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  • Math466 h1

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    Grant Heileman
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    This document contains the text of homework problems assigned in a math class. The problems cover topics in gas dynamics, shallow water equations, transmission lines, Laplace's deep water wave equations, Maxwell's electromagnetic equations, Dirichlet's principle, and Hamilton's principle of stationary action. The student is asked to show various properties and derive equations from models in these topics.

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    This document contains the text of homework problems assigned in a math class. The problems cover topics in gas dynamics, shallow water equations, transmission lines, Laplace's deep water wave equations, Maxwell's electromagnetic equations, Dirichlet's principle, and Hamilton's principle of stationary action. The student is asked to show various properties and derive equations from models in these topics.

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    8 views3 pages

    Math466 h1

    Uploaded by

    Grant Heileman
    This document contains the text of homework problems assigned in a math class. The problems cover topics in gas dynamics, shallow water equations, transmission lines, Laplace's deep water wave equations, Maxwell's electromagnetic equations, Dirichlet's principle, and Hamilton's principle of stationary action. The student is asked to show various properties and derive equations from models in these topics.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    P. F.

    Embid
    Math 466

    Spring 2016
    Homework # 1

    Given 1/29/2016. Due 2/4/2016.

    1. The 1-D equations for gas dynamics are given by


    t + ux + ux = 0
    ut + uux + 1 px = 0,
    where is the density, u is the component of the velocity in the x-direction, and p = p() is the
    dp
    pressure, with
    > 0.
    d
    (a) Show that (x, t) = 0 > 0 and u(x, t) = 0 is a solution of the 1-D gas dynamics equations.
    (b)Let  = 0 + , u = 0 + u and show that the linearized equations for and u are given by
    t + 0 ux = 0
    c2
    ut + 0 x = 0,
    0
    dp
    (0 ) > 0 represents the speed of sound.
    d
    (c)By taking derivatives in x and in t, decouple the linearized gas dynamics equations and show that
    the density and the velocity u solve the wave equations
    tt = c20 xx and utt = c20 uxx .
    s
    r
    dp
    p
    (d) Show that if p = A , where > 1 then c =
    =
    . At sea level the values of air density
    d

    and pressure are p = 101.325 kPa, = 1.225rkg/m3 , and = 1.4. Use these values to compute
    r the
    p
    p
    speed of sound using Laplaces formula c =
    and compare it with Newtons formula c =
    .

    where c0 given by c20 :=

    2. The 1-D shallow water equations are given by


    ht + uhx + hux = 0
    ut + uux + ghx = 0,
    where h is the height of the fluid measured from the flat horizontal bottom, u is the horizontal
    component of the velocity in the x-direction, and g is the acceleration of gravity.
    (a) Show that h(x, t) = h0 > 0 and u(x, t) = 0 is a solution of the shallow water equations.
    (b) Set h = h0 + h, u = 0 + u, and show that the linearized equations for h and u are given by
    ht + h0 ux = 0
    ut + ghx = 0.
    (c) By taking derivatives in x and in t, decouple the linearized gas dynamics equations and show
    that the height h and the velocity u satisfy the waveequations htt = c20 hxx and utt = c20 uxx , where
    the speed of propagation for the water waves is c0 = gh0 .
    (d) Use the value g = 9.807 m/s2 and compute the water wave speed at depths h0 = 1 m, 10 m, 100 m, 1000 m,
    and h0 = 4000 m (mean depth of the oceans).
    3. The transmission line or telegraph equations model the propagation of electromagnetic signals through
    long cables, like the transatlantic submarine telegraph cable. The telegraph equations for the voltage
    drop V (x, t) and the current intensity I(x, t) are given by
    CVt + Ix + GV = 0
    LIt + Vx + RI = 0
    1

    where, per unit lenght of line, C is the capacitance, L is the inductance, R is the resistance, and G
    is the leakage. The coefficients C, L, R, and G are assumed constants.
    (a) In the above system of equations, the variables V and I are coupled. Manipulate the above
    equations to show that V and I satisfy the uncoupled equations
    LCVtt + (GL + RC)Vt + RGV = Vxx
    LCItt + (GL + RC)It + RGI = Ixx
    (b) Show that if the resistance R = 0 and
    the leakage G = 0, then both V and I satisfy the wave
    equation with propagation speed c = 1/ LC.
    (c) Show that if L = 0 and G = 0, then V and I satisfy the diffusion equation with diffusivity
    D1 = 1/(RC).
    (d) Show that if C = 0 and R = 0, then V and I satisfy the diffusion equation with diffusivity
    D2 = 1/(GL).
    (e) For a telephone cable at around 100 kHz representative values of the parameters are R =
    191.63/km, C = 51.57 109 F/km, L = 0.5807 103 H/km, and G = 3.327 106 S/km. Use
    these values to compute c, D1 and D2 .
    4. (Laplaces deep water wave equations) Consider a body of water, say a lake, confined at the bottom
    by the surface z = b(x, y), and at the top by the free surface of the water, z = h(x, y, t). The motions
    of the water are described by a velocity field ~v = ~v (~x, t), ~x = (x, y, z), which is incompressible and
    irrotational; therefore, there is a velocity potential with = ~v , and satisfies 2 = ~v = 0. For
    simplicity, let us assume that the bottom is flat, z = b(x, y) = 0, and that the motions are independent
    of the horizontal variable y. The Laplace theory of tidal equations states that the velocity potential
    = (x, z, t) and the water surface height z = h(x, t) satisfy the following equations
    < x < , 0 < z < h(x, t), 0 < t <

    xx + zz = 0,
    z = ht + x hx ,

    at z = h(x, t)

    t + 2x /2 + 2z /2 + gh = 0
    z = 0,

    at z = h(x, t)

    at z = 0.

    Here g is the acceleration of gravity.


    (a) Show that = gh0 t and h = h0 is a steady state solution and show that the linearized equations
    around that state, obtained by setting  = gh0 t + , and h = h0 + h, are
    xx + zz = 0,
    z = ht ,

    at z = h0

    t + gh = 0
    z = 0,

    < x < , 0 < z < h0 , 0 < t <

    at z = h0

    at z = 0.

    (b) Show that solves the uncoupled equations


    xx + zz = 0,

    < x < , 0 < z < h0 , 0 < t <

    tt + gz = 0,

    at z = h0

    z = 0,

    at z = 0.

    5. Maxwells electromagnetic equations in vacuum are given by


    E = Bt ,
    H = Dt ,

    D = 0,
    B = 0,

    where E is the electric field, D is the displacement field, H is the magnetizing field and B is the
    magnetic field. This system is made formally determined by assuming D = 0 E and B = 0 H, where
    0 is the permittivity of free space and 0 is the permeability of free space.
    (a) Show that ( B)t = 0 and ( D)t = 0 for all time. In particular, if B and D are zero
    initially, then they remain so for all time.
    (b) Use the vector identity ( A) = ( A) 2 A to show that E and H satisfy the wave

    equations Ett = c20 2 E and Htt = c20 2 H, where c0 = 1/ 0 0 .


    (c) Compute c0 for vacuum, with 0 = 8.84 1012 F/m and 0 = 1.257 106 H/m.
    6. (Dirichlets principle) The Dirichlet integral D(u) of a function u = u(x, y) and (x, y) is the
    functional defined by
    Z

    D(u) :=

    1
    |u(x, y)|2 dxdy =
    2

    1 2
    (u + u2y )dxdy.
    2 x

    Use the Euler-Lagrange equation to show that if u = u(x, y) minimizes the Dirichlet integral, then u
    satisfies Laplaces equation
    2 u = uxx + uyy = 0.
    7. (Hamiltons principle of stationary action) Let u = u(x, t) represent the small displacement from
    the equilibrium position u 0 for a stretched string of uniform density and subjet to the uniform
    tension T . The kinetic energy K and the potential energy P of the string are given by
    K=

    Z L
    1
    Z 0L

    P =
    0

    u2 dx
    2 t
    1 2
    T u dx.
    2 x

    The action functional I(u) is defined by


    Z t1

    I(u) =

    (K P ) dt =

    t0

    Z t1 Z L
    1
    t0

    1
    u2t T u2x dx dt.
    2
    2

    Hamiltons principle of stationary action says that the motion of the string is such that the action is
    stationary. In other words, u(x, t) is a critical point of the action integral. Use the Euler-Lagrange
    equation to show that u(x, t) must be a solution of the wave equation
    utt = T uxx .

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