Chapter 2

CHAPTER 2
MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING
SUMMARY OF QUESTIONS BY OBJECTIVES AND BLOOMS TAXONOMY
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Multiple Choice Questions

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Matching
Short Answer Essay
Multi-Part Question
Managerial Accounting
2-2
SUMMARY OF STUDY OBJECTIVES BY QUESTION TYPE

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Study Objective 1
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2-4
Test Bank for Managerial Accounting, Third Canadian Edition
CHAPTER STUDY OBJECTIVES

1. Define the three classes of manufacturing costs and differentiate between product
costs and period costs. Manufacturing costs are typically classified as either (1) direct
materials, (2) direct labour, or (3) manufacturing overhead. Raw materials that can be
physically and directly associated with the finished product during the manufacturing
process are called direct materials. The work of factory employees that can be physically
and directly associated with converting raw materials into finished goods is considered
direct labour. Manufacturing overhead consists of costs that are indirectly associated with
the manufacture of the finished product.
Product costs are costs that are a necessary and integral part of producing the finished
product. Product costs are also called inventoriable costs. These costs do not become
expenses under the matching principle until the inventory to which they attach is sold.
Period costs are costs that are identified with a specific time period rather than with a
saleable product. These costs relate to non-manufacturing costs and therefore are not
inventoriable costs.
2.
Explain how costs are affected by changes in the levels of business activity.
Variable costs are costs that vary in total directly and proportionately with changes in the
activity index. Fixed costs are costs that remain the same in total regardless of changes in
the activity index. Mixed costs increase in total but not proportionately with changes in the
activity level. One method that management may use is the high-low method.
3.
Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income

statement. The difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income
statement is in the cost of goods sold section. A manufacturing cost of goods sold section
shows beginning and ending finished goods inventories and the cost of goods
manufactured. The cost of the beginning work in process is added to the total
manufacturing costs for the current year to arrive at the total cost of work in process for
the year. The ending work in process is then subtracted from the total cost of work in
process to arrive at the cost of goods manufactured.
4.
Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing balance

sheet. The difference between a manufacturing and a merchandising balance sheet is in
the current asset section. In the current asset section of a manufacturing company's
balance sheet, three inventory accounts are presented: finished goods inventory, work in
process inventory, and raw materials inventory.
2-5
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS
1.
Both direct material cost and indirect material cost are product costs.
2.
Manufacturing costs that cannot be classified as direct material or direct labour are
classified as operating expenses.
3.
Raw materials are equal to direct materials.
4.
Raw materials that cannot be conveniently and directly associated with a finished product,
but are used in production, are called indirect materials.
5.
The total cost of a finished product generally contains equal amounts of material, labour,
and manufacturing overhead costs.
6.
Direct material costs and direct labour costs are prime costs.
7.
Indirect materials and indirect labour are both period costs.
8.
Direct labour costs plus prime costs equals manufacturing overhead costs.
9.
Total product costs are deducted from total cost of work in process to calculate cost of
goods manufactured.
10.
Product costs are inventoriable costs.
11.
Variable costs are fixed on a per-unit basis and variable in total.
12.
Fixed costs appear to vary on a per-unit basis but are fixed in total.
13.
Cost behaviour analysis is the study of how total costs, concurrently are affected by
changes in the level of business activity.
14.
An activity level can be expressed in sales dollars, kilometres driven, units produced,
number of dance classes taught or percentage of rooms occupied.
15.
Variable costs vary exponentially with the changes in the companys activity level.
2-6
16.
Within the relevant range a valid argument can be made for the assumption of linearity of
variable costs
17.
At the upper and lower limits of the relevant range of company activity, linearity of variable
costs is a given.
18.
The relevant range is reflective of the relevant range of products a company offers to its
customers.
19.
Fixed costs may jump (rather than remaining fixed) at incremental levels of activity.
20.
Mixed costs are comprised of both fixed costs and variable costs, and as a result, mixed
costs increase proportionately with an increase in activity level.
21.
Mixed costs change in total, but not proportionately with the change in activity level.
22.
An electricity bill is an example of mixed costs. The fixed portion represents the cost of
having the service available and the variable cost is reflective of actual customer usage.
23.
For future planning and predicting purposes, it is important for managerial accountants to
separate fixed and variable costs within total mixed costs.
24.
The high-low method is a quick means of separating fixed and variable costs.
25.
What the high-low method may lack in precision, it makes up for in efficiency and ease of
use.
26.
Ending finished goods, work in process, and raw materials inventory appear on the
balance sheet of a manufacturing company.
27.
The work in process inventory appears on the balance sheet and the income statement of
a manufacturing company.
28.
In calculating gross profit for a manufacturing company, the cost of goods sold is deducted
from net sales.
29.
Finished goods inventory appears on a cost of goods manufactured schedule.
2-7
30.
If the ending work in process inventory is less than the beginning work in process
inventory, then the cost of goods manufactured will be less than total manufacturing costs
for the period.
31.
Finished goods inventory for a manufacturing company is equivalent to merchandise

inventory for a merchandising company.
32.
Raw materials inventory is not an asset until it is used to make a product.
33.
Finished goods inventory represents the cost of completed goods available for sale to
customers.
2-8
ANSWERS TO TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS

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2-9
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

34.
In which of the following categories do indirect materials belong?

Product
Cost
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
35.
Manufacturing
Overhead
No
No
Yes
Yes
Period
Cost
Yes
No
No
Yes
Which one of the following is indirect labour considered?

a. Product cost
b. Nonmanufacturing cost
c. Period cost
d. Raw material cost
36.
Which one of the following costs would be included in manufacturing overhead of a lawn
mower manufacturer?
a. The cost of the wheels
b. The cost of the fuel lines that run from the motor to the gas tank
c. Depreciation on the testing equipment
d. The wages earned by motor assemblers
37.
Which of the following would most likely be included in manufacturing overhead?

a. Rent on the companys store
b. Insurance on a delivery truck
c. Rent on the companys factory
d. an oil change on a delivery truck
38.
For 2012, Sparkman Company has cost of goods manufactured of $500,000, beginning
finished goods inventory of $25,000, and ending finished goods inventory of $20,000. How
much is cost of goods sold?
a. $505,000
b. $495,000
c. $545,000
d. $455,000
39.
Which beginning and ending inventories appear on a cost of goods manufactured

schedule?
a. Raw materials only
b. Raw materials and work in process only
c. Raw materials, work in process, and finished goods
d. Work in process only
2-10
40.
Which of the following represents the correct order in which inventories are reported on a
manufacturers balance sheet?
a. Raw materials, work in process, finished goods
b. Work in process, finished goods raw materials
c. Finished goods, work in process, raw materials
d. Work in process, raw materials, finished goods
41.
Into which one of the following accounts would the work of factory employees, that can be
physically and directly associated with converting raw materials into finished goods, be
categorized?
a. Direct labour
b. Indirect labour
c. Manufacturing overhead
d. Indirect materials
42.
Which one of the following would not be classified as manufacturing overhead?

a. Indirect materials
b. Insurance on factory building
c. Indirect labour
d. Direct materials
43.
Which one of the following is a product cost?

a. Indirect labour
b. Office salaries
c. Sales persons salaries
d. Advertising costs
44.
A company uses sandpaper in its production process. How is the cost of the sandpaper
classified?
a. An insignificant expense that can be ignored
b. A direct material
c. A period cost
d. A product cost
45.
In which classification would the wages of a factory payroll clerk be classified?

a. Raw materials
b. Indirect labour
c. Period cost
d. Direct labour
46.
Which one of the following is not a manufacturing cost?

a. Advertising costs
b. Cost of goods sold
c. Manufacturing overhead
d. Direct materials
2-11
47.
What criteria must be met in order to consider the work of factory employees to be direct
labour?
a. It must be promptly associated with converting materials into products.
b. It must be physically associated with converting materials into products.
c. It must be materially associated with converting materials into products.
d. It must be periodically associated with converting materials into products.
48.
Which one of the following is classified as direct labour?

a. Flour in a bakery
b. Wages of factory janitors
c. Bottlers of cola in a bottling company
d. Copy machine costs at a copy shop
49.
In what category are lubricants that are used for wheel bearings on skateboards produced
by a manufacturer categorized?
a. Selling expense
b. Indirect materials
c. Miscellaneous expense
d. Direct materials
50.
Which one of the following is not another name for the term, manufacturing overhead?
a. Period costs
b. Factory overhead
c. Indirect manufacturing costs
d. Burden
51.
Which product cost is most difficult to associate with a product?

a. Direct labour
b. Advertising
c. Direct materials
d. Manufacturing overhead
52.
A company incurred manufacturing costs that were product costs, but they are not
classified as either direct materials or direct labour. What are these called?
a. Manufacturing overhead
b. Selling and administrative expenses
c. Period costs
d. Marketing costs
53.
Inventoriable costs are also referred to as:

a. Product costs
b. Administrative costs
c. Period costs
d. Recorded costs
2-12
54.
Zirk, Inc. incurred cost of goods manufactured totalling $700,000, manufacturing overhead
of $320,000, and direct materials totalling $40,000. How much is the amount of direct
labour?
a. Cannot be determined from the information provided.
b. $340,000
c. $660,000
d. $700,000
55.
Ranger Company reported total manufacturing costs of $65,000, manufacturing overhead

totalling $13,000, and direct materials totalling $16,000. How much is direct labour cost?
a. Cannot be determined from the information provided.
b. $94,000
c. $29,000
d. $36,000
56.
Which of the following are period costs?

a. Income taxes and indirect materials
c. Indirect labour
d. Advertising and factory depreciation
57.
How does a manufacturing company classify sales commissions?

a. As indirect labour
b. As product costs
c. As manufacturing overhead
d. As period costs
58.
Which of the following are considered product costs?

a. Period costs and administrative expenses
c. Inventoriable costs and plant assets
d. Direct labour costs and manufacturing overhead
59.
When are period costs recorded on the income statement?

a. When they occur
b. When the product that they are associated with is sold
c. At the discretion of management
d. None of the above
60.
What must occur for inventoriable costs to become expenses under the matching
principle?
a. The product must be completed and ready to sell.
b. The product must be sold.
c. All of the costs associated with manufacturing a product must be incurred.
d. The product must have incurred labour.
2-13
61.
Which of the following could be considered either a product or a period cost depending on
the purpose?
a. Manufacturing overhead
b. Direct labour
c. Indirect materials
d. depreciation
62.
Where would you expect to find depreciation on factory equipment?

a. Included with Depreciation Expense on the income statement
b. In the manufacturing overhead section of the costs of goods manufactured
schedule
c. Only on the income statement as part of cost of goods sold
d. As a period cost in the operating expense section of the income statement
63.
Which one of the following represents a period cost?

a. Company advertisement
b. Depreciation of plant equipment
c. Production managers salary
d. Direct materials
64.
Which one of the following is most likely a direct material?

a. sawdust used to soak up spills in a paint factory
b. Lubricants for factory machinery
c. paper used in the photocopy machine in the sales office
d. circuit boards in a computer
65.
Manufacturing overhead can be categorized as:

a. A prime cost and a period cost.
b. A conversion cost and a period cost.
c. A prime cost and a period cost.
d. A conversion cost and a product cost.
66.
Which one of the following is not considered a material cost?

a. Partially completed motor engines for a motorcycle plant
b. Bolts used in manufacturing the compressor of an engine
c. Rivets for the wings of a new commercial jet aircraft
d. Lumber used to build tables
67.
As production manager, Mr. B is asked to track the manufacturing cost per unit on the
factory floor. Total manufacturing costs were $100,000 before considering factory
maintenance salaries of $12,000 and $50,000 of factory depreciation. How much is the
calculation of manufacturing cost per unit if 500 units had been produced in the current
quarter?
a. $224
b. $300
c. $200
d. $324
2-14
68.
Which one of the following is an example of a period cost?

a. A change in benefits for the union workers who work in the Toronto plant of a
Fortune 1000 manufacturer
b. Workers compensation insurance on factory workers wages allocated to the
factory
c. A processor used to produce computers
d. A managers salary for work performed in the corporate head office
69.
Which of the following would most likely be viewed as indirect materials?

a. Ball bearings associated with an industrial tractor wheel
b. Axle grease associated with the suspension of a new car
c. New tires for a commercial truck
d. Cost of boring a cylinder in assembly
70.
As Plant Controller, you are trying to determine the costs over which you have the most
control on a day-to-day basis. Your goal is to achieve better profitability. The Plant
Operations Manager suggests that overhead is the easiest area to directly reduce costs.
Which of the following items would be classified as manufacturing overhead?
a. Factory janitor
b. General corporate liability insurance
c. Cost of landscaping the corporate office
d. The western divisions vice presidents salary
71.
Which of the following is considered manufacturing overhead?

a. Depreciation on the press that moulds the plastic into work in process
b. The line workers Christmas bonus designated by management
c. Tools that were originally utilized for production but are currently being used by
management to fix a copier in the upstairs corporate office
d. The courier charge for delivering a new ball bearing joint for a robotic paint arm
72.
A company loses it opening financial records in a fire. During the following year, it
incurred costs of production of $250,000 and sold $300,000 in merchandise. It took an
inventory count and found that it had $100,000 in product on hand. What should the
companys opening inventory show before the fire?
a. $50,000
b. $100,000
c. $150,000
d. Cannot be determined from the above information
73.
Salaries of sales people who only sell one product should best be shown as:
a. Fixed overhead.
b. Variable overhead.
c. Direct selling costs.
d. Indirect selling costs.
2-15
74
Which of the following is a direct cost of a hotel?

a. Meals in the restaurant
b. Room cleaning
c. Room service
d. Cleaning the lobby
75.
Which of the following are period costs?

a. Workers wages in the shipping department
b. Workers wages paid for statutory holidays
c. Workers wages in the plant maintenance department
d. Workers wages on an assembly line
76.
Which of the following statements is true?

a. Advertising is a product cost and a plant managers salary is a period cost.
b. Advertising is a period cost and a plant managers salary is a manufacturing
overhead cost.
c. Advertising is a period cost and a plant managers salary is a period cost.
d. Advertising is a product cost and a plant managers salary is a manufacturing
overhead cost.
77.
Examples of fixed costs include all but one of the following

a. Cost of factory rent for the 12 month contract term
b. Cost of Janets apartment rent during her 3rd year of university
c.
Cost of a car rental which includes a fee per km driven
d. A one-week rental of a carpet cleaning machine
78.
Variable costs
a. vary in total as activity varies.
b. vary on a per unit basis as activity varies.
c. are unpredictable.
d. None of the above.
79.
Which of the following would most likely be considered direct labour?

a. A worker installing components in a computer
b. A maintenance worker
c. A security guard
d. A sales person
80.
The cost of the management accountant working in the front office of a company is a
a. Direct, variable, product cost.
b. Fixed period cost.
c. Fixed product cost.
d. Indirect period cost.
81.
Indirect labour is a:
2-16
b.
c.
d.
Direct, variable, period cost.

Indirect, variable, product cost.
Indirect, fixed or variable, product cost.
82.
Which of the following would most likely be considered direct material?

a. Wood used to make a chair
b. Lubrication for factory machines
c. Glue used to make a chair
d. Cleaning products used in a factory
83.
Manufacturing overhead is a
b. Direct, variable period costs.
c. Indirect, variable, product cost.
d. Indirect, fixed or variable product cost.
84.
Fees for office cleaning and maintenance are

a. Neither direct nor indirect.
b. Fixed product costs.
c. Variable product costs.
d. Fixed or variable product costs.
85.
Fees for office telephones are

a. Fixed period costs.
b. Mixed period costs.
c.
Variable period costs.
d. Direct, fixed or variable period costs.
86.
Property taxes for the entire manufacturing facility, including the front office and factory
area are
a. Both fixed and variable product costs.
b. Both direct and indirect costs.
c. Both a product and a period cost.
87.
The relevant range can be commonly understood to mean

a. The normal range of output (activity) within which the company operates.
b. The range wherein fixed costs are always fixed.
c. The range wherein variable costs are strictly curvilinear.
d. The range wherein fixed costs are strictly proportional to the level of activity.
88.
Where there is a linear relationship between two variables

a. The change in the dependent variable yields a predictable, constant change in
the independent variable.
b. The change in the independent variable yields a predictable, constant change in
the dependent variable.
2-17
c. There is seldom a linear relationship between two variables.

d. A change in the Y variable yields a predictable, constant change in the X
variable.
89.
Which of the following statements is true?

a. In real life, the curvilinear nature of variable costs is questionable.
b. In real life, fixed costs are fixed in total and do not change at various activity
levels.
c. Within the relevant range, there is rarely a straight-line relationship for both
variable and fixed costs.
d. Within the relevant range the linear assumption is valid and useful for cost
behaviour analysis.
90.
Outside of the relevant range, which of the following outcomes is unlikely?

a. It may be difficult for management to change all fixed costs.
b. Achieving cost efficiency may be difficult.
c. Total fixed costs will not change.
d. At a 0% activity level all fixed costs will cease.
91.
A curvilinear relationship between variable costs and changes in activity levels suggests
what?
a. A strictly linear relationship between fixed costs and activity levels is implausible.
b. A strictly curvilinear relationship between changes in activity levels and variable
costs is possible only within the relevant range.
c. Since the relationship between activity levels and variable costs is linear within
the relevant range and less linear at lower and higher levels outside the relevant
range, the straight-line (linear) relationship takes on a curvature in the real world.
92.
Mixed costs are

a. Costs with both indirect and direct elements.
b. Costs with both product and period elements.
c. Costs with both fixed and variable elements.
d. None of these.
93.
Mixed costs
a. Change in proportion to changes in activity level.
b. Change in total in response to changes in activity level.
c. Change proportionately and in total as a result of changes in activity level.
d. None of these.
94.
To be useful to management accountants for planning and predictive purposes, mixed

costs
a. Must be classified into their fixed and variable elements.
b. Must be classified into their direct and indirect elements.
c. Must be classified into their product and period elements.
d. None of these.
2-18
95.
The high-low method

a. Is a useful means of predicting the highest cost a company will incur in the
operating period.
b. Is a useful means of separating fixed and variable elements from a mixed cost.
c. Is more time-consuming than the scatter diagram method.
d. Is more complex than the use of linear regression analysis.
96.
Critical inputs in using the high-low method include all of the following except:
a. Actual activity levels (production levels) for an operating period.
b. Actual mixed costs (total costs) corresponding to the various activity levels.
c. A calculator.
d. An hypothesis for the slope.
Use the following information for questions 97 through 100.

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
# Machine
Hours (X)
3,000
4,500
8,000
7,000
6,000
9,000
3,500
5,500
Maintenance
Costs (Y)
$440
$690
$510
$600
$550
$980
$840
$600
97.
Which of the following choices represents the highest and lowest respective coordinates
of activity level and corresponding total costs?
a. (3,000 units, $440), (9,000 units, $980)
b. (9,000 units, $980), (3,000 units, $440)
c. ($3,000, 440 units), ($9,000, 980 units)
d. ($9,000, 980 units), ($3,000, 440 units)
98.
Using the high-low method, what is the slope for this set of data?
a. $9
b. $0.09
c. $11.11
d. $540
99.
What does the slope represent?

a. The rate at which the X variable changes as a result of the Y variable
b. The rate at which the Y variable changes as a result of the X variable
c. The rate at which the dependent variable changes as a result of the fixed cost
component
d. The rate at which the independent variable changes as a result of changes in the
dependent variable
2-19
100.
What is the equation of the line using the high-low method and this data?
a.
$980 = 170 + (0.09X)
b.
Y = $170 + (0.09 x 9,000)
c.
Y = 170+ ($0.09 X)
d.
X = 170+ ($0. 09 Y)
101.
A high-low approach to establishing fixed and variable components of costs is most

effective when information available is:
a. Curvilinear.
b. Erratic and highly fluctuating.
c. Outside of the relevant range.
d. Linear.
102.
Inside the relevant range, what costs are hardest for management to change:
a. Direct labour.
b. Direct materials.
c. Fixed production costs.
d. Variable production costs.
103
The main difference between variable and fixed costs is:

a. Variable costs can be controlled by management, while fixed costs are not.
b. Variable costs change in small amounts while fixed costs never change.
c. Total variable costs are variable in the relevant range and fixed in the long term,
while fixed costs never change.
d. Variable costs per unit are fixed in the relevant range and fixed costs per unit are
variable.
104.
In periods of higher than normal activity for a manufacturing company:

a. Variable costs will decline but fixed costs will remain unchanged.
b. Variable costs will increase and fixed costs will decline.
c. Variable costs per unit may increase while fixed costs per unit may decline.
d. Variable costs per unit may increase and fixed costs per unit may increase.
105.
Which one of the following is the correct calculation of cost of goods sold for a
manufacturing company?
a. Beginning FG inventory cost of goods manufactured ending FG inventory
b. Ending FG inventory cost of goods manufactured + beginning FG inventory
c. Beginning FG inventory + cost of goods purchased ending FG inventory
d. Beginning FG inventory + cost of goods manufactured ending FG inventory
106.
How does a manufacturing company report cost of goods manufactured?

a. As a current asset on the balance sheet
b. As a component of the raw materials inventory on the balance sheet
c. As a component in the calculation of cost of goods sold on the income statement
d. As an administrative expense on the income statement
2-20
107.
If you want to know the amounts a company used to calculate, Cost of goods
manufactured, where would you look?
a. On the income statement
b. On the balance sheet
c. On both the balance sheet and income statement
d. Only in the managerial accounting records
108.
A merchandising company includes cost of goods purchased in its calculation of cost of

goods sold. What is the counterpart used by a manufacturing company?
a. Ending inventory
b. Beginning inventory
c. Cost of goods available for sale
d. Cost of goods manufactured
109.
Cost of goods sold applies to

a. only merchandisers' income statements.
b. only manufacturers' income statements.
c. both manufacturers and merchandisers' income statements.
d. manufacturers, merchandisers, and service companies.
110.
How is the cost of goods manufactured calculated?

a. Beginning WIP + direct materials used + direct labour + manufacturing overhead
+ ending WIP
b. Direct materials used + direct labour + manufacturing overhead beginning WIP
+ ending WIP
c. Beginning WIP + direct materials used + direct labour + manufacturing overhead
ending WIP
d. Direct materials used + direct labour + manufacturing overhead ending WIP
beginning WIP
111.
During 2012, "cost of goods manufactured" was less than the amount of "Total
manufacturing costs" for the period. Which statement is true?
a. Ending work in process inventory is greater than beginning work in process
inventory.
b. Ending work in process is less than beginning work in process inventory.
c. Ending work in process is equal to the cost of goods manufactured.
d. Ending work in process is less than beginning finished goods inventory.
112.
Hardigan Manufacturing Company reported the following year-end information: beginning

work in process inventory, $80,000; cost of goods manufactured, $980,000; beginning
finished goods inventory, $50,000; ending work in process inventory, $70,000; and ending
finished goods inventory, $40,000. How much is Haridgans cost of goods sold for the
year?
a. $980,000
b. $990,000
c. $970,000
d.
$1,000,000
Use the following information for questions 113-115.

Caltreck Manufacturing Inc.'s accounting records reflect the following inventories:
Dec. 31, 2012
Dec. 31, 2011
Raw materials inventory
$100,000
$ 80,000
Work in process inventory
130,000
145,000
Finished goods inventory
125,000
115,000
During 2012, Caltreck purchased $950,000 of raw materials, incurred direct labour costs of
$125,000, and incurred manufacturing overhead totalling $160,000.
113.
How much raw materials is transferred to production during 2012 for Caltreck
Manufacturing?
a. $1,240,000
b. $970,000
c. $950,000
d. $930,000
114.
How much is total manufacturing costs incurred during 2012 for Caltreck?
a. $1,240,000
b. $1,255,000
c. $1,235,000
d. $1,250,000
115.
Assume Caltreck Manufacturings cost of goods manufactured for 2012 amounted to

$1,200,000. How much would it report as cost of goods sold for the year?
a. $1,210,000
b. $1,250,000
c. $1,325,000
d. $1,190,000
116.
Hooter Manufacturing Company reported the following year-end information:

Beginning work in process inventory
Beginning raw materials inventory
Ending work in process inventory
Ending raw materials inventory
Raw materials purchased
Direct labour
Manufacturing overhead
$75,000
20,000
73,000
23,000
220,000
170,000
80,000
How much is Hooter Manufacturings cost of goods manufactured for the year?
a. $470,000
b. $465,000
c. $469,000
2-21
2-22
d.
$472,000
117.
What amount is given by the sum of direct materials, direct labour, and manufacturing
overhead incurred?
a. Total cost of work in process
b. Cost of goods available for sale
c. Total manufacturing costs
d. Cost of goods manufactured
118.
What amount is given by the sum of the cost of the beginning work in process and the
total manufacturing costs for the current year?
a. Cost of goods manufactured
b. Cost of goods available for sale
c. Total cost of work in process
d. Cost of goods sold
119.
What are the components of total manufacturing costs?

a. Direct materials and direct labour only
b. Direct labour and manufacturing overhead only
c. Manufacturing overhead only
d. Direct materials, direct labour, and manufacturing overhead
120.
Rezell Combines, Inc. has $4,000 of finished goods inventory as of December 31, 2012.
If beginning finished goods inventory was $2,000 and cost of goods sold was $8,000, how
much would Rezell report for cost of goods manufactured?
a. $9,000
b. $2,000
c. $10,000
d. $6,000
121.
At May 31, 2012, Smythe Inc. has $4,500 in beginning raw materials, $6,000 of direct
labour. If manufacturing overhead was $10,500, total manufacturing costs was $50,500
and total raw material purchases were $36,000, how much is ending amount of raw
materials?
a. $36,000
b. $21,000
c. $40,500
d. $6,500
122.
Costs of goods manufactured of SuperK Company are shown below.

SuperK Company
Cost of Goods manufactured
Year Ending December 31, 2012
Beginning work in process:
Direct materials:
Beginning raw materials
$15,000
$14,000
Raw material purchases

Total raw materials available for use
Ending raw materials
Direct materials used
Direct Labour
Total manufacturing overhead
Ending work in process
Total manufacturing costs
2-23
22,000
36,000
5,500
30,500
6,000
10,500
18,000
$44,000
How much is the total manufacturing cost?

a. $20,500
b. $23,000
c. $47,000
d. $44,000
123.
In a manufacturing company, the cost of direct labour treated as an expense when:

a. Products are sold.
b. Products are transferred into work in process inventory.
c. Wages are paid to the employees.
d. At month end with accruals for wages.
124.
What occurs when inventoriable costs are removed from the balance sheet?
a. They increase operating expenses.
b. They become cost of goods sold.
c. They are reported as selling expenses.
d. They are deducted from the sales account.
125.
Where would you expect to find ending raw materials inventory?

a. On the costs of goods manufactured schedule as an addition to raw materials
purchases, and on the balance sheet
b. On the costs of goods manufactured schedule as a subtraction from raw
materials available for use, and on the balance sheet
c. Only on the balance sheet
d. Only the costs of goods manufactured schedule
126.
Which one of the following does not appear on the balance sheet of a manufacturing
company?
a. Finished goods inventory
b. Raw materials inventory
c. Cost of goods manufactured
d. Work in process inventory
127.
What amount would you find on financial statements of merchandising companies that is
referred to as finished goods inventory for a manufacturing company?
a. Purchases
b. Cost of goods purchased
c. Merchandise inventory
d. Raw materials inventory
2-24
128.
How would you expect to see manufacturing inventories listed on a companys balance
sheet?
a. In alphabetical order
b. In order of liquidity
c. In order from largest to smallest
d. Any order the company desires
129.
Which of the following is a manufacturing activity?

a. Finished goods being sold directly to the public
b. Developing new products through research and development
c. Converting raw materials into finished goods
d. All of the above
130.
What is work in process inventory generally described as?

a. Costs applicable to units that have been started in production but are only
partially completed
b. Costs associated with the end stage of manufacturing that are almost always
complete and ready for customers
c. Costs strictly associated with direct labour
d. Beginning stage production costs associated with labour costs dealing with
bringing in raw materials from the shipping docks
2-25
ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Item
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
Ans.
c
a
c
c
a
b
a
a
d
a
d
b
a
b
Item
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
Ans.
c
b
a
d
a
a
a
d
b
d
d
a
b
d
Item
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Ans.
b
a
d
d
a
d
d
b
a
a
c
c
b
a
Item
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
Ans.
b
c
a
a
b
d
a
d
a
b
c
a
b
c
Item
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
Ans.
c
c
c
b
a
b
c
b
b
b
c
d
c
d
Item
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
Ans.
c
d
c
d
d
c
c
a
b
b
b
a
a
c
Item
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
Ans.
c
d
c
d
c
a
b
b
c
c
b
c
a
2-26
BRIEF EXERCISES
Brief Exercise 131
Presented below are Truck Companys monthly manufacturing cost data related to its personal
computer products.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Utilities for manufacturing equipment

Raw material (CPU, chips, etc.)
Depreciation on manufacturing building
Wages for production workers
$570,000
73,000
320.000
770,000
Enter each cost item in the following table, placing an X under the appropriate headings.
Direct
Materials
Product Costs
Direct
Labour
Factory
Overhead
a.
b.
c.
d.
Solution Brief Exercise 131
Direct
Materials
a.
b.
c.
d.
Product Costs
Direct
Labour
Factory
Overhead
X
X
X
X
Brief Exercise 132

Determine whether each of the following costs should be classified as direct materials (DM),
direct labour (DL), or manufacturing overhead (MO).
a.
b.
c.
d.
____Depreciation on equipment
____Table legs used in manufacturing tables
____Wages paid to factory workers
____Factory rent

a. MO
b. DM
c. DL
d. MO
2-27
Brief Exercise 133

Indicate whether each of the following costs would be classified as prime or conversion costs.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
____Raw materials used to make the product

____Direct labour used in the manufacturing of the product
____Factory utilities
____Direct labour used to unload raw materials from the suppliers truck
____Cleaning staff that work only in the factory
____Factory machinery maintenance
____Lubricants for the factory machinery
____ Supervisor of the production process

a. prime
b.
prime
c.
conversion
d.
prime
e.
conversion
f.
conversion
g.
conversion
h.
conversion
Brief Exercise 134

Presented below are incomplete 2012 manufacturing cost data for Supreme Corporation.
Determine the missing amounts.
Direct Materials Used
a
.
b
.
c.
Direct Labour Overhead
Factory Overhead
Total Manufacturing Costs
$17,000
$89,000
$23,000
$64,000
$72,000
$336,000
$117,000
$32,000
$278,000

Direct Materials
Used
a.
b.
c.
$17,000
$200,000
$117,000
Brief Exercise 135
Direct Labour
Overhead
Factory Overhead
Total Manufacturing
Costs
$89,000
$64,000
$129,000
$23,000
$72,000
$32,000
$129,000
$336,000
$278,000
2-28
Presented below are EKP Inc.s monthly manufacturing cost data related to its wooden furniture
products.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Security
Factory wages
Factory Utilities
Wood
$75,000
$120,000
$85,000
$210,000
Enter each cost item in the following table, placing an X under the appropriate headings.
Direct Materials
Product Costs
Direct Labour
Factory Overhead
Product Costs
Direct Labour
Factory Overhead
a.
b.
c.
d.

Direct Materials
a.
b.
c.
d.
X
X
X
X
Brief Exercise 136

Describe the main difference between direct materials and indirect materials that are used in any
given production process.
The main difference is measurability. For most products, measuring materials used is important
because it can be translated into a per unit measurement. This assists management in keeping
track of the main amount of materials that are used in manufacturing the products themselves.
Should any discrepancies occur in these measurements, management can take action to correct
problems.
Indirect materials are generally those items that are used in the process but cannot be easily
assigned to each unit manufactured. Such items are adhesives, screws, washers and some
covering materials such as paint.
Management finds it more efficient to monitor such items on a volume rather than a per unit
basis.
Brief Exercise 137
2-29
Criba Manufacturing Company has the following data: direct labour $320,000, direct materials
used $749,000, total manufacturing overhead $475,000, and beginning work in process $36,000.
Calculate (a) total manufacturing costs and (b) total cost of work in process.
a.
Direct labour
b.
$ 320,000
749,000
475,000
$1,544,000
Beginning work in process

Total cost of work in process
$ 36,000
1,544,000
$1,580,000
Brief Exercise 138

Presented below are incomplete 2012 manufacturing cost data for Swartnez Corporation.
a.
b.
c.
Direct
Materials
Used
$35,000
?
$28,000
Direct
Labour
$72,000
$57,000
?
Factory
Overhead
$27,000
$231,000
$186,000

a.
Direct labour
Factory overhead
Total
Manufacturing
Costs
?
$730,000
$632,000
$35,000
72,000
27,000
$134,000
b.

Less Direct labour
Less Factory overhead
Equals Direct materials used
$730,000
(57,000)
(231,000)
$442,000
c.

Less Direct materials used
Less Factory overhead
Equals Direct labour
$632,000
(28,000)
(186,000)
$418,000
Brief Exercise 139

Presented below are incomplete 2012 manufacturing cost data for Spondo Corporation.
Direct Materials
Used
a.
$38,00
0
Direct
Labour
Overhead
Factory
Overhead
$72,000
$43,000
Total
Manufacturing
Costs
Work in
Process
(1/1)
Work in
Process
(12/31)
Cost of
Goods
Manufacture
d
$120,00
0
$86,000
2-30
b.
c.
$149,00
0
$53,00
0
$53,000
$90,000
$292,000
$98,000
$321,000
$116,000
$121,000
$290,000
$463,00
0
$715,000

Total Manufacturing Costs
a.
b.
c.
Work in Process (1/1)
Work in Process
(12/31)
Cost of Goods
Manufactured
$120,000
$127,000
$463,000
$86,000
$98,000
$38,000
$187,000
$321,000
$715,000
$153,000
$292,000
$290,000
Brief Exercise 140

Raynor Manufacturing Company has the following data:
Direct labour
$46,000
84,000
60,000
30,000
40,000
Calculate (a) total manufacturing costs and (b) cost of goods manufactured.

a.
Direct labour
$46,000
84,000
60,000
$190,000
b.

Less ending work in process
Cost of goods manufactured
$ 40,000
190,000
(30,000)
$200,000
Brief Exercise 141

Distinguish between the main components of the income statement for a manufacturing company
which makes clothing and a retail company that only buys and sells clothing.
2-31
The main difference lies in the manner in which products sold are highlighted in the income
statement on the cost of goods section. The manufacturer shows the costs of goods that it sells
as Cost of Goods Manufactured while the retail company shows its costs as Purchases.
Where inventories are shown, the manufacturer shows its ending inventory as Finished Goods
Inventory while the retailer shows it as Ending Merchandise Inventory.
Brief Exercise 142
In alphabetical order below are current asset items for Sudler Company as of December 31,
2012. Prepare the current assets section of the companys balance sheet as of the same date.
Accounts receivable
$73,000
Cash
102,000
Finished goods
64,000
Prepaid expenses
15,000
Raw materials
46,000
Work in process
37,000

Current Assets
Cash
Accounts receivable
Inventories
Raw materials
Work in process
Finished goods
Prepaid expenses
Total current assets
$ 102,000
73,000
$46,000
37,000
64,000
147,000
15,000
$337,000
2-32
EXERCISES
Exercise 143
The following categories are used by manufacturing companies for costs:
DM
DL
MO
Direct Materials
Direct Labour
Manufacturing Overhead
Presented below is a list of costs and expenses incurred in the factory by Bates Corporation, a
manufacturer of recreational vehicles.
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Property taxes on the factory land

Rubber used in manufacturing
Welders wages
Sandpaper used in production
Factory supervisors salaries
Depreciation on factory machines
Factory electric
Carpeting for the recreational vehicles
Tissue paper for the factory workers washrooms
Insurance on factory equipment
Instructions
Select the category to which each cost or expense belongs and write the abbreviation of the cost
in the space provided.
Solution Exercise 143 (4 min.)
a. MO
b. DM
c.
DL
d.
MO
e.
MO
f.
MO
g.
MO
h.
DM
i.
MO
j.
MO
2-33
Exercise 144
Presented below are labels associated with costs.
1 Product Cost
2 Period Cost
3 Inventoriable Cost
Instructions
For each cost listed below, identify all applicable cost labels by writing the number in the space
provided.
a. Advertising
_________
b. Direct materials used
_________
c. Sales salaries
_________
d. Indirect factory labour
_________
e. Repairs to office equipment
_________
f. Factory manager's salary
_________
g. Direct labour used
_________
h. Indirect materials
_________
Solution Exercise 144
a. Advertising
(34 min.)
2
b.
1, 3
c.
Sales salaries
d.
Indirect factory labour
e.
Repairs to office equipment
f.
Factory manager's salary
1, 3
g.
Direct labour used
1, 3
h.
Indirect materials
1, 3
2
1, 3
2
Exercise 145
Assume you have just taken a position as controller for a new company that manufactures and
sells wrought iron wall hangings. Although the founder of the company, who is the president and
CEO, is a great artisan, she has very limited knowledge of accounting.
Instructions
To help your new boss better understand accounting for a manufacturing organization, write a
memo to her in which you: (1) identify, (2) describe, and (3) provide examples of the three
manufacturing costs and the three inventory accounts used in accounting for a manufacturing
company.
The three manufacturing costs are: Direct Materials, Direct Labour, and Manufacturing Overhead.
2-34
Raw materials that can be physically and directly associated with the finished product during the
manufacturing process are called direct materials. The iron used in making the wall hangings is
an example of direct materials. The work of factory employees that can be physically and directly
associated with converting raw materials to finished goods is considered direct labour.
Manufacturing overhead consists of costs that are indirectly associated with the manufacture of
the finished product. These costs may also be manufacturing costs that cannot be classified as
direct materials or direct labour. Manufacturing overhead includes indirect materials, indirect
labour, and depreciation on factory buildings, and machinery, utilities, insurance, taxes and
maintenance on factory facilities.
The three inventory accounts are: raw materials, work in process, and finished goods. Raw
materials inventory represents the cost of the materials and parts that are to be used in the
manufacturing process. The iron purchased to make the wall hangings would be considered raw
materials until the time it was put into production. Work in process is the cost applicable to units
that have been started into production but are only partially complete. Wall hangings on the
assembly line that are in various stages of completion would be work in process. The finished
goods inventory represents the cost of completed goods that have not been sold. The cost of wall
hangings that are completed but have not been sold would be finished goods.
Exercise 146
Costs are often identified as either an inventoriable product cost or a period cost.
Instructions
For each item listed below, indicate in the space to the left whether the item would be considered
an inventoriable cost or a period cost for a manufacturing company. Use the following code:
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
I = Inventoriable cost
P = Period cost
a. Factory supervisory salaries
b. Sales commissions
c. Income tax expense
d. Indirect materials used
e. Indirect labour
f. Office salaries expense
g. Property taxes on factory building
h. Sales manager's salary
i. Factory wages
j. Direct materials used

a. I
b. P
c. P
d. I
e. I
f. P
(2-3 min.)
2-35
g. I
h. P
i. I
j. I
Exercise 147
Payne Manufacturing Company incurs the following manufacturing costs and expenses during
the month of June.
a. Assembly line wages
b. Raw materials used directly in product
c. Depreciation on office equipment
d. Property taxes on factory building
e. Rent on factory building
f. Sales commissions
g. Depreciation on factory equipment

h. Factory utilities
i. Wages for factory maintenance workers
j. Advertising
k. Indirect materials used in production
l. Factory manager's salary
Instructions
Complete the following matrix by placing an X mark under the appropriate headings.
Cost Item
Direct
Materials
Direct Labour
Manufacturing
Overhead
Period Costs
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
Direct
Direct Manufacturing
Cost Item
Materials
Labour
Overhead
a
X
b.
c.
d.
Period
Costs
X
X
2-36
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
Exercise 148
Arc Industries has the following components of its accounting information.
Variable costs: Direct Production $500,000; Other Operating $300,000
Fixed costs: Direct Production $200,000; Other Operating $800,000
Sales for the year: $3,000,000
Instructions
Assist the controller in preparing a statement that shows operating income while offering the most
effective way of attaining information about the companys activities and its ultimate Operating
Income.
Solution Exercise 148 (8-10 min.)
Sales
Cost of sales:
Variable
$500,000
Fixed
200,000
Gross profit
Other operating expenses
Variable
$300,000
Fixed
800,000
Operating Income
$3,000,000
700,000
$2,300,000
1,100,000
$1,200,000
Exercise 149
Safety Supply Services Ltd. has the following components of its accounting information.
Merchandise inventory: Beginning of Month $100,000 End of Month $180,000
Purchases of merchandise: $2,050,000
Sales in month: $3,000,000
Selling and administrative expenses: Selling $250,000 Administrative $300,000
Instructions
Assist the controller in preparing a statement that shows operating income while offering the most
effective way of attaining information about the companys activities and its ultimate Operating
Income.

Sales
Cost of goods sold:
Beginning merchandise inventory
Add: Purchases
Goods available for sale
Less: Ending merchandise inv.
Gross Margin
Selling and administrative expenses
Selling
Administrative
Operating Income
Exercise 150
M&H Ltd. has recorded the following costs:
Month
Units produced
Cost A
January
10,000
$50,000
February
9,000
45,000
March
12,000
60,000
2-37
$3,000,000
$100,000
2,050,000
2,150,000
180,000
$250,000
300,000
Cost B
$100,000
100,000
100,000
1,970,000
$1,030,000
550,000
$480,000
Cost C
$32,000
31,000
34,000
Instructions
If M&H Ltd. produces 15,000 units in April, what would be the expected total cost for each of Cost
A, Cost B and Cost C?
Cost A:
Total cost is changing as activity changes, but the cost per unit is constant. Therefore Cost A is a
variable cost.
Cost per unit = $50,000/10,000 units or $5/unit.
Therefore if 15,000 units are produced, 15,000 X $5 = $75,000
Cost B:
Total cost is constant as activity changes. Therefore Cost B is a fixed cost. Cost in April should
equal $100,000.
Cost C:
Total cost is changing as activity changes, and cost per unit is changing as activity changes.
Therefore Cost C is a mixed cost.
Using the high-low method:
($34,000 $31,000) / (12,000 9,000 units) = $1/unit
$1(10,000 units) + FC = $32,000
FC = $32,000 - $10,000
FC = $22,000
For April:
2-38
Total Cost = $22,000 + $1 X 15,000 units

= $37,000
Exercise 151
The Nicks Hotel has the following monthly costs:
Rooms Rented
75
80
65
72
85
Costs
$6,825
7,200
6,075
6,600
7,575
Instructions
Identify the fixed and variable cost elements using the high-low method.
Variable:
$7,575 $6,075
= $75 per room
85 - 65
$75 (65) + FC = $6,075
Fixed costs = $1,200
Exercise 152
Alpha Romeo fraternity has an annual alumni golf outing. A local caterer provides lunch and a
tent. The fraternity pays a flat fee for the tent and an additional amount for each fraternity brother
served. However, in the past the brothers have never been able to determine how much the
caterer is going to charge. In an effort to determine how much the caterer will charge this year,
the brothers have tracked the cost and attendance data over the past four years.
Attendance
210
175
240
250
Caterer Cost
$6,000
4,800
6,800
6,600
Instructions
a. Use the high-low method to calculate the food cost per person.
b. How much is the charge for the tent?
a.
Variable:
$6,600 $4,800
250 175
b.
$24 (250) + FC = $6,600

FC = $600
= $24 per person
Exercise 153
Spawn Manufacturing Company has the following data at June 30, 2012:
Inventories:
Other information for June:
Direct labour incurred
Sales
June 30
$25,000
84,000
23,000
June 1
$30,00
0
75,000
20,000
$754,00
0
72,000
342,000
990,000
Instructions
a.
Prepare a schedule of cost of goods manufactured for the month of June.
b.
Indicate the balance sheet presentation of the June 30 inventories.
a.
Spawn Manufacturing Company
Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Month Ended June 30, 2012
Beginning work in process (given)

$75,000
Direct materials:
Beginning raw materials (given)
$30,000
Raw material purchases 365,000-30,000
335,000
365,000
340,000+25,000
Ending raw materials (given)
25,000
Direct materials used 754,000-342,000-72,000
340,000
Direct labour (given)
342,000
Manufacturing overhead (given)
72,000
Total manufacturing costs (given)
754,000
Less ending work in process (given)
84,000
Cost of goods manufactured 75,000+754,000$745,000
84,000
b. Current assets
Total inventories
$25,000
84,000
23,000
$132,000
2-39
2-40
Exercise 154
Account balances from Jolly B Manufacturing Companys accounting records for the month
ended December 31, 2012 appear below:
Finished Goods Inventory, December 31
Factory Supervisory Salaries
$ 75,350
80,000
Income Tax Expense

Raw Materials Inventory, December 1
40,000
16,500
Work In Process Inventory, December 31

Sales Salaries Expense
Factory Depreciation Expense
Finished Goods Inventory, December 1
Raw Materials Purchases
Work In Process Inventory, December 1
Factory Utilities Expense
Direct Labour
Raw Materials Inventory, December 31
Sales Returns and Allowances
Indirect Labour
57,000
25,000
5,400
32,400
475,000
72,000
5,700
130,000
23,000
2,700
15,700
Instructions
Prepare a schedule of cost of goods manufactured for Jolly B Manufacturing Company for the
month ended December 31, 2012.
Jolly B Manufacturing Company
Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Month Ended December 31, 2012
Direct materials:
Beginning raw materials
Raw material purchases
Ending raw materials
Direct labour
Manufacturing overhead:
Factory supervisors salary
Indirect labour
Factory utilities expense
Factory Depreciation expense
$ 72,000
$
16,500
475,000
491,500
23,000
$ 468,500
130,000
$ 80,000
15,700
5,700
5,400
106,800
705,300
57,000
$ 648,300
2-41
Exercise 155
Manufacturing costs for Fantasia Company for two consecutive months are as follows:
June 30, 2012
$ 36,000
157,000

Direct labour
Beginning finished goods
Cost of goods available for sale
Ending finished goods
Cost of goods sold
89,000
115,000
a.
43,000
b.
c.
658,000
d.
515,000
July 31, 2012

e.
$
143,000
72,000
66,000
f.
g.
289,000
h.
i.
49,000
j.
Instructions
Indicate the missing amounts. (Show computations.)
a. $115,000 + 157,000 + $89,000 = $361,000
b. $36,000 + $361,000 - $43,000 = $354,000
c. $658,000 - $354,000 = $304,000
d. $658,000 - $515,000 = $143,000
e. Equal to ending from June = $43,000
f. $143,000 + $72,000 + $66,000 = $281,000
g. $281,000 + $43,000 - $289,000 = $35,000
h. Equal to ending from June = $143,000
i. $143,000 + $289,000 = $432,000
j. $432,000 - $49,000 = $383,000
Exercise 156
A partial cost of goods manufactured schedule appears below for R Kelly Manufacturing:
R Kelly Manufacturing Company
Cost of Goods Manufactured Schedule
For the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Work in process
Direct materials
$76,000
$
2-42
Raw materials purchases

Raw materials available for use
Direct labour
Indirect labour
Factory depreciation
Factory utilities
Total overhead
Less: Work in Process
186,000
?
23,000
$203,000
?
$15,000
27,000
7,000
?
?
?
57,000
$475,000
Instructions
Fill in the missing information on the cost of goods manufactured schedule of R Kelly
Manufacturing Company:
(69 min.)
R Kelly Manufacturing Company
Cost of Goods Manufactured Schedule
For the Year Ended December 31, 2012
Work in process
Direct materials
Direct labour
Indirect labour
Factory depreciation
Factory utilities
Total overhead
Less: Work in Process
$76,00
0
$ 40,000
186,000
226,000
23,000
203,000
204,000
15,000
27,000
7,000
49,000
456,00
0
532,00
0
57,00
0
$475,00
0
Exercise 157
Data for the cost of direct materials for Landley, Inc. for the month ended March 31, 2012, are as
follows:
Materials inventory, March 1, 2012
$43,000
Materials inventory, March 31, 2012
41,000
2-43
During March, the company purchased $140,000 of raw materials on account from Earle
Company and $52,000 of raw materials for cash from Shrink Company. In addition, $100,000 was
paid on the Earle account balance.
Instructions
Calculate the cost of direct materials used during March.
Raw materials inventory, March 1
Raw materials purchases ($140,000 + $52,000)
Less: Raw materials inventory, March 31
Direct materials used during March
$ 43,000
192,000
235,000
41,000
$194,000
Note: Payment on account is irrelevant to the direct materials used calculation.

Exercise 158
The following costs and inventory data were taken from the accounts of Winsto Company for
2012:
Inventories:
Raw materials
Work in process
Finished goods
January 1, 2012
$8,000
15,000
16,000
Costs incurred:
Direct labour
Factory rent
Factory utilities
Indirect materials (inventoried separately from other materials)
Indirect labour
Selling expenses
Administrative expenses
December 31, 2012

$ 7,000
13,000
12,000
$88,000
42,000
8,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
5,000
12,000
Instructions
a. Prepare a schedule showing the amount of direct materials used in production during the
year.
b. Calculate the amount of manufacturing overhead incurred during the year.
c. Prepare a schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured for Winsto Company for the year ended
December 31, 2012 in good form.
d. Prepare the Cost of Goods Sold section of the Income Statement for Winsto Company for the
year ended December 31, 2012 in good form.
a.
Raw materials inventory, beginning
Raw materials inventory, ending
8,000
88,000
96,000
7,000
$ 89,000
2-44
b.
Manufacturing overhead:
Factory rent
Factory utilities
Indirect materials
Indirect labour
$ 8,000
2,000
4,000
6,000
$20,000
c.
Winsto Company
Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured
Work in process beginning
Direct materials
Raw materials inventory beginning
$ 8,000
88,000
96,000
Raw materials inventory ending
7,000
Direct labour
Less: Work in Process ending
Winsto Company
Partial Income Statement
Finished goods inventory, January 1
Cost of goods available for sale
Finished goods inventory, December 31
Cost of goods sold
$15,000
$89,000
42,000
20,000
d.
Exercise 159
Starwood Company reported the following amounts for 2012:
Ending raw materials inventory
Beginning finished goods inventory
Ending finished goods inventory
Administrative expenses
Direct labour used
Selling and administrative expenses
Beginning work-in-process inventory
Ending work-in-process inventory
Manufacturing overhead costs
Instructions
$ 16,000
153,000
169,000
12,000
$157,000
$120,000
16,000
5,000
11,000
8,000
12,000
44,000
21,000
17,000
16,000
36,000
151,000
166,000
13,000
$153,000
a.
b.
2-45
Calculate the cost of materials used in production.

Calculate the cost of goods manufactured.

a.
= Materials available for use
Less ending raw materials inventory
$ 16,000
120,000
136,000
5,000
= Materials used in production
$131,000
Materials used in production (part A)

Direct labour used
Manufacturing overhead costs
Add beginning work in process
$131,000
44,000
36,000
211,000
17,000
(16,000)
$212,000
b.
Exercise 160
Halsey, the manufacturer of inexpensive printers, was organized in May, 2012. Halsey purchases
toner cartridges used in the printers from a local distributor. Early in May, Halsey bought 41,000
cartridges at a cost of $20 each. During May, 36,000 cartridges were transferred from Raw
Materials Inventory. Of the 36,000 cartridges withdrawn from Raw Materials Inventory, 4,000 were
given to sales personnel to be given to customers as an incentive to buy a large quantity of
printers. Another 1,000 cartridges were transferred to the corporate office to be used by members
of the clerical staff. The remaining cartridges were transferred to production. Of the units started
into production during May, 85 percent of them were completed. Eighty percent of the units
completed during May were sold and shipped to customers.
Instructions
Determine the cost of cartridges to be found in each of the following accounts:
a. Raw Materials Inventory
b. Work in Process Inventory
c. Finished Goods Inventory
d. Cost of Goods Sold
e. Selling Expenses
f. Administrative Expenses
a. Raw Materials Inventory
(41,000 36,000) $20 =
$100,000
b.
Work in Process Inventory
(31,000 .15) $20 =
93,000
c.
Finished Goods Inventory
[(31,000 .85) - (26,350 x .80)] x $20 =
105,400
d.
Cost of Goods Sold
(26,350 .80 x $20) =
421,600
2-46
e.
Selling Expenses
(4,000 $20) =
80,000
f.
Administrative Expenses
(1,000 $20) =
20,000
$820,000
Exercise 161
Gooly, Inc. manufactures calculators. During June, Goolys transactions and accounts included
the following:
Work in process inventory, beginning
$8,800
Work in process inventory, ending
7,500
Indirect materials issued to production from raw materials
3,600
Raw materials inventory, beginning
4,600
Raw materials inventory, ending
5,800
Sales
42,000
Direct labour cost
55,000
49,600
143,500
Finished goods inventory, beginning
12,300
Finished goods inventory, ending
11,600
Instructions
a How much is the cost of direct materials issued to production during June?
b. Calculate the cost of goods manufactured.
c. How much is the cost of inventory on the May 31st balance sheet?
a. Materials:
Beginning inventory
Add Raw material purchases
Less Indirect materials issued
Available to use
Less ending raw materials
Cost of materials used
$ 4,600
143,500
(3,600)
144,500
(5,800)
$138,700
b. Direct materials (part (a))

Direct labour
Add beginning work in process
$138,700
55,000
49,600
243,300
8,800
(7,500)

c. Raw materials
Work in process
Finished goods
$244,600
$ 4,600
8,800
12,300
2-47
$25,700
Total inventory at May 31st
Exercise 162
Listed below are current asset items for Dre Company at December 31, 2012. Prepare the
current assets section of the balance sheet. (Include a complete heading.)
Cash
Prepaid expenses
Accounts receivable
$14,000
15,000
3,000
2,100
Short-term investments
Supplies on hand
$22,000
11,000
16,000
1,400

Dre Company
(Partial) Balance Sheet
December 31, 2012
Current assets
Cash
Short-term investments
Accounts receivable
Inventories:
Raw materials
Work in process
Finished goods
Prepaid expenses
Supplies on hand
Total current assets
$15,000
22,000
2,100
$11,000
16,000
14,000
41,000
3,000
1,400
$84,500
2-48
COMPLETION STATEMENTS
163.
The work of factory employees that can be physically and directly associated with
converting raw materials into products is classified as ______________.
164.
Indirect materials and indirect labour are classified as ______________.
165.
Direct materials and direct labour are referred to as ______________ costs while direct
labour and manufacturing overhead are often referred to as ______________ costs.
166.
___________________ is added to direct labour and manufacturing overhead to get total

manufacturing costs for the current period.
167.
A major difference between the income statements of a merchandising company and a

manufacturing company is that the cost of goods section of a merchandising company
shows cost of goods ______________, whereas a manufacturing company shows cost of
goods ______________.
168.
The ending work in process inventory is subtracted from the total cost of work in process
to calculate ______________________.
169.
A manufacturing company calculates cost of goods sold by adding cost of goods

manufactured to the ___________________ and subtracting the __________________.
170.
A manufacturing company usually has three inventory accounts which are

(1)___________________, (2)___________________, and (3)___________________.
ANSWERS TO COMPLETION STATEMENTS

163
.
direct labour
164
.
manufacturing overhead
165
.
prime, conversion
166
.
167
.
purchased, manufactured
168
.
cost of goods manufactured
169
.
beginning finished goods inventory, ending finished goods inventory
170
.
Finished Goods Inventory, Work in Process Inventory, Raw Materials Inventory
2-49
2-50
MATCHING
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Matching Question 171

A list of managerial accounting terms appears below:
Prime Costs
Inventoriable costs
Cost behaviour analysis
Activity index
Conversion costs
Period costs
Instructions
Match each of the terms with the statement that best describes the term.
1. ______
Costs that are matched with the revenue of a specific time period and charged to
expenses as incurred.
2. ______
The sum of direct manufacturing labour costs and manufacturing overhead costs.
3. ______
The study of how specific costs respond to changes in the level of business
activity.
4.______
Costs that are a necessary and integral part of producing the finished product.
5. ______
The sum of direct materials cost and direct labour costs.
6. ______
An activity that causes changes in the behaviour of costs.
Solution Matching Question 171

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2-51
SHORT-ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS

Short Answer Essay 172
A manufacturing company makes the products that it sells. Briefly identify and define the cost
elements that are incurred in making a product. After product cost elements are identified, how is
the cost of goods manufactured for a period determined?
Solution Short Answer Essay 172
Costs incurred to manufacture a product include direct materials which can be physically and
directly associated with the finished product; direct labour, which is the work of factory employees
which can be physically and directly associated with the finished product; and manufacturing
overhead, those manufacturing costs which are indirectly associated with production of the
finished product. Cost of goods manufactured is calculated by adding the cost of direct materials
used, direct labour, and manufacturing overhead to the beginning work in process, and
subtracting the ending work in process.
2-52
MULTI PART QUESTION

Multi-part Question 173
Culpepper Computer Ltd. manufactures a hand held computer and has the following results for its
recent year end:
Computer per Unit Sales Data
Selling price
$1,500
Manufacturing Costs:
Variable materials
$500
Variable labour
128
480
1,108
Gross Margin
$392
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Variable
$50
Fixed
150
200
Profit per unit
$192
Each computer requires approximately 240 minutes of highly skilled labour time for assembly and
testing. The bottleneck resource in the operation is labour hours. Workers are paid $32 per hour
and no additional labour hours are available.
Factory overhead, of which 25% is variable, is allocated to computers using labour hours since all
the work in the factory is labour paced. The company sells 10,000 computers a year, which is the
capacity dictated by labour hours availability.
Recently Zucchini Computers offered to purchase 2,000 computers from Culpepper but with a
custom feature. This feature will require 45 minutes of additional labour time and incur an
additional $50 in materials for each computer. Selling, general and administrative costs would not
change with this order.
Instructions
a. Compute the minimum price that Culpepper should charge Zucchini for each computer in this
order.
b. What other factors should Culpepper consider before it agrees to the order?
Solution Multi-part Question 173 (20-25 min.)
a.
Variable cost of special order ($500 + 128 + 50 + 50) =
$728.00
Additional time required (.75 hours x (128 + 120) / 4) =
46.50
Contribution margin foregone:
Hours required for special order
2,000 x 4.75 = 9,500
Regular units lost
9,500 / 4 = 2,375
CM / regular unit
$1,500 500 128 120 50 = $702
CM foregone (2,375 x $702) / 2,000
833.63
Minimum price of each unit of custom order
$1,608.13
b. On the surface this looks like a good arrangement for Culpepper. But the company needs to
look at the strategic aspects of the order. Can it take out 2,000 computers from its regular
customer orders and expect to regain them once the special order is complete? Will its cost
estimates be accurate, considering that there will be a learning curve from its workers who will
have to adapt to making the new products? It appears that labour hours are already maxed out
2-53
and any difficulties with the new order could set back its own production schedules for its regular
products.
Alternatively, could this be a breakthrough into a whole new market for Culpepper and if so, would
there be other companies that would wish to have custom orders made for them?
Culpepper currently appears to be a manufacturer of one or two products and is set up to operate
in this fashion; changing to a specialty manufacturer requires it to view its production capabilities
in more of a job-order manner. This may mean more pressure on its sales force as well as on its
production operations.
2-54
Legal Notice
Copyright 2012 by John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. or related companies. All rights
reserved.
The data contained in these files are protected by copyright. This manual is furnished
under licence and may be used only in accordance with the terms of such licence.
The material provided herein may not be downloaded, reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, modified, made available on a network, used to create derivative works, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, scanning, or otherwise without the prior written permission of John Wiley &
Sons Canada, Ltd.

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CHAPTER 2

Multiple Choice Questions

SUMMARY OF STUDY OBJECTIVES BY QUESTION TYPE

Test Bank for Managerial Accounting, Third Canadian Edition

CHAPTER STUDY OBJECTIVES

Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income

Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing balance

Raw materials are equal to direct materials.

Indirect materials and indirect labour are both period costs.

Product costs are inventoriable costs.

Variable costs are fixed on a per-unit basis and variable in total.

Test Bank for Managerial Accounting, Third Canadian Edition

Finished goods inventory appears on a cost of goods manufactured schedule.

Finished goods inventory for a manufacturing company is equivalent to merchandise

Raw materials inventory is not an asset until it is used to make a product.

Test Bank for Managerial Accounting, Third Canadian Edition

ANSWERS TO TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

In which of the following categories do indirect materials belong?

Which one of the following is indirect labour considered?

Which of the following would most likely be included in manufacturing overhead?

Which beginning and ending inventories appear on a cost of goods manufactured

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Which one of the following would not be classified as manufacturing overhead?

Which one of the following is a product cost?

In which classification would the wages of a factory payroll clerk be classified?

Which one of the following is not a manufacturing cost?

Which one of the following is classified as direct labour?

Which product cost is most difficult to associate with a product?

Inventoriable costs are also referred to as:

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Ranger Company reported total manufacturing costs of $65,000, manufacturing overhead

Which of the following are period costs?

How does a manufacturing company classify sales commissions?

Which of the following are considered product costs?

When are period costs recorded on the income statement?

Where would you expect to find depreciation on factory equipment?

Which one of the following represents a period cost?

Which one of the following is most likely a direct material?

Manufacturing overhead can be categorized as:

Which one of the following is not considered a material cost?

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Which one of the following is an example of a period cost?

Which of the following would most likely be viewed as indirect materials?

Which of the following is considered manufacturing overhead?

Which of the following is a direct cost of a hotel?

Which of the following are period costs?

Which of the following statements is true?

Examples of fixed costs include all but one of the following

Which of the following would most likely be considered direct labour?

Test Bank for Managerial Accounting, Third Canadian Edition

Direct, variable, period cost.

Which of the following would most likely be considered direct material?

Fees for office cleaning and maintenance are

Fees for office telephones are

The relevant range can be commonly understood to mean

Where there is a linear relationship between two variables

c. There is seldom a linear relationship between two variables.

Which of the following statements is true?