#####################Directories########################

man -k (apropos) >> shows a list of man pages matching a string

whatis
>> shows the desription of man page
wheries >> shows the location of man page
man hier >> shows help for the of linux file system FHS (File heirarchy standa
rd)
which
>> shows the full path of shell commands
#####################Directories########################
cd >> previous path
cd ~
>> home directory
cd ..
>> parent directory
cd /home >> relative directory
cd home
>> current directory is assumed
TAB key
>> auto complete
ls -a
>> show hidden files
ls -l
>> lists contents in long-listing format
ls -ltraS
>> show all files+ hidden in long listing format, recursively
by time + Size
ls -lh
>> shows file size in human readable format (MB, GB, KB) with
long listing format
mkdir
>> make directory
mkdir -p dir1/dir2/dir3 >> create directory and sub directories, dir1 must be
existing
rmdir
>> remove directory
rmdir -p
>> remove directories recursively
mv folder
>> renames folder
#######################Files##########################
touch
>> creates new file
touch -t 201607201300 new file >> creates new files with time stamp
file filename >> Utility determines the file type
file -s
>> for special files in /dev & /proc
rm
>> to remove file
rm -i
>> to prevent yourself from accidentally removing files
rm -rf
>> to recursively remove all files with force option
cp -r
>> to recursively copy files under certain directry
cp -i
>> to avoid overwriting while copying
mv file
>> rename file
mv -i file
>> rename file and take permission to avoid overwriting alread
y existing files
rename .conf .backup *.backup >> renames all files ending with .backup to .conf
rename 's/TXT/text/' *
rename -n 's/TXT/txt/g' aTXT.TXT
################Working with file contents####################
head -n file
>> displays first n lines of file, by default n=10
tail -n file
>> displays last n lines of file, by default n=10
tail -f file
>> displays file contents and update the display automati
cally
cat file
>> displays the contens of file
cat > file
>> creates file with input line after enter, ctrl+d to save
tac file
>> displays backwards
cat file1 > file2 >> copy contens of file1 to file2
cat > file <<stop >> insert inputs to file until type "stop": end mark
more
>> displays the contents of file

less
strings

>> displays the contents of file

>> read readable strings

#####################Linux File Tree#######################

##################Commands and Argumens#################
echo string > file
>> type string in a file ignoring spaces
echo "string" >file
>> type string and keeping spaces in files
echo -e string1 \n string2 >> type string1 and string2 in new line
echo -e string1 \t string2 >> type string1 and string2 in new tab
alias rm='rm -i'
>> to set alias to act as one command
alias
>> show current aliases
unalias
>> to remove certain alias
######################Control Operators####################
;
>> Semicolon, is used to separate commands on same line
&
>> will run the command in background and you will get your shell prompt
back and get a message after the command executed
&&
>> Logical AND; the 2nd command will run if only 1st command runs successf
ully
||
>> Logical OR; 2nd command will run if only first commands fails
>> rm file1 && echo It worked! || echo It failed!
#
>> pound sign is used for comments as its ignord by the shell
\
>> escaping special sign, if you want to add special text lik & \ # !
and space, proceed it by \
\
>> end of line backslash, is used to continue in next line
######################Shell Variables ######################
$HOSTNAME, $USER, $UID, $SHELL, and $HOME >> Examples of shell environmental va
riables
$
>> Shell will interpret after it a shell variable and will start looking f
or environmental variables
$VAR
>> Variables should be case sensitive preceeded by $
MyVar=55
>> creates variables
' variables '
>> shell won't interpret it
"variables"
>> shell will interpret the variables
unset variable >> to remove the variable
$PS1
>> variable determines your shell prompt
$PATH
>> variabe determines where the shell looking for commands to
execute unless the command is aliased or builtin
set
>> list all current shell vaiables
env
>> will display list of exported variables
env -i
>> clears the environment subshells
$()
>> interpret embedded shell for variables
paul@deb503:~$ A=shell
paul@deb503:~$ echo $C$B$A $(B=sub;echo $C$B$A; echo $(C=sub;echo $C$B$A))
shell subshell subsubshell
#########################Shell History ######################
!!
history 5
!25
!to
echo $HISTSIZE
HISTSIZE=250
echo $HISTFILE

>> will repeat the last command Bang Bang!!

>> will show last 5 command history
>> will run the command 25 in shell history
>> will run the last command matching this text after !
>> will show history size
>> will change the history size to 250
>> will show history file location /home/user/.ba

sh_history
echo $HISTFILESIZE

>> will show history file size

#########################File Globbing #######################

*
>> interpreted by shell as a sign to generate filenames
matching the comibination
?
>> interpreted by shell as a sign to generate filenames m
atching single character
[ ]
>> interpreted by shell as a sign to generate filenames
matching any characters or numbers between brackets regardless the order, each
pair of brackets is for only one character.
[!]
>> interprets files doesnt match whats inside the bracket
s
\*
>> to prevent the globbing
echo *
>> interpreted as ls
######################### IO Redirection #######################
Image
set -o noclobber
>>prevents files to be erased /overriden while reading
set -C
>>prevents files to be erased /overriden while readin
g
set +o noclobber >>allows files to be erased/overriden while reading
[paul@RHELv4u3 ~]$ cat winter.txt
It is cold today!
[paul@RHELv4u3 ~]$ set -o noclobber
[paul@RHELv4u3 ~]$ echo It is cold today! > winter.txt
-bash: winter.txt: cannot overwrite existing file
[paul@RHELv4u3 ~]$ set +o noclobber
>|
>> overruling noclobber, for files protected by no
clobber
>>
>> append to files
2>
>> redirecting stderr
2>&1
>> redirecting both stderr and stdout
here document
>> append input until certain sequence (Usually EOF)
$ cat > text.txt <<EOF
> one
> two
> EOF
>foo
>> the quickest way to clear a file
>| bar
>> to clear a file if the noclobber is activated
########################### Filters #########################
tee
>> The tee filter puts stdin on stdout and also into a file. So
tee is
almost the same as cat, except that it has two identical outputs.
tac count.txt | tee temp.txt | tac
grep
>> filters lines of text containing certain string
cat tennis.txt | grep Williams
grep Williams tennis.txt
grep
-i
>> filters lines of text ignoring lower/upper case
grep
-v
>> filters lines doesnt matching the string
grep
-A1 >> displays result with one line after
grep
-B1 >> displays result with one line before
grep
-C1 >> displays result with one line after & one line before
cut
>> used to select colomns from files depending on a delimiter
or count of bytes
Example:It uses the colon as a delimiter, and selects fields 1 and 3.
[[paul@RHEL4b pipes]$ cut -d: -f1,3 /etc/passwd | tail -4

Figo:510
Pfaff:511
Harry:516
Hermione:517
tr

>> translates character into another

$ cat tennis.txt | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'>translates lower case into upper case
$ cat count.txt | tr '\n' ' ' > translates new lines into space

s
tr

-s

>> translates multiple occurancies into one

cat spaces.txt | tr -s ' ' >> suppress all spaces into o

ne >>> very useful

tr
-d
>> delete characters from files
wc
>> -l > lines
-w: words -c: characters
sort
>> sorts lines in files
sort -k3
>> alphabetic sort the lines for colomn 3
sort -n -k3 >> numeric sort of lines for colomn 3
uniq
>> to remove duplicate from sorted list
uniq -c
>> to remove dulictaes from sorted list and count repitions
comm
>> comparing streams in 2 files
od
>> shows the contetrns of file in hexa format
od -b
>> in octal bytes
od -d
>> ASCII or backslashed sharacters
sed
>> Stream editot
>> $ echo level5 level7 | sed 's/level/jump/g'
jump5 jump7
>> cat tennis.txt | sed '/BE/d' >> will delete BE from file
#######################Basic Unix Tools #######################
find .
>> find files in current directory and sudirs
find -name
>> find with name
find -type f
>> find with type f
find -type d
>> find with type d
find . -type f -name "*.bak" >> find files having names ending with .bak
find -newer file1 >> find files newer than file1
find -exec command { } \; >> find /data -name "*.odf" -exec cp {} /backup/ \;
find /etc -type f -name '*.conf' | wc -l> find no. of files matching .conf in /e
tc
locate
>> locate files but sometimes updatedb
date
>> to display the date
cal 2 2012
>> to display the calender
sleep 5
>> sometimes bash needs to wait for certain time in seconds
time command >> to show how long the command took> time bzip2 text.txt
###################Archiving and Compression###################
Compress:
gzip & gunzip
>> used to compress and uncompress files using gzip format
zcat & zmore
>> used to view the contents of gzip format files
bzip2 & bunzip2 >> used to comoress and uncompress files using bzip2 format
bzcat & bzmore
>> used to view the contents of bzip2bz format files
Archive:
tar -c
tar -x

>> create archive

>> extract tar file

compress and archive:

tar -czvf
file.tar.gz >>> creates archive with gzip to untar > tar -xz
vf
tar -cjvf
file.tar.bz >>> creates archive with bzip2q to untar > tar

-xjvf
######################Vi Commadn Editor######################
getting to command mode:
Esc
>> set vi(m) in command mode.
a >>start typing after the current character
A >>start typing at the end of the current line
i >>start typing before the current character
I >>start typing at the start of the current line
o >>start typing on a new line after the current line
O >>start typing on a new line before the current line
Replace and delete
x delete the character below the cursor
X delete the character before the cursor
r replace the character below the cursor
p paste after the cursor (here the last deleted character)
xp switch two characters
Undo and repeat
u undo the last action
. repeat the last action
Cut, copy and paste a line
dd cut the current line
yy (yank yank) copy the current line
p paste after the current line
P paste before the current line
3dd cut three lines
4yy copy four lines
Start and
0 jump to
^ jump to
$ jump to
d0 delete
d$ delete

end of line
start of current line
start of current line
end of current line
until start of line
until end of line

join two lines

J join two lines
yyp duplicate a line
ddp switch two lines
yyp
words
w forward one word
b back one word
3w forward three words
dw delete one word
yw yank (copy) one word
5yb yank five words back
7dw delete seven words
save and exit vi
:w save (write)
:w fname save as fname
:q quit

:wq save and quit

ZZ save and quit
:q! quit (discarding your changes)
:w! save (and write to non-writable file!)
searching
/string forward search for string
ww?string backward search for string
n go to next occurrence of search string
/^string forward search string at beginning of line
/string$ forward search string at end of line
/br[aeio]l search for bral brel bril and brol
/\<he\> search for the word he (and not for here or the)
Replace
:4,8 s/foo/bar/g replace foo with bar on lines 4 to 8
:1,$ s/foo/bar/g replace foo with bar on all lines
Read files and input
:r fname (read) file fname and paste contents
:r !cmd execute cmd and paste its output
Text buffers
"add delete current line and put text in buffer a
"g7yy copy seven lines into buffer g
"ap paste from buffer a
Multiple files
vi file1 file2 file3 start editing three files
:args lists files and marks active file
:n start editing the next file
:e toggle with last edited file
:rew rewind file pointer to first file
Abbreviations
:ab str long string abbreviate str to be 'long string'
:una str un-abbreviate str
#######################Users Management#####################
usermod -aG wheel username
>> add sudo priviliges to certain user