Math466 h1
Math466 h1
Embid
Math 466
Spring 2016
Homework # 1
and pressure are p = 101.325 kPa, = 1.225rkg/m3 , and = 1.4. Use these values to compute
r the
p
p
speed of sound using Laplaces formula c =
and compare it with Newtons formula c =
.
where, per unit lenght of line, C is the capacitance, L is the inductance, R is the resistance, and G
is the leakage. The coefficients C, L, R, and G are assumed constants.
(a) In the above system of equations, the variables V and I are coupled. Manipulate the above
equations to show that V and I satisfy the uncoupled equations
LCVtt + (GL + RC)Vt + RGV = Vxx
LCItt + (GL + RC)It + RGI = Ixx
(b) Show that if the resistance R = 0 and
the leakage G = 0, then both V and I satisfy the wave
equation with propagation speed c = 1/ LC.
(c) Show that if L = 0 and G = 0, then V and I satisfy the diffusion equation with diffusivity
D1 = 1/(RC).
(d) Show that if C = 0 and R = 0, then V and I satisfy the diffusion equation with diffusivity
D2 = 1/(GL).
(e) For a telephone cable at around 100 kHz representative values of the parameters are R =
191.63/km, C = 51.57 109 F/km, L = 0.5807 103 H/km, and G = 3.327 106 S/km. Use
these values to compute c, D1 and D2 .
4. (Laplaces deep water wave equations) Consider a body of water, say a lake, confined at the bottom
by the surface z = b(x, y), and at the top by the free surface of the water, z = h(x, y, t). The motions
of the water are described by a velocity field ~v = ~v (~x, t), ~x = (x, y, z), which is incompressible and
irrotational; therefore, there is a velocity potential with = ~v , and satisfies 2 = ~v = 0. For
simplicity, let us assume that the bottom is flat, z = b(x, y) = 0, and that the motions are independent
of the horizontal variable y. The Laplace theory of tidal equations states that the velocity potential
= (x, z, t) and the water surface height z = h(x, t) satisfy the following equations
< x < , 0 < z < h(x, t), 0 < t <
xx + zz = 0,
z = ht + x hx ,
at z = h(x, t)
t + 2x /2 + 2z /2 + gh = 0
z = 0,
at z = h(x, t)
at z = 0.
at z = h0
t + gh = 0
z = 0,
at z = h0
at z = 0.
tt + gz = 0,
at z = h0
z = 0,
at z = 0.
D = 0,
B = 0,
where E is the electric field, D is the displacement field, H is the magnetizing field and B is the
magnetic field. This system is made formally determined by assuming D = 0 E and B = 0 H, where
0 is the permittivity of free space and 0 is the permeability of free space.
(a) Show that ( B)t = 0 and ( D)t = 0 for all time. In particular, if B and D are zero
initially, then they remain so for all time.
(b) Use the vector identity ( A) = ( A) 2 A to show that E and H satisfy the wave
D(u) :=
1
|u(x, y)|2 dxdy =
2
1 2
(u + u2y )dxdy.
2 x
Use the Euler-Lagrange equation to show that if u = u(x, y) minimizes the Dirichlet integral, then u
satisfies Laplaces equation
2 u = uxx + uyy = 0.
7. (Hamiltons principle of stationary action) Let u = u(x, t) represent the small displacement from
the equilibrium position u 0 for a stretched string of uniform density and subjet to the uniform
tension T . The kinetic energy K and the potential energy P of the string are given by
K=
Z L
1
Z 0L
P =
0
u2 dx
2 t
1 2
T u dx.
2 x
I(u) =
(K P ) dt =
t0
Z t1 Z L
1
t0
1
u2t T u2x dx dt.
2
2
Hamiltons principle of stationary action says that the motion of the string is such that the action is
stationary. In other words, u(x, t) is a critical point of the action integral. Use the Euler-Lagrange
equation to show that u(x, t) must be a solution of the wave equation
utt = T uxx .