own and, when she could find the time, turned her hand
to her own writing.
D. Leo Tolstoy gave Sophia full editorial control over his drafts.
8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. wrote fiction, including
C. wrote. Fiction including
D. wrote fiction, it included
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9.
A. NO CHANGE
B. However,
C. For that reason,
D. Likewise,
10.
A. NO CHANGE
B. seriously; rather,
C. seriously, rather;
D. seriously, rather:
A. Sophia was limited by personal modesty, her domestic duties, and the expectations for women
in her lifetime and, because of them,
B. Sophia was limited by personal modesty, her domestic duties, and the expectations for women
in her lifetime, and those reasons notwithstanding, she
C. Because of the limitations of personal modesty, her domestic duties, and the expectations for
women in her lifetime, these were reasons why Sophia
D. Limited by personal modesty, her domestic duties, and the expectations for women in her
lifetime, Sophia
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WN00008
8. Dr. Kings Guiding Light

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. accomplished more than perhaps any individual in the struggle for
African American rights. In the early stages of the civil rights movement, though, King struggled
to reconcile the Christian doctrine of love with the immense challenge of achieving economic and
social rights for African Americans. During this time of soul-searching, King was introduced to
the teachings of a Hindu man who had fought on the other side of the [1] worldfor the rights of
the oppressed, Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhis principles of nonviolent resistance [2] was the primary
influence that helped King build momentum in the American civil rights movement.
[3] As early as 1919, Gandhi fought against the British government, which held India as a
colony and subjected its people to unfair laws. Gandhi used methods such as the boycotting of
British goods, peaceful marches, and fasting. His ongoing campaign of nonviolent resistance
eventually led to a major change in 1947 when Great Britain passed a resolution that
outlawed [4] prejudicial discrimination against untouchablesIndias lowest caste of people. In
1950, King was introduced to Gandhis teachings through a sermon by Mordecai Johnson, who
had
just
returned
from
trip
to
India.
After
studying
Gandhis
achievements,
King [5] concludes that Gandhi was the first person in history to use the Christian ethic of love as
a potent instrument for social and collective transformation.
In 1955, King was given an opportunity to [6] bestow Gandhis techniques during the
Montgomery, Alabama, bus incident. After Rosa Parks famously refused to give up her seat on a
public bus, King organized a year-long boycott [7] upon Montgomery buses, which ended with the
U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional. Over the next
decade, King continued to rely on methods of nonviolent resistance by organizing [8] marches;
and giving speeches; and instituting boycotts; and leading sit-ins at public establishments that
refused to serve African Americans. Kings efforts led to the passage of significant laws such as
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the 1964 Civil Rights [9] Act. This law prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, or
national origin in public establishments.
King eventually made his own trip to India in 1959, [10] but he would never meet the man
who influenced him so deeply. Even before King began to learn of his principles, Gandhi had
given his life for his cause. King once called Gandhis teachings the guiding light of our
nonviolent technique of social change. [11]
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. world, for the rights of the oppressed,
C. world for the rights of the oppressed:
D. world for the rights of the oppressed
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. were
C. is
3. The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept
or deleted?
A. Kept, because it provides important information regarding the effects of the relationship
between King and Gandhi.
B. Kept, because it serves to contextualize the social and political environment in which Gandhi
operated.
C. Deleted, because it contains information that is irrelevant to the main topic of the second
paragraph.
D. Deleted, because it contradicts the idea that Gandhi relied on nonviolent means to enact social
change.
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4.
A. NO CHANGE
B. and made illegal the
C. the prejudiced treatment and
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. concluded
C. has concluded
D. was concluding
6.
A. NO CHANGE
B. exploit
C. operate
D. employ
7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. with
C. of
D. about
8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. marches; giving speeches; instituting boycotts and
C. marches, and giving speeches and instituting boycotts, and
D. marches, giving speeches, instituting boycotts, and
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A. Act, which prohibits
B. Act and this law prohibits
C. Act, but the law prohibited
D. Actthis law prohibiting
10. Which choice most effectively sets up the information provided in the next sentence in
the paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. accompanied by his wife, Coretta Scott King.
C. where he became further convinced of the effectiveness of Gandhis nonviolent resistance
techniques.
D. and there he studied more deeply the principles that would later inform his own actions.
11. Which choice best concludes the passage and most logically follows Kings quote about
Gandhi in the previous sentence?
A. That light became particularly bright when India gained independence from the British
government in 1947.
B. That said, the use of violent demonstrations likely would have also resulted in the
achievement of civil rights for African Americans.
C. Gandhis technique of nonviolent resistance was also used during the Rose Revolution in
Georgia and the Orange Revolution in Ukraine.
D. With these teachings, King helped light the path towards social justice and equal civil rights
for African Americans.
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WN00009
9. John Snow and the Story of the Broad Street Pump

From discovering the causes of polio and smallpox to controlling epidemics all around the
world, epidemiologists have been behind many of our current advancements in public health.
While the field of epidemiology now encompasses a wide range of skills and methods, its origin is
commonly traced back [1] to a single story; the tale of John Snow and the Broad Street pump.
Snow was born in England in 1813a time when the prevailing notion behind disease
transmission was the miasma theory. [2] According to this theory, diseases were spread through
particles from decomposed matter that would then become part of the air. Snow, who had survived
a number of cholera epidemics in his childhood before pursuing a career in medicine,
was [3] cynical about this elegant but incorrect theory. However, it was not until the cholera
epidemic of 1854 that he was able to acquire insurmountable evidence showing that cholera was
caused by something other than bad air.
Within the first two weeks of September, 1854, over 500 people had mysteriously died [5] of
cholera. Those who had died were all within 250 yards of the Cambridge Street and Broad Street
intersection in the Soho district of London. Snow began analyzing the addresses of those who had
contracted the disease. He found that, of the hundreds of cases of cholera near Soho, 5[Marker for
question5] and all but ten involvingpeople who lived near the contaminated pump on Broad Street.
Of the remaining ten cases, five involved people who preferred the water from the Broad Street
pump and three involved children who went to school near the Broad Street pump. Snows
research was too compelling for the local council to ignore: they eventually removed the Broad
Street pump from service, [6] affectively ending the cholera outbreak in Soho.
[7] Today, epidemiology is considered a basic science of public health. It is a quantitative
discipline built on probability, statistics, and research [8] methods, a method of causal reasoning
based on developing and testing hypotheses, and a tool to promote and protect the health of the
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public. Examples of applied epidemiology include monitoring reports of communicable diseases

in the [9] community; andtracking down the cause of a food-borne outbreak. While many
epidemiologists work for health departments at the local and state levels, a number are also
employed by colleges and universities. [10] In 2012, the median wage for epidemiologists in the
United States was around $60,000, though this number was substantially larger for those working
in the state government. For those interested in pursuing a career in this field, the prospects also
look bright, [11] but employment is projected to grow 10 percent between 2012 and 2022.
End of reading passage.
Annual Salary for Epidemiologists in the United States, by Sector
Source: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook
Handbook, 2014-15 Edition.
1.
A. NO CHANGE
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B. to: a single story,

C. to a single story:
D. to: a single story
deletion?
A. Yes, because the sentence contains unnecessary information about the miasma theory that is
irrelevant to the main topic of the paragraph.
B. Yes, because the sentence introduces a new idea that shifts the focus away from the main topic
of the paragraph.
C. No, because the sentence provides information essential to understanding the "bad air"
reference made later in the paragraph.
D. No, because the sentence introduces a method of reasoning that is central to the field of
epidemiology.
3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. suspected of
C. questionable about
D. suspicious of
A. of cholera, and those who had died from it were all
B. all from cholera and all dying
C. of cholera, all of whom were
D. of choleraall
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. all but ten involved
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C. all but ten involving

D. and all but ten involved
6.
A. NO CHANGE
B. in affect
C. effectively
D. in efficacy
7. At this point, the writer wants to include an effective transition from the subject of the
previous paragraph to the subject of the new paragraph. Which choice best
accomplishes this goal?
A. Though Snow did not know it at the time, his investigative approach to the cholera epidemic
would become the foundation of the field of epidemiology.
B. Snows approach to the cholera epidemic was the first time such a novel approach was used in
a scientific investigation.
C. The Broad Street pump story is often one of the first things taught in college-level
epidemiology courses.
D. Following the removal of the Broad Street pump, it was only a matter of time before scientists
began to recognize that cholera was a water-borne disease.
8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. methods; a method of causal reasoning based on developing and testing hypotheses; and
C. methods, a method of causal reasoning based on developing and testing hypotheses; and
D. methods; a method of causal reasoning based on developing and testing hypotheses, and
9.
A. NO CHANGE
B. communityand
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C. community: and
D. community and
10. After reviewing the passage and the graph, the writer determines that the statement
made in the underlined sentence is not accurate. Which of the following revisions should
the writer make to correct the inaccuracy?
A. Replace $60,000 with $50,000.
B. Replace $60,000 with $100,000.
C. Replace state government with local government.
D. Replace state government with private sector.
11.
A. NO CHANGE
B. with employment
C. in which employment is
D. notwithstanding that employment is
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WN00010
10. Mary Walker: A Century Ahead of Her Time
Dr. M. Edwards Walker was one of the bravest army surgeons during the American Civil War.
In addition to working on the frontlines of the Union Army from 1863 to 1865, Walker was also a
Union [1] spy. Who relayedConfederate secrets across enemy lines while treating civilians in the
South. Walker was even captured by Confederate troops and held as a prisoner of war for four
months, until eventually being releasedalong with two dozen other Union doctorsin exchange
for seventeen Confederate surgeons. But what makes Dr. Walkers story perhaps even more
remarkable is that, unlike the other Army surgeons during the Civil War, Dr. Walker was a woman.
Dr. Mary Edwards Walker was born on November 26, 1832, in the town of Oswego, New
York. Her father, a country doctor, was an active participant in many of the social reform
movements of the mid-1800s; he encouraged all five of his daughters to pursue their education in
spite of heavy social pressures and [2] prejudices against them. Mary, the youngest of the
daughters, followed her fathers advice the most intently, becoming the second woman to receive a
medical doctorate in the United States in 1855 at the young age of 21. [3]
In recognition of her service to the Union Army during the Civil War, Walker was awarded
the Medal of Honor in 1865. She was the first and only woman ever to receive the United States
Armys highest military honor. While her medal, along with the medals of 910
others, [4] were unfortunately taken away when Congress revised the Medal of Honor standards in
1917, an Army Board eventually reinstated Walkers award posthumously, [5] reciting her
distinguished gallantry, self-sacrifice, patriotism, dedication; and unflinching loyalty to her
country, despite the apparent discrimination because of her sex.
[6] To say that Mary Walker was born ahead of her time would be a vast
understatement. From an early age, Walker refused to wear the long heavy skirts and corsets that
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were traditionally designated for women [7] yet would instead wear a dress and trouser
combination called the Bloomer costume that provided for greater mobility. In 1866, Walker was
even elected president of the National Dress Reform Association, and prided herself in being
arrested numerous times for wearing full male attire, including [8] a winged-collar; bow-tie; and,
top hat. Towards the end of her life, Walker went on to become involved in a number of other
progressive movements in the United States, including the suffragette movement and the
temperance movement. [9] Interestingly, though, while Walker was an outspoken proponent of the
womans suffrage movement, she did not support the Nineteenth Amendment and instead argued
that a womans right to vote was already contained in the United States Constitution.
Though she was unaware of it at the time, Mary Edwards Walker was at the forefront of a
monumental shift in the role of women in medicine. [10] Walker was not only a trailblazer in the
medical [11] field, she was also a relentless visionary who bravely challenged many of the social
prejudices of her day, and contributed as much to advancing gender equality in the United States
as she did to healing injured soldiers during the Civil War.
Percentage of Medical Degree Earners Who Are Women, 1971-2010
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Adapted from Philip Cohen, "More Women Are Doctors and Laywers Than Everbut Progress Is
Stalling," (C) 2012 by The Atlantic .
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. spy, Walker relayed
C. spy, relaying
D. spy. Relaying
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. dispositions
C. inclinations
D. predilections
3. At this point, the writer wants to conclude the second paragraph with a sentence that
will effectively transition into the third paragraph. Which choice best accomplishes this
goal?
A. Dr. Walker then proceeded to open a short-lived medical practice with her husband, who was
also a physician, in rural Ohio.
B. The first female to receive a medical doctorate in the United States was Elizabeth Blackwell,
who graduated from Geneva Medical College in 1849.
C. When Walker was a student in Hopkinton, Iowa, she was suspended from school for refusing
to quit the then all male debating society.
D. After graduating from medical school, Dr. Walker decided to volunteer for the United States
Army, despite being denied an official medical commission due to the fact that she was a
woman.
4.
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A. NO CHANGE
B. was
C. being
D. is
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. siting
C. citing
D. inciting
6. Which choice most effectively establishes the main topic of the paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. In addition to Walkers military service, she was also an outspoken social reformer and
advocate of womens rights issues, particularly dress reform.
C. After Walkers military service, she began to advocate for voting rights for women and
African Americans in the United States.
D. After the Civil War, Walker continued to practice medicine, working in a female prison in
Louisville as well as an orphans asylum in Tennessee.
7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. although she
C. and
D. even though she
8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. a winged collar; bow-tie, and top hat.
C. a winged collar, bow-tie; and top hat.
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D. a winged collar, bow-tie, and top hat.
deletion?
A. Yes, because it contains information that is already provided earlier in the passage.
B. Yes, because it is unrelated to the paragraphs argument that Walker was a female war hero.
C. No, because it provides an effective counterexample to the idea that Walker disagreed with
many of her contemporaries.
D. No, because it supports the passages portrayal of Walker as a nonconventional figure and
independent thinker.
10. At this point, the writer wants to add accurate information from the graph about the
recent growth of women in medicine. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. As of 2010, nearly 50 percent of all medical degree earners in the United States are women.
B. Between 1980 and 2010, the number of women earning medical degrees in the United States
nearly tripled.
C. In 1975, the percentage of women earning medical degrees surpassed the percentage of
women earning law degrees in the United States.
D. Since 2005, there have been more women than men earning medical degrees in the United
States.
11.
A. NO CHANGE
B. field she
C. field; she
D. field: she
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WN00011
11. Demystifying Digestion
1] What types of food are most easily digested? At first glance, the process by which food
fuels our daily activities might seem inexplicable. However, upon closer examination,
[2] digestionthe breakdown of food into smaller components to provide the body with necessary
nutrients and energyis a chemical and mechanical process with a consistent sequence of steps.
[3] Chewing first involves putting food inside the mouth,where the grinding of teeth and
secretion of saliva start to break down the physical and chemical composition of food. Once the
food has been transformed into a [4] compactmass referred to as a bolus, it is swallowed and
passes through the esophagus, a muscular tube connecting the throat to the stomach. Although the
initial act of swallowing is voluntary, the lower third of the esophagus is made up completely of
smooth muscle, over which an individual has no conscious control. This lower third attaches to the
stomacha hollow, muscular organwhich then [5] digestfood both by crushing it mechanically
and [6] secretesdigestive enzymes and other fluids that break down starches and proteins. [7] The
contents are then released into the small intestine.
Although all organs in the gastrointestinal tract are important for digestion, the majority of
nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine, which is a long, hollow tube arranged into a
compressed mass around the center of the abdomen. On the inner surface, this organ is lined with
specialized cells arranged into finger-like villi and circular plicae that facilitate the [8] transfer
of important nutrients being transported into the bloodstream. The small intestine is [9] divided
into three parts; the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. In the duodenum, digestive juices from
the pancreas and gall bladder enter through an opening referred to as the ampulla of Vater. These
juices break down carbohydrates, lipids, and polypeptides into simpler molecules. The jejunum
then links the duodenum to the ileum, which is where the majority of nutrient absorption takes
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place. [10] Instead, the remaining materials move into the large intestine, where water and salts
continue to be absorbed.
Once in the bloodstream, nutrients from the digestive tract travel through the cardiovascular
network to the liver and then to many different areas of the body. The [11] energy, from cellular
division to muscle contraction, contained in these molecules can then be used to activate a number
of biological processes. Although we are rarely aware of it, our bodies are constantly at work to
provide us with the resources necessary to sustain our lives.
1. In order to help make the abstract topic of digestion accessible to a broad audience, the
writer wants to introduce it with a specific, commonplace example. Which choice best
accomplishes this purpose?
A. NO CHANGE
B. What role do our digestive organs play in our general physical health?
C. What role do our intestines play in the process of digestion?
D. How do our bodies extract energy from a peanut butter and jelly sandwich?
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. digestion: the breakdown of food into smaller components, to provide the body with necessary
nutrients and energy,
C. digestion; the breakdown of food, into smaller components to provide the body with necessary
nutrients and energy
D. digestion, the breakdown of foodinto smaller components to provide the body with
necessary nutrientsand energy
3. Which choice most effectively helps establish the main topic of the paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. The process of digestion begins in the mouth,
C. Certain chemical reactions occur when people put food in their mouths,
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D. When they're hungry, people put food in their mouths,
4.
A. NO CHANGE
B. succinct
C. summary
D. abbreviated
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. are digesting
C. were digesting
D. digests
6.
A. NO CHANGE
B. to secrete
C. will secrete
D. by secreting
deletion?
A. Yes, because the sentence repeats information that has already been stated in the passages
description of the digestive process.
B. Yes, because the sentence interrupts the focus of the paragraph with information that is not
directly related to the process of digestion.
C. No, because the sentence provides an effective transition to the topic of the next paragraph,
which focuses on the small intestines role in digestion.
D. No, because the sentence provides necessary information about the process of digestion in the
esophagus.
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8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. transfer of important nutrients
C. transfer of important, crucial nutrients
D. transfer into the bloodstream of important nutrients
9.
A. NO CHANGE
B. divided into three parts:
C. divided: into three parts,
D. divided into: three parts,
10.
A. NO CHANGE
B. In addition,
C. However,
D. From there,
11.
A. NO CHANGE
B. energy contained in these molecules, from cellular division to muscle contraction, can then be
used to activate a number of biological processes.
C. energy contained, from cellular division to muscle contraction, can then be used to activate a
number of biological processes in these molecules.
D. energy contained in these molecules can then be used to activate a number of biological
processes, from cellular division to muscle contraction.
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Section 3 Argument
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WA
00001
1. Judithe Hernandez and the Chicana Artistic Voice

Judithe Hernandezs art career began in Los Angeles during the socially and politically
turbulent 1960s. While enrolled as a graduate student at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles,
Hernandez met fellow student Carlos Almaraz, one of the founding [1] members of the Chicano
artist collective known as Los Four. At Almarezs request, Hernandez joined Los Four as its
fifth, and only female, member. Hernandez became well known for her work with this
revolutionary group of artists, who are credited with [2] authorizing Chicano art as its own
distinctive school of (US) American art. [3] Less known but equally important, however, is the
role Hernandez played in providing a female voice within what was at that time a predominantly
male Chicano art movement.
Chicano art began as an outgrowth of the more general Chicano Civil Rights [4] Movement; a
sociopolitical initiative that began in the 1960s to promote social progress and change for
Mexican-Americans. [5] Chicano artists sought to mirror the challenges faced by
Mexican-Americans, often by challenging the xenophobic stereotypes of Mexican-Americans in
American culture. However, since the vast majority of Chicano artists were men, much of the
Chicano artwork of the 1960s and early 1970s represented the experiences of Mexican-American
men, failing to represent some of the unique struggles faced by their female counterparts.
[6] During her time with Los Four, Hernandez developed a distinct visual style as she
incorporated indigenous images along with figurative portrayals of Hispanic women, often
restrained by elements such as vines or thorns. The significance of her contributions to the
Chicano art movement [7] were recognized as early as 1981, when Hernandez was commissioned
by the Los Angeles Bicentennial Committee to produce a mural in celebration of the citys 200th
anniversary. [8] The mural portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (the patroness of the city) engaging
with images of the past and present. In it, Hernandez juxtaposes images of male and female
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farmers with more opulent depictions of modern Los Angeles, [9] but underscoring the invaluable
work of Mexican-American men and women in the construction of the city.
Since the 1970s, Hernandez has exhibited additional forms of visual art beyond the mural work
that characterized much of her early career. In her recent pastel-on-paper series entitled Adam
and Eve, Hernandez uses iconic religious images to highlight the [10] unequal, gender relations
in Chicano culture. Through works such as these, Hernandez continues to provide a voice for
Chicano [11] women. Highlighting the unique challenges that they face in America everyday.
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. artists who started
C. members who created and belonged to
D. creators who began
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. establishing
C. permitting
D. approving
3.
Which choice most effectively establishes the central claim of the passage?
A. NO CHANGE
B. The Chicano Movement, also known as El Movimiento, began in the 1940s with the
explicit goal of empowering Mexican-Americans.
C. Judithe Hernandez was born to a progressive Mexican-American family in Los Angeles that
encouraged her involvement in the arts from an early age.
D. In the 1960s, Chicano art was often displayed as public murals intended to create a dialogue
about the issues faced by Mexican-Americans.
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4.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Movement, which was:
C. Movement
D. Movement
5.
The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the writer make this
deletion?
A. Yes, because the topic of Chicano artists is irrelevant to the main idea of the paragraph.
B. Yes, because it provides information that is already present elsewhere in the passage.
C. No, because it helps to develop the main topic of the paragraph.
D. No, because it effectively transitions between the topics of male Chicano artists and female
Chicano artists.
6.
At this point, the writer wants to provide a transition that effectively links the topics of
the second and third paragraphs. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. As one of the first prominent US artists to depict the experiences of Mexican-American

women, Judithe Hernandez played a vital role in the Chicano art movement.
B. All of the members of Los Four were college-educated artists who served as activists and
educators within the Chicano movement.
C. Hernandez and Alvarez collaborated together on a number of public murals for the United
Nations Farm Workers and the Ramona Gardens Housing Project in East Los Angeles.
D. Chicano artists were heavily influenced by artists from the Mexican Mural Movement,
particularly Diego Rivera.
7.
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A. NO CHANGE
B. is
C. was
D. have been
8.
The writer wants to smoothly incorporate the murals title, Remembrances of Yesterday,
Dreams of Tomorrow, into the underlined sentence. Which choice most effectively
accomplishes this goal?
A. The mural portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (the patroness of the city) engaged with
images of the past and present, and the mural is entitled Remembrances of Yesterday, Dreams
of Tomorrow.
B. The mural portrays La Reina de Los Angeles (the patroness of the city), and is entitled
Remembrances of Yesterday, Dreams of Tomorrow, while showing the patroness engaged
with images of the past and present.
C. The mural, entitled Remembrances of Yesterday, Dreams of Tomorrow, portrays La
Reina de Los Angeles (the patroness of the city) engaging with images of the past and present.
D. The mural being entitled Remembrances of Yesterday, Dreams of Tomorrow, it portrays
La Reina de Los Angeles (the patroness of the city) engaging with images of the past and
present.
9.
A. NO CHANGE
B. also underscores
C. and still underscoring
D. underscoring
10.
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A. NO CHANGE
B. unequal; gender
C. unequal gender
D. unequalgender
11.
A. NO CHANGE
B. women, highlighting
C. women, she highlights
D. women. And highlighting
Argument
00002
2. Creative Translation
Should the translation of a poem from one language to another be evaluated primarily on its
adherence to the original text? While some consider such adherence to be the gold standard, this
approach [1] will overlook the fact that the very act of translation is centered on an act of change.
Although something is inevitably lost in any translation, an evaluation of a translation should take
into account not only literal adherence to the original poem, but also the creative act that each new
work constitutes in [2] their own right.
[1] Certainly there are aspects of poetic composition that can rarely be translated with their
original rhetorical [3] force, verbal puns, cultural idioms, and rhyme schemes are just a few
examples. [2] When these details are considered in the context of an entire poem, a faithful
translation seems even more impossible. [3] However, from Catullus's sapphic meter to Byron's
heroic couplets, no method has even come close to capturing every aspect of the original Greek
poem. [4] Some translators emphasize the sound of the original text, while others emphasize
structure; [4] focusing on the literal meaning of the word is important to some translators, but to
others it's more important to read between the lines. [5] However, regardless of the approach to
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translation, the preservation of one characteristic of a poem usually comes at the expense of
several others. [5]
[6] Some translators focus on a single characteristic, but those who take a holistic approach
often produce more readable translations. Translators are not invisible and passive mediums
through which poems pass during their transformations into other [7] languages; rather, each
translator is an active agent who enriches the text with his or her own artistic choices. While the
literal meaning is important, the work of translators is [8] chronically creative: given a poem, it is
their job to find the words that best represent the ideas contained within it, and these words may or
may not be precise translations of the original. The sixth line in Sapphos lyric could be rigidly
translated [your laugh makes my] heart flutter in [my] chest, but Anne Carsons creative
translationputs the heart in my chest on wingsdraws on the metaphorical elements of the
original phrase to create a more powerful image.
In short, [9] the best translation of a poem is not necessarily the one that adheres most closely
to the original version. This is excellent news for avid readers: for the majority, it would be
impossible to learn all the original languages of great poetic literature. [10] But this apparent gap
in [11] knowledge, leaves space for a new phenomenon and a new creative entitythe translator.
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. had overlooked
C. would have overlooked
D. overlooks
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. there
C. its
D. its
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3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. force: verbal puns, cultural idioms,
C. force; verbal puns; cultural idioms;
D. force, verbal puns, cultural idioms:
4.
Which choice best maintains the sentence pattern established in the first part of the
sentence?
A. NO CHANGE
B. the literal meaning of the word is important to some translators, whereas reading between
the lines is more important to others.
C. whereas some translators focus on the literal meaning of the word, reading between the lines
is more important to others.
D. some focus on the literal meaning of each word, while others read between the lines.
5.
The writer wants to add the following sentence to the paragraph.
For example, Sapphos famous Lyric 31 has been reproduced in many languages by
many translators, from Catullus to Lord Byron.
The best placement for the sentence is
A. before sentence 1.
6.
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Which choice most effectively introduces the topic of the paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Although we often comment on what is lost in the process of translation, we rarely
consider what is gained.
C. Even the most gifted translators cannot capture all the nuances of the original poem.
D. While poetry is a particularly difficult class of writing to translate, the impossibility of a
completely faithful translation extends to prose as well.
7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. languages, however,
C. languages; and nonetheless,
D. languages yet
8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. genetically
C. inherently
D. congenitally
9.
Which choice most effectively states the central claim supported by the passage?
A. NO CHANGE
B. it is impossible to create a completely faithful literal translation.
C. it is more important to preserve the literal meaning of a poem than its structure.
D. every translator should take a holistic approach to their work.
10.
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To truly appreciate a poem, one must become fluent in the language in which the poem
was originally written.
A. Yes, because the previous statement about learning different languages needs to be
supported with a specific example.
B. Yes, because the difficulty of language study is one of the central arguments in this passage
and should be emphasized in the conclusion.
C. No, because a new argument about learning languages should not be developed in the
conclusion.
D. No, because the concepts of poetry translation and language study do not relate to each
other at all and should not be discussed in the same passage.
11.
A. NO CHANGE
B. knowledge leaves space
C. knowledge leaves space:
D. knowledge leaves space
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00003
3. Taking on Gatsby: A Directors Tall Task

Many films have been adapted from literature with much success. [1] However, adapting a
novel as beloved as The Great Gatsby has proved to be a great challenge. F. Scott Fitzgeralds
iconic tale of 1920s excess [2] have been taken on by Hollywood four times: in 1926, 1949, 1974,
and 2013. None met with widespread critical or popular success. As a novel, The Great Gatsby
has become a mainstay of American popular culture, so when readers go to the movies to see Jay
Gatsby come to life, their expectations are high. Viewers should keep in mind, though, that
adapting a novel into a film is more complicated than it seems, and literary film adaptations should
be evaluated on their own merits.
The issue of fidelity is the first thing that stands in the way of fairly [3] negotiating a film
adaptation. Many viewers want to see the literary source portrayed on screen exactly as it was
written, especially when the plot and characters are as memorable as [4] that of The Great Gatsby.
The 1974 film adaptation was recognized for following Fitzgeralds novel to the [5] letter,
however, the movie was also criticized for being lifeless and dull. [6] A film is limited to the
length of time that the production is allowed to run, and the director must use this time to create an
immediate, sensory impact, not a visual retelling of a book.
[7] Because Fitzgerald had unlimited space in The Great Gatsby to create as many characters,
plots, and subplots as he desired, the directors of film adaptations have the advantages of theatrical
performance, the spoken word, music, sound effects, and photographic images. The director of the
most recent film adaptation of The Great Gatsby was credited for shaping Fitzgeralds material to
fit his own artistic sensibility and [8] also his own contemporary perspective. Although the
inclusion of hip-hop culture and high-end consumerism in this latest film surprised some critics
and probably some faithful readers of the novel, at least the director [9] made the movie using the
tools of his own medium.
1[10] People love movies. This is the hard reality that must be faced when viewing the film
version of a beloved book. Though it may be difficult, The Great Gatsby must be taken off its
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literary pedestal before one goes to see its filmic counterpart. Books are capable of inspiring
countless interpretations. Film adaptations deserve the same creative space. [11]
1.
At this point, the writer wants to add accurate information from the chart below to
support the claim made in the previous sentence.
Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. Though less likely to be nominated for an Academy Award than are original scripts, literary
adaptations account for about a quarter of such nominations.
B. 64 percent of literary adaptations have gone on to be nominated for an Academy Award.
C. More than half of all Academy Award-nominated films have been literary adaptations.
D. As much as 26 percent of Academy Award-nominated films are based on original scripts.
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2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. were
C. are
D. has been
3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. estimating
C. resolving
D. judging
4.
A. NO CHANGE
B. those of
C. the one in
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. letter, however
C. letter; however,
D. letter, however:
6.
This version starred Robert Redford, a popular and critically acclaimed actor, in the title
role.
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A. Yes, because it adds details that support the preceding sentence's claim about the movie's
critical reception.
B. Yes, because it provides a logical transition to the rest of the paragraph's analysis of how the
film's casting disappointed fans of the book.
C. No, because it inserts a loosely related detail that interrupts the paragraph's discussion of the
flaws of a film that faithfully adapted the book.
D. No, because it introduces an irrelevant fact that undermines the argument that the best films
are those most faithful to the books on which they're based.
7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. While
C. However,
8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. the contemporary perspective of the films director.
C. contemporary perspective.
D. to fit the directors contemporary perspective.
9.
A. NO CHANGE
B. would make
C. makes
D. will make
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10.
Which choice best introduces the main idea of the paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. People will always like the book more.
C. No director is perfect.
D. Adaptation is interpretation.
11.
The writer wants an emphatic conclusion for the passage that reiterates a main point of
the argument. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. Whether or not it goes on to win an Academy Award, a film should be evaluated based
primarily on its direction and cinematography.
B. Filmmakers ultimately have a responsibility not to deviate from the original plot of a novel,
but beyond that they can take liberties with details such as setting and characters.
C. If another Great Gatsby film comes out in 25 or 30 years, audiences should judge it based
on its own cinematic merits and not based on its fidelity to Fitzgerald's book.
D. In the end, books and films are not so different, and The Great Gatsby has been proving this
to movie audiences for decades.
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00004
4. Preserving America
In the late nineteenth century, unchecked vandalism and plundering of ethnic artifacts brought
many Native American ruins and cultural sites to the brink of permanent destruction. [1] President
Theodore Roosevelt wanted to preserve these invaluable locations. He signed the American
Antiquities Act on June 8, 1906. A sweeping piece of legislation, the act granted unprecedented
and nearly unrestricted presidential authority to circumvent Congressional approval and protect
public land deemed to be of historic, scientific, or cultural significance with a National
Monument designation and accompanying federal management. According to many historians,
the Antiquities Act [2] have been one of the most important steps taken toward preserving cultural
artifacts and sites. The act also, however, posed some serious problems, which should not be
forgotten.
It's true that the act was groundbreaking public policy [3] legislation, it created the first legal
protection for any cultural or natural resources in the United States, indicating a significant shift in
the treatment of American heritage sites. Devils Tower, a geologic feature in Wyoming and a
sacred site for the Lakota and numerous other Native American tribes, was Roosevelts first
designated monument, and seventeen more [4] have followed before 1909. [5] With this in
mind, places such as Chaco Canyon, situated in New Mexico, also came under the purview of the
federal government. The valley contains stunning examples of ancient Puebloan engineering and
architectural [6] feats: multi-level houses, massive stone buildings, water control systems, and
communication devices. [7] The Antiquities Act forever protected these sites, and others, as
educational centers for everyone and as sacred locations for native cultures.
[8] After the acts passage, permits for any archaeological work were required, with the
stipulation that all collected artifacts would be publicly displayed for all to enjoy. In the eyes of
many Native Americans, the expeditious process of preserving land under the Act enabled
federally sanctioned pillaging of ancestral sites, a revocation of their tribal rights and sovereignty,
and widespread cultural imperialism. Joe E. Watkins, who is a Choctaw Indian and an
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archaeologist, believes that, in part, the act was a continuation of government policies that were
aimed at erasing the image of the contemporary American Indian from the landscape... More
recent legislation, particularly the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
(1990), [9] has been passed by the government to remedy the governments past malfeasance by
returning funerary objects, cultural items, and remains to tribes. The government is continuing to
work with Native groups to strengthen protective laws.
Even with its shortcomings, [10] the continued preservation of invaluable locales was made
possible by the Antiquities Act of 1906. Supporters maintain that it broadened public interest in
Native American heritage and prevented the complete destruction of ancient sites. [11]
1.
Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?
A.To preserve these invaluable locations, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the American
Antiquities Act on June 8, 1906.
B. To preserve these invaluable places, on June 8, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed
the American Antiquities Act which protected the locations.
C. It was June 8, 1906, when President Theodore Roosevelt signed the American Antiquities
Act because he wanted to protect these invaluable locations.
D. Signing the American Antiquities Act on June 9, 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt
wanted to preserve these invaluable locations with the act.
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. are
C. were
D. was
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3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. legislation: it created
C. legislation; creating
D. legislationand creating
4.
A. NO CHANGE
B. followed
C. will follow
D. follow
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. As a result of the act,
C. In contrast,
D. For this reason,
6.
A. NO CHANGE
B. feats: multi-level houses massive stone buildings
C. feats; multi-level houses, massive stone buildings,
D. feats: multi-level houses; massive stone buildings;
7.
At this point, the writer wants to provide another example of cultural artifacts preserved
by the Antiquities Act. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. Tonto National Monument in Arizona preserved the exquisite textiles, polychrome pottery,
and cliff dwellings created from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries by the Salado culture.
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B. The establishment of Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona protected the 225 million
year old fossils of fallen trees, ferns, giant reptiles, large amphibians, and early dinosaurs.
C. Muir Woods, located just north of San Francisco, California, preserved 240 acres of old
growth Coast Redwood forests, one of the few remaining areas containing such incredible
ecological features and bio-diversity.
D. Chaco Canyon was also designated an International Dark Sky Park in 2013, preserving its
natural darkness for perfect stargazing conditions and committing the park to the further
reduction of light pollution.
8.
Which choice most effectively establishes the central claim of the ensuing paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. The act's presumption that certain Native American artifacts and sacred sites would be safer
under the the purview of the federal government raisedand continues to raisestrong
objections.
C. Unlike the process of establishing a National Park, this process granted the president nearly
unchecked authority to preserve land as a National Monumenteliminating the need for
Congressional or any other approval.
D. Preserving prehistoric artifacts, primarily from Native American cultures, was the central
focus of the legislation, so the government seized control of all excavations on protected land.
9.
A. NO CHANGE
B. attempted to remedy past governmental malfeasance by returning federally owned funerary
objects, cultural items, and remains to tribes.
C. required the federal government to begin the process of returning federally owned Native
American funerary objects, cultural items, and remains to tribes in order to remedy the
governments past malfeasance.
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D. dictated the government return Native Americans funerary objects, cultural items, and
remains that the government possesses to remedy past governmental malfeasance.
10.
A. NO CHANGE
B. the Antiquities Act of 1906 made the continued preservation of invaluable locales possible.
C. invaluable locales were saved from destruction and their continued preservation was made
possible.
D. the destruction of invaluable locales was prevented with the Antiquities Act of 1906, and it
ensured continued preservation of such sites.
11.
The writer wants a conclusion that asserts the main argument of the passage. Which
choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. Further vandalism and pillaging of ethnic artifacts was prevented by the Archaeological
Resources Protection Act, so future generations could enjoy Chaco Canyon.
B. The Antiquities Act was responsible for granting the president of the United States
never-before-seen levels of power.
C. With the Antiquities Act, Theodore Roosevelt solidified his legacy as a leading
conservationist and paved the way for future presidents.
D. While the Antiquities Act has helped preserve invaluable cultural heritage for generations to
come, the complications inherent in this legislation, though, need also to be acknowledged.
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00005
5. Cholesterol: Friend and Foe
Cholesterol is a familiar term in contemporary discussions concerning health and heart disease.
Primarily synthesized by our own bodies, [1] the ability to function diversely in cell membranes
and various organ systems is one characteristic of this molecule. However, its presence is
not [2] profitable in all circumstances: when an individual consumes food that leads to high blood
cholesterol levels, significant health complications may result. Because this molecule plays such a
critical role in our health, it's important to understand its function and recognize the dangers
associated with having high cholesterol levels.
Cholesterol molecules have a diverse range of functions within the human body, whether in
cell membranes or as [3] part of: the nervous, endocrine, or digestive systems. In part due to its
rigid, tetracyclic structure, cholesterol contributes to the structural integrity of cell membranes. A
research study conducted by Sheng et al. revealed that membrane cholesterol also participates in
cellular signaling through binding to specific domains of some proteins. Furthermore, cholesterol
is a key component of the central nervous system, where it primarily [4] existed in the myelin
sheaths of nerve cells; these sheaths help increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission. [5] In
addition to these functions, cholesterol is an important precursor to bile acids of the digestive
system and steroids of the endocrine system.
[6] To illustrate the importance of contemporary research on cholesterol, its presence in
abnormally high concentrations can result in significant health issues. Many researchers believe
that certain dietary [7] choices, for example, eatingsignificant amounts of saturated fats and
avoiding unsaturated fatscontribute to high cholesterol levels in the bloodstream. Since
cholesterol molecules do not dissolve in water or blood, [8] they are also transported to various
parts of the body by lipoproteins, which are constructed from both fats and proteins. [9] When the
concentration of LDL cholesterol is high, it may clog an individuals arteries and lead to a variety
of medical conditions.
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Notwithstanding the health risks associated with high cholesterol levels, it is important to
remember that this molecule is [10] integral to many necessary and vital life functions. From the
structure of cell membranes to the swift conduction of nerve impulses, from digestion to hormone
production, many physiological structures and processes depend on cholesterol.
Consequently, [11] its important to fund future research initiatives that investigate the
significance of this molecule.
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. cell membranes and various organ systems offer locations for this molecule to function.
C. the diverse functions of this molecule extend to cell membranes and various organ systems.
D. this molecule has diverse functions in cell membranes and various organ systems.
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. beneficial
C. charitable
D. worthy
3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. part; of the nervous, endocrine,
C. part of the nervous, endocrine,
D. part of the nervous; endocrine;
4.
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A. NO CHANGE
B. was existing
C. had existed
D. Exists
5.
Successful nerve impulse transmission depends not

only on myelin sheaths, but also on the presence of ion pumps embedded in the cell
membrane.
A. Yes, because it describes how the presence of ion pumps is related to the functions of
cholesterol.
B. Yes, because it supports the passages main argument with a second example of cholesterols
potential adverse health effects.
C. No, because it identifies a relationship between the nervous system and ion pumps that has
already been discussed.
D. No, because it interrupts the paragraphs discussion of cholesterols functions with loosely
related information.
6.
Which choice provides the best transition?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Despite the numerous positive functions of cholesterol,
C. Considering the many sources of cholesterol,
D. Even though cholesterol can bind to some proteins,
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7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. choices; for example, eating substantial amounts of saturated fats and avoiding unsaturated
fats;
C. choicesfor example, eating substantial amounts of saturated fats and avoiding unsaturated
fats
D. choices, for example: eating substantial amounts of saturated fats and avoiding unsaturated
fats,
8.
A.NO CHANGE
B. that is
C. it is
D. this is
9.
At this point, the writer wants to add details about the specific functions of lipoproteins.
Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?
A. There are many different types of lipoproteins, including very low density lipoproteins,
intermediate density lipoproteins, low density lipoproteins, and high density lipoproteins.
B. While the liver is the primary organ of lipoprotein synthesis, research has demonstrated that
chylomicrons, a type of lipoprotein, are synthesized in the mucosa of the small intestine.
C. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) carry cholesterol into the bloodstream and various parts of
the body, while high density lipoproteins (HDL) remove cholesterol from the bloodstream for
disposal.
D. Lipoproteins are classified by density, which can be calculated from the ratio of
triacylglycerol/protein concentration and the actual diameter of the molecule.
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10.
A. NO CHANGE
B. integral to many necessary
C. integral and vital to many necessary
D. necessary and vital to many integral
11.
Which choice best concludes the passage?
A.NO CHANGE
B.everyone should focus on more important dietary issues than cholesterol consumption.
C. its important to understand why cholesterol is insoluble in both water and blood.
D. maintaining a healthy cholesterol levels is a step toward a healthy life.
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00006
6. The Political Power of the First Ladies
A high-profile, unelected official with the political resources to influence domestic policy,
the [1] President of the United States has a wife, known as the First Lady, occupies a unique
position. Many First Ladies, not content with simply playing the role of demure wife and social
hostess, have take an active role in the political sphere. Even though her power comes by way of
marriage, rather than from the electorate or the Constitution, the First Lady (or First Gentleman)
has a responsibility to capitalize on her situation and attempt to create significant, lasting
change. [2] If the President of the United States is female, her husbands title would be First
Gentleman. Throughout US history, there have been a number of influential, politically engaged
First Ladies from whom future First Ladies or Gentlemen can take inspiration.
Abigail Adams, the second First Lady in American History, was the first to assume [3] a
protruding role in the political sphere. Unlike her predecessor, Martha Washington, Adams was
outspoken, well-educated, and quickly developed the reputation of a staunch partisan defender
after openly criticizing Congress for not declaring war on France in 1798. Her influence [4] is so
well-known that opponents claimed the President refused to make any appointments without her
approbation, and aspiring politicians sought her endorsement. [5] In recent years, Adams has
become a popular topic for biographers because of her thoughts on gender, slavery, and politics.
From 1933 to 1945, Eleanor Roosevelt was intimately involved in her husbands domestic
policies during the tumultuous Great Depression. For example, she spearheaded the establishment
of [6] Arthurdale. Arthurdale was a resettlement community that combined subsistence farming
and simple industry for impoverished mine workers. After convincing her husband to bring the
project under federal authority, Roosevelt became the unofficial project director and supported the
community through regular visits and budgetary oversight. [7] However, she became beloved by
the American people, who admired her commitment to helping those Americans most in need.
Two decades later, Claudia Lady Bird Johnson pushed further into the political sphere than
had any previous First Lady. She attended legislative strategy sessions and directly interacted with
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Congress to garner support for her environmental legislation. [8] Johnson established her legacy
by using her political leverage to influence the passage of nearly two hundred environmental laws.
Despite the important contributions these First Ladies made to American
society, [9] her activism often [10] resulted in scathing critiques: Adams was mockingly called
Mrs. President, Roosevelt was ridiculed in newspapers, and a Montana billboard read Impeach
Lady Bird. [11] Yet, as Barbara Bush, aptly noted, The First Lady is going to be criticized no
matter what she does. First Ladies have a responsibility to ignore the inevitable criticism; they
should use the position to create invaluable social and political changeas they have for
centuries.
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. United States has a president whose wife,
C. United States President has a wife,
D. wife of the President of the United States,
2.
The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or
deleted?
A. Kept, because it provides a transition from the paragraphs discussion of the role of the First
Gentleman to the role of the First Lady.
B. Kept, because it offers further clarification of why the husband of a female president would
be called First Gentleman."
C. Deleted, because it interrupts the introduction of the passages main argument with a loosely
related detail.
D. Deleted, because it weakens the passages emphasis on the importance of the work done by
several influential First Ladies.
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3.
Which choice is most consistent with the writers position as established in the passage?
A. NO CHANGE
B. an obtrusive
C. a prominent
D. an ostentatious
4.
A. NO CHANGE
B. was
C. has been
5.
Which choice most effectively concludes the paragraph?
A. NO CHANGE
B. In a period of limited female autonomy, Adams demonstrated that the First Lady could
substantially influence politics in the United States.
C. A major component of Adams' legacy is a collection of more than 1,100 letters written
between Adams and her husband.
D. Abigail Adams was not only the wife of the second US president but also the mother of the
sixth US president, John Quincy Adams.
6.
Which option most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?
A. Arthurdale, and it was

B. Arthurdale,
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C. Arthurdale; it was
D. Arthurdale, this being the name of
7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. For instance,
C. In keeping with this tradition,
D. As a result of these efforts,
8.
At this point, the writer wants to provide an example of the legislation mentioned in the
previous sentence. Which choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?
A. One such legislative effort, the Beautification Act of 1965 (fondly referred to as Lady
Birds Bill), improved the environment surrounding Americas highways by eliminating
billboards and junkyards and adding scenic landscaping.
B. After her husband signed into law the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Johnson went on two solo,
multi-state speaking tours in southern states to advocate for her husband and advance his
policies.
C. Lady Birds beautification directive had begun when she formed the First Ladys
Committee for a More Beautiful Capital which focused on urban decay and planted millions of
flowers and trees around the capital.
D. In support of the governments See America First campaign, Johnson undertook a series of
trips to national parks, scenic areas, and historic sites to highlight the natural beauty of the
American outdoors and promote ecotourism.
9.
A. NO CHANGE
B. their
C. they're
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D. there
10.
A. NO CHANGE
B. resulted: in scathing critiques,
C. resulted in: scathing critiques,
D. resulted, in scathing critiques:
11.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Yet as, Barbara Bush, aptly noted
C. Yet, as Barbara Bush aptly noted,
D. Yet as Barbara Bush, aptly noted:
Argument
00007
7. The Relevance of Linguae Latinae
In a world where languages evolve further every day, it seems logical to question the relevance
of learning a dead language such as Latin. However, this language is still a vital area of study:
through their influence on English syntax and vocabulary, Latin principles continue to determine
the way we use words and express our thoughts. In addition, studying Latin allows us to maintain
the connection we have with the many culturally significant texts that [1] are originally written in
Latin.
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[2] Many principles of both English and Italian grammar only make sense when their
relationship to Latin is taken into account. Consider, for example, the hotly contested issue of a
split infinitivethey tried to quietly leave. (In this example, "to leave" is the infinitive.)
Because in Latin the infinitive is only one word and cannot be divided, some conservative
grammarians admonish that splitting the English infinitive is [3] confused. The English language,
however, can accommodate the syntactical division of to and leave. Studying Latin helps
illuminate the origins of this convention. The same principle can also be used to explain many
other English conventions, including some grammarians prohibition against ending a sentence
with a preposition. [4] However, learning Latin roots can be especially useful for understanding
medical terms. For instance, the word persistent is a combination of the prefix per and the verb
to stop or standliterally translated, to stand through.
[1] The Latin language is also [5] central: to a rich philosophical and literary tradition that has
shaped Western culture. [2] While many excellent translations are available, it is impossible to
convey the force of Virgils carefully metered lines of poetry in English idiom without sacrificing
the original structure. [3] In the same way, the simple elegance of Augustines syntax and the
depth of meaning in his word choice often [6] is lost in translation. [4] The influence of both these
writers and many others can be traced across history to contemporary writing and [7] philosophy,
to understand this context is a prerequisite to authentically engaging with these texts. [5] From the
Roman poet Virgil to the philosopher Augustine of Hippo, many great writers penned their
immortal works in Latin. [8]
Although relatively few people speak Latin today, this language is still a highly relevant area of
study. If we want to understand and explain our own language, we need to understand its linguistic
ancestry; [9] in order to understand our contemporary context, we must first grasp our historical
context. [10] The dead language of Latin lives on in its connections [11] from modern languages,
literature, and philosophical traditions. Perhaps its influence can best be summarized by the
inversion of a familiar maxim: ex uno, plures (from one, many).
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. were
C. will be
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D. would be
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. The study of Latin helps generate a new appreciation for the many poets and philosophers
who originally wrote in this language.
C. The original meanings of many English words are illuminated by a knowledge of their Latin
roots.
D. The study of Latin exposes the logic behind certain issues of English grammar and
vocabulary.
3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. false.
C. amoral.
D. incorrect.
4.
Which choice provides the most effective transition between the ideas in the preceding
sentence and the one that follows?
A. NO CHANGE
B. In addition, some English words can be explained in terms of their Latin roots.
C. As is the case with many closely related languages, the actual spellings of Latin and Greek
words are also exceptionally similar.
D. Furthermore, many Latin phrases have survived as both professional and colloquial
expressions.
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5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. central; to
C. central to
D. central to:
6.
A. NO CHANGE
B. was
C. has been
D. are
7.
A. NO CHANGE
B. philosophy, understanding
C. philosophy to understand
D. philosophy; understanding
8.
To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 5 should be placed
A. where it is now.
B. before sentence 1.
9.
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Which choice most closely maintains the stylistic pattern established in the first part of the
sentence?
A. NO CHANGE
B. if we want to understand our contemporary context,
C. understanding our contemporary context requires that
D. our contemporary context, if we wish to understand it, requires that
10.
There are other dead languages in addition to Latin, such as Middle English, Sanskrit,
Coptic, and Akkadian.
A. Yes, because the conclusion should reiterate the passages central claim that Latin is not a
dead language.
B. Yes, because this addition would provide a clear transition to the discussion of the
contemporary importance of learning Latin.
C. No, because whether or not there are multiple dead languages is largely irrelevant to the
main argument of the passage.
D. No, because the existence of multiple dead languages has already been discussed in the
passage.
11.
A. NO CHANGE
B. to
C. for
D. in
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00008
8. Healthy Outlook for Male Nurses
The presence of men in the nursing field has a long history reaching back over two thousand
years. Men attended the worlds first nursing school in India in 250 [1] BCE founded a hospital to
provide care for the sick during the Black Plague epidemic and cared for wounded soldiers in
countless wars throughout history. Yet despite the historical role of men in nursing, men currently
comprise less than 10 percent of the nursing population in the United States. While the reasons
behind the dearth of men in nursing [2] are numerous, a current rise in the number of men in the
nursing field bodes well for nurses and patients alike.
Although men played a prominent role in the nursing field for millennia, shifting gender norms
in the late 1800s caused a dramatic drop in the number of men pursuing nursing as a career. Part
of this trend was related to the rise of the family medical model in Victorian
England. [3] According to this model, the ideal medical team mirrored the patriarchal Victorian
family unit, with men (doctors) as the heads of households, women (nurses) as the handmaidens,
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and children (patients) as the dependents. This model dissuaded men from entering the nursing
profession, directing them instead to the more socially acceptable role as physicians.
In addition to the influence of the family medical model, the teachings of Florence
Nightingaleoften hailed as the founder of the modern nursing [4] profession, further
discouraged men from entering the nursing field. While Nightingale was successful
in [5] inflating the status of nursing as a respectable profession for women, her axiom that nursing
was the ideal profession for women created social and professional barriers for men interested in
pursuing [6] nursing jobs as a professional career path for themselves. For example, in the early
20th century, many nursing registries created separate lists for men and women, legally preventing
men from practicing in areas such as maternal/child health, obstetrics, and gynecology. [7]
The tide against men in the nursing field began to change directions in the 1970s and [8] 1980s.
Due in part to a United States Supreme Court decision that held that the women-only admissions
policy of the Mississippi University for Women violated the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment. Since this decision, the percentage of registered nurses who are men in
the United States has increased [9] from 2.7 percent in 1970 to 7.6 percent in 2011. This growth is
likely to prove beneficial for both the nursing community and the patients they serve. [10]
With the demand for nursing services projected to surge over the next decade, the time could
not be better for the equitable inclusion of men into the nursing workforce. For patients, this will
mean a larger and more diverse set of potential caretakers; and for the nurses themselves,
this [11] meant stable employment, relatively high wages, and a rewarding career.
Percentage of Nurses Who Are Men, 1970-2011
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Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 1970 Decennial Census, 1980, 1990, and 2000 Equal Employment
Tabulation, and 2006 and 2011 American Community Survey
1.
A. NO CHANGE
B. BCE, founded a hospital to provide care for the sick during the Black Plague epidemic;
C. BCE; founded a hospital to provide care for the sick during the Black Plague epidemic,
D. BCE, founded a hospital to provide care for the sick during the Black Plague epidemic,
2.
A. NO CHANGE
B. is
C. Was
D.has been
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3.
A. NO CHANGE
B. In sharp contrast,
C. Influencing this trend,
D. In Victorian England,
4.
A. NO CHANGE
B. profession;
C. profession:
D. profession
5.
A. NO CHANGE
B. elevating
C. rising
D. inciting
6.
A. NO CHANGE
B. their interests of a career path in the nursing field.
C. their preferred career path as professional nurses.
D. this career path.
7.
At this point, the writer wants to provide a second example in support of the paragraphs
main point. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. Those men who were nurses normally worked in hospitals for the mentally ill.
B. The United States Army also barred men from nursing until the late 1960s.
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C. The early 20th century also saw a rise in the number of men pursuing careers as
psychologists.
D. Florence Nightingale also opened the first secular nursing school in the world in London,
England.
8.
A. NO CHANGE
B. 1980s. Which was due
C. 1980s, due
D. 1980s, this was due
9.
At this point, the writer wants to add accurate and relevant data from the graph. Which
choice most effectively accomplishes this goal?
A. NO CHANGE
B. by 9.6 percent in 2011.
C. from 2.7 percent in 1970 to 9.6 percent in 2011.
D. from 4.1 percent in 1980 to 5.7 percent in 1990.
10.
The writer wants to conclude the paragraph with a statement that develops the claim
introduced in the preceding sentence. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?
A. According to a 2010 publication from the Institute of Medicine, male nurses provide unique
perspectives and skills that are important to the profession and society at large, particularly in
the area of mens reproductive health.
B. While the percentage of men in the nursing field is rising, patients are unlikely to see any
tangible differences in the quality of care that they receive.
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C. Although more men are pursuing nursing as a career, it will probably still take a while before
the public feels as comfortable with the idea of male nurses as they do with female nurses.
D. A number of research studies suggest that men are more likely to pursue careers as registered
nurses than licensed vocational nurses due to the higher average salary associated with the
former group.
11.
A. NO CHANGE
B. had meant
C. will mean
D. is meaning

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1. An Unusual Island ...................................................................................... 6

The Battle Against White-Nose Syndrome ...................................... 29

The Boreal Chorus Frog: An Exceptional Amphibian? ................. 34

Chemists for Clean Water ................................................................. 39

False or False: The Question of Falsifiability .................................. 43

9. The Business of Hospitality ..................................................................... 47

1. Trumans Winning Whistle-Stop Tour ................................................... 63

5. The Pumpkin Papers ............................................................................... 82

11. Demystifying Digestion ........................................................................ 108

1. Judithe Hernandez and the Chicana Artistic Voice ............................ 112

Taking on Gatsby: A Directors Tall Task ....................................... 121

Preserving America .......................................................................... 126

5. Cholesterol: Friend and Foe ................................................................. 132

As a result, the island has been an ideal setting

4 evolves independently. Due to the diverse habitats of Madagascar, many populations

worlds species of chameleons live on Madagascar. The islands many

D. At the same time,

A. length; notwithstanding, the

C. whereunder the tutelage of Franz Boas,

Should the writer make this addition here?

3. GI Bill: A Real American Hero

to support their families,or perhaps to retrain and become competitive in a pre-war

1944. The State University of New York (SUNY)

was subsequently founded in 1948. Massachusetts Stonehill College, which 8

4. Thomas Jefferson, Academic Visionary

At that time, such

These disciplines were subject areas that

5. The Battle Against White-Nose Syndrome

For reasons currently unknown, infected bats also

exceed the typical migratory patterns of bat populations. 8 In contrast, the

annually). Several species of bats have exhibited

6. The Boreal Chorus Frog: An Exceptional Amphibian?

species; the destruction of habitat, introduction of invasive species, 3 contaminating the

decline in the overall amphibian population.

7. Chemists for Clean Water

8. False or False: The Question of Falsifiability

even though Freud's psychoanalytic approach is still studied.

9. The Business of Hospitality

of interpersonal and planning skills,

as well as the ability to juggle multiple assignments.

10. A "Rosie" Turn on American Labor

11. A Moveable Street: Haussmann's New Paris

D.one man, George-Eugene Haussmann:

B.increased in population count of the number of people by a factor of four.

12. A work in Progress: The Periodic Table

B. and how we think about matter in todays times.

was anticipated by the work of previous scientists.

1. Trumans Winning Whistle-Stop Tour

A. To cover so much territory,

A. In October, Truman was still trailing Dewey.

2. El Sistema: Venezuelas Revolutionary Music Education

A. Kept, because it concludes the passage by celebrating Abreus contributions.

9. Which choice most effectively combines the underlined sentences?

10. To make the paragraph most logical, sentence 3 should be placed

6. At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

4. The Creation of Treasure Island

Assorted World's Fairs and Attendance

1. Which choice best introduces the passage?