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e Scientic World Journal

Volume 2014, Article ID 940502, 6 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/940502

Research Article
Synthesis and Thermal Degradation Studies of Melamine
Formaldehyde Resins
Sami Ullah,1 M. A. Bustam,1 M. Nadeem,2 M. Y. Naz,3 W. L. Tan,1 and A. M. Shariff1
1

Research Center for CO2 Capture, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,
31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
2
Petroleum Development Oman LLC, 100 Muscat, Oman
3
Department of Fundamental and Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
Correspondence should be addressed to Sami Ullah; samichemist1@gmail.com and A. M. Shariff; azmish@petronas.com.my
Received 16 June 2014; Revised 13 August 2014; Accepted 14 August 2014; Published 9 November 2014
Academic Editor: Abdelghani Bellouquid
Copyright 2014 Sami Ullah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Melamine formaldehyde (MF) resins have been synthesized at different reaction temperature and pH values. Different molar ratios
of melamine and formaldehyde were used to synthesize the corresponding resins. The prepared resin samples were characterized
by using molecular weight determination viscometry and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The maximum percentage of solid
content (69.7%) was obtained at pH 8.5 and 75 C temperature. The molecular weight of MF resin was increased with an increase of
melamine monomer concentration. The highest residual weight 14.125 wt.% was obtained with sample 10.

1. Introduction
Resin is a polymeric material which is used for impregnating and bonding layers of laminate flooring. MF resin is
a thermosetting resin that changes irreversibly under the
influence of heat from a fusible and soluble material into a
one which is infusible and insoluble through the formation
of covalently cross-linked and thermally stable network [1].
Adhesives and the physicochemical phenomenon of adhesion
play an important role in more than 70% of all woodbased materials in use today [2, 3]. This includes not only
bonded wood products but also paper products, paints, and
finishes. Natural adhesives that have been used by the forest
products industry include adhesives derived from starch, soybeans, animal waste, and byproducts of the meat processing
adhesives derived from starch, soybeans, animal waste and
byproducts of the meat processing, tanning industries, casein
from skim milk, and so forth [46]. These protein-based
adhesives (soy, blood, and casein) were most commonly
used materials over the years. However, adhesives derived
from natural sources were limited to dry interior applications
[7]. Efficiency in converting trees and waste wood to useful

products will help to ensure the continual conservation of

forest resources [8, 9].
Cross-linkable polymers are generally referred to as thermosets, or thermosetting resins [10, 11]. From a processing
point of view, the above distinction of thermoplastic and
thermoset implies that the former can, in principle, be
extruded and molded many times, while the latter can be
processed at high temperature only once before cross-linking
reactions render the polymer hard and solid. These polymers,
upon cure, are insoluble and do not soften on heating [12,
13]. Amino resins, phenolic resins, and isocyanates are the
three most important thermosetting resin systems used by
the wood products industry [14]. Other thermosetting types
include the epoxy resin, the unsaturated polyester resin,
urethane foams, the alkyds widely used for surface coating,
and minor types [15]. A drawback of these materials is the
potential release of formaldehyde during and after cure and
poor weather ability. Melamine mouldings have somewhat
better weather ability than the urea mouldings [16, 17].
Melamine formaldehyde resins were discovered in Germany in the early thirties but there was no commercial
development in this century. The term amino plastics has

2
been coined to cover a range of resinous polymers produced
by interaction of amines or amides with aldehydes [18, 19]. In
many respects, the chemistry of the formation of melaminebased resins is very similar to that of UF resins. However, the
addition of formaldehyde to the amino groups of melamine
is faster and more complete than is the addition of formaldehyde to urea [20]. Thus, complete hydroxymethylation of
melamine occurs [21], which, as mentioned above, is not
the case with urea. Another important difference is that the
condensation reactions of the hydroxymethylated melamine
occur not only under acid conditions but under neutral and
slightly alkaline conditions as well [22]. In addition, products
bonded with MF resins seem to be less susceptible to the
release of formaldehyde than are products bonded with UF
resin. The surface coating materials improved the physical
and mechanical properties of particle board [23].
The objective of this work is synthesis and characterization of MF resins at different molar ratios of melamine
and formaldehyde and determination of the morphology,
molecular weight, and solid content of synthesized resin
samples. The prepared resin samples were characterized
by using molecular weight determination viscometry, field
emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

2. Materials and Methods

Melamine was used as received from Fluka. Formaldehyde
(37 wt% in water), NaOH, and boric acid were used as
received from Merck. The steps involved in synthesis and
characterization of the targeted resins have been detailed in
next sections.
2.1. Synthesis of MF Resin. A similar method was followed
for synthesis of MF resins as explained by Binder and Dunky
[1], Fink [24], and Jahromi [25]. Polymerization of melamine
and formaldehyde at different molar ratios was carried out
in demineralized water of 0.06 siemens conductivity at
75 C. The different molar quantities of melamine ranging
from 0.1 M to 0.25 M and fixed formaldehyde of 1 M were
used at constant temperature of 75 C and pH 8.5. The
polymerization reaction was conducted for two hours under
constant agitation for obtaining higher degree of conversion.
The pH of the reaction mixture was maintained at 8.5 by
use of NaOH. The final product was obtained in the form of
clear, viscous, and transparent liquid. The end point of the
reaction was checked regularly by water tolerance method.
Similar procedure was repeated again and ten samples of
melamine resin were synthesized with different monomer
ratios of melamine and formaldehyde. The synthesized MF
resin samples were characterized further and manipulated in
Results and Discussion section.
2.2. Molecular Weight Determination of MF Resin. Solid contents of the resin samples were determined by heating them
in an oven. 5 g of each sample was taken on an aluminum pan
and placed in an oven at 125 C for four hours. The molecular
weights of polymer resin samples were determined by using

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the viscometry technique. A general procedure was adopted
for the determination of molecular weight. Flow time of
each dilution of polymer solution was noted using CannonUbbelohde viscometer. The experiments were carried out
at constant temperature of 27 C 0.1 C. Flow time for the
solvent (water) was noted by taking the measured volume of
solvent in the viscometer. Three concordant readings of flow
time were noted and averaged for achieving the maximum
accuracy in the results. The viscometer was then emptied and
dried and 10 mL of polymer solution of 8 g/10 mL of water
concentration was taken. Again three concordant readings
of flow time were taken. The solution was then diluted
to 7 mg/10 mL by adding 1.42 mL of the solvent in the
same solution and the corresponding flow time was noted
again. Similarly, 6 mg/10 mL, 5 mg/10 mL, and 4 mg/10 mL
dilutions were made by adding 1.91, 2.67, and 4 mL of solvent,
respectively. All solutions were made by staking 8 mg of
polymer on the basis of solid content. The corresponding
viscosity average molecular weight was measured. In order
to obtain better results, the Maroon and Razink equation was
used to determine the viscosity average molecular weight:
1
1
2
3
= [] + (1 ) [] ,
2

2
3

(1)

where = spln . The values of /c2 were plotted versus

and straight line interception was equal to 1/2 []2 .
Efflux time of the pure solvent is given by . The relative
viscosity is the viscosity of the polymer solutions to the
viscosity of the pure solvent. This is done by taking the efflux
time of the polymer solution at a given concentration (we call
this ) and dividing it by as explained below:
Efflux time of solution
= Relative viscosity,
Efflux time of solvent

= .

(2)

The specific viscosity was measured by taking the difference

in the efflux times of the solution and the pure solvent.
In other words, the efflux time of the pure solvent
was subtracted from the efflux time of the solution as
explained below:
Efflux time of solution Efflux time of solvent
Efflux time of solvent
= Specifice viscosity,

(3)

= sp .

The intrinsic viscosity was measured by using the following

equation (4):
[] =

sp

(4)

From the flow time relative velocity ( ), specific viscosity

(sp ) and ultimately the intrinsic viscosity ([]) were calculated for the synthesized samples. Herein, the molecular

The Scientific World Journal

weight of the polymers was also determined by using Mark

Houwink equation Allcock and Lampe [26]:

5000

[] = [] ,

4500

where [] is intrinsic viscosity, is the molecular mass

of the polymer, represents the characteristics of the
polymer and solvent, and is a constant and a function
of the shape of the polymer coil in the solution. In case of
melamine formaldehyde resin the value of is usually 0.6
and is 0.076. In this experiment, the values of and
were based on the behavior of homopolymers in the aqueous
phase.The values of these constants depend upon the polymer
solvent interactions.
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The thermogravimetric
analyses of synthesized sample (approximately 10 mg) were
carried out over the whole range of temperature (50700 C)
with ramping rate of 10 C/min. In present case, TGA Q50
PerkinElmer was serving this purpose. This characterization
was performed to determine the residual weight of MF resin.
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). The DTA analysis of
intumescent coating (approx. 10 mg) was carried out at a
heating rate of 10 C/min in nitrogen gas, set at the flow rate of
20 mL/min over the whole temperature range of 50 to 800 C.
The data was recorded using Pyris Player data analyzer.

3. Results and Discussion

The main use of melamine is as a reactive intermediate for the
manufacturing of MF resins. The reaction conditions including time, temperature, formaldehyde/melamine (F/M) ratio,
pH, and catalyst influence the composition and structure of
the resin that makes up the adhesive. The MF resin adhesive
needs to be activated to give good polymerization to the final
product. Similar to UF resin, this usually involves lowering
the pH and raising the temperature. The catalysts added to the
MF resin are either acids or acid precursors that liberate acid
upon heating. Often hardener such as ammonium chloride
or sulfate is added which generates hydrogen chloride or
hydrogen sulfate plus ammonia (migrates from the adhesive).
In most applications, the products are heat-cured. Although
the bonded products show respectable water resistance,
phenol-containing resins are preferred for exterior uses in
the United States. Unlike the UF resin adhesives, MF resins
do not show degradation during water boiling [22, 27]. They
do show some loss of bond strength during acceleration and
exterior exposure tests [28, 29].
The first step in MF curing is the addition of the
formaldehyde to the melamine as shown in Figure 1 [22].
Melamine is a good nucleophile; the addition reaction with
the electrophilic formaldehyde occurs under most pH conditions, although the reaction rate is slower at neutral pH.
The melamine reacts with up to six formaldehyde groups to
form two methylol groups on each exocyclic amine group.
The mixture of hydroxyl methyl compounds then reacts by
condensation to form the resin. The addition reaction is
reversible, though generally the equilibrium is far to the
right side. On the other hand, the condensation reaction to

/c 2

(5)

4000

Equation y = a+
0.884
Adj. R2

B
B

Value Standard
Interce. 1136 461.8813
Slope 4.221 749270.5

3500
3000
2500
0.0004

0.0005

0.0006
0.0007
Conc. (g/mL)

0.0008

Figure 1: Dependence of /c2 on the concentration of sample 6 (2

= 91.4%, 2 (adj) = 88.5%).

form oligomers and polymers is not very reversible which

is important for the water resistance of the product and
makes it different from UF resin. It is evident from the
dimers illustration that many isomers can be produced.
Considering that each melamine has three amine groups,
with each amine group having up to two hydroxymethyl
groups attached, formation of both methylene and bismethylene ether bridges occurs, and formation of dimers, trimers,
and higher oligomers takes place. As a result, the reaction
chemistry rapidly reaches its highest complexity. Pizzi and
Mittal have already studied the chemistry of some of these
reactions [22].
Solid Content. The solid content of the prepared samples
was ranging from 40 to 69.7%. The extracted data has been
summarized in Table 1. It was found that the solid contents
were increased by increasing the molar concentration of
melamine in the reaction carried out at temperature of 70 C
and pH 8.5. The maximum amount of solid content 69.6% was
obtained by using 0.22 M concentration of melamine and 3 M
formaldehyde.
Molecular Weight. The molecular weight of five selected
samples (having high solid content) was measured and
presented in Table 1. The intrinsic viscosity of sample 6 was
determined by extrapolating the graph between concentration and /c2 . At zero concentration, this plot gives 1/2 []2
which was 2600. Thus intrinsic viscosity [] was found to
be 72.11. From intrinsic viscosity, the molecular weight was
calculated by applying (1) and found to be 44860 as expressed
in Table 2 and Figure 1. Similar procedure was repeated for
samples 7, 8, 9, and 10 and the measured intrinsic viscosities
were 117.47, 123.28, and 131.14, respectively. The corresponding
values of /c2 have been provided in Table 3 and Figure 2. The
molecular weights of the samples 7, 8, 9, and 10 were 78829,
96158, 103703, and 114218, respectively. The data in Table 4
and Figure 3 reveals that sample 10 has the highest molecular
weight of 110046 followed by samples 9, 8, 7, and 6. The molar
ratio of the monomers used in this experiment was 0.22 : 3,
while keeping other components the same as used in other
samples. From these results it was clear that molecular weight

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Table 1: Different molar concentration of melamine and formaldehyde resin at temperature 75 C and pH 8.5.

Number of samples
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Molar conc. of melamine

0.13 M
0.14 M
0.15 M
0.16 M
0.17 M
0.18 M
0.19 M
0.20 M
0.21 M
0.22 M

Molar conc. of formaldehyde

3M
3M
3M
3M
3M
3M
3M
3M
3M
3M

% age of solid content

40
43.5
48.7
53.5
57.6
60.2
63.5
65.8
67.4
69.7

Table 2: Dependence of the flow time, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, = spIn , and /2 on the concentration of sample 6.
Conc. (g/mL)
8 104
7 104
6 104
5 104
4 104

1.077
1.069
1.051
1.0420
1.0319

Flow time (seconds)

128.18
127.25
125.09
124.00
122.80

sp
0.077
0.069
0.051
0.0420
0.0319

= spIn
0.0030
0.0019
0.0012
0.00084
0.00046

/2
4688
4042
3333
3367
2915

Table 3: Dependence of the concentration of sample (710) on /2 .

Conc. g/mL
8 104
7 104
6 104
5 104
4 104

Sample 7
6094
6111
5833
5670
5362

Sample 8
8185
7959
7777
7524
6875

Sample 10
9375
9591
9444
9107
8454

120000

9500
Molecular weight of MF resin

9000
8500
8000
/c 2

Sample 9
8561
8367
8333
8096
7560

7500
7000
6500
6000
5500
0.0004

0.0005

Sample 7
Sample 8

0.0006
0.0007
Conc. (g/mL)

0.0008

Sample 9
Sample 10
2

Figure 2: Dependence of /c on the concentration of sample 710.

increases with an increase in melamine concentration in the

polymer. MF sample 10 was having the maximum molecular
weight and solid content.
Residual Weight of MF Resin. The weight losses observed
during the heating program on the melamine formaldehyde

100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0

35 : 65

36.5 : 63.5 38.3 : 61.7 41.1 : 58.9

Monomers ratio

42.4 : 58.6

Figure 3: Molecular weight of MF resin samples (610) versus

monomers ratios.

resin have been presented in Figure 4. The residual weights

of samples 7, 8, 9, and 10 have been 1.325, 3.337, 13.763, and
14.125% at 800 C, respectively, as shown in Figure 4. For each
temperature range, the values of the partial weight losses
and their characteristic temperatures determined from the
minimum of the four peaks observed on the derived curve of

The Scientific World Journal

100

Sample 10 res. wt. 14.125

40

DTG (g/min.)
DTA (V)

Residual (wt%)

60

357.3 C
1.042 mg

0
80

20

152.3 C
10.62 V

331.1 C
17.3 V
404.2 C
3.691 mg

3
4

5.300 mg

40

5
6

20
Sample 9 res. wt. 13.736

Sample 8 res. wt. 3.337

0
0

200

400
Temperature ( C)

600

800

457 C

331 C

DTG (%/min)

0.2

680 C

90.75 C

0.0
0.1

0.3

390 C

0.4
0.5
0

200

451.3 C
6.342 mg

60
100

200

300

400

500

7
600

700

Temperature ( C)

Figure 6: DTA of sample 10.

Figure 4: TGA of MF resins.

400

600

800

Temperature ( C)

Figure 5: DTGA of sample 10.

Table 4: Dependence of molecular weight of MF samples (610) on

monomers ratios.
Sample

TG (mg)

Sample 7 res. wt. 1.325

water vaporization. The second weight loss ( = 331 C) was

due to formaldehyde, methanol, and amine.
The polycondensation reaction had taken place at temperatures above 331 C when a number of independent reactions involving both side-chain and ring degradation gave
rise to the products. This means that some molecules of
melamine can be sublimated at a temperature lower than the
sublimation temperature generally observed at 345 C [30, 31].
During the third weight loss ( = 390 C), formaldehyde,
methanol, amine, and NH3 were released. For the last weight
losses (at temperature greater than 450 C), the results were
consistent with what is generally observed for the thermal
degradation of melamine [17]. Thus according to Ferra et
al. [5], it is assumed that MF gradually forms cyameluric
structures. Above 660 C, the MF resin condensate went
through wide degradation with formation of volatile products
including CO2 , HCN, and CO [30].
Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA). The DTA analysis of
sample 10 is given in Figure 6. Two endothermic peaks show
the melting points of sample 10. The first two endothermic
peaks in the range of 100200 C confirm the removal of
unreacted formalin. The second peak shows the melting point
of melamine at 331 C. The DTA analysis also confirmed the
decomposition of MF resin.

Monomers ratio

Molecular weight

35 : 65

44860

36.5 : 63.5

78829

38.3 : 61.7

96158

4. Conclusion

41.1 : 58.9

103703

10

42.4 : 58.6

114218

Melamine formaldehyde resins have successfully been synthesized at different molar ratios of melamine and formaldehyde, temperature, and pH. It was concluded that solid content increases with an increase in temperature. The maximum
yield 69.7% was obtained at 75 C temperature. The maximum
molecular weight was obtained from sample 10 which is
114218. Finally, the highest residual weight of 14.125% was
obtained with sample 10 at 800 C.

sample 10 are reported in Figure 5. The major weight losses

were observed in the temperature range of 300 to 450 C,
which may correspond to the structural decomposition of the
resins. The main four temperature ranges where weight losses
appeared are 50 to 125 C, 125 to 335 C, 335 to 390 C, and 390
to 475 C and the last one for temperatures higher than 440 C.
During the first weight loss ( = 90.75 C), the DTG analysis
gave 4% weight loss due to water loss. Therefore, it may be
concluded that this first weight loss is primarily due to the

Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
regarding the publication of this paper.

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Journal of

The Scientific
World Journal
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
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Journal of

International Journal of

Inorganic Chemistry
Volume 2014

Journal of

Theoretical Chemistry

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

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Hindawi Publishing Corporation

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Volume 2014

Spectroscopy
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Analytical Methods
in Chemistry

Volume 2014

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Volume 2014

Chromatography
ResearchInternational
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Volume 2014

International Journal of

Electrochemistry
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Volume 2014

Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

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Volume 2014

Journal of

Catalysts
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Journal of

Applied Chemistry

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Bioinorganic Chemistry
and Applications
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
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Volume 2014

International Journal of

Chemistry
Volume 2014

Volume 2014

Spectroscopy
Volume 2014

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

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Volume 2014