APA Citation Style Examples for UWA

Reference formats

Special conditions

Author variations

Books and eBooks

3-5 authors repeated citations

For 1, 2, 3-5 or 6-7 author/s see

examples under Book & eBooks

Chapter in book

Article from CMO

8 or more authors

Conference proceedings and papers

Author & publisher the same

Author/year same, 2 or more works

Dictionary/encyclopaedia entries

Citing a work that someone else has

cited

Editor/s

images

Direct quotes & paraphrases

First author/year same, 3+authors &

2+ works

Journal articles

Multiple citations in same parentheses

Linking multiple authors: & or and

Multimedia & Software

No date available (n.d.)

No author- Article

Music resources

Numbered edition other than 1st

No author- Book

Newspapers & Magazines

Retrieved from a database

Organisation as author

Reports

Retrieval date (if required)

Parentheses () or brackets [] for extra

information

Standards & Patents

Title which includes a subtitle

Tables & Figures (republished or

adapted)
Theses
Web sources (page, blogs, social media
etc.)

Rules for naming authors, in-text and the reference list, are given mainly under Books & eBooks but they apply to all reference
types. In most examples of in-text citations with multiple authors only the first iteration is given.

Books and eBooks [Top]

Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Book: Single author

(Pegrum, 2009)

Pegrum, M. (2009). From blogs to bombs: The future of electronic technologies in

education. Crawley, W.A: UWA Publishing.

(Page & Stritzke, 2015)

Book: Two authors

But when outside parenthesis:

Page and Stritzke (2015)

suggested that ...
First citation:

Book: 3-5 authors

(Ranzijn, McConnochie, &

Nolan, 2009)
Subsequent citations:

Book: 6-7 authors

(See Journal Articles for 8 or more
authors)

Book: Different
editions

Page, A. C., & Stritzke, W. G. K. (2015). Clinical psychology for trainees: Foundations of
nd
science-informed practice (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ranzijn, R., McConnochie, K., & Nolan, W. (2009). Psychology and indigenous
Australians: Foundations of cultural competence. South Yarra, Vic: Palgrave
Macmillan.

(Ranzijn et al., 2009)

If you have two or more references with the same first author and date, name as many authors as necessary to distinguish the
references in every iteration.

(Wolfe et al., 2015)

Wolfe, J. M., Kluender, K. R., Dennis, L. M., Bartoshuk, L. M., Herz, R. S., Lederman, S.
J., & Merfeld, D. M. (2015). Sensation & perception (4th ed.). Sunderland, MA:
Sinauer Associates.

(Passer & Smith, 2015)

Passer, M. W., & Smith, R. E. (2015). Psychology: The science of mind and behaviour
(2nd ed.). North Ryde, NSW: McGraw-Hill Education.
1

Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Book: No author

(The Australian Oxford

dictionary, 1999)

The Australian Oxford dictionary (3rd ed.). (1999). Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

Book: Editor

(Hallinan, 2006)

Hallinan, M. T. (Ed.). (2006). Handbook of the sociology of education. New York:

Springer.

Book: 2 or more
editors

(Day & Antonakis, 2012)

Day, D.V., & Antonakis, J. (Eds.). (2012). The nature of leadership (2nd ed.). Los
Angeles, CA: Sage.

Book: Organisation as
author

(Australian Bureau of
Statistics, 2000)

Book: Chapter [ie.

article] in edited book

(Groundwater-Smith,
2007)

Groundwater-Smith, S. (2007). As rain is to fields, so good teachers are to students. In

S. Knipe (Ed.), Middle years schooling: Reframing adolescence (pp. 151-170).
Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Education Australia.

eBook: Entire book

(Chisum, 2006)

Chisum, W. J. (2006). Crime reconstruction [Adobe Digital Editions]. Retrieved from

Ebook Library.

eBook: Chapter

(Mitchell, 1913)

Mitchell, H. W. (1913). Alcoholism and the alcoholic psychoses. In W. A. White & S. E.

Jelliffe (Eds.), The modern treatment of nervous and mental diseases (Vol. 1, pp. 287330). Retrieved from PsycBOOKS.

Book: Different works

by same author in
same year

Distinguish the works by placing a b

c, etc after the publication date

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Population by age and sex, New South Wales,
30 June 2000 (ABS Cat. no. 3235.1). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author.
Where the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.

Glenn, W. H., & Johnson, D. A. (1964a). Calculating devices. London: John Murray.

(Glenn & Johnson, 1964a)

(Glenn & Johnson, 1964b)

Glenn, W. H., & Johnson, D. A. (1964b). Graphs. London: Murray.

Reference book: Entry

(Keyormarsi, O'Leary &

Pardee, 2007)

Keyormarsi, K., O'Leary, N., & Pardee, A. B. (2007). Cell division. In McGraw-Hill
encyclopedia of science & technology (9th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 618-621). New York:
McGraw-Hill.

eReference book: Entry

(Keyormarsi, O'Leary &

Pardee, 2014)

Keyormarsi, K., & Pardee, A. B. (2014). Cell division. In McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of

science & technology. Retrieved from AccessScience.

Journal Articles [Top]

Material Type
Journal article in print:
8 or more authors

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

(Sohrabi et al., 2011)

Sohrabi, H. R., Weinborn, M., Badcock, J., Bates, K. A., Clarnette, R., Trivedi, D.,
Martins, R. N. (2011). New lexicon and criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's
disease. Lancet Neurology, 10(4), 299-300.
Complete author list:

Sohrabi, H. R., Weinborn, M., Badcock, J. Bates, K. A., Clarnette, R.,

Trivedi, D.,Verdile, G., Sutton, T., Lenzo, N. P., Gandy, S. E., Martins, R. N.
(Gagn et al., 2015, p.
185)
Or

Journal article online:

With direct quotation
or paraphrase

Gagn et al. (2015)

reported that Results
showed that the MWMS
had an invariant
configuration in the three
languages (p. 185), ...

Gagn, M., Forest, J., Vansteenkiste, M., Crevier-Braud, L., van den Broeck, A., Aspeli,
A. K., . . . Westbye, C. (2015). The Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale:
Validation evidence in seven languages and nine countries. European Journal of
Work and Organizational Psychology, 24(2), 178-196.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2013.877892
When paraphrasing text include page number/s in the in-text citation but do not use quotation marks. There is a right and a wrong
way to paraphrase. - see the Study Smarter guide at
http://www.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/rtf_file/0010/1861354/RT4.4_Paraphrasing.rtf

First citation:

Journal article online:

Digital Object Identifier
supplied

(Almeida, Dickinson,
Maybery, Badcock, &
Badcock, 2010)
Subsequent citations:

(Almeida et al., 2010)

Journal article online:
No DOI supplied
(Pheme authentication
required)

(Anderson & Reid, 2009)

Almeida, R. A., Dickinson, J., Maybery, M. T., Badcock, J. C., & Badcock, D. R. (2010).
Visual search performance in the autism spectrum ii: The radial frequency search
task with additional segmentation cues. Neuropsychologia, 48(14), 4117-4124.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.10.009

Anderson, M., & Reid, C. (2009). Don't forget about levels of explanation. Cortex: A
Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 45(4), 560-561.
Retrieved from ScienceDirect.

Material Type
Journal article online:
No DOI supplied (freely
available on the Web)

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

(Thomas & Bosch, 2005)

Thomas, K., & Bosch, B. (2005). An exploration of the impact of chronic fatigue
syndrome and implications for psychological service provision. E-Journal of Applied
Psychology, 1(1), 23-40. Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/article/download/4/13
Best, C. T., & Queen, H. F. (1989). Baby it's in your smile: Right hemiface bias in infant
emotional expressions. Developmental Psychology, 25(2), 264-276. Retrieved from
University of Western Australia Course Materials Online.

Journal article online:

CMO electronic
database

(Best & Queen, 1989)

Journal article online:

Advance publication

(Goodhew, Edwards,
Boal, & Bell, 2014)

Goodhew, S. C., Edwards, M., Boal, H. L., & Bell, J. (2014). Two objects or one?
Similarity rather than complexity determines objecthood when resolving dynamic
input. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance.
Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000022

Journal article online:

In preprint archive

(Martnez, in press)

Martnez, M. (in press). Imperative content and the painfulness of pain.

Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences. Retrieved from
http://cogprints.org/6899/1/Imperative_Content_and_
the_Painfulness_of_Pain.pdf

Journal article
submitted for
publication

Delgado, Suriyagoda,
Ziga-Feest, Borie, &
Lambers, 2014)

Delgado, M., Suriyagoda, L., Ziga-Feest, A., Borie, F., & Lambers, H. (2014). Divergent
functioning of Proteaceae species: The South American Embothrium coccineum
displays a combination of adaptive traits to survive in high-phosphorus soils.
Manuscript submitted for publication.

[Note: This format only applies to articles actually housed in CMO. If the full text is in an external database other rules in this
section need to be applied e.g. the CMO article has a DOI or the link opens in in an external database such as Education Full Text.]

Conference Proceedings [Top]

Material Type
Paper in conference
proceedings in print

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

(Game, 2001)

Game, A. (2001). Creative ways of being. In J. R. Morss, N. Stephenson & J.

F. H. V. Rappard (Eds.), Theoretical issues in psychology: Proceedings of the
International Society for Theoretical Psychology 1999 Conference (pp. 3-12).
Sydney: Springer.
Balakrishnan, R. (2006, March). Why aren't we using 3D user interfaces, and will we
ever? Paper presented at the IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vr.2006.148

Paper in conference
proceedings online:
Electronic database

(Balakrishnan, 2006)

Conference papers:
Unpublished

(Santhanam, Martin,
Goody & Hicks, 2001)

Santhanam, E., Martin, K., Goody, A., & Hicks, O. (2001). Bottom-up steps towards
closing the loop in feedback on teaching: A CUTSD project. Paper presented at
Teaching and Learning Forum - Expanding horizons in teaching and learning, Perth,
Australia, 7-9 February 2001.

Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Government reports

(Western Australia.
Department of Health
Nursing and Midwifery
Office, 2013).

Western Australia. Department of Health Nursing and Midwifery Office. (2013).

Aboriginal Nursing and Midwifery Strategic Plan 2011-2015. Retrieved from
http://www.nursing.health.wa.gov.au/projects/

Non-government
reports

(Kendall, 2011)

Kendall, C. (2011). Report on psychological distress and depression in the legal

profession: Prepared for the Council of the Law Society of Western Australia. Retrieved
from http://www.mhlcwa.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Psychological-distressdepression-in-the-legal-profession-16-May-2011.pdf

Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Newspaper article in
print

(Hatch, 2006)

Hatch, B. (2006, July 13). Smoke lingers for those who keep hospitality flowing.
Australian Financial Review, p. 14.

Reports

Published in IEEE Explore but has doi. Conference is published regularly.

[Top]

Newspapers [Top]

Material Type
Newspaper article:
No author

In-Text Citation
Use first few words of article title in
quotation marks

("Comstock drill plans,"

2009)

Newspaper article
online:
Electronic database

(OLeary, 2006)

Newspaper article
online:
freely available on the
Web

(Hilts, 1999)

Reference List & Notes

Comstock drill plans reined in. (2009, January 9). Upstream: The International Oil and
Gas Newspaper. p. 20.

O'Leary, C. (2006, June 29). Landmark study to aid push for public smoking ban. The
West Australian, p.14. Retrieved from Factiva.
Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out.
The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Some online newspapers are un-paginated, so no page numbers can be given in the reference

Multimedia formats & Software [Top]

Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Films or
videorecordings and
DVDs of films.

(De Heer & Djigrr, 2007)

De Heer, R. (Director), & Djigirr, P. (Co-Director). (2007). Ten canoes [Motion picture].
Australia: The AV Channel.

Television programme

(Crystal, 1993)

Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour
[Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

Audio podcast

(Zijlstra, 2011)

Zijlstra, M. (Presenter). (2011, May 28). Natural semantic metalanguage [Audio

podcast]. Retrieved from
http://mpegmedia.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/2011/05/lin_20110528.mp3

Video podcast

(Kloft, 2006)

Kloft, M. (Producer/Director). (2006). The Nuremberg trials

[Motion picture]. In M. Samuels (Executive Producer), American experience.
Podcast retrieved from WGBH:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rss/podcast_pb.xml

YouTube video

(PsycINFO, 2013)

Software

(Skyscape, 2011)

PsycINFO. (2013, March 5). Sample PsycINFO search on OVIDSP [Video file]. Retrieved
from http://www.youtuebe.com/watch?v=jlb_84ykXj0
Skyscape. (2011). Skyscape Medical Resources (Version 1.14.8) [Mobile application
software]. Retrieved from
http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/id293170168?mt=8&ign-mpt=uo%3D4

Music resources [Top]

Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Liner notes from a

sound recording

(Hogwood, 1993)

Hogwood, C. (1993). [Liner notes]. On My Ladye Nevells booke [CD]. London, England:
I'Oiseau-Lyre.

Sound recording: CD

(Mahler, 1984)

Mahler, G. (1984). Symphony no. 1 in D Major [Recorded by Chicago Symphony

Orchestra, conducted by Sir Georg Solti; CD]. London: Decca.

Track from a sound

recording

(Vine, 1996, track 1)

In text citations include side and band
or track numbers

Vine, C. (1996). 5 bagatelles [Recorded by I. Munro; CD]. On Mere bagatelles. Australia:

Tall Poppies.

Track from a sound

recording: Online

(Vine, 5 bagatelles, 1996)

Vine, C. (1996). 5 bagatelles [Recorded by I. Munro; CD]. On Mere bagatelles. Australia:

Tall Poppies. Retrieved from Naxos Music Library.

Music score: Print

(Stravinsky, 1975)

Stravinsky, I. (1975). Rite of spring [Musical score]. London: Hansen House.

Music score: Online

(Stravinsky, 1975)

Stravinsky, I. (1975). Rite of spring [Musical score]. London: Hansen House. Retrieved
from Classical Scores Library.

Music score in set of

complete works

(Verdi, 1983)

Verdi, G. (1983). Rigoletto: Melodrama in three acts. In P. Gossett (Series Ed.) & M.
Chusid (Vol. Ed.), The works of Giuseppe Verdi: Series 1, Operas (Vol. 17) [Musical
Score]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Music score in an
anthology

(Schumann, 1849/1988)

Schumann, R. (1988). Kennst du das Land [Knowest thou where], Op. 79 [Vocal score].
In C. V. Palisca (Ed.), Norton Anthology of Western Music (2nd ed., pp. 338-342).
New York: Norton. (Original work published in 1849)

Libretto

(Sondheim, 2008)

Sondheim, S. & Lapine, J. (2008). Into the woods [Libretto]. New York: Theatre
4

Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Communications Group, Inc.

Standards & Patents [Top]

Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Standard: Print

(Standards Australia/New
Zealand Standard, 1994)

Standards Australia. (1994). Information Processing - Text and office systems - Office
Document Architecture (ODA) and Interchange format: Part 10: Formal
Specifications (AS/NZS 3951.10:1994). Homebush, NSW: Standards Australia.

Standard online:
Electronic database

(Standards Australia,
2008)

Standards Australia. (2008). Personal flotation devices General requirements (AS

4758.1-2008). Retrieved from Standards Online.

Patent

(U.S. Patent No.

5,641,424.7, 1996)

Hornak, P. (1996). Resonator for magnetic resonance imaging of the ankle. U.S. Patent
No. 5,641,424.7.

Patent online:
Electronic database

(Australian Patent No. AU

2008100919, 2008)

Clark, J. M. & McCallum, J. M. (2008). Method for and composition of excipient suitable
for use in herbal formulations and formulations derived therefrom. Australian
Patent AU 2008100919. Retrieved from SciFinder.

Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Thesis in print:
Unpublished

(Lockhart, 2009)

Lockhart, E. (2009). The physical education curriculum choices of Western Australian

primary school teachers (Unpublished masters thesis). University of Western
Australia.

Thesis in print:
Published

(May, 2007)

May, B. (2007). A survey of radial velocities in the zodiacal dust cloud. Bristol, UK:
Canopus Publishing.

Thesis online:
Electronic database

(Rich, 1989)

Rich, P. D. (1989). The rule of ritual in the Arabian Gulf, 1858-1947: The influence of
English public schools (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest
Dissertations and Theses - UK & Ireland. (AAT 8918197)

(Brydges, 2014)

Brydges, C. (2014). The development of executive functions: Evidence from behavioural

and electrophysiological perspectives. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Western
Australia, Crawley, WA). Retrieved from http://researchrepository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/the-development-of-executive-functionsevidence-from-behavioural-and-electrophysiological-persepctives(6dce2f55-4ab24bfe-85c7-5fba8545f186).html

Theses [Top]

Thesis online:
Institutional repository

Web Sources [Top]

Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Web page

(Australian Psychological
Society, 2008)

Australian Psychological Society. (2008). Substance abuse: Position statement.

Retrieved from
http://www.psychology.org.au/publications/statements/substance/
Note: When citing an entire website and not a particular document on the website give the address in-text only. No reference list
entry required (See APA Style Guide to Electronic Sources, 2013, p. 32)

Web page: No author

(Improve indigenous
housing, 2007)
Use the first few words of the page
title

Web page: No date

Webpage: No author or
date: With quote

(Jones, n.d.)
(Mindfulness
meditation, n.d., para 8)
Count paragraphs if not numbered

Press release

(Perth Zoo, 2014)

Fact sheet

(CSIRO Minerals Down

Under National Research

Improve indigenous housing now, governments told. (2007). Retrieved from

http://www.raia.com.au/i-cms?page=10220
Jones, M. D. (n.d.). Commentary on indigenous housing initiatives. Retrieved from
http://www.architecture.com.au
Mindfulness meditation. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.freemeditations.com/mindfulness-meditation.html
Perth Zoo. (2014, March 11). Meerkat kits born at Perth Zoo [Press release]. Retrieved
from http://www.perthzoo.wa.gov.au/meerkat-kits-born-at-perth-zoo-19406/
CSIRO Minerals Down Under National Research Flagship. (2011). Driving sustainability
through system innovation [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from
http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Climate/Reducing-GHG/driving-sustainabilityfactsheet.aspx
5

Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Flagship, 2011)

Discussion forum

(Malissa, 2008)

Malissa, A. (2008, October 2). Re: Egypt planning DNA test on 3,500 year old mummy
[Online forum comment]. Retrieved from
http://www.topix.com/science/anthropology/ 2008/05/egypt-planning-dna-testfor-3-500-year-old-mummy

Blog

(Brown, 2008)

Brown, M. (2008, November 1). A royal pardon for the British witches? [Web log post].
Retrieved from http://www. worldhistoryblog.com/

Electronic mailing list

(Anderson, 2005)

Anderson, O. (2005, June 2). Re: Psychology of terrorism [Electronic mailing list
message]. Retrieved from http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/theoryfrankfurt-school/2005w22/msg00000.htm

Wiki

(Sports psychology, n.d.)

Sports psychology. (n.d.). In The psychology wiki. Retrieved December 2, 2008, from
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/ Sports_psychology

Tables & Figures [Top]

Material Type

In-Text Citation

All or part of a table,

figure, or data used in
text:
From a print journal

Figure 6. Adapted from

A Conceptual Validation
Study of the Texture
Response on the
Rorschach, " by A. Marsh
and D. J. Viglione, 1992,
Journal of Personality
Assessment, 58(3), p. 576.
Copyright 1992 by Society
for Personality
Assessments. Adapted
with permission.

All or part of a table,

figure, or data used in
text:
From a book

Note. From
Thermophysical
Properties of Fluids, p.
113, by M.J. Assael, 1998,
London: Imperial College
Press. Copyright 1998 by
Imperial College Press.
Reprinted with
permission.

All or part of a table,

figure, or data used in
text:
From the Web.

Note. The data in column

# are from International
Merchandise Imports,
Australia, Jan 2009,
Australian Bureau of
Statistics. Copyright 2009
by ABS. Reprinted with
permission.

Reference List & Notes

Marsh, A., & Viglione, D. J. (1992). A Conceptual validation study of the texture
response on the Rorschach. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(3), 571-579.
Republished or adapted tables, figures or data must be clearly marked and the original source provided in text and appended to
the caption of the table or figure.

Assael, M. J. (1998). Thermophysical properties of fluids. London: Imperial College

Press.
Add in-text citation to the text of the illustrations caption.

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2009). International merchandise imports Australia,

January 2009 (No. 5439.0), Retrieved from http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats
/abs@.nsf/mf/ 5439.0?OpenDocument
Add in-text citation to the text of the illustrations caption.

Images [Top]
Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Image original:
Citation only in text

(Van Gogh, 1888)

Van Gogh, V. (1888). Van Gogh's Chair [Painting]. London: The National Gallery.

Image reproduction:
Citation only in-text

...the painting 'Mona Lisa'

(Gombrich, 1995, p. 203)
...

Gombrich, E. H. (1995). The story of art (16th ed.). London: Phaidon.

Image used in text:

Electronic database

(Primal Pictures, 2009)

Primal Pictures. (2009). Regional anatomy: Head and neck: Meninges (layer 4, frame
19) [Image]. Retrieved from anatomy.tv.

Material Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Image used in text:

Freely available online

(linzart120, 2008)

linzart120 (2008). Illusions [Image]. Retrieved from

http://browse.deviantart.com/?qh=&section=&q=optical+illusions#/d1g5qs9
If no artist name is available, use the first few words of the image title

Multiple citations in same parentheses [Top]

Citation type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Multiple citations in
one parentheses
reference

(Anderson & Reid, 2009;

Howitt & Cramer, 2008)

Anderson, M., & Reid, C. (2009). Don't forget about levels of explanation. Cortex: A
Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nervous System and Behavior, 45(4), 560-561.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2008.06.005

[Same order as reference list]

Howitt, D., & Cramer, D. (2008). Introduction to research methods in psychology (2nd
ed.). Harlow, England: FT Prentice Hall.

Citing information that someone else has cited [Top]

Citation Type

In-Text Citation

Reference List & Notes

Secondary citation

O'Reilly (as cited in Byrne,

2008) argues that

Byrne, A. (2008). Web 2.0 strategies in libraries and information services. The
Australian Library Journal, 57(4), 365-376.