New Generation Direct Injection Gasoline Engine

New Generation Direct Injection Gasoline Engine

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Researcher:
R. Standing
Supervisors:
Prof. H. Zhao, Dr. T. Ma
Sponsors:
EPSRC, Ford Motor Company
Objectives
To research and develop Direct Injection gasoline engines with Controlled Autoignition (CAI)
combustion.
To achieve simultaneous reductions in NOx emissions and fuel consumption (CO2 emissions).
Methodology
Residual Gas trapping by negative valve overlap.
Cam Profiles for SI and CAI operation
Engine
Prototype Ford 1.6l 4-cylinder Direct Injection gasoline engine with dual variable valve timing devices.
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/dige/ (1 of 3)25.3.2006 . 17:36:36
Effects of Injection Timings on Engine's Performance &

Emissions
In-cylinder pressure vs. Injection timing
NOx emission vs. Injection timing
IMEP values vs. Injection timing
ISFC values vs. Injection timing
Combustion Engine Research Group - Recent Research
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Brunel Home > ... > Energy & Environment > Combustion Engines > Recent Research
Combustion Engine Research Group - Recent Research

Home Overview Facilities Technique Highlights Major Projects Recent
Research Contact
This section demonstrates some of the recent research from CERG.
Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Combustion and Combustion

Engines
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of CAI combustion in four-stroke
gasoline engines
Experimental and computational study of a high-speed direct injection
diesel engine with high-pressure CR fuel injection
Fundamental Studies on CAI/HCCI combustion
In-cylinder flow and combustion studies of high-speed direct injection
diesel engines
Research on a New Generation of Gasoline Engines
Simultaneous Fuel Liquid and Vapour Measurements in a DI Gasoline
Engine By Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence (LIEF)
In-Cylinder Flow Visualisation by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV)
In-Cylinder Fuel and Species Measurements by Planar Laser Induced
Fluorescence (PLIF)
Development of a Ultra-low NOx Emission and High Efficiency Gasoline
Engine with CAI/HCCI Combustion
Designed Objects Production by Laser Forming and Processing
Brunel University 2007
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Theoretical and Experimental Studies of CAI combustion in four-stroke gasoline engines
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Brunel Home > ... > Combustion Engines > Recent Research > CAI Combustion
Recent Research
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of CAI combustion in four-stroke

gasoline engines
Researchers:
Dr. Z. Peng, Dr. Y. Li, N. Bruzos
Supervisors:
Prof. H. Zhao, Dr. T. Ma, Prof. N. Ladommatos
Sponsors:
EPSRC, EU, Ford Motor Company
Principle of CAI Combustion Engine

A sparkless, flameless burning process of premixed fuel / air mixture.
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/cai/ (1 of 4)16/04/2007 07:58:07
Emission
Diesel (CI)
Petrol (SI)
CAI HCCI
PM, NOx
high NOx
no PM, ultra-low NOx
Average
Excellent
Efficiency Excellent
Modelling the effect of EGR using detailed chemical kinetics
Visualisation of CAI combustion process
PLIF images of CH2O
CAI Combustion Process

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Brunel Home > ... > Combustion Engines > Recent Research > Direct Injection Engine
Recent Research

Researcher:
R. Standing
Supervisors:
Prof. H. Zhao, Dr. T. Ma
Sponsors:
Objectives
To research and develop Direct Injection gasoline engines with

Controlled Autoignition (CAI) combustion.
To achieve simultaneous reductions in NOx emissions and fuel
consumption (CO2 emissions).
Methodology
Residual Gas trapping by negative valve overlap.
Cam Profiles for SI and CAI operation
Engine
Prototype Ford 1.6l 4-cylinder Direct Injection gasoline engine with dual
variable valve timing devices.
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/dige/ (1 of 2)16/04/2007 07:58:56
Effects of Injection Timings on Engine's Performance &

Emissions
In-cylinder pressure vs. Injection

timing
NOx emission vs. Injection timing
IMEP values vs. Injection timing
ISFC values vs. Injection timing

http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/dige/ (2 of 2)16/04/2007 07:58:56
Experimental and computational study of a high-speed direct injection diesel engine with high-pressu
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Diesel Engines
Recent Research
Experimental and computational study of a high-speed

direct injection diesel engine with high-pressu
Researchers:
D. Melas, Dr. Y. Zhu
Supervisors:
Prof. N. Ladommatos, Prof. H. Zhao
Sponsors:
Ford Motor Company
Objective & Methodology

To investigate the effect of piston bowl geometry on the performance and
emissions of a HSDI diesel engine.
Ford 2.0l HSDI CR Diesel Engine

Number of Cylinders
Bore (mm)
86
Stroke (mm)
86
Connecting Rod Length (mm)

Piston Bowl Volume
(cm3)
160
21.7
Compression Ratio
18.2:1
Fuel System
D.I. with Common Rail
Number of Injection Holes
Injection Hole Diameter (mm)
0.159
Injection Cone Angle (deg)
154
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/cr/ (1 of 4)16/04/2007 07:59:53
Computational Mesh
Experimental Results
Full Load
BSFC at full load condition (2000BMEP at full load test condition
rpm maximum torque, 4000-rpm (2000-rpm maximum torque, 4000maximum power @ optimum
rpm maximum power @ optimum
protrusion) for Piston Bowl Shape protrusion) for Piston Bowl Shape
1, 2 and 3
1, 2 and 3
Part Load
Total NOx and particulates for the
5-modes tests for Piston Bowl 1, 2
Total BSFC for the 5-modes tests

for Piston Bowl 1, 2 and 3
and 3
In-cylinder Equivalence Ratio & Temperature @ 1600rpm

18 ATDC
Bowl 1
Bowl 2
24 ATDC
Bowl 3

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Brunel Home > ... > Combustion Engines > Recent Research > CAI / HCCI
Recent Research

Researchers:
A. Oakley, Dr. Z. Peng, K. Man
Supervisors:
Sponsors:
EU, EPSRC
Objective
To study the effect of the following engine parameters on CAI / HCCI
combustion:
Air / Fuel Ratio

External EGR Rate
Compression Ratio
Alternative Fuels
Valve Timings
Summary
CAI / HCCI boundaries defined

RON is not suitable in CAI / HCCI study
Methanol is extremely tolerant to EGR
Auto-ignition timing and combustion duration are strongly affected by
AFR and EGR
Results from a Ricardo E6 engine, 1500rpm, WOT
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/caihcci/ (1 of 3)16/04/2007 08:01:17
Gasoline Autoignition timing
Gasoline Combustion duration
Methanol Autoignition timing


In-cylinder flow and combustion studies of high-speed direct injection diesel engines
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Brunel Home > ... > Combustion Engines > Recent Research > Flow & Combustion in
HSDI Diesel Engines
Recent Research
In-cylinder flow and combustion studies of high-speed

direct injection diesel engines
Researchers:
C. Marriner, K. Sison, K. Gill
Supervisors:
Prof. H. Zhao, Prof. N. Ladommatos
Sponsors:
EU, Delphi Fuel Systems, EPSRC
1. High-speed spray and flame imaging

(by Cu+/YAG laser & video camera - 10-40kHz)
Pilot 27 BTDC
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/hsdide/ (1 of 4)16/04/2007 08:03:09
Pilot 26 BTDC
Main 2 BTDC
Main 2 BTDC
Main 1 ATDC
Main 7 ATDC
2. Two-colour technique for flame temperature and soot

loading measurement
3. Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) for soot measurement
4. In-cylinder sampling

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Brunel Home > ... > Combustion Engines > Recent Research > New Generation
Gasoline Engines
Recent Research

Researcher:
N. Kalian
Supervisors:
Sponsors:
Jaguar, EPSRC, Ford Motor Company
Objectives
To research and develop a new generation of gasoline engines capable

of both Spark Ignition (SI) and Controlled Autoignition (CAI)
operations.
To achieve simultaneous reductions in NOx emissions and fuel
consumption (CO2 emission).
Cam profiles for SI & CAI operation
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/ngge/ (1 of 3)16/04/2007 08:03:30
Engine
Prototype Jaguar 3.0l V6 DI gasoline engines.
Special Features:
Dual Variable Valve Timing (VVT) systems

Dual Cam Profile Switching (CPS) systems
H-Lift
L-Lift
Engine Control
dSpace interface and ECU & MATLAB Simulink

Simultaneous Fuel Liquid and Vapour Measurements in a DI Gasoline Engine By Laser Induced Exciplex F
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Brunel Home > ... > Combustion Engines > Recent Research > LIEF
Recent Research
Simultaneous Fuel Liquid and Vapour Measurements

in a DI Gasoline Engine By Laser Induced Exciplex F
Researchers:
B. Leach, Dr. Y. Li
Supervisors:
Sponsors:
EPSRC, Orbital Engines Pty Ltd.
LIEF Principle
A fluorescence molecule in an excited state Np* reacts with another
molecule DMA to form a second fluorescent species (Np+DMA)*. Np* emits
dominantly in the vapour phase, (Np+DMA)* in the liquid phase emits at a
longer wavelength.
Exciplex formation and the resulting fluorescence spectra of Napthalene

(7%) and DMA (7%) in 86% Iso-octane.
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/lief/ (1 of 3)16/04/2007 08:04:21
Experimental Set-up
Results
63CA BTDC Compression Stroke (7CA ASOI)
Laser
from...
LHS
RHS
Below
Average
Below
Average
Below
Average
Liquid
Phase
Vapour
Phase

Laser
from...
LHS
RHS
Liquid
Phase
Vapour
Phase

Laser
from...
LHS
Liquid
Phase
Vapour
Phase

RHS
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Brunel Home > ... > Combustion Engines > Recent Research > PIV
In-Cylinder Flow Visualisation by Particle Image

Velocimetry (PIV)
Recent Research
Researchers:
Dr. Y. Li, B. Leach
Supervisors:
Sponsors:
PIV Principle
The velocity vectors are derived from sub-sections of the target area of the
particle-seeded flow by measuring the movement of particles between two
laser pulses:
1. A special CCD camera captures two images of laser pulses separated

by ?t onto separated frames.
2. The images are divided into small subsections called inter-rogation
areas (IA). The interrogation areas from each image frame, I1 and I2,
are cross-correlated with each other, pixel by pixel.
3. The correlation produces a signal peak, identifying the common
particle displacement, ?X. An accurate measure of the displacement and thus the velocity - is achieved with sub-pixel interpolation.
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/piv/ (1 of 5)16/04/2007 08:06:05
Experiments & Results
In-cylinder swirl flow
Graph showing in cylinder swirl
Evolution of tumble flow in a modern 4-valve cylinder engine

BDC
120 BTDC
90 BTDC
60 BTDC
50 BTDC
Cycle variation of the tumble ratio and centre
Velocity fluctuation kinetic energy

In-Cylinder Fuel and Species Measurements by Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF)
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Brunel Home > ... > Combustion Engines > Recent Research > PLIF
Recent Research
In-Cylinder Fuel and Species Measurements by Planar

Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF)
Researchers:
Dr. Y. Li, J. Williams, Dr. Z. Peng
Supervisors:
Sponsors:
LIF Principle
When a ground state atom or molecule is pumped to an excited state by a
laser, the excited atom or molecule is spontaneously emitting light, known
as fluorescence. The fluorescence intensity is proportional to the species
concentration.
Microscopic Description of Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF)
PLIF Set-up
In practice, a laser sheet is passed through some flow field, and the
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/plif/ (1 of 3)16/04/2007 08:06:53
resulting fluorescence is captured on a digital camera.
Basic Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) Experimental

Arrangement
Experimental Set-up
Results
PLIF images of in-cylinder fuel distribution without combustion
PLIF images of in-cylinder fuel distribution with CAI combustion

Development of a Ultra-low NOx Emission and High Efficiency Gasoline Engine with CAI/HCCI Combustion
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Brunel Home > ... > Combustion Engines > Recent Research > Ultra-low NOx
Emission Engine
Recent Research
Development of a Ultra-low NOx Emission and High

Efficiency Gasoline Engine with CAI/HCCI Combustion
Researchers:
Dr. J. Li, M. Martins
Supervisors:
Sponsors:
Jaguar, EPSRC, Ford Motor Company
Achievements
The world first multi-cylinder CAI gasoline engine

Ultra-low NOx emission (100 times reduction)
Very low CO emission (up to 40% reduction)
Improved fuel economy
Operating Principle
Residual gas trapping by negative valve overlap.
Rapid Combustion
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/ulnox/ (1 of 2)16/04/2007 08:07:22
Low cyclic variation
Development of a Ultra-low NOx Emission and High Efficiency Gasoline Engine with CAI/HCCI Combustion
Ford 1.7litre, 4-cylinder, PFI Gasoline. CR=10.5, MPI, Twin VCT

camshafts
Reduction in NOx emissions by
CAI Combustion
Reduction in BSFC (%) by CAI

Combustion
Reduction in CO emissions by
CAI Combustion
Increase in HC emissions by CAI

Combustion

http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/ulnox/ (2 of 2)16/04/2007 08:07:22
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Brunel Home > ... > Combustion Engines > Recent Research > Laser Forming &
Processing
Recent Research
Designed Objects Production by Laser Forming and

Processing
Researchers:
Dr. S. Silve
Supervisors:
Prof. N. Ladommatos, Prof. H. Zhao
Sponsors:
Royal Commission for Exhibition 1851, Leverhulme Trust, Kultakeskus
Company
Principle
Temperature Gradient
Bends towards the

beam. High speed &
small beam dia.
Buckling
Upsetting
Can bend away from

Used to form bowls etc.
the beam. Slow speed Slow speed & small beam
& large beam dia.
dia.
http://www.brunel.ac.uk/about/acad/sed/sedres/ee/cerg/recent/lfp/ (1 of 3)16/04/2007 08:07:42
System
1.2 kW TLF laser

4-axis CNC lath
Auto operation
Laser Forming
Examples
Laser Cutting


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