Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 14 views

    1 Section 1

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous 8EV0kT
    This document contains solutions to problems about group theory. It begins by showing that all groups of order 5 or less are abelian. It then shows there are two non-isomorphic groups of order 4: the cyclic group and the direct product of two cyclic groups of order 2. Later it proves that the group of inner automorphisms of a group G is normal in the full automorphism group of G. It also proves that if the automorphism group of G is cyclic, then G must be abelian. Finally, it shows that conjugation by elements of a subgroup H induces a homomorphism from H to the automorphism group of a normal subgroup N.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    1 Section 1

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous 8EV0kT
    14 views2 pages
    This document contains solutions to problems about group theory. It begins by showing that all groups of order 5 or less are abelian. It then shows there are two non-isomorphic groups of order 4: the cyclic group and the direct product of two cyclic groups of order 2. Later it proves that the group of inner automorphisms of a group G is normal in the full automorphism group of G. It also proves that if the automorphism group of G is cyclic, then G must be abelian. Finally, it shows that conjugation by elements of a subgroup H induces a homomorphism from H to the automorphism group of a normal subgroup N.

    Original Description:

    Partial solutions to Lang's Algebra

    Original Title

    Algebra

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document contains solutions to problems about group theory. It begins by showing that all groups of order 5 or less are abelian. It then shows there are two non-isomorphic groups of order 4: the cyclic group and the direct product of two cyclic groups of order 2. Later it proves that the group of inner automorphisms of a group G is normal in the full automorphism group of G. It also proves that if the automorphism group of G is cyclic, then G must be abelian. Finally, it shows that conjugation by elements of a subgroup H induces a homomorphism from H to the automorphism group of a normal subgroup N.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views2 pages

    1 Section 1

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous 8EV0kT
    This document contains solutions to problems about group theory. It begins by showing that all groups of order 5 or less are abelian. It then shows there are two non-isomorphic groups of order 4: the cyclic group and the direct product of two cyclic groups of order 2. Later it proves that the group of inner automorphisms of a group G is normal in the full automorphism group of G. It also proves that if the automorphism group of G is cyclic, then G must be abelian. Finally, it shows that conjugation by elements of a subgroup H induces a homomorphism from H to the automorphism group of a normal subgroup N.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    1

    Section 1

    1. Show that every group of order 5 is abelian.


    Clearly, the trivial group 1 is abelian. Moreover, every group of prime order
    is cyclic, hence abelian. The only groups left to check are those of order 4.
    Let G be a group of order 4. To prove that G is abelian, it suffices to show
    that the center of G is all of G. By way of contradiction, suppoze Z(G) 6= G.
    Then, since Z(G) is a sub-group of G, it must have order 1 or order 2. But
    G is a finite p-group and hence by Theorem 6.5 has a non-trivial center. So,
    Z(G) 6= 1.
    2. Show that there are two non-isomorphic groups of order 4, namely the
    cyclic one, and the product of two cyclic groups of order 2.
    Clearly, there exists a cyclic group with 4 elements.
    6. Prove that the group of inner automorphisms of a group G is normal
    in Aut(G).
    Solution:
    Let inn(G) denote the group of inner automorphisms of G. Then
    inn(G) = {a |a G}

    (1)

    a : G G by a (g) = a1 ga

    (2)

    where
    Let Aut(G) and compute
    (a ( 1 (g))) = (a1 1 (g)a)
    = (a1 ) ( 1 (g)) (a)
    = 1 (a)g (a)
    = (a) (g) inn(G).
    Hence, inn(G) C Aut(G).
    7. Let G be a group such that Aut(G) is cyclic. Prove that G is abelian.
    Solution:
    Lemma: G/Z(G)
    = inn(G).

    (3)

    Proof: Let : G inn(G) by (g) = g . Clearly, is surjective. Moreover,


    Ker() = {g G|g = } where  is the identity mapping. Hence, g
    Ker() = g 1 ag = a a G = ag = ga a G = g Z(G).
    Hence Ker() = Z(G). By the 1st Isomorphism Theorem for Groups,
    G/Z(G)
    = inn(G).
    Lemma: Let H be a subgroup of a group G such that H Z(G). Then if
    G/H is cyclic, then G is abelian.
    12. Let G be a group and let H, N be subgroups with N normal. Let
    x be conjugation by an element x G.
    (a) Show that x 7 x induces a homomorphism f : H 7 Aut(N ).
    Solution: Define a collection of automorphisms h : N 7 N .
    h (n) = h n = hnh1

    (4)

    Clearly h Aut(G) for all h H. Now define f : H 7 Aut(G) by


    f (h) = h

    (5)

    To see that f is indeed a homomorphism we compute


    f (h1 h2 ) = h1 h2 ,

    (6)

    where
    1
    h1 h2 (n) = h1 h2 n = (h1 h2 )n(h1 h2 )1 = h1 h2 nh1
    2 h1 = h1 (h2 n) = h1 (h2 (n))
    (7)
    Therefore
    f (h1 h2 ) = h1 h2 = h1 h2
    (8)

    which proves that f is a homomorphism from H to Aut(G) induced by x .

    You might also like