Dip Trans Handbook
Dip Trans Handbook
Dip Trans Handbook
This handbook supersedes all previous editions. Candidates and teaching staff
must ensure that they are working from the current edition of the handbook.
The IoL Educational Trust cannot be held responsible for any problems arising
from use of an out-of-date version.
Contents
Preface
Special note
Introduction
Diploma In Translation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Examination content
Unitisation
Re-sits
General principles
Translators notes
Overall assessment criteria
Mark sheet
Languages
Level of examination
Recognition and equivalences
Courses
Examination texts
Use of reference materials in the examination
Use of computers in the examination
Scripts
Diploma in Translation prizes
General regulations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Candidate regulations
Availability of examinations
Fees
Registration procedures
Past papers and Chief Examiners reports
Quality assurance of examination materials and results
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Contact details
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DipTrans Handbook-2014
Preface
The Chartered Institute of Linguists (CIOL) serves the interests of professional
linguists throughout the world and the IoL Educational Trust (IoLET) an
associated charity of the Institute is a respected awarding organisation
recognised by Ofqual (Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation)
delivering nationally accredited language qualifications.
Founded in 1910, the Institute now has around 5,700 Fellows, Members,
Associate Members and Students. It aims to:
Ann Carlisle
Executive Director
IoL Educational Trust (IoLET)
July 2014
DipTrans Handbook-2014
Special note:
The IoL Educational Trust (IoLET) organises thousands of individual examinations every
year. The vast majority proceed without a hitch. However, there are occasional and
isolated instances of unforeseen problems, such as a centre having technical problems
or scripts being lost in the post. In such circumstances IoLET always does its best to
rectify such problems as soon as possible, but may have to make alternative
arrangements, such as a re-sit at the next Diploma in Translation (DipTrans)
examination. IoLET will not be responsible for any consequential losses to candidates
or centres arising from such problems.
the content and assessment of its examinations are non-discriminatory and are
appropriate to the knowledge and skills specified;
the style and language of IoLET documentation is readily understood and does
not reflect stereotyped or biased attitudes;
all persons associated with the examinations follow fair and just processes and
procedures.
In the case of a query relating to this policy, candidates should contact the Director of
Examinations at IoLET in writing.
DipTrans Handbook-2014
Introduction
The Diploma in Translation is a postgraduate level (Masters) qualification intended for
working translators and for those who, having reached a high level of linguistic competence,
wish to embark on a career in professional translation. It is available to candidates with a
level equivalent to a good university degree in one or more modern languages.
Successful candidates are entitled to use the designation DipTrans IoLET and may be
eligible to apply for Membership or Associate Membership of the CIOL.
The diploma tests the ability of candidates to translate from a source language into the
mother tongue (target language) to a professional standard and their awareness of the
professional activity of translation. Candidates are required to have an appropriate level of
writing skills in their target language. The passages set for translation will be of a standard of
difficulty that translators would expect to meet in their daily work. They will not, however, be
of a highly technical or specialised nature.
It must be stressed that candidates, even those holding a degree in languages, generally
require additional experience or training. IoLET is an awarding organisation and does not
run courses. Candidates are advised to contact IoLET for a list of examination centres
running DipTrans courses or visit www.ciol.org.uk.
Centres are required to register as approved centres on an annual basis. Candidates should
note, however, that IoLET exerts no control over any tuition offered by external
organisations.
Full professional competence is normally achieved only by translators working into their
language of habitual use. Please note that the DipTrans is not suitable for candidates
seeking a general test of language competence.
This handbook should be read in conjunction with the Examination Candidate Regulations,
available from IoLET by emailing info.diptrans@ciol.org.uk or by visiting www.ciol.org.uk.
DipTrans Handbook-2014
Diploma in Translation
1.
Examination content
3 hours
A text of about 600 words of a demanding but non-specialised nature will be set.
Candidates will be required to translate the text into their target language to a professional
standard of accuracy.
Unit 02: Written Translation of a Semi-specialised Text
2 hours
Three texts of a semi-specialised nature, each of approximately 450 words, will be set within
the following broad subject areas:
Technology
Business
Literature
Candidates must choose one of these three texts to translate into their target language to a
professional standard of accuracy.
Unit 03: Written Translation of a Semi-specialised Text
2 hours
Three texts of a semi-specialised nature, each of approximately 450 words, will be set within
the following broad subject areas:
Science
Social Science
Law
Candidates must choose one of these three texts to translate into their target language to a
professional standard of accuracy.
Candidates are required to pass all three Units in order to qualify for the Diploma in
Translation. A Distinction may be awarded for outstanding performance in any Unit and a
Merit may be gained for a performance that exceeds the minimum requirements for the
Pass grade. All Units are individually assessed and for each Unit passed a Unit certificate will
be issued. The full Diploma will be awarded when all Units are passed. If candidates take the
full exam in one year and pass, they will be issued with the full Diploma certificate. The
overall qualification will state Pass and the reverse of the certificate will show the
breakdown of individual results.
2.
Unitisation
IoLET qualifications have changed to a new unitised format under the new Qualifications
and Credit Framework (QCF) as regulated by the Office of Examinations and Regulation
(Ofqual).
The QCF recognises achievement through the award of credits and qualifications. It also
allows for the accumulation and transfer of credits between qualifications and for exemption
from some of the achievement requirements of a qualification.
The DipTrans has been divided into units and entered onto the QCF unit databank.
Each unit is separately assessed and certificated.
Once all the units have been completed, the full qualification will be awarded.
DipTrans Handbook-2014
3.
Candidates are able to sit units in any order and any combination.
The five-year rule for completion of the qualifications remains unchanged, ie the first
year starts when candidates receive their first pass in any of the units.
The form and content of the examination and the registration dates remain unchanged.
Re-sits
Candidates may re-sit failed units in any order. All units must be passed within five years of
the first pass in any nit.
4.
General principles
Translators notes
Avoid using translators notes unless they are absolutely necessary. Use them only as you
would in a professional context, bearing in mind the scenario specified in the rubric.
This means that translators notes:
DipTrans Handbook-2014
The lack of translators notes does not mean automatic penalisation as very few
translations require them. Translations will be eligible for Pass, Merit or Distinction grades,
with or without translators notes, as long as the candidates apply critical thought and
appropriate strategies to how they translate the texts before them.
6.
6.1
Criterion statements: The pass mark for the examination is 60%. Candidates who
obtain between 70% and 90% will be awarded a Merit and candidates whose marks fall
between 80% and 100% will be awarded a Distinction. A translation can be awarded
Distinction, Merit or Pass only if it is professionally usable. Any translation which is not
professionally usable will be awarded a Fail.
All three units of the examination must be passed for candidates to obtain the full Diploma
in Translation. In each unit, candidates are graded under the three different criteria or
Aspects of Performance set out below. A pass grade must be achieved in all three aspects
in order to pass in any of the units of the examination. The Aspects of Performance are:
1. Comprehension, accuracy and register
2. Grammar (morphology, syntax, etc), cohesion, coherence and organisation of work
3. Technical aspects: punctuation, spelling, accentuation, transfer of names, dates,
figures, etc
Each Aspect of Performance comprises a four-point scale showing the different criteria for
the awarding of results. Assessment in each of the units of the examination is carried out by
matching a candidates performance to a series of criteria.
6.2
Marking criteria: The statements below describe criteria used under each of the
Aspects of Performance.
Band
Numerical
Mark
Distinction
40 50
Merit
35 39
Pass
30 34
DipTrans Handbook-2014
0 29
28 35
Merit
24 27
Pass
21 23
Fail
The translation does not read like an original piece of writing. It may
be stilted and incoherent. There may be too much adherence to the
sentence structure of the source text, with little effort to modify the
sentences. There may also be paraphrasing or over-elaboration.
0 20
12 15
Merit
10 11
Pass
Fail
08
DipTrans Handbook-2014
7. DI PLOM A I N TRANSLATI ON: M ARK SHEET (CONFI DENTI AL WHEN COM PLETED)
Candidate Number :
one)
UNIT 2 (tick appropriate option)
This
section
must be
completed
using the
Marking
Guideline
s.
mance
Candidates
M UST obtain a
pass in each
Aspect
of
Performance in
order to be
given a full
passing grade.
Write on
reverse if
necessary.
Examiners name
(in capitals):
A : TECHNOLOGY
B : BUSINESS
C : LITERATURE
D : SCIENCE
E : SOCIAL
SCIENCE
F : LAW
Assessment Criteria
M axi
mum
marks
availa
ble
M in
imu
m
pass
mar
k
(60
%)
50
30
2. Grammar
(morphology and syntax),
coherence, cohesion and
organisation of work
35
21
3. Technical aspects:
spelling, punctuation,
accentuation, transfer of
names, figures, dates,
legibility etc
15
Fail
SECTI ON
C
Regardles
s of the
candidate
s final
grade,
you must
give
detailed
comments
on his/her
performan
ce, and
justify the
marks that
you have
given for
the
translation
.
Target language
1. Comprehension,
Accuracy and Register
SECTI ON
B
Fill in the
boxes
with the
number of
marks
allocated
for each
Aspect of
Performa
nce,
as
well
as
the grade
for each
aspect.
Aspect
s of
Perfor
Source language
Pass (only if
minimum pass
mark
is
obtained in all
three aspects
of
performance)
Examiners
signature:
DipTrans Handbook-2014
Chief Examiners
signature
Distinction (only if
all three aspects of
performance
are
passed with no fewer
than 40 marks in
Aspect 1 and the final
mark is between 80
and 100)
Chief M oderators
signature
M ar
ks
obtai
ned
by
candi
date
FINA
L
MAR
K
60 --- 69 =
Pass
70 --- 79 =
Merit
80 --- 100 =
Distinction
Date:
10
Languages
Candidates should normally translate only from their source language into their target
language. The target language is their mother tongue or language of habitual use where
this has taken the place of their mother tongue and has reached a comparable standard.
Candidates source language may be any recognised language of a nation or national group
having a culture, literature and expression of thought to which the syllabus of the
examination can be applied and of which they have a suitably good grasp. Normally either
the source or target language should be English, although it is possible to arrange
examinations between French, German, Spanish and Italian, subject to the availability of
examiners.
There must be a minimum number of candidates registered for the examination; however, if
the source language is a less common one and if there are three or fewer candidates for that
specific language combination, a surcharge will be applied to the normal examination fee.
2.
Level of examination
their level of linguistic attainment in the source language is at least equivalent to a good
university degree,
they are familiar with the relevant cultural background,
they have a sound knowledge of the specific fields of their choice.
a degree in the source language (or a combined degree where that language is
examined at final degree level),
extensive knowledge of the source language gained from substantial and consistent use
of the language in a professional capacity, or through having studied the particular
language to effective operational proficiency.
The Diploma in Translation qualification has been accredited by the United Kingdoms
Office of Qualifications and Examinations Regulation (Ofqual) for entry into the
Qualifications Credit Framework at Level 7 (Masters) (www.ofqual.gov.uk). It also meets the
standards of the National Occupational Standards In Translation (Professional Translator).
The Diploma has an international reputation. Candidates sit the examination in more than
45 countries.
DipTrans Handbook-2014
11
UK-specific recognition:
Courses
Although IoLET does not run courses, we provide details of organisations that offer help in
preparing for the Diploma in Translation. Email info.diptrans@ciol.org.uk for visit
www.ciol.org.uk for further information.
Candidates are not obliged to attend a formal course leading to the Diploma qualification
before sitting the examination but guidance and preparation have proved to be beneficial.
5.
Examination texts
In general, texts used for the examinations are of a topical nature and of relevance to the
social, political, economic and cultural environment of the countries where the source
language is spoken. Material is drawn from authentic published sources and is intended
originally for the educated or well-informed lay reader. The target readership is always
defined in the rubric of each paper so that candidates can focus on the intended
readerships needs and expectations. The texts are semi-specialised in nature and display
some degree of complexity.
6.
Candidates are strongly advised to use paper dictionaries and other reference works,
including their own glossaries, none of which may be shared with other candidates. It is not
necessary to provide a bibliography giving details of reference works used in the
examination. IoLET does not recommend any particular titles, although a list of suggested
reading is included at the end of this handbook.
DipTrans Handbook-2014
12
7.
The use of machine translation programs or access to the Internet during the examination is
not permitted.
Some examination centres offer IT equipment and facilities that do not contain software with
translating programs. The use of laptops or electronic notebooks is not allowed as it is
difficult, if not impossible, to monitor the programs installed. For the same reason,
electronic dictionaries may not be used. IoLET accepts no responsibility for IT facilities that
malfunction on the day of the examination.
No distinction is made by examiners during the marking process between candidates who
word-process their scripts and those who handwrite; however, all candidates are advised to
present their work well (paying attention to spacing and formatting) and, if handwriting their
examination, to write legibly and to ensure that crossings-out and insertions are clear.
8.
Scripts
Candidates scripts remain the property of IoLET at all times and are not returned to
candidates under any circumstances.
9.
The Fred Brandeis Trophy is awarded each year in memory of Mr Fred Brandeis, a
longstanding Fellow and friend of the Chartered Institute of Linguists, to the best Diploma
in Translation candidate translating from English into German.
company providing language training for business and industry, Richard Lewis
Communications, to the candidate who produces the best overall performance in any
language combination.
The Schlapps Oliver Shield is presented by Mrs Marjorie Elms FCIL in memory of her late
father Mr G A Schlapps Oliver, a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Linguists for many
years, to the college which produces the best results for a group entry.
DipTrans Handbook-2014
13
Candidates are expected to read widely and keep abreast of current affairs so that they are
not daunted by unfamiliar cultural references. Effective reference material is vital. In addition
to bilingual dictionaries, candidates will need bilingual and monolingual reference materials
and it may also be helpful to have lists of acronyms and abbreviations and glossaries in both
languages, which will be useful, for example, in checking the spelling of proper names in the
translation.
Candidates should ensure that prior to the examination they have established precisely
where in the reference material selected specific information can be found, for example,
where lists of geographical names in translation or weights and measures are given in a
dictionary.
Candidates are encouraged to join classes specifically leading to the Diploma in Translation
or to join other courses that include elements relevant to the preparation for it.
Postgraduate courses in comparative or applied linguistics, international trade or
international studies with a foreign language may also provide some of the theory and an
introduction to concepts and terminology for some of the topics within the options offered.
Webinars such as those offered by eCPD can also be very helpful.
2.
Whilst priority should be given to the practice of translation, with feedback on the quality of
their translations, candidates should have an awareness of theory and an understanding of
how this theory should be applied. Aspects of translation theory that candidates may find
helpful in their preparation for the Diploma include:
the search for translation equivalences and other translation procedures such as transfer
and naturalisation;
types of register and style, their implications and some experience in handling concepts
and terminology in both languages of the examination;
DipTrans Handbook-2014
14
3.
Translation techniques
Candidates should also be aware of strategies that can assist in the production of faithful
translations. As a guide, consider the following recognised techniques:
Direct translation techniques
They are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be
transposed into the target language:
Borrowing: taking words straight into another language, also known as transfer (eg
using baguette, Schadenfreude or glasnost in an English text)
Calque: borrowing a phrase from another language and translating it literally word-forword (eg translating the French march aux puces as flea market in English or the
English skyscraper as gratte-ciel in French)
Modulation: using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to
convey the same idea (for example, German uses Lebensgefahr [literally, danger to
life] where English uses danger of death or a French speaker will refer to the dernier
tage of a building where an English speaker will refer to the top floor)
Compensation: expressing somewhere else in the target text something that cannot
be translated and whose meaning would be lost in the immediate translation (such as
replacing a reference in a French newspaper to Quai DOrsay with one to the French
Foreign Ministry)
4.
Hints and pitfalls
DipTrans Handbook-2014
15
The standard of a candidates work is assessed by breaking down the constituent elements
that make up a professionally usable translation, i.e. how the candidate understands the
source text (decoding) and renders this into the target language (encoding) in such a way
that the text reads as if it had originally been written in the target language.
4.1
Decoding
The main proof that a candidate has understood the source text is the accuracy of the
translation, in which information from the source text is correctly transferred to the target
text. Accuracy is therefore a crucial element in any translation. As comprehension of the
source text is essential to how the text is encoded or translated into the target language, a
text that has not been understood cannot be accurately translated.
Some causes of lapses in accuracy are:
inability to grasp the meaning of a whole sentence or paragraph and therefore resorting
to literal translations
guessing at the meaning of words instead of consulting a dictionary
comprehension problems resulting in the mistranslation of individual words, concepts,
idioms or technical terms
omitting sections of the translation (omission of more than 5% of the source text means
an automatic fail, regardless of how good the remaining translation is)
Usage plays an important role in encoding. Candidates can generally use a simple test to
establish whether or not to use one figure of speech or another in their translations. For
instance, if a particular figure of speech would be unsuitable in a piece of writing in the
target language, it may need to be replaced in the translation unless, of course, the
intention was to convey some essential aspect of the original to the reader of the
translation.
Candidates need to learn to stand back from their translations and to ask themselves if what
they have written conveys what they want it to.
4.2
Encoding
DipTrans Handbook-2014
16
In order to obtain a pass in the translation examination, the encoding must respect the
norms of the target language vis vis sentence structure, terminology, cohesion of the text
and fidelity to the author and his/her intention. Accuracy is a sine qua non in any translation.
The need for accuracy at this level cannot be overstated: one major error or omission
giving false information could have disastrous repercussions in a real-life situation. Once
the meaning of the source language text has been decoded, the text needs to be encoded
accurately.
The Diploma in Translation tests the ability to
The seriousness of an error depends on the context and a given error can be serious in one
context but minor in another. If a candidates script contains one fatal translation error or
omission giving false information to the reader, the minimum professional standard has not
been reached and, as a consequence, the candidate cannot be awarded a Pass.
Some of the criteria relating to accurate encoding of the text are the choice of register,
vocabulary, terminology and idioms, which must be appropriate to the spirit of the original
and must reflect the intention of the source text. In other words, if the source text is for the
educated lay-person, for an interested readership or to appear in the business page of a
popular newspaper or in the science supplement of a quality broadsheet, the translation
must reflect who the target readership is, as well as the lexical and stylistic conventions of
the target publication.
Resorting to over-literal translations or looking at individual words or sections in isolation
might be detrimental to the overall quality of the translation produced, despite a correct
use of specialised terminology. Therefore, in order to ensure that the target text reads like
an authentic piece, it is extremely important that candidates read the whole source text
before deciding on how to best render it into the target language.
Another aspect of performance that needs careful attention is that of grammar (morphology,
syntax, etc), coherence of sentences, text cohesion and organisation of work. Adhering to
the source text patterns not only fails to achieve the equivalent stylistic effect but can also
result in factual error and confusion for the reader. For example, the verb tense in We are
meeting in the boardroom next Saturday to express future tense has to be changed in
order to render the same meaning into Polish (W przysz sobot spotykamy si w sali
konferencyjnej).
Candidates should ensure that they pay adequate attention to spelling, punctuation and use
of diacritics (accents) in the target language. Punctuation that follows the pattern of the
source text, spelling errors, missing accents and neologisms can all distort the meaning of
the target text. Spelling must be at a professionally usable level. Candidates should avoid
the use of abbreviations or colloquial language such as doesnt, wont and cant unless, of course, this reflects the style of the source text.
5.
Additional information
Candidates should be aware that the time available for each of the three Units should be
DipTrans Handbook-2014
17
used in such a way that there is enough time at the end to check through the translation.
Candidates are advised to bear in mind the following aspects during the final check:
Having completed the translation, the candidate should pause briefly and then check to
see that the text functions as a coherent whole. It is important to ensure that the overall
impression when reading the translation is that of a text originally written in the target
language.
Where there is genuine ambiguity in the source text and the candidate remains
undecided between two possible interpretations, the more likely solution should be
incorporated into the translation, and the problem and less likely alternative should be
briefly explained in a translators note as it would be in a professional capacity.
Lack of preparation for the demands of the examination, inability to apply acquired skills
and techniques to the subject matter of the text, spending too much time searching through
dictionaries, and producing drafts and then copying them out are some possible reasons for
candidates running out of time during the examination. The failure to complete the
translation will be penalised, as this does not reflect professional practice in meeting
deadlines.
6.
The six subject areas in Unit 02 (A) Technology, (B) Business and (C) Literature and in Unit 03
(D) Science, (E) Social Science and (F) Law may be taken in any one of the following
combinations:
(02A) Technology
(02A) Technology
(02A) Technology
+ (03D) Science
+ (03E) Social Science
+ (03F) Law
(02B) Business
(02B) Business
(02B) Business
+ (03D) Science
+ (03E) Social Science
+ (03F) Law
(02C) Literature
(02C) Literature
(02C) Literature
+ (03D) Science
+ (03E) Social Science
+ (03F) Law
Lists of subjects which may be included within the six semi-specialised areas are:
DipTrans Handbook-2014
18
Note: These lists are not exhaustive and some categories overlap.
It is important to note that the categories above are semi-specialised and that a pass in, for
example, the Law or Technology Paper does not confer Legal Translator or Technical
Translator status.
General regulations
DipTrans Handbook-2014
19
Candidate regulations
All candidates must read the Candidate Regulations, which are available from IoLET by
emailing info.diptrans@ciol.org.uk or by download from www.ciol.org.uk. Items such
as registration, refunds, reasonable adjustments, appeals, IT, etc, are covered.
Availability of examinations
The examinations are held once a year in January. IoLET operates its own assessment
centre in London (known as the IoLET Open Centre, London). For a list of United
Kingdom and overseas centres where candidates can sit the examination, please visit
www.ciol.org.uk.
Fees
For information on fees, please contact IoLET by emailing info.diptrans@ciol.org.uk or
visit www.ciol.org.uk.
Registration procedure
For details on how to register please refer to the Examination Candidate Regulations,
copies of which are available from IoLET by emailing info.diptrans@ciol.org.uk or visit
www.ciol.org.uk.
An awards meeting attended by chief examiners and chief moderators is held annually
to discuss results and to ensure that standardised assessment schemes and criteria have
been applied fairly across the various options and languages.
20
Holders of the Diploma in Translation may apply for membership of the Chartered Institute
of Linguists (CIOL), details of which are sent to all successful candidates with their results.
IoLET awards three grades of professional membership:
Fellowship is CIOLs highest grade and is reserved for linguists who can demonstrate a
Associateship is the normal grade for linguists who have not yet gained the professional
experience required for membership. Applicants must have a relevant qualification;
Members are entitled to join the CIOLs divisions and societies and benefit from various
membership services, including receiving the bi-monthly journal The Linguist. They are
also bound by the CIOLs code of professional conduct in all their work involving
languages. Full details may be obtained on application to the Membership Department.
A Chartered Linguist is a practicing linguist who exhibits the highest levels of
competence, skill and professionalism, is willing to demonstrate commitment to maintain
and develop these skills, and agrees to periodic review by professional peers.
Contact details
Further information about the Diploma in Translation, IoLETs other examinations and
membership may be obtained from www.ciol.org.uk or from:
IoL Educational Trust
Dunstan House
14a St Cross Street
London EC1N 8XA
United Kingdom
T: +44 (0)20 7940 3127/3137
F: +44 (0)20 7940 3121
E: info.diptrans@ciol.org.uk
Membership Department
New applications
T: +44 (0)20 7940 3133/3146
E: membershipeligibility@ciol.org.uk
PWP FS Print and Design
Examinations material order form
T: +44 (0)1992 469927
F: +44 (0)1992 469848
E: pastpapers@pwpfs.com
21
CIOL publications
Chief Examiners Reports
Comments from Chief Examiners on candidate performance in the Diploma in Translation
examination are published annually for the following language combinations in the high
entry languages: from French, German, Italian and Spanish into English and from English
into these languages; and also for English into Chinese, Greek, Polish, Portuguese and
Russian. Reports of the small entry languages can be downloaded from the CIOLs website,
and the Examinations Material Order Form or email pastpapers@pwpfs.com.
Seminars to aid preparation for the Diploma in Translation
Seminars in a variety of language combinations are available for download.
The Linguist is the membership journal of the Chartered Institute of Linguists and is
published six times per year. It is free to all CIOL members, available to non-members on
subscription, and freely available to view, share and download via our online issue
(thelinguist.uberflip.com). It offers readers a wide range of articles that are of interest to
anyone and everyone working with languages, as well as news items, event and book
reviews, and a popular opinion and comment section.
Other publications (not available for purchase through IoLET)
This handbook does not prescribe publications on translation, but as any reading which
assists candidates to reflect on the issues and processes involved in translating is helpful,
a sample from an ever-increasing range of publications on translation theory and practice
is given below. Please note that this list is not exhaustive.
General books on translation
Thinking Italian Translation. A Course in Translation Method: Italian to English. Stella Cragie,
22
Matters 1993/1998)
1958).
Editore 2006)
Dizionario delle parole straniere in uso nella lingua italiana. Achille Lucarini, Francesca
Scorfani (Editori Riuniti 1999)
23
Polish
Successful Polish-English Translation Tricks of the Trade. Aniela Korzeniowska and Piotr
Kuhiwczak (Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 1994)
Portuguese
This list is regularly updated on our website. If you would like to submit entries for
inclusion on this list we would be delighted to hear from you. Contact us via
info@ciol.org.uk.
DipTrans Handbook-2014
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