Senior Solutions: Solution

Senior Solutions
1. Find all integer values of n, 90 n 100, that can not be written in the form a + b + ab where a
and b are positive integers. [Note: 0 is not a positive integer.]
Solution.
The statement n = a + b + ab is equivalent to n = (1 + a + b + ab) 1 or n = (1 + a)(1 + b) 1, or
n + 1 = (1 + a)(1 + b), so that n + 1 is a product of these two numbers. The statement that a and
b are positive is equivalent to saying that the two factors 1 + a and 1 + b are both at least 2. So n
can be written as a + b + ab precisely when n + 1 is a composite number, and cannot be when n + 1
is prime. The prime numbers from 91 to 101 are 97 and 101, so the answer is n = 96 and 100.
2. There is a warehouse containing k rooms in a row, where k is a positive integer. In the first room
there are exactly 1 k boxes, in the second room there are 2 (k 1) boxes, and so on, up to the
last with k 1.
(a) Show that the total number of boxes in the warehouse is even when k = 1000 and odd when
k = 1001.
. You may use the formulae
(b) Show that for all k the total number of boxes is k(k+1)(k+2)
6
k(k+1)
k(k+1)(2k+1)
2
2
2
and 1 + 2 + + k =
.
1 + 2 + + k = 2
6
Solution.
(a) The number of boxes in room i is i (k + 1 i). If k is even, then this product is even
because k + 1 i is even whenever i is odd. Hence the total number of boxes in all the rooms
is even when k is even, for example when k is 1000. On the other hand, if k is odd, then
k + 1 i is odd whenever i is odd. So the number of boxes in room i is odd whenever i is odd.
For k = 1001 there are exactly 501 odd numbers from 1 to k inclusive, and therefore an odd
number of rooms with an odd number of boxes. So the total number of boxes is odd.
(b) The total number of boxes is
1 k + 2 (k 1) + + k 1
= 1 (k 0) + 2 (k 1) + + k (k (k 1))
= (1 k + 2 k + + k k) (1 0 + 2 1 + + k (k 1)).
Now note that
(1 k + 2 k + + k k)
=
=
(1 + 2 + + k) k
k(k + 1)
k
2
and
1 0 + 2 1 + + k (k 1)
= 1 (1 1) + 2 (2 1) + + k (k 1)
= 1 1 + 2 2 + + k k (1 1 + 2 1 + + k 1)
= 12 + 22 + + k 2 (1 + 2 + + k)
k(k + 1)(2k + 1) k(k + 1)
.
=
6
2
So the total number is

k(k + 1)(2k + 1) k(k + 1)
k(k + 1)
k
+
2
6
2
3k(k + 1)k k(k + 1)(2k + 1) + 3k(k + 1)
=
6
k(k + 1)(3k (2k + 1) + 3)
=
6
k(k + 1)(k + 2)
=
.
6
3. Show that if a and b are real numbers and a2 + ab + b2 = 0, then a = b = 0.
Solution.
Multiplying the given equation by (a b) gives a3 b3 = 0, and so a3 = b3 and then a = b.
Substituting b = a into the original equation gives 3a2 = 0, and so a2 = 0 so a = 0. From b = a we
get b = 0 also.
y
x
+
1.
1+y 1+x
4. Given 0 x 1 and 0 y 1, show that
Solution.
Without loss of generality we can assume that x y (otherwise, the same argument will apply with
x and y interchanged). Hence, multiplying by the non-negative quantity x, we get x2 xy. Also
since 0 < y < 1, y 2 1. Adding these two inequalities gives
x2 + y 2 xy + 1.
Add x + y to both sides and factorise:
x(1 + x) + y(1 + y) (1 + x)(1 + y). Dividing both sides
of this inequality by the (positive) quantity (1 + x)(1 + y) yields the desired inequality.
5. A quadrilateral
P QRS has sides SP = 2, P Q = 1,
RS = 2 QR, the angle at P is 90 and the diagonal

P R = 2. The point T lies on SP with angle RT P =
90 . Find the length T P .
S
R
Q
T
P
Solution.
Let x denote
T P . Then ST = 1 x and so Pythagoras Theorem applied to triangle ST R gives
RT = 4 x2 . Letting H denote the foot of the perpendicular

from R to the line
P Q, since
T RHP is a rectangle we have RQ = x and HP = RT = 4 x2 . Hence HQ = 4 x2 1.

Again applying Pythagoras to triangle QRH,
p
(QR)2 = x2 + ( 4 x2 1)2
p
= x2 + 4 x2 2 4 x2 + 1
p
= 5 2 4 x2 .
Hence (SR)2 = ( 2QR)2 = 10 4 4 x2 .

Finally applying Pythagoras Theorem to triangle SRQ gives
p
p
or
10 4 4 x2 = ( 4 x2 )2 + (2 x)2
(SR)2 = (RT )2 + (T S)2 ,
2

which simplifies to 1 + 2x = 2 4 x2 . Squaring both sides of this equation, we get
1 + 4x + 4x2 = 4(4 x2 ),
8x2 + 4x 15 = 0.
Solving this last equation using the quadratic formula gives x = 14 14 31. The negative root
gives a negative answer which is not possible, so we deduce T P = 14 ( 31 1).

or
A
6. Let C be a circle, and C1 and C2 two nonintersecting
circles inside and touching C at points A and B respectively. Let t be a common tangent of C1 and C2
touching them at points D and E respectively, such
that both C1 and C2 are on the same side of t. Let
F be the point of intersection of the lines through
AD and BE. Show that F always lies on C.
C1
C2
B
Solution.
For a minute forget, about C2 . Let O and o be the
centres of C and C1 respectively, and let D0 and E 0
be the points of intersection of the line t with the
circle C, and let F 0 be the point of intersection of
the perpendicular bisector of the interval C 0 D0 with
the line AD. We will show that F 0 always lies on
C. Since this is for any circle C1 inside C and just
touching t and C, it also applies to C2 ; that is, the
point F 0 for C2 is also on C. This implies that F =
F 0 , and so F must lie on C.
D'
A
C1
D
o
O
F'
t
E'
It only remains to show that F 0 lies on C. First note that O lies on the perpendicular bisector of
the interval E 0 F 0 because E 0 F 0 is a chord of the circle C (the bisector also bisects C). It follows
that triangle AoD is similar to triangle AOF 0 because
(i) they have the common angle OAF 0 ;
(ii) oD is parallel to OF 0 because both are perpendicular to D0 E 0 (in the case of oD, this is because
C1 is tangent to t at D). Thus angle AoD0 equals angle AOF 0 .
But triangle AoD0 is isosceles, as Ao and D0 o are both radii of the circle C1 . So AOF 0 must also
be isosceles, and so AO = OF 0 . Hence F 0 lies on the circle C, as required.
7. 32 stones are placed, one in each square of the first

four rows of an 8 8 chessboard arranged as 8 horizontal rows, one above the other, as in the figure. A
game is played in which each move consists of choosing two adjacent squares X and Y in the same row
each containing at least one stone, with an empty
square Z in the next row directly above either X or
Y , then transferring all the stones in X and in Y to
Z. Prove that no square of the last (eighth) row can
ever be occupied by any stones.
Solution.
Lets treat the squares as real estate. Each occupied square in the first row has value $1 each, in the
second row each occupied square has value $2, and so on, doubling the value every time we move
up a row. All unoccupied squares have no value. The occupied squares in the fourth row then have
value $8 each, so the total value of real estate at the start of the game is $8 (1 + 2 + 4 + 8) =
$120. Note that every time a move occurs, and the stones from two squares are transferred up one
row, two occupied squares on one row become unoccupied, whilst one unoccupied square on the
next row gets occupied, so the total value of real estate must remain the same. So it remains at
$120 throughout the game. On the other hand, if a square in the last row were occupied, it would
have value 27 = 128. This is too much, so it can never happen.

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Senior Solutions

So the total number is

4. Given 0 x 1 and 0 y 1, show that

RS = 2 QR, the angle at P is 90 and the diagonal

RT = 4 x2 . Letting H denote the foot of the perpendicular

T RHP is a rectangle we have RQ = x and HP = RT = 4 x2 . Hence HQ = 4 x2 1.

Hence (SR)2 = ( 2QR)2 = 10 4 4 x2 .

gives a negative answer which is not possible, so we deduce T P = 14 ( 31 1).

7. 32 stones are placed, one in each square of the first

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