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    Permissible Crack Width Explanation

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    Antony John Viany
    The crack width minimum to be considered for various construction stage for different exposure conditions

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    Permissible Crack Width Explanation

    Uploaded by

    Antony John Viany
    76 views4 pages
    The crack width minimum to be considered for various construction stage for different exposure conditions

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    The crack width minimum to be considered for various construction stage for different exposure conditions

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    76 views4 pages

    Permissible Crack Width Explanation

    Uploaded by

    Antony John Viany
    The crack width minimum to be considered for various construction stage for different exposure conditions

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    3.

    SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE


    3.1 Flexural Crack Width of RC Beams
    3.1.1 Limit State on Crack Width
    In a general design of RC structures, the tensile stress of concrete is neglected and
    the reinforcement is provided to resist all tensile forces arising in a section. Normally
    cracking of concrete does not directly lead to the failure of RC structures. However,
    in the case of design which has to consider the tensile resistance of concrete such as
    plain concrete structures, the failure of such structures is highly related to the
    cracking of concrete. Even in the case of RC structures, when they are subjected to
    relatively low shear forces, the tensile resistance of concrete is expected implicitly and
    hence diagonal cracking becomes serious. In addition, in the anchorage zone of a
    deformed bar, since the tensile resistance of concrete is taken into account, it is
    necessary to pay attention on cracking along the bar.
    In the case of RC structures subjected to flexure under the service loads, cracks
    occur in the flexural tension zone of the section. The excessive crack width leads to
    unfavorable consequences as follows:
    (1) Due to the penetration of water and air through the crack, the corrosion of
    reinforcement inside the concrete occurs. This will increase the volume of reinforcing
    steel and spall the concrete cover out. The rate of corrosion of uncovered
    reinforcement increases very rapidly. The corrosion of concrete deteriorates not only
    the appearance of structures but also the durability of concrete structures.
    (2) In the design of structures with special attention on air as well as water tightness,
    the function of the structure will be lost if a crack having excessive width occurs.
    (3) In the aesthetic view point, excessive crack is undesirable.
    1

    So, it is required to determine the limit state on crack width of RC structures.


    The reinforcement inside the concrete with relatively good quality will not be
    corroded. In general, RC structures are considered to be very durable compared
    with other types of structures. In spite of cracking of concrete, the corrosion of
    reinforcement will not occur if the concrete cover is sufficiently thick, and the surface
    crack width is less than a limit value. Since the limit state on crack width is related to
    the durability of concrete structures and not to the failure, it is considered as one of
    the serviceability limit states.

    3.1.2 Permissible Crack Width


    A permissible crack width of the concrete surface is determined depending on the
    environmental conditions where RC structures are exposed. The corrosion of
    reinforcement is affected by not only the crack width at the surface of concrete but
    also the distance between the surfaces of concrete and reinforcement. Hence, the
    concrete cover which is defined as the distance between the surfaces of concrete and
    reinforcement becomes an important parameter concerned with the corrosion of
    reinforcement. From various experimental results, the degree of corrosion of
    reinforcement in the case of the same concrete cover is almost the same, and more
    corrosion occurs in the case of less concrete cover.
    The surface crack width decreases when the concrete cover is reduced. However,
    the reduction of concrete cover leads to more corrosion of reinforcement.

    Considering the relationship between corrosion of reinforcement, surface crack


    width, and concrete cover, in the JSCE Specification the surface crack width is
    examined to be less than a permissible value which is a function of concrete cover. In
    the JSCE Specification, the permissible crack width, depending on environmental
    conditions, concrete cover, and type of reinforcement, is stipulated (Table 3.1, Table
    3.2).
    Table 3.1 Classification of environmental conditions
    Normal environment
    Corrosive
    environment

    Severely corrosive
    environment

    Outdoors of ordinary condition where chloride ions do not come,


    underground, etc.
    1.
    As compared with normal environment, reinforcement
    subjected to detrimental influences, such as severe alternate
    wetting and drying, and structures below the level of
    underground water containing harmful substances
    2.
    Marine structures submerged in seawater and structures
    exposed to mild marine environment, etc.
    1.
    Reinforcement subjected to detrimental influences considerably
    2.
    Marine structures exposed to tides, sprashes, severe ocean
    winds, etc.

    Table 3.2 Permissible crack width , wa (mm)


    Type of
    reinforcement

    Environmental conditions for corrosion of reinforcement


    Normal
    environment

    Corrosive
    environment

    Severely corrosive
    environmenat

    Deformed bars and plain bars

    0.005C

    0.004C

    0.0035C

    Prestressing steel

    0.004C

    -------

    -------

    In Table 3.2, "C" is concrete cover (mm). For the case of C > 100 mm, C = 100 mm.
    In Table 3.2, the permissible crack widths for prestressing steel in corrosive
    environment and severely corrosive environment are not determined. It is considered
    that prestressed concrete can be designed prohibiting the formation of flexural cracks
    by using prestressing, and that it is necessary to examine the corrosion of prestressing
    steel much more carefully. It is advisable to design the prestressed concrete member
    prohibiting the formation of cracks in such environmental conditions.

    3.1.3 Prediction of Flexural Crack Width


    (1) Derivation of equation for predicting flexural crack width
    When the flexural moment is applied to RC beams, a flexural crack due to flexural
    tensile stress occurs at the extreme tension fiber. Then, as the moment is increased, the
    number of cracks increases and the crack spacing gets smaller. This will cause the
    tensile stress in concrete between the adjacent cracks. After the initiation of number of
    flexural cracks, new cracks are hardly formed because of a relatively short
    development length for bond stress. Hence, the stable state of cracking is obtained. At
    this stage, cracked portion around the tensile reinforcement in a flexural member can
    be considered to be equivalent to a concrete member having a single reinforcement
    subjected to pull-out force at both ends (Fig. 3.1).
    Denote l as the crack spacing. From the equilibrium of forces at the mid section
    between cracks, the following relationship can be derived:

    l/2

    l
    b ( x ) U dx = b U = ct A e
    2

    (3.1)

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