Pushover Analysis

an
Inelastic Static Analysis Methods
courtesy of Bar Binici

Target Performance
Dictated by codes (DBYBHY 2007, Section 1.2.1):

....The objective of seismic resistant design is

to have no structural/nonstructural damage
in low magnitude earthquakes, limited and
repairable damage in moderate earthquakes
and life safety for extreme earthquakes...

Current Status
Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
- Assume global ductility (Ra)
- Detail accordingly
Modal Superposition Procedure

- Include higher mode effects

Time History Analysis
- Rarely used

- Tedious and requires hysteretic models

W A(T1 )
Vt
Ra (T1 )

Critique of Current Practice

Advantages :
- Simple to use
- Have proven to work
- Became a tradition all over the world
- Uncertainty is lumped and easier to deal with
Disadvantages :
- No clear connection between capacity and demand
- No option for interfering with the target performance
- No possibility of having the owner involved in the decision
process
- Not easily applicable to seismic assessment of existing
structures

DBYBHY 2007 (Chapter 7)

-

Evaluation and Strengthening of Existing Buildings

is based on structural performances.

- Steps:
Collect information from an existing structure
Assess whether info is dependable and penalize accordingly
Conduct structural analysis
- Linear static analysis
- Nonlinear static analysis (Pushover analysis)
- Incremental pushover analysis
- Time history analysis
Identify for each member the damage level
Decision based on number of elements at certain damage levels

Time History?
- Actual earthquake response is hard to predict anyways.
- Closest estimate can be found using inelastic time-history analysis.
- Difficulties with inelastic time history analysis:
- Suitable set of ground motion (Description of demand)
- hysteretic behavior models (Description of capacity)
- Computation time (Time)
- Post processing (Time and understanding)
Alternative approach is pushover analysis.
Dzce Ground Motion
0.6

Acceleration (g)

0.4
0.2
0
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

10

15

20

25

Sec.
30

Pushover Analysis
Definition: Inelastic static analysis of a
structure using a specified (constant or
variable) force pattern from zero load to a
prescribed ultimate displacement.
Use of it dates back to 1960s to1970s to
investigate stability of steel frames.
Many computer programs were developed
since then with many features and limitations.

Available Computer Programs

Design Oriented:
SAP 2000, GTSTRUDL, RAM etc.
Research Oriented:
Opensees, IDARC, SeismoStrut etc.
What is different?
User interface capabilities
Analysis options

Member behavior options

Section Damage Levels

Damage levels are established based on concrete outermost

compressive fiber strain and steel strain (for nonlinear analysis
procedure).

Section Damage Levels

How should these values be decided?

- Construction practice
- Experience of engineers
- Input of academicians

Curvature demand at target curvatures

600

500

AK

t = y + p

(kN.m)

p = p / Lp

Moment

400

GV

300

200

100

0
0.0000

(y)
0.0200

(t)
0.0400

0.0600

Erilik
(rad/m)

0.0800

0.1000

0.1200

How do we estimate strains from

a structural analysis?
Moment

Moment

My

Curvature
y

Strain

Moment

pu =(u y) Lp OR

My

p =( y) Lp

Where Lp = 0.5h

pu

Plastic
Rotations

Utilize this idealized

moment-rotation
response in inelastic
structural analysis

Definition of Potential Plastic Hinges

End regions of columns and beams (center for gravity loads)
are the potential plastic hinges
Plastic hinges are hinges capable of resisting My (not
significantly more, hardening allowed) undergoing plastic
rotations
Rigid End
zones

Lp

Elastic
BeamColumn
Element

Plastic
Hinges

Elastic Parts
For regions other than plastic hinging occurs, cracking is expected therefore
use of cracked stiffness is customary (0.4-0.8) EIo

Moment

0.4-0.8EIo

EIo
Erilik
Curvature

Pushover Analysis

Steps of Pushover Analysis:

A Simple Incremental Procedure
1. Build a computational model of the structure

Steps of Pushover Analysis

2. Define member behavior

Beams: Moment-rotation relations

Columns: Moment-rotation and Interaction Diagrams
Beam-column joints: Assume rigid (DBYBHY 2007 )
Walls: Model as beam columns but introduce a shear
spring to model shear deformations
Use cracked rigidities for elastic portions

Steps of Pushover Analysis

3. Apply gravity loads
1.0 G + n Q n=0.3 (live load reduction factor)
(if the interaction diagrams will not be used a good
estimate of the moment capacity of column hinges
needs to be made)
Possibilities:
Based on initial gravity load analysis
Based on a beam hinging mechanism
Based on elastic lateral force analysis with an
assumed reasonable Ra value.

Steps of Pushover Analysis

4. Specify a Lateral Load Profile:
(Inverted triangular, constant, first mode shape are some of the
possibilities)

It is a good idea to have a spreadsheet page ready

indicating all members, current load increment

5. Lateral Load Incrementing:

Step 1:
Elastic analysis is valid up to the formation of the first hinge,
i.e. when the first critical location reaches its moment
capacity.
Find the lateral loads that cause first hinge formation (V1).
Record all member forces and deformations (F1, d1).

Steps of Pushover Analysis

Step 2:
Beyond Step 1, yielded elements critical location cannot
take any further moment. Therefore place an actual
hinge at that location. Conduct an analysis increment for
this modified structure. This load increment should be
selected such that upon summing the force resultant
from this incremental step and previous step, second
hinge formation is reached.
V2 = V1 + V
F2 = F1 + F
d2 = d1 + d

Results from Step 1 + Results from an

incremental analysis with a hinge placed at
first yield location = Second Hinge formation

Steps of Pushover Analysis

.
.
Step i:
Similar to step 2 but additional hinges form and
incremental analysis steps are conducted for systems
with more hinges. Results are added to those from the
previous step
Vi = Vi-1 + V
Fi = Fi-1 + F
di = di-1 + d

Results from Step i-1 + Results from an

incremental analysis with a hinge placed at i-1th
yield location = ith hinge formation

Steps of Pushover Analysis

Step n:
Sufficient number of plastic hinges have formed and
system has reached a plastic mechanism. Note that this
could be a partial collapse mechanism as well. Beyond
this point system rotates as a rigid body.

ANALYSIS DONE
- Plot Base Shear- Roof Displacement
- Check member rotations and identify performance levels

Example Application: 3 Story- 2 Bay

RC Frame (Courtesy of Ahmet Yakut)
MODEL
12

J4

J8

15

11

J7

J12

14

J11

J3

10

J2

J6

13

6m

3m

J10

3m

J5

J1

3m

J9

6m

Assumptions

Assume
Constant Axial Load on Columns for Analysis Steps
Rigid-plastic with no hardening or softening moment-rotation behavior for
columns and beams
plastic hinging occurs when moment capacity is within 5% tolerance
Load combinations 1.0 DL + 0.3 LL and 1.0 DL + 0.3 LL+1.0EQ to compute
axial load levels
SABT YK

HAREKETL YK
DL=10kN/m

YATAY YK
LL=2kN/m
EQ=60kN

DL=15kN/m

LL=2kN/m
EQ=40kN

DL=15kN/m

LL=2kN/m
EQ=20kN

DATA
Beams

Columns
10-f10

3-f10
60cm

50cm
3-f10
60cm

Steel (fyd=495 Mpa)

Concrete (fcd=25 Mpa)
Clear cover=5 cm
E=2.779E+4 MPa

25cm
M+ is the same as M-

Note that if this is a seismic evaluation problem strength values obtained

at site should be used!

Section Capacities
Elemnalarn Moment-erilik ilikileri
Idealized member
moment curvature
elasto-plastik, peklemesiz
relations for estimated axial load level

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

N
kN
-83,786
-51,347
-19,872
-253,392
-158,905
-64,797
-124,104
-77,747
-31,201
5,606
1,421
-17,233
5,606
1,421
-17,233

My
kNm
124
115,5
107,5
166
143
119
133,5
122
110
49
50
53
49
50
53

y
rad/m
0,0055
0,0056
0,0056
0,0059
0,0060
0,0060
0,0056
0,0057
0,0054
0,0073
0,0069
0,0069
0,0073
0,0069
0,0069

rad/m
0,111
0,115
0,119
0,085
0,099
0,113
0,105
0,112
0,118
0,103
0,102
0,099
0,103
0,102
0,099

My
Moment

Eleman
Member

To be conservative smaller axial load from two load

combinations can be selected (as long as N<Nb)

fy

Erilik

f ult

Effect of Axial Force

Compute the moment

capacity by accounting for
axial force variation
Always remain on the yield
surface

Step 1

First yielding stage

Total Base Shear (kN)=
Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=

J4 (monitored node )
COMBO2: 1.0 DL + 0.3 LL + 1.0 EQ
EQ=3kN

DL=10kN/m
LL=2kN/m

EQ=2kN

DL=15kN/m
LL=2kN/m

EQ=1kN

DL=15kN/m
LL=2kN/m

Detection of first yield (moment

reaches My5%My )

Frame
Joint
Element Label
J1
1
J2
J2
2
J3
J3
3
J4
J5
4
J6
J6
5
J7
J7
6
J8
J9
7
J10
J10
8
J11
J11
9
J12
J2
10
J6
J3
11
J7
J4
12
J8
J6
13
J10
J7
14
J11
J8
15
J12

Myield
kNm
124.0
124.0
115.5
115.5
107.5
107.5
166.0
166.0
143.0
143.0
119.0
119.0
133.5
133.5
122.0
122.0
110.0
110.0
49.0
49.0
50.0
50.0
53.0
53.0
49.0
49.0
50.0
50.0
53.0
53.0

6
0.2947

M
Condition
kNm
-4.33
20.60
-22.14
21.00
-22.23
27.35
6.23
-0.60
3.50
-2.94
1.52
-3.29
16.03
-20.07
26.88
-24.83
22.95
-30.82
-42.74
-49.58 YIELDED
-43.24
-49.28
-27.35
-34.34
-45.48
-46.95
-44.83
-47.79
-31.05
-30.82

Step 2 (Incremental)

EQ=3kN

EQ=2kN

EQ=1kN

New
locations at
which yield
moments
within
tolerance are
reached

Actual hinge at previously yielded

location for the incremental analysis

Total Incremental Load (kN)=

Total Base Shear (kN) =
Inc. Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Total Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Frame
M
M
M + M
Element
kNm
kNm
(kNm)
-4.33
6.39
2.06
1
20.60
0.76
21.36
-22.14
2.05
-20.10
2
21.00
-2.18
18.82
-22.23
0.24
-21.99
3
27.35
-1.82
25.53
6.23
6.47
12.71
4
-0.60
0.39
-0.21
3.50
2.79
6.29
5
-2.94
-3.15
-6.09
1.52
1.56
3.08
6
-3.29
-3.43
-6.72
16.03
6.48
22.51
7
-20.07
0.20
-19.87
26.88
2.57
29.45
8
-24.83
-2.26
-27.09
22.95
0.15
23.10
9
-30.82
-1.80
-32.62
-42.74
1.29
-41.46
10
-49.58
0.00
-49.58
-43.24
2.42
-40.82
11
-49.28
-2.36
-51.64
-27.35
1.82
-25.53
12
-34.34
-1.73
-36.07
-45.48
2.40
-43.08
13
-46.95
-2.38
-49.33
-44.83
2.35
-42.48
14
-47.79
-2.41
-50.19
-31.05
1.71
-29.34
15
-30.82
-1.80
-32.62

6
12
0.2865
0.5812
Condition

YIELDED
YIELDED

YIELDED
YIELDED

Step 3 (Incremental)

EQ=21kN

EQ=14kN

EQ=7kN

New location
at which yield
moment within
tolerance are
reached

Actual hinges at previously yielded

location for the incremental analysis

Total Incremental Load (kN)=

Total Base Shear (kN) =
Inc. Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Total Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Frame
M
M
M + M
Element
kNm
kNm
(kNm)
2.06
57.79
59.85
1
21.36
12.12
33.48
-20.10
24.68
4.58
2
18.82
-16.19
2.64
-21.99
-2.12
-24.11
3
25.53
-18.94
6.58
12.71
56.85
69.56
4
-0.21
12.18
11.97
6.29
24.58
30.87
5
-6.09
-13.41
-19.49
3.08
0.99
4.07
6
-6.72
-34.94
-41.67
22.51
53.65
76.16
7
-19.87
18.00
-1.88
29.45
18.00
47.45
8
-27.09
-8.15
-35.24
23.10
-8.15
14.95
9
-32.62
-18.38
-51.00
-41.46
12.56
-28.90
10
-49.58
0.00
-49.58
-40.82
14.07
-26.75
11
-51.64
0.00
-51.64
-25.53
18.94
-6.58
12
-36.07
-17.61
-53.68
-43.08
12.40
-30.68
13
-49.33
0.00
-49.33
-42.48
14.40
-28.08
14
-50.19
0.00
-50.19
-29.34
17.33
-12.01
15
-32.62
-18.38
-51.00

42
54
2.94
3.5212
Condition

YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED

Step 4 (Incremental)

EQ=3kN

EQ=2kN

EQ=1kN

New location
at which yield
moment within
tolerance are
reached

Actual hinges at previously yielded

location for the incremental analysis

Total Incremental Load (kN)=

Total Base Shear (kN) =
Inc. Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Total Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Frame
M
M
M + M
Element
kNm
kNm
(kNm)
59.85
8.59
68.44
1
33.48
2.00
35.48
4.58
3.91
8.49
2
2.64
-1.96
0.67
-24.11
0.29
-23.82
3
6.58
-1.96
4.63
69.56
8.43
77.99
4
11.97
2.07
14.04
30.87
3.95
34.82
5
-19.49
-1.77
-21.26
4.07
0.50
4.57
6
-41.67
-3.40
-45.07
76.16
7.95
84.12
7
-1.88
2.90
1.02
47.45
2.90
50.35
8
-35.24
-0.50
-35.74
14.95
-0.50
14.45
9
-51.00
-3.35
-54.36
-28.90
1.91
-26.99
10
-49.58
0.00
-49.58
-26.75
2.26
-24.49
11
-51.64
0.00
-51.64
-6.58
1.96
-4.63
12
-53.68
0.00
-53.68
-30.68
1.88
-28.79
13
-49.33
0.00
-49.33
-28.08
2.27
-25.81
14
-50.19
0.00
-50.19
-12.01
3.40
-8.61
15
-51.00
-3.35
-54.36

6
60
0.4692
3.9904
Condition

YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED

Step 5 (Incremental)

EQ=18kN

EQ=12kN

EQ=6kN

Total Incremental Load (kN)=

Total Base Shear (kN) =
Inc. Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Total Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Frame
M
M
M + M
Element
kNm
kNm
(kNm)
68.44
55.34
123.78
1
35.48
15.86
51.34
8.49
28.66
37.15
2
0.67
-6.38
-5.71
-23.82
10.42
-13.40
3
4.63
-15.82
-11.19
77.99
54.50
132.49
4
14.04
16.03
30.06
34.82
28.70
63.52
5
-21.26
-6.00
-27.26
4.57
10.75
15.33
6
-45.07
-15.83
-60.90
84.12
51.48
135.60
7
1.02
21.43
22.45
50.35
21.43
71.78
8
-35.74
1.18
-34.57
14.45
1.18
15.62
9
-54.36
0.00
-54.36
-26.99
12.80
-14.19
10
-49.58
0.00
-49.58
-24.49
16.80
-7.69
11
-51.64
0.00
-51.64
-4.63
15.82
11.19
12
-53.68
0.00
-53.68
-28.79
12.68
-16.12
13
-49.33
0.00
-49.33
-25.81
16.75
-9.05
14
-50.19
0.00
-50.19
-8.61
15.83
7.22
15
-54.36
0.00
-54.36

36
96
3.41
7.4004
Condition

YIELDED

YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED

Step 6 (Incremental)

EQ=0.06kN

EQ=0.04kN

EQ=0.02kN

Total Incremental Load (kN)=

Total Base Shear (kN) =
Inc. Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Total Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Frame
M
M
M + M
Element
kNm
kNm
(kNm)
123.78
0.25
124.03
1
51.34
0.03
51.38
37.15
0.08
37.23
2
-5.71
-0.03
-5.74
-13.40
0.03
-13.37
3
-11.19
-0.06
-11.25
132.49
0.26
132.75
4
30.06
0.02
30.09
63.52
0.07
63.60
5
-27.26
-0.02
-27.29
15.33
0.04
15.36
6
-60.90
-0.06
-60.96
135.60
0.00
135.60
7
22.45
0.09
22.54
71.78
0.09
71.87
8
-34.57
0.00
-34.57
15.62
0.00
15.63
9
-54.36
0.00
-54.36
-14.19
0.05
-14.14
10
-49.58
0.00
-49.58
-7.69
0.06
-7.63
11
-51.64
0.00
-51.64
11.19
0.06
11.25
12
-53.68
0.00
-53.68
-16.12
0.05
-16.07
13
-49.33
0.00
-49.33
-9.05
0.06
-8.99
14
-50.19
0.00
-50.19
7.22
0.06
7.28
15
-54.36
0.00
-54.36

0.12
96.12
0.01277
7.41317
Condition
YIELDED

YIELDED

YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED

Step 7 (Incremental)

EQ=4.8kN

EQ=3.2kN

EQ=1.6kN

Total Incremental Load (kN)=

Total Base Shear (kN) =
Inc. Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Total Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Frame
M
M
M + M
Element
kNm
kNm
(kNm)
124.03
0.00
124.03
1
51.38
4.04
55.42
37.23
8.81
46.05
2
-5.74
-3.63
-9.37
-13.37
2.07
-11.30
3
-11.25
-5.15
-16.40
132.75
35.16
167.90
4
30.09
-3.63
26.45
63.60
2.03
65.63
5
-27.29
-2.56
-29.84
15.36
3.01
18.38
6
-60.96
-5.18
-66.14
135.60
0.00
135.60
7
22.54
5.95
28.49
71.87
5.95
77.82
8
-34.57
-1.02
-35.58
15.63
-1.02
14.61
9
-54.36
0.00
-54.36
-14.14
4.77
-9.37
10
-49.58
0.00
-49.58
-7.63
5.70
-1.93
11
-51.64
0.00
-51.64
11.25
5.15
16.40
12
-53.68
0.00
-53.68
-16.07
5.67
-10.40
13
-49.33
0.00
-49.33
-8.99
5.57
-3.42
14
-50.19
0.00
-50.19
7.28
5.18
12.46
15
-54.36
0.00
-54.36

9.6
105.72
1.3
8.71317
Condition
YIELDED

YIELDED

YIELDED

YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED

Step 9 (Incremental)

EQ=19.5kN

EQ=13kN

EQ=6.5kN

Total Incremental Load (kN)=

Total Base Shear (kN) =
Inc. Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Total Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
M
M
M + M
kNm
kNm
(kNm)
124.03
0.00
124.03
55.42
-46.64
8.78
46.05
5.74
51.79
-9.37
-44.15
-53.51
-11.30
1.29
-10.01
-16.40
-38.69
-55.09
167.90
0.00
167.90
26.45
-46.22
-19.76
65.63
6.05
71.68
-29.84
-43.74
-73.58
18.38
1.72
20.10
-66.14
-38.78
-104.91
135.60
0.00
135.60
28.49
-24.15
4.35
77.82
-24.15
53.68
-35.58
-21.98
-57.57
14.61
-21.98
-7.37
-54.36
0.00
-54.36
-9.37
52.37
43.00
-49.58
0.00
-49.58
-1.93
45.43
43.51
-51.64
0.00
-51.64
16.40
38.69
55.09
-53.68
0.00
-53.68
-10.40
52.27
41.87
-49.33
0.00
-49.33
-3.42
45.46
42.03
-50.19
0.00
-50.19
12.46
38.78
51.24
-54.36
0.00
-54.36

39
144.72
12.69
21.40317
Condition
YIELDED

YIELDED

YIELDED

YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED

Step 9 (Incremental)

Frame
Element

1
2
3
4

EQ=0.75kN

5
6

EQ=0.50kN

7
8

EQ=0.25kN

9
10
11
12
13
14
15

M
kNm
124.03
8.78
51.79
-53.51
-10.01
-55.09
167.90
-19.76
71.68
-73.58
20.10
-104.91
135.60
4.35
53.68
-57.57
-7.37
-54.36
43.00
-49.58
43.51
-51.64
55.09
-53.68
41.87
-49.33
42.03
-50.19
51.24
-54.36

M
kNm
0.00
-1.83
0.44
-1.74
0.30
0.00
0.00
-1.82
0.44
-1.44
0.64
-1.86
0.00
-0.84
-0.84
-0.54
-0.54
0.00
2.27
0.00
2.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.26
0.00
2.08
0.00
1.86
0.00

M + M
(kNm)
124.03
6.95
52.22
-55.25
-9.71
-55.09
167.90
-21.59
72.12
-75.02
20.74
-106.77
135.60
3.50
52.83
-58.11
-7.91
-54.36
45.27
-49.58
45.54
-51.64
55.09
-53.68
44.13
-49.33
44.11
-50.19
53.10
-54.36

Condition
YIELDED

YIELDED

YIELDED

YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED

Step 10 (Incremental)

EQ=2.1kN

EQ=1.4kN

EQ=0.7kN

Total Incremental Load (kN)=

Total Base Shear (kN) =
Inc. Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Total Lateral Disp. at J4 (mm)=
Frame
M
M
M + M
Element
kNm
kNm
(kNm)
124.03
0.00
124.03
1
6.95
-5.34
1.61
52.22
2.18
54.40
2
-55.25
-4.04
-59.29
-9.71
3.14
-6.57
3
-55.09
0.00
-55.09
167.90
0.00
167.90
4
-21.59
-5.17
-26.76
72.12
2.35
74.47
5
-75.02
-4.19
-79.21
20.74
3.00
23.73
6
-106.77
0.00
-106.77
135.60
0.00
135.60
7
3.50
-2.09
1.41
52.83
-2.09
50.74
8
-58.11
0.16
-57.95
-7.91
0.16
-7.75
9
-54.36
0.00
-54.36
45.27
7.52
52.79
10
-49.58
0.00
-49.58
45.54
7.18
52.72
11
-51.64
0.00
-51.64
55.09
0.00
55.09
12
-53.68
0.00
-53.68
44.13
7.52
51.65
13
-49.33
0.00
-49.33
44.11
7.18
51.30
14
-50.19
0.00
-50.19
53.10
0.00
53.10
15
-54.36
0.00
-54.36

4.2
150.42
1.94
23.90917
Condition
YIELDED

YIELDED

YIELDED

YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED
YIELDED

Collapse Mechanism
SYSTEM

IS

160

UNSTABLE
Base Shear (kN)

140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0

10

15

20

Roof Displacement (mm)

Beam sway mechanism is observed

No further lateral load incrementing
possible (only rigid body motion)

25

30

What did we obtain?

A simple representation of the capacity curve

Plastic mechanism and sequence of hinge formation
Lateral load and displacement capacity
Ductility and plastic rotation demand

160

140

Total Base Shear(kN)

120

Incremental
SAP2000

100

80

SAP 2000 built in pushover

analysis options include:

hardening/loss of strength
P-M interaction

60

40

Systematic stiffness approach

20

0
0

10

15

Top Displacement (mm)

20

25

30

Concluding Remarks
Nonlinear analysis is becoming a part of
the profession
It gives us information on displacements
which are indicators of damage
Never forget that estimating deformations
is harder compared to estimating strength
Never replace engineering judgment with
any analysis procedure