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NARRATIVE
The Apple Tree And A Boy
Once upon a time, there was a huge apple tree which gave tasty apples to
the people around it. There was also a little boy who became a close
friend to the apple tree. The boy used to play with apple tree, climb its

Orientatio
n

branches, sleep under its shadow, pluck its apples, etc. Every day he
visited the apple tree, and ate some apples. The apple tree was kind to the
boy and enjoying spending time together.
One day, the boy joined in school and didnt have a time to spend with
apple tree. After several days, the boy came to the tree. The apple tree
was so happy to see the boy. It asked the boy to play.
Unfortunately, the boy said he was not a child anymore. He didnt want
to play with the tree. But he asked another request to the apple tree.

Complicati
on

The tree asked what the boy wanted. The boy said he needed toys, but his
parents didnt have money to buy it for him.
The tree said, Dear my boy, i dont have any money to buy it for you,
but you can pick my apples, then sell them, get money and buy the toys
you want.
The boy went happily to his home after plucking apples. The tree was
waiting to see the boy return. But he never came back for many years.

Resolution

The apple tree was sad and it didnt produce any apples anymore.

Purpose: To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experiences in

difference ways. Narrative always deal with some problems which lead to the climax and
them turn into a solution to the problem.

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General Structure
1. Orientation: orientasi adalah pengenalan. Pengenalan yang perlu disampaikan kepada
pembaca oleh penulis tentang apa cerita selanjutnya. Orientation biasanya berisi 3
informasi utama yaitu pelaku cerita, tempat terjadinya cerita dan waktu kapan cerita
itu terjadi.
2. Complication: diartikan lebih sederhana, complication adalah pertentangan, masalah,
atau conflict yang dihadapi oleh para pelaku cerita. Dalam kajian literture, conflict ini
biasanya dibedakan menjadi 3 macam pula yaitu, natural, social dan psychological
conflict.
3. Resolution: resolusi adalah cara mengakhiri sebuah cerita. Penulis memilih
bagaimana para pelaku cerita tersebut menyelesaikan pertentangannya. Resolusi ada
yang happy ending ada pula yang sad ending.
Ciri Narrative Text
1. Partisipan yang specific dan sering individual
2. Banyak action verbs ( material processes), dan ada juga yang menggunakan verbal
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

and mental processes.

Biasanya menggunakan Past tense.
Banyak menggunakan lingking Words yang berkenaan dengan waktu.
Sering memasukkan dialog, dan tense akan mungkin berubah.
Descriptive language digunakan untuk menciptkan imaji dibenak pembaca.
Dapat ditulis sebagai orang pertama (1), atau ketiga ( he, she, they ).

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RECOUNT
Holiday in Pasir Kencana Beach
Last week my friend and I were bored after three weeks of holidays, so
we rode our bikes to Pasir Kencana Beach, which is only five kilometres
from where I live. When we arrived at the beach, we were surprised to

Orientati
on

see there was hardly anyone there.

After having a quick dip in the ocean, which was really cold, we realized
one reason there were not many people there. It was also quite windy.
After we bought some hot chips at the takeaway store nearby, we rode
our bikes down the beach for a while, on the hard, damp part of the sand.
We had the wind behind us and, before we knew it, we were many miles
down the beach.

Events

Before we made the long trip back, we decided to paddle our feet in the
water for a while, and then sit down for a rest. While we were sitting on
the beach, just chatting, it suddenly dawned on us that all the way back,
we would be riding into the strong wind.
When we finally made it back home, we were both totally exhausted! But
we learned some good lessons that day.

Reorientatio
n

Purpose : To retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

Generic Structure :
1. Orientation: menceritakan mengenai latarbelakang informasi tentang siapa, di mana,
kapan kejadian atau peristiwa terjadi.
2. Events: menceritakan suatu peristiwa yang terjadi setelahnya diceritakan sesuai
urutan kronologis.
3. Reorientation: berisi rangkuman atau conclusion dari semua kejadian. Pada bagian
ini juga berisi pendapat atau kesan penulis tentang kejadian yang diceritakan.

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Ciri Recount Text

1.
2.
3.
4.

Menggunakan kalimat dalam bentuk Past Tense

Menggunakan Action Verbs
Menggunakan Adverbs and Adverbial Phrase untuk mengungkapkan waktu, tempat dan cara
Menggunakan Conjunction dan Time Connectives untuk mengurutkan peristiwa atau
kejadian.

SPOOF

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Three Birds On a Tree Branch

During a math lesson, a teacher taught her students to count. There are 3
birds which are perched on a tree branch. Then a hunter comes. He takes
and aims his gun to one of the bird. The hunter shots one bird and hit it.

Orientation

So how many birds which are left on the tree? The teacher asked to the
student.
All of the students were silent. They were busy counting the remaining
birds. However, there was a student named Andi looked calm. The
teacher was confused with what he had done. Then she asked him, Andi,
answer my question! He confidently replied, There are three birds and
then one of them being shot. So the bird which is left on a tree branch is
nothing
Events

The teacher was surprised to hear his answer. The teacher then asked
again, Andy, try to answer my question seriously. How many birds are
left? Theres nothing left mom! said him. She was increasingly
annoyed even she told Andy to use his hands as a tool to count. Point
out your three fingers, then removes one of them the teacher explained.
There is no birds left mom! he didnt change his answer.
The teacher gave up and asked, Tell us, why you said no birds left?
When the hunter shot one of them, two other birds was flying away
because they heard gunfire. So there is nothing left mom! Andy

Twist

explained. Hearing the answer, the teacher was silent while his entire
friend laughed out loud.
Purpose : to retell an event with a humorous twist.
General Structure
1. Orientation: pengenalan tokoh certia , tempat dan informasi waktu kejadian, seperti
halnya pada narrative text.

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2. Events: berbagai peristiwa yang dialami oleh tokoh cerita seperti halnya dalam
recount text dijelasakan berurutan berdasakan waktu dan sifat pentingnya peristiwa
tersebut.
3. Twist: hal tak terduga yang terjadi di akhir cerita sehingga terkesan menjadi cerita
lucu.
Ciri Spoof Text
1. Menggunakan Past Tense; was, were, did, etc.
2. Menggunakan kata kerja aksi (action verb); did, went, walked, etc.
3. Menggunakan kata keterangan waktu dan kata keterangan tempat.
4. Diceritakan secara kronologis.

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NEWS ITEM
Stowaway in Garuda Flight

Mario Steve Ambarita, 21, was caught on Tuesday, April 7, as

he emerged from a Garuda Indonesia plane that had just
landed at the Soekarno-Hatta International airport. What made
him suspicious was the fact that he was exiting from the

Newsworthy
Event

planes wheel well, and not through the door like everyone else.
What prompted Mario to do such a reckless thing? He said he
simply wanted to see Jakarta, where he was born, and meet his
long time idol the president. He sneaked into a plane and fly
949 kilometers while sitting in the landing gear dock.
Mario admitted that he snuck into the plane before it took off
from the Sultan Syarif Kasim II airport in Pekanbaru, Riau, in

Backround
Events

western Indonesia. And that he stayed in the wheel well during

the 105-minute flight.
He arrived alive and well in Jakarta The airport clinic said Mario
was fine but perhaps needed to recover from his unusual
ordeal.
We dont know how he was able to enter the (restricted) area,
Garuda Indonesias vice president for corporate

Sources

communications, Pujobroto, told Kompas.com. He knew that

the plane would stop for a moment before taking off. That was
when he entered the plane through the wheel, Pujobroto said.

News Item: Factual text which informs readers events of the day which are considered
newsworthy or important.

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General Structure
1.

Newsworthy event: Berita inti berupa kejadian utama yang menjadi bahan tulisan.

Sederhananya ada peristiwa apa, dimana, dan kapan terjadinya.

2. Backround events: rentetan peristiwa lain yang melatarbelakangi peristiwa utama
terjadi. Peristiwa lain yang membrikan pengaruh sehingga peristiwa utama terjadi.
3. Sources: penyataan sumber berita. Bisa berupa komentar pelaku, saksi, dan juga
pihak yang dianggap berwenang.

Ciri News Item Text

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Informasi singkat tertuang dalam headline

Memfokuskan pada kejadian
Menggunakan action verb
Menggunakan material process
Action verb adalah kata kerja yang menunjukan aktifitas. (lebih jelas lagi baca :

Dynamic Verbs)
6. Saying verb seperti "diberitakan, dikatakan, dikutip, mengatakan, memberitakan,
mengutip".

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ANECDOTE
Snake in the Bath

How would you like to find a snake in your bath? A nasty one too!

Abstract

We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long
that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided we would

Orientation

clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned on the tap.
Suddenly to my horror, a snakes head appeared in the plug-hole. Then
out slithered the rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the

Crisis

slippery bottom of the bath, spitting and hissing at us.

For an instant I stood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled for my
husband, who luckily came running and killed the snake with the handle
of a broom. Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested in

Reaction

the whole business. Indeed I had to pull her out of the way or shed
probably have leant over the bath to get a better look!
Ever since then Ive always put the plug in firmly before running the bath
water.
Purpose: : To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident.

Coda

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Generic Structure
1. Abstract: ringkasan cerita biasanya berupa kejadian-kejadian yang tidak lumrah atau
ganjil dalam cerita yan akan disampaikan.
2. Orienation: seperti pada Narrative dan Recount, orientasi pad Anecdote text juga
memberikan informasi awal tentng siapa, dimana dan kapan.
3. Crisis: inti dari kejadian yang tidak lumrah yang dialami pelaku cerita diperjelas agar
pembaca merasa tertarik untuk terus membaca.
4. Reaction: reaksi apa yang diambil oleh pelaku cerita tehadap krisis yang sedang
dihadapi.
5. Coda: sama halnya dengan cerita narrative bahwa, anecdote text juga perlu
menyajikan pesan atau pelajaran yang perlu diambil ketika sudah menyelesaikan
krisis yang sedang dihadapi cuman disampaikan dalam cerita.
Ciri Anecdote Text
1. Menggunakan past tense (Waktu lampau), seperti: I found it last night.
2. Menggunakan rhetoric question (pertanyaan retorika), seperti: Do you know what?
3. Menggunakan conjuction of time (kata sambung waktu), seperti: then, afterward, etc.
4. Menggunakan action verb (kata kerja aksi), seperti: went, writed, etc.
5. Menggunakan imperative sentece (kalimat perintah), seperti: listen to this.
6. Menggunakan exclamation sentence (kalimat seru), seperti: it's awful, it's wonderful,
etc.

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DESCRIPTIVE
The Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower is an iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars
in Paris. Built in 1889, it has become both a global icon of France and
one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the
tallest building in Paris and the most-visited paid monument in the world;
millions of people ascend it every year. Named for its designer, engineer
Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch to the 1889
World's Fair.
The tower stands 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an
81-story building. Upon its completion, it surpassed the Washington
Monument to assume the title of tallest man-made structure in the world,
a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City

Identificatio
n

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was built in 1930; however, due to the addition in 1957 of the antenna,
the tower is now taller than the Chrysler Building. Not including
broadcast antennas, it is the second-tallest structure in France after the
2004 Millau Viadut
The tower has three levels for visitors. Tickets can be purchased to
ascend, by stairs or lift, to the first and second levels. The walk to the
first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second
level. The third and highest level is accessible only by elevator. Both the
first and second levels feature restaurants.
The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and
France, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city.
Purpose: Describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
Generic Structure
1. Identification : Mengidentifikasi suatu hal
2. Description : Menggambarkan suatu hal
Ciri Descriptive Text
1. Menggunakan attributive and identifying process.
2. Menggunakan adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
3. Menggunakan simple present tense

Description

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REPORT
Kangaroo

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A kangaroo is an animal found only in Australia, although it has a smaller

relative, called a wallaby, which lives on the Australian island of

General
Clasification

Tasmania and also in New Guinea.

Kangaroos eat grass and plants. They have short front legs, but very long,
and very strong back legs and a tail. These are used for sitting up and for
jumping. Kangaroos have been known to make forward jumps of over
eight metres, and leap across fences more than three metres high. They
can also run at speeds of over 45 kilometres per hour.
The largest kangaroos are the Great Grey Kangaroo and the Red
Kangaroo. Adult grow to a length of 1.60 metres and weigh over 90

Identification

kilos.

Kangaroos are marsupials. This means that the female kangaroo has an
external pouch on the front of her body. A baby kangaroo is very tiny
when it is born, and it crawls at once into this pouch where it spends its
first five months of life
Purpose: To describe the way things are, with reference to arrange or natural, manmade or
social phenomena in our environment.

General Structure
1. General Classification: berisi pernyataan umum tentang subject yang
dibicarakan atau dibahas.
2. Description: merupakan bagian yang memberikan gambaran secara detail
mengenai subject yang dibahas pada bagian general classification.

Ciri Report Text

1. Menggunakan pola kalimat Simple Present Tense
2. Menggunakan kata benda umum (general nouns)
3. Menggunakan kata kerja yang saling berhubungan (relating verbs)

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4. Terdiri dari sebuah objek ditambah objek tentang alam lainnya.

EXPOSITION
1. Analytical Exposition

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Is Smoking Good for Us?

Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50
thousands people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking.
This is seven times as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of

Thesis

smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.

Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five
cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a
non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen
greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are people
who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of
heart disease than non smokers.

Arguments

Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis

and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as
much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make
much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for

Reiteration

every body else.

Purpose : To persuade the reader or listener that something is the case.
General Structure
1. Thesis: peragraf yang berisi pernyataan penulis terhadap hal yang sedang dibicarakan.
2. Arguments: argumentasi yang mendukung posisi penulis sebagaimana telah dinyatakn
dalam thesis pada pargraf sebelumnya.
3. Reiteration: pernyataan kembali penulis tehadap posisinya dihadapan hal yang sedang
dibicarakan. Kadang sifatnya hanya kesimpulan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk
mempengaruhi.
Ciri Analytical Exposition Text

Menggunakan simple present

Mengunakan reltional process

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Menggunakan internal conjunction

Menggunakan casual conjuction

2. Hortatory Exposition
The Importance of Reading
I personally think that reading is a very important activity in our life.
Why do I say so?
Firstly, by reading we can get a lot of knowledge about many things in

Thesis

the world such as Science, technology, sports, arts, culture, etc written in
either books, magazine, newspaper, etc.
Secondly, by reading we can get a lot of news and information about
something happening in any parts of the world which can we see directly.
Another reason, reading can give us pleasure too. When we are tired, we

Arguments

read books, novel, comic, newspaper or magazine on the entertainment

column such as comedy, short story, quiz, etc. To make us relaxed.
The last, reading can also take us to other parts of the world. By reading a
book about Irian Jaya we may feel were really sitting in the jungles not
at home in our rooms.
From the facts above, its obvious that everyone needs to read to get
knowledge, information and also entertainment. Or in summary we can
say reading is truly important in our life.

Recommendat
ion

Purpose: To persuade the reader or listener that some should or should not be the case
General Structure
1. Thesis: seperti pada analytical exposition, penulis perlu menytakan dan
mengumumkan akan adanya hal dan perlu untuk disikapi
2. Arguments: argumentasi kenapa penulis perlu bersikap sepeti dalam thesi diatas.
Alasan-alasan yang mendukung thesisnya perlu diperkuat dan bila perlu diuji dan
dibuktikan supaya logis dan masuk akal.
3. Recommendation: rekomendasi atau ajakan penulis teks akan kebenaran thesis yang
sudah dibuktikannya.

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Ciri Hortatory Exposition

1. Menggunakan simple present tense
2. Menggunakan temporal conectives; firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc.
3. Menggunakan evaluative words; importanly, valuablly, trustworthly, etc.

EXPLANATION
Rainbow
Rainbow is a natural phenomenon that is so impressive. This
phenomenon often appears after rain. Rainbow is an arc spectrum which
is so large and occurs because the drops are refracted by sunlight. When
the sun is shining and the light passing through water droplets, then you
will see a refraction that causes a wide variety of colors. Light is
refracted like light passing through a glass prism.
Other names of the rainbow is a rainbow which is a symptom of optical
and meteorological phenomenon in which light with different colors
refracted parallel to each other into water droplets. You can also see this
phenomenon under the very high and heavy waterfall.
How does rainbow happen in detail? All the happenings begin when the
sunlight passing through the raindrops. Then the light is deflected to the
center of the droplet. The white light, now separated from each other into
a spectrum of colors. The process does not stop there. The colors that
have been separated, then separate again into the very small portions.

General
Statemen
t

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There is more light separated from each other in the droplets. Then there
are more curved and finally those color form a light curve called a
rainbow.
Can we make a rainbow? Of course. There are at least two ways that you
can do to make a rainbow. First, you can use a spray containing water.
We know that rainbows occur when sunlight passing through the
raindrops. So, we make our own rain droplets from the water spray. In
the morning or afternoon, spray water under the sun, then see the water
droplets flying. Spray lots of water and you will see a small rainbow that
you can touch easily.

A
Sequenced
of

Second, use pieces of video discs then reflected to the light of the sun,
and navigate to the wall or ceiling of your house. On the ceiling or the
wall, you will see a colorful light that have the same color with the
rainbow.
Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the information or workings of natural or
socio-cultural phenomena.

Generic Structure
1. General Statement: area yang berisi penjelasan umum mengenai fenomena apa
yang akan dibahas.
2. A Sequenced of Explanation: penjelasan mengenai mengapa dan bagaimana
fenomena tersebut terjadi.
Ciri Explanation Text
1. Menggunakan simple present tense
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung antar kalimat berupa then, as a result, so, if, because,
therefore
3. Menggunakan penanda urutan peristiwa misalnya: first, then, next, after, finally
4. Menggunakan action verbs

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DISCUSSION
Smoking

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Smoking ban debate in Indonesia wont be ended easily. Indonesian

society have different views in responding the smoking ban. The latest
one is the MUI illegitimate fatwa which is responded with a variety of

Issue

different opinions from the society. The following is a discussionn of the

pros and cons of smoking ban, especially smoking in public area.
People who agree with MUI statement argue that a lot of negative effects
produced by smoking, such as causing death, lung damage, liver and
heart attack, impotence, and a lot of kinds of cancer. These diseases can
cause death. Again, not only the active smokers who are affected, but

Supporting
Points

also the people around them (passive smokers) get the impacts.
Based on this that study, the MUI states that smoking is forbidden,
especially in public area. However, the smokers still argue a self-defense
arguments. They argue that smoking can help to refresh their mind, create
some creative idea, relieve nervousness and fatigue. In social life, they

Contrasting
Points

argue that smoking can establish or strengthen togetherness. In addition,

they also argue that the smoking ban means also closing the tobacco
company which cause a massive unemployment becauses many
employees work there.
The smoking ban is still a very intense debate in our country. It is very
difficult to decide the appropriate action or solution. There have been
many studies discuss about smoking. But the decision whether we smoke
or not is a matter or personal choice. It depends on ourselves.
Purpose: To present (at least) two points of view about an issue.

Generic Structure
1. Issue: penempatan masalah atau isu yang akan didiskusikan.
2. Supporting Points: pendapat yang mendukung isu.

Elaboration

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3. Contrasting Points: pendapat yang menentang isu atau.

4. Conclunlusion or Recomendation: kesimpulan atau bisa juga rekomendasikan dari
isu atau permasalahan yang telah didiskusikan di atas.
Ciri Discussion Text
1. Menggunakan simpel present tense
2. Menggunakan modalites, seperti must, should, would, may, etc.
3. Menggunakan additive, contrastive, dan casual connection, seperti similiary, however,
furthemore, on the other hand, etc.

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REVIEW
Stand by Me Doraemon

Almost everyone is familiar with this phenomenal cartoons. This Japan

film is very successful. Stand By Me: Doraemon, this film was made to
celebrate 80 years of Fujiko f. Fujio (alm), and started playing in cinemas
in Japan since August 8, 2014. in December 15, Stand by Me Doraemon
movie officially was played in Indonesia. Surely the enthusiastic of
Indonesian people is very great to watch this phenomenal movie which is
the last episode of Doraemon movie. But is it true that the movie Stand

Orientatio
n

by Me Doraemon is as good as spoken?

In a personal point of view, the film Stand by Me Doraemon is a
mediocre movie as a 3D animation film in general. Even as the
generation of 90s, I was disappointed with this movie. Probably because

Interpretive
Recount

big name of Doraemon has already been legendary made this film
extremely loved by many people.
There are a few things that make the movie Stand by Me Doraemon
looks failed. The storyline is not consistent. First, we know that
Doraemon is programmed not to return to the future until Nobita finds a
happiness, but after a few minutes the story shifts to Doraemon and
Nobita get into the legendary drawer to explore the future to help
Shizuka in the Ice Moutain and to see Nobitas wedding ceremony.
Second, excessive expression, the vagaries of the ridiculous, a joke which
is totally not funny, even seems geek. There are many other 3D animated
films which are far better than any point of view such as Wreck It Ralph
and Despicable Me.
There is one scene that makes no sense when Nobita is challenging Giant
to fight just to prove that Nobita is able to live without the help of
Doraemon. So what? What is evidenced by the scene of a fight like that?

Evaluation

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There are many other option scenes, such as being excellent in his
school. Wouldnt it have more moral value compared to the fight?
Some feel thrilled with this film, but not for me. Only one scene was sad
when Nobita said that he was very happy. So it activated the Doraemon

Evaluation

program to return to the future and leave Nobita forever. Although in the
end of the story Doraemon came back again. So the essence of the film
that has been heralded as the end of Doraemon and Nobita togetherness
is lost.
Overall, for the faithful fans of Doraemon, there is nothing special from
the film. But this is the point of view of myself personally.

Evaluative
Summation

Purpose: To critique an art work or even for a public audience.

Generic Structure
1. Orientation: pengantar review, apa yang dinilai, dan penilaian itu berdasarkan
kondisi apa.
2.

Interpretive Recount: Ringkasan dan intepretasi penulis tehadap karya yang sedang
direview. Sebenarnya bersifat optional, boleh ada atau dihilangakan.

3. Evaluation: evaluasi yang diberikan oleh penulis tehadap karya yang sedang dibahas.
4. Evaluative Summation: opini penulis setelah diadakan penilaian, karya itu layak
atau tidak untuk diberikan kepada pembaca lainnya.

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PROCEDURE
How to Make Chocolate Ball

Goal

Ingredients
1) 250 gr or 9 oz cookies or biscuits (with no filling
such as digestive, marie, petit beurre, etc)
2) 200 gr or 7 oz milk chocolate
3) 1/2 cup of full cream
4) To decorate: 100s and 1000s, crushed biscuits /

Materials

cookies, etc.
Steps
1) Put various toppings in small containers on the
table.
2) Put the cookies / biscuits in a sturdy bag and allow
the child to crush them with a rolling pin of a can of
peas (or anything else for that matter.
3) Put the cookies in a food processor to grind them
(assuming the kids left big pieces which need to be
ground).
4) Melt the chocolate in the double cream until it has

Steps

melted (using the microwave or over a small flame

on the stove).
5) Help your child to mix the chocolate and cream
mixture with the cookie crumbs.
6) Wet your child's hands and show him or her how to
make little balls with the mixture.
7) Roll the balls in one of the toppings.
8) Put them in the fridge
Purpose: To describe how something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.
Generic Structure

Nur Hasna Pratiwi

XII IPS 1 / 22

1. Aim/Goal: Apa tujuan dari ditulisnya teks itu. Biasanya Aim dalam teks procedure
sudah kelihatan pada judul tulisan
2. Materials: Bahan-bahan apa saja yang dibutuhkan. Pada paragraf ini penulis teks
procedure perlu memberikan daftar bahan dan peralatan agar tujuannya tercapai. Pada
jenis teks procedure tententu, tahap ini bersifat optional, bisa ada atau tidak.
3. Steps: langkah-langkah yang perlu dilakkukan dijelasakn secara rinci dan berurutan.
Karena ini adalah procedure dan bersifat teknis, maka urutan langkah-langka tersebut
sangat penting dan tidak boeleh tertukar. Makanya diawali dengan kata squence of
time seperti first, second, third dan lainnya.