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    Translation

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    Farhana Anuar
    This document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It begins with an overview stating that genetic information is transmitted via DNA replication and expressed through transcription into RNA, which then undergoes translation to produce proteins. It then details the genetic code and how codons correspond to amino acids. The components required for translation are described, including amino acids, tRNAs, mRNA, ribosomes, and protein factors. Finally, the three main steps of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination - are outlined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Translation

    Uploaded by

    Farhana Anuar
    309 views37 pages
    This document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It begins with an overview stating that genetic information is transmitted via DNA replication and expressed through transcription into RNA, which then undergoes translation to produce proteins. It then details the genetic code and how codons correspond to amino acids. The components required for translation are described, including amino acids, tRNAs, mRNA, ribosomes, and protein factors. Finally, the three main steps of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination - are outlined.

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    This document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It begins with an overview stating that genetic information is transmitted via DNA replication and expressed through transcription into RNA, which then undergoes translation to produce proteins. It then details the genetic code and how codons correspond to amino acids. The components required for translation are described, including amino acids, tRNAs, mRNA, ribosomes, and protein factors. Finally, the three main steps of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination - are outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    309 views37 pages

    Translation

    Uploaded by

    Farhana Anuar
    This document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It begins with an overview stating that genetic information is transmitted via DNA replication and expressed through transcription into RNA, which then undergoes translation to produce proteins. It then details the genetic code and how codons correspond to amino acids. The components required for translation are described, including amino acids, tRNAs, mRNA, ribosomes, and protein factors. Finally, the three main steps of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination - are outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 37

    Protein Synthesis

    Protein Synthesis

    OVERVIEW
    Genetic information in chromosomes
    transmitted to daughter cells (DNA
    replication)
    - expressed to RNA (transcription)
    - protein synthesis (translation).

    Protein Synthesis

    Protein Synthesis
    THE GENETIC CODE
    Dictionary identify the
    correspondence between a
    seq of nucleotide bases & seq
    of a.a.
    Each individual word in the
    code composed of 3
    nucleotide bases = codon

    Protein Synthesis
    Codons
    -presented in mRNA language of A, G, C, U
    -written from 5 to 3-end
    -used to produced three-base codons
    -64 combinations of bases
    -code for 20 common a.a.

    Protein Synthesis
    How to translate a codon?
    Table
    Termination (stop or nonsense) codons
    UAG, UGA, UAA

    Protein Synthesis

    Protein Synthesis
    Characteristics of the genetic code
    1. Specificity
    -specific, particular codon always codes the same a.a.
    2. Universality
    -conserved
    3. Degeneracy
    -degenerate/redundant (a given a.a. may have more than
    1 triplet coding for it. i.e Arg by 6 different codons
    4. Nonoverlapping & commaless
    -code is read from fixed starting point as continuous seq
    of bases, taken 3 at a time

    Protein Synthesis
    Consequences of altering the nucleotide sequence
    Silent mutation
    Missense mutation

    Nonsense mutation
    Other mutations
    Trinucleotide repeat expansion
    Splice site mutations
    Frame-shift mutations

    Protein Synthesis

    Protein Synthesis

    Protein Synthesis

    Protein Synthesis
    COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR TRANSLATION
    1. Amino acids
    2. Transfer RNA
    3. Aminoacyl-tRNA
    4. Messenger RNA
    5. Functionally competent ribosomes
    6. Protein factors
    7. ATP & GTP

    Protein Synthesis
    COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR TRANSLATION
    1. Amino acids

    Protein Synthesis
    COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR TRANSLATION
    2. tRNA (carry specific a.a. & to recognize the codon for that
    a.a. / adaptor molecules)
    -1 specific type of tRNA is req per a.a.
    -Amino acid attachment site
    attachment site for specific a.a at 3
    -Anticodon
    3-base nucleotide seq. that
    recognizes specific codon on
    mRNA

    Protein Synthesis

    Protein Synthesis
    COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR TRANSLATION
    3. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
    enz req for attachment of a.a. to their corresponding
    tRNA

    Protein Synthesis
    COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR
    TRANSLATION
    Catalyzes the esterification of a
    specific a. a. or its precursor to one of
    all its compatible cognate tRNAs to
    form an aminoacyl-tRNA

    This sometimes called "charging"


    tRNA with a. a.
    Once the tRNA is charged, a ribosome
    can transfer the a. a. from the tRNA
    onto a growing peptide, according to
    the genetic code.

    Protein Synthesis
    COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR TRANSLATION
    4. mRNA
    specific mRNA req as template for polypeptide
    synthesis

    Protein Synthesis
    COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR TRANSLATION
    5. Functionally competent ribosomes
    ribosomes = protein + ribosomal RNA complexes
    2 subunits = large & small
    large catalyzes formation of peptide bonds
    small binds mRNA

    Protein Synthesis
    COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR
    TRANSLATION
    3 sites:
    A site = point of entry for the
    aminoacyl tRNA
    P site = where the peptidyl tRNA is
    formed in the ribosome
    E site = the exit site of uncharged
    tRNA after it gives its
    amino acid to the
    growing peptide chain

    Protein Synthesis
    COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR TRANSLATION
    6. Protein factors
    Initiation, Elongation & Termination factors
    7. ATP & GTP
    sources of energy

    Protein Synthesis
    STEPS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
    Translation
    Initiation
    Elongation
    Termination
    Polypeptide chains produced may be modified by
    posttranslational modification

    Protein Synthesis
    1. Initiation
    2 ribosomal subunits
    mRNA,
    aminoacyl-tRNA,
    GTP / ATP,
    Initiation factors
    Prokaryotes IFs : IF-1, IF-2, IF-3

    Eukaryotes IFs : >10, eIF

    Protein Synthesis
    1. Initiation
    2 mechanisms ribosome recognizes nucleotide:
    i) Shine-Dalgarno seq. : E. coli, 6-10 bases upstream
    AUG
    Euk: 40S ribosomal subunit binds to cap structure at
    5 end of mRNA & moves until AUG
    ii) Initiation codon AUG recognized by initiator tRNA
    Euk : not formylated

    Protein Synthesis
    1. Initiation
    1st aminoacyl tRNA (fMet-tRNA)

    Protein Synthesis
    1. Initiation

    Protein Synthesis

    Initiation
    Inhibitors of translation

    Protein Synthesis
    2. Elongation
    Elongation Factors
    EF-Tu, EF-Ts
    EF-1 , EF-1

    Translocation
    EF-G
    EF-2

    Protein Synthesis

    2. Elongation
    Addition of a.a. to carboxyl end of growing chain

    Ribosome moves from 5-end to 3end of mRNA

    Protein Synthesis

    Protein Synthesis
    3. Termination
    When 1 of 3 termination codons moves into A site
    Release Factors
    RF-1 : UAA, UAG ; RF-2 : UGA, UAA ; RF-3 : release
    RF-1 & RF-2
    eRF : recognizes all termination codons ; eRF-3

    Protein Synthesis
    3. Termination

    Protein Synthesis
    Polysomes
    > 1 ribosome at a time can generally translate a message
    Complex of 1 mRNA + a number of ribosomes = polysome /
    polyribosome

    Protein Synthesis

    Protein Synthesis

    Protein Synthesis

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