Alumni College Lecture: Responses To The Great Recession: What Worked, What Didn't
Alumni College Lecture: Responses To The Great Recession: What Worked, What Didn't
Alumni College Lecture: Responses To The Great Recession: What Worked, What Didn't
Responses to the Great Recession:
What Worked, What Didn’t
Charles Weise
Department of Economics
Gettysburg College
June 4, 2010
The recession of 2007‐09: not your father’s
recession (it’s your grandfather’s recession)*
• Typical recession, 1940s‐1990s:
– booming economy Æ rising inflation Æ Fed raises interest rates Æ
economy recovers when Fed relaxes policy
• Recessions of 1929, 1907,… (and 2001, 2007‐09):
– asset price boom Æ crash Æ Fed cuts interest rates, but economy
recovers slowly because there’s no pent‐up demand, household and
business balance sheets are stressed; “financial headwinds”
• Conventional wisdom: Recessions associated with financial
crises tend to be more severe
* Paul Krugman
Some evidence that financial crises Æ more
severe recessions
Miron-Romer Index of Industrial Production
(1909=100; log scale)
6.0
5.6
5.2
4.8 Shaded areas = NBER recessions;
Red = associated with financial
crisis (Jalil 2010)
4.4
4.0
3.6
3.2
1884
1887
1890
1893
1896
1899
1902
1905
1908
1911
1914
1917
1920
1923
1926
1929
1932
1935
1938
Evidence (continued)
Brief chronology of 2007‐09 recession
• 1980s‐2000s: “deregulation” of financial industry, little attention paid to
suprime mortgage lending, over‐the‐counter derivatives trading, …
• 2001‐2004: Fed keeps interest rates low, raises them slowly from 2004‐06
• 1990s?‐2006: housing market boom turns into bubble
• 2003?‐2007: explosion of speculation in assets related to housing
– Mortgage‐backed securities (MBS)
– Collateralized debt obligations (CDO)
– Credit default swaps (CDS)
• 2006: housing prices level off, start to fall Æ rising rates of default on home
mortgages
• 2007: growing crisis in financial system
• August 2007: first system‐wide panic
• December 2007: recession officially begins
• September 2008: second system‐wide panic; recession intensifies
Job losses (payroll employment)
Pre‐crisis (Jan‐Aug 2008) 1.2 million (150,000/month)
• Virtually entire U.S. (and world?) banking system insolvent
• Shutdown of bank lending to businesses and households
• Shutdown of commercial paper market
• Run on money market accounts
• Stock market collapse
• Failure of large corporations (banks, GM, GE, …)
• Bankruptcy of state and municipal governments
• Consumer, business, government spending collapses
• In short: Great Depression 2.0
As it is, the “Great Recession” (December 2007
– August? 2009) was the most severe downturn
since the Great Depression of the 1930s
Source: Zandi (2009)
The policy response
• Monetary policies
– Interest rate reductions
– Provision of liquidity Fed increases “size of balance sheet” from
– “Credit easing” $800 billion to $2 trillion (but programs will
probably generate profit = $10s of billions)
– Quantitative easing
• Financial market stabilization $700 billion authorized; about $300 billion
– TARP spent; total cost estimated at around
– Stress tests $100 billion
– PPIP
– Mortgage modification program Estimated cost from 2009‐19
– Takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac = about $400 billion
• Fiscal policy
– ARRA $787 billion mostly over 2009‐11
– Automatic stabilizers FY2009 budget deficit projected to be $1.2
trillion (8.3% of GDP) in Jan. 2009 – before
• Others
ARRA enacted
– GM, Chrysler bankruptcy / bailout
– Cash for clunkers
– Tax credit for home purchases
How to think about the policy response
• Increase aggregate demand
– Interest rate cuts
The “conventional” response
– Fiscal policy
– Fed purchases of long‐term bonds
• Reliquify and recapitalize financial system
– Federal Reserve lending facilities
– TARP
– Stress tests
• Support asset prices: the Federal Reserve and Treasury as a hedge
fund
– Federal Reserve’s “credit easing”: commercial paper and money market
facilities, TALF, purchase of MBS
– PPIP
– TARP
Did the policies work?
Federal funds rate has fallen…
But it’s long‐run, risky rates that matter…
More specifically real (inflation adjusted) rates
The bottom line:
• The Federal Reserve’s conventional and unconventional
actions and the Treasury’s support for banks have stabilized
the financial system
• Have they provided stimulus? Two answers:
– Real risky rates down from crisis levels, but higher than they were in
2007
– But 2000s were a boom period; real risky rates are well below
historical averages
• Policies are quite stimulative, but given the depth of the
recession probably not sufficient to guarantee strong
recovery.
Which leads us to the fiscal stimulus (American
Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009)
Estimated effect of ARRA (from CBO)
Should we believe these estimates?
• CBO uses two methods: recipient reports and macro models
• Recipient reports
– May include jobs that would have existed anyway
– Ignores multiplier effects, crowding out
– Counts only effects of spending, not tax cuts or transfer payments
• Models
– Scant recent research on size of multipliers and extent of crowding out
– Results vary widely
• But these are the best estimates we have!
• Sniff test: at $100,000 per job (salary + benefits + related
costs), $400 billion of spending in 2010 Æ 4 million jobs,
excluding multipliers and crowding out
Where is the biggest bang for the buck?
The bottom line
• Fiscal stimulus probably did a lot of good
• A three‐year program made sense – the economy will still be
weak in FY 2011
• But:
– Many economists argue that the stimulus should have been bigger
($1‐$1.5 trillion)
– More could have been spent on high‐impact programs, less on low‐
impact tax cuts
With help from fiscal and monetary policies, the
economy is now on the mend. GDP is growing…
Gross Domestic Product, 2007-2010
6 13,500
4 13,400
2 13,300
0 13,200
-2 13,100
-4 13,000
-6 12,900
-8 12,800
07Q1 07Q3 08Q1 08Q3 09Q1 09Q3 10Q1
140,000 400
138,000 200
Thousands
Thousands
136,000 0
134,000 -200
132,000 -400
130,000 -600
128,000 -800
2007 2008 2009 2010
DEMP PAYEMS
But unemployment rate will be high for awhile
Unemployment rate, 2007-2010
11
10
4
2007 2008 2009 2010
The recovery is likely to be stronger than you think
• Consensus has been that we will have a “jobless recovery” like
we had after 1990‐91 and 2001 recessions
Forecasts for 2010, from January 2010
Monthly End‐of‐year
employment unemployment
GDP growth growth rate
Federal Reserve 2.8‐3.5% 9.5‐9.7%
CBO 2.2% 10.0%
Survey of 3.0% 103,000 9.7%
Professional
Forecasters
• Forecasters have begun revising forecasts upward, but they
are behind the curve
This recovery is likely to be more like those
following 1974‐75 and 1981‐82 recessions
• Deep recoveries are followed by strong recessions
• There’s a lot of stimulus out there
• Though we’re unlikely to match those recoveries because of
financial conditions
• Evidence? Despite today’s poor jobs report, there are still a lot
of V’s out there!
Employment growth in five recoveries
Capacity utilization in five recoveries
Manufacturing production in five recoveries
Inflation and debt: Have the
government’s stimulus efforts planted
the seeds for disaster?
The Fed’s asset holdings have exploded…
Source: Curdia and Woodford, 2010
This has caused bank reserves to rise
dramatically…
Source: Curdia and Woodford, 2010
But the money supply is rising modestly
Therefore inflation is not a worry (for now)
• Excess money growth could cause inflation, but likely not until
economy reaches full employment
• Money supply would rise if banks tried to lend excess reserves
• But Fed can prevent this from happening by raising interest
paid on reserves or selling assets
• The Fed has put a lot of thought into when to start doing this,
how fast to move.
• Financial markets are pricing in inflation rates under 2% for
the next ten years
– Nominal 10‐year Treasury yield = 3.85%, TIPS yield = 1.50% Æ
expected inflation = 1.35%
The budget deficit has exploded…
So federal government debt will rise…
This will have to be fixed
• But not until the economy is on solid ground; tax increases
and spending cuts during a recession are a bad idea
• The key to managing the budget deficit in the long‐term is
controlling health care costs. Will the recently‐passed health
reform do the trick? No one knows.
• Financial markets are not worried about the deficit yet:
Treasury can still borrow at 3.85% interest rate – this is
remarkably low
What could have been done differently?
• General thrust of the government’s response was correct:
government as hedge fund + aggregate demand stimulus
• ARRA could have been somewhat larger, focused more on
provisions with large multipliers
– Now, aid to states and local governments is needed to prevent mass
layoffs of teachers and other public employees
• More emphasis on foreclosure mitigation
• Capitalize strong financial institutions instead of weak ones;
let weak institutions fail