L.J.

Institute of Engineering & Technology

Semester: V(2016)

Subject Name: INSTRUMENTATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

Subject Code:2150504
Faculty: Mr. Mukesh M Mahbubani
Sr
No
1

Marks

CHAPTER 1 Introductory Concepts

SHORT QUESTIONS
Define steady state process:A process is said to be at steady state when none of the variables
are changing with time

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
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With suitable example describe the hardware elements of control
system. (Dec 2014)[LJIET]

CHAPTER 2 Modeling tools for Process Dynamics

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SHORT QUESTIONS
Define Laplace transform
What is Laplace transform of ramp function
What is Laplace transform of step function
What is Laplace transform of impulse function
What is Laplace transform of sine function
DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

(1) Prove that L t =1(Dec 2010 ) [LJIET]

3
State and Prove final value theorem (Dec 2015) [LJIET]

NUMERICALS
Solve the following by using Laplace transforms:
d2x/dt2 + 4x = 2e-t
given x (0) = x` (0) = 0
(Dec 2010) [LJIET]

CHAPTER 3 Inversion by partial fractions

1

NUMERICALS
Solve dx/dt + 2x = 4.5 using Laplace transform, subject to initial condition x(0)=4.5 (Dec
2014) [LJIET]

Solve the following differential equation by using Laplace transform

d2x/dt2 + 2dx/dt + x =1 where x(0) = x(0) = 0 (Dec 2015) [LJIET]

Solve the following differential equation by using Laplace transform

d2x/dt2 + 2dx/dt + 2x =2 where x(0) = x(0) = 0 (May 2016)[LJIET]

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CHAPTER 4 Response of first order systems

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
1

Derive the transfer function of mercury thermometer. Determine the response of

mercury thermometer for step function and also mention the important features of
step response. (Dec-2010)(Jun-2014) (Dec-2015 New) [LJIET]
OR

Derive the transfer function for mercury thermometer. List out the
assumptions and justify them.(Jun-2011) (Dec-2013) (May 216)[LJIET]
OR
Derive transfer function for a system mercury-in-glass thermometer. What
is the significance of time constant ?(May 2013)(Nov-2011)[LJIET]
OR
Derive the transfer function of mercury thermometer. Determine the response
equation of mercury thermometer for impulse forcing function ? (Dec 2015)[LJIET]
OR

Clearly indicating assumptions, derive transfer function of first order system i.e.
mercury in glass thermometer or liquid level single tank. (May-2015)[LJIET]

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What is first order system? Describe dynamic response of first order lag system to
unit step change. (Dec 2014)[LJIET]

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Explain the response for first order system for step and impulse input.
(May 2015)[LJIET]

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Define unit impulse input function and derive its transfer function
(Dec 2015)[LJIET]

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With neat sketch explain the importance of transfer function (May
2016)[LJIET]
NUMERICALS

A thermometer with time constant 10 sec showing a steady temperature

of 35 oC is suddenly immersed in heated oil bath at 200 oC. Find
(i) Time required for temperature reading of 150 oC.
(ii) Temperature reading on the thermometer after 25 sec.
(iii) The percentage response after 40 sec.(June 2012) [LJIET]
A thermometer with time constant 7 sec showing a steady temperature
of 30 o C is suddenly immersed in heated oil bath at 150 o C. Find
(i) Time required for temperature reading of 100 o C.
(ii) Time required for the 80 % response.(May 2013) [LJIET]

7
A thermometer exhibiting first order dynamics having time constant of 5 sec is
at steady state temperature of 25oC. At time t=0, the thermometer is inserted in a
bath at 750c. Show that the value of response reaches 63.2% of ultimate value of

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response when time elapsed is equal to one time constant (May 2016)[LJIET]

Calculate Amplitude ratio and Phase angle of first order system for __ =
0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and find the true value of Amplitude ratio at corner
Frequency (June 2012) [LJIET]

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A thermometer having a first- order dynamics with a time constant 1 min. is placed in a
temp. bath at 100 deg. C. After the thermometer reaches steady state it is suddenly
placed in a bath at 110 deg. C. at t=0 and left there for 1 min., after which it is placed
immediately to the bath at 100 deg. C. Calculate the thermometer reading at
t= 2 min (June 2014)[LJIET]

Thermometer exhibiting first order dynamics having time constant of 5 sec is at

steady state temperature of 25oC. At time t=0, the thermometer is inserted in a
bath at 750c. Show that the value of response reaches 63.2% of ultimate value of
response when time elapsed is equal to one time constant (May 2016)[LJIET]

CHAPTER 5 Physical Examples of first order systems

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
1

7
Derive transfer function of Mixing process for a first order system (May
2016)[LJIET]

CHAPTER 6 Response of first order system in Series

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DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
Determine the linearized transfer function between the height of liquid in
the tank and flow rate of liquid from the tank for the liquid level system
with non-linear resistance (June 2011) [LJIET]
For two interacting first order liquid level systems derive the transfer
function. Show the effect at outlet flow rate from second tank to step and
pulse input disturbance in flow to the first tank (June 2011) [LJIET]
OR
Derive overall transfer function for two tanks connected in series
interacting system
(Nov 2011) [LJIET]
Derive overall transfer function for two tanks connected in series
Non-interacting system.(Dec 2013, May 2013)(May 2016 New) [LJIET]
Differentiate interacting and non interacting systems.(June 2014) [LJIET]

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Response of non interacting capacities never results in an under damped system.

True or False? Explain (Dec 2014)[LJIET]

CHAPTER NO 7 Higher order systems: Second order and transportation Lag

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
Derive the transfer function of U-tube manometer system.(Dec 2010)[LJIET]
OR

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What is the order of the U-tube mercury manometer system? Derive the
transfer function for U-tube mercury manometer. List out the assumptions
made in deriving the transfer function(June 2011)[LJIET]
OR
Define second order system. Derive the transfer function of U-Tube Manometer in which
pressure P is acting in one limb and other limb is open to the atmosphere (Dec
2015)[LJIET]
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(a) Define the following terms:

(i) overshoot
(ii) decay ratio
(iii) response time
(iv) proportional band
(v) rise time
(vi) time constant
(vii) steady state gain (June 2011,Nov 2011, Dec 2013)[LJIET]
OR
For manometer discuss the terms like overshoot, decay ratio, rise time,
response time and natural period of oscillation (June 2012,May 2016,Dec
2015)[LJIET]
OR
Define any three terms used to describe an under damped
system (June 2014)[LJIET]
Explain in detail the terms used to describe an under damped second order
system. (June 2012, Dec 2014)
Prove that the system- two tanks connected in series is equivalent to a
second order system (Nov 2011) [LJIET]
Explain transfer lag and transportation lag (Nov 2011)[LJIET]
OR
What do you mean by transportation lag? Derive its transfer function and
find the amplitude ratio and phase angle for the same.(May 2016)(June
2012)[LJIET]
OR
Explain transportation lag and its remedies
Derive the equation of unit step response for critically damped second
order system (June 2012)(May 2016) [LJIET]
Derive the transfer function for second order system i.e. Damped vibrator.(Dec 2013)
[LJIET]

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Describe the over damped, critically damped and under damped responses of a
second order system.(Dec2014) [LJIET]

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NUMERICALS

A step change of magnitude 4 is introduced into a system having transfer

function,
Y(s) =
10

X(s) S2 +1.6S + 4
Determine the following
(1) The response, Y(t)
(2) The ultimate value, Y()
(3) % overshoot
(4) Maximum value of the response
(5) Period of oscillation
(6) Rise time. (Dec 2010)[LJIET]
Two non-interacting tanks operating in series at a steady flow rate of
20m3/minute. At time t=0, 10m3 of water is quickly added to the 1st tank.
Data:
A1= A2=10m2
R1=0.1min/m2
R2=0.35min/m2
qs= q1s=q2s=20m3/min
Determine,
1) The level in both tanks
2) The maximum deviation in level in both tanks from the ultimate steady state
values and the time at which each maximum occurs.(Dec 2010)[LJIET]
Two interacting tanks are operating at a steady state flow rate of 4 X10 -3 /min At time
t= 0, the inlet flow rate to the 1st tank is suddenly increased to 14 X10-3 /min
Data:
A1= A2=0.04m2
R1=100min/m2
R2=150min/m2
Find the height in the level of each tank as a result of this disturbance.(Dec
2010)[LJIET]
The overall transfer function of the control system is given as
G(s) = 16/[1.5s2 + 2.4s +6]
A step change of magnitude 6 is introduced into the system. Determine
1.Overshoot 2. Period of oscillation 3. Natural period of oscillation 4. Rise time 5.
Ultimate value of response 6. Maximum value of response (Dec 2015) [LJIET]

CHAPTER NO 8 The Control system

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DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
Explain Servo and Regulator control with suitable examples (May 216)[LJIET]
Prove that the effect of feedback is to speed up the response of the control(Jun
2011)[LJIET]
Differentiate between positive feedback and negative feedback system.(May 2013)
[LJIET]

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7

Discuss the control system for a batch reactor of chemical unit and discuss about
servo & regulator problem with typical example. (May 2015)[LJIET]

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CHAPTER NO 9 Controllers and Final Control Elements

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
Give merits and demerits of P, PI and PID controller.(Dec 2010)[LJIET]
Prove that the addition of integral mode of control to proportional mode of
control eliminates off-set(June 2011)[LJIET]

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7

Briefly describe pneumatic controller mechanism of proportional control

and PI Control [LJIET]
Compare different types of controllers. Explain any one in detail(Nov 2011)[LJIET]

Describe the mechanism of control valve and explain the various valve
characteristics qualitatively(Jun 2012) [LJIET]

Draw the P and I diagram of distillation column and explain it briefly.(Jun

2012)[LJIET]

Explain any one PI diagram for an important chemical equipment used in

industries.(May 2013)[LJIET]

Discuss the transfer function for P, PI and PID controller.(Dec 2013)(May 216)[LJIET]

Compare different types of controllers. Explain any one in detail.(Jun 2014) [LJIET]

10

Describe the pneumatic control mechanism of PI controller.(Jun 2011) [LJIET]

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NUMERICALS
A proportional controller is used to control a process having time constants of 2
minute and 10minute. The controlled variable is sensed by an element having
time constant of 10 minute and dead time of 4 minute. The reference variable is
fed to the controller summing junction through a pneumatic transmitter having a time
constant of 1 minute. Draw the block diagram. Write the transfer function
1) The control variable and the reference variable
(2) The sensor output variable and the reference variable. Also, find the Laplace
inverse of the following function
(1) f(s)= 1/(1s+1)(2s+1)
(2) f(s)= 1/(s+1)2
(Dec 2010)[LJIET]

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CHAPTER NO 10 Block Diagram of Chemical Reactor control system

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
Draw the general block diagram of a simple control system with positive
feedback and explain each term(Jun 2012)[LJIET]

CHAPTER NO 11 Closed loop transfer functions

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
1

Find Y/X
of the following closed loop control systems(Dec 2010)[LJIET]

Reduce the block-diagram shown below.(Nov 2011)[LJIET]

What do you mean by open loop transfer function and closed loop
transfer function? Determine the transfer function Y(s) / X(s) for the
following block diagram. (Dec 2015)(Old)[LJIET]

What is open loop and closed loop transfer function? Determine the transfer function Y /
Ysp for the following block diagram.(Dec 2015) [LJIET]

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Briefly describe servo and regulator problem. Obtain the transfer function
C(s)/R(s) for the block diagram shown in figure 1. (Dec 2014) [LJIET]

Discuss the effect of Kc, I and D on close loop response of process controlled
with PID controller(Dec 2014) [LJIET]

Determine the overall transfer function C(s)/R(s) for the system shown
in the following figure (Dec 2014) [LJIET]

CHAPTER NO 12 Transient response of simple control systems

1

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
What is offset? Why it cannot be eliminated when P-controller is used?
OR
Why P mode controller creates offset? How can it be overcome?(May 2013)[LJIET]

NUMERICALS

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A PI controller is used to control the pressure in the tank which varies from 40 psi to 140
psi. Desired pressure is 90 psi. ? Controller output is to change by 100% upon 40 psi
pressure deviation. Reset rate is 1/5 repeats per minute and controller output at zero error
is 50 %. Calculate the controller output at the end of 2 minutes, when pressure in the tank
reaches 80 psi. (May 2013) [LJIET]

CHAPTER NO 13 Stability
DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
A proportional controller having gain KC is used to control two non-interacting
liquid level tanks having time constants 1 = 1 and 2 = 0.5, for the unity
feedback control system. Determine the stability of the system using Routh
criterion (Dec 2010)[LJIET]
Determine the value of Kc for which the under given control system is
stable. (Jun 2011)[LJIET]
NUMERICALS
Define Stability and find the stability of the system using Routh stability
criterion having characteristic equation
S4 + 4S3 + 6S2 + 20S + 15 = 0(June 2012) [LJIET]
Explain the Routh Test for stability (Dec 2013) [LJIET]
OR
Explain Routh stability criteria and procedure with limitations. (Jun 2014) [LJIET]
Given the characteristic equation
3s4 + 2s3 + s2 + 9s +7 = 0.
Determine the stability by the Routh Criterion(Dec 2013) [LJIET]
By means of Routh test, determine stability of the system having characteristics equation

S4 + 6S3 + 11S2 + 36S +120 = 0 (May 2015) [LJIET]

By means of Routh test, determine the stability of the system having

Characteristics equation
2s4 + 5s3+ 3s2+ 2s + 5 = 0 (Dec 2015) [LJIET]

The transfer function of a certain control system is defined as

G(s) = Kc/(s+1)(s/2 +1) (s/3 + 1)
Determine the value of Kc for which the control system is stable by using Routh test for
stability (Dec 2015) [LJIET]
Give the Characteristic equation. S3 + 9S2 + 26S + (24 + 48 Kc) = 0 Determine the value
of Kc for which the system is stable by Routh Array method.
(May 2016) [LJIET]

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CHAPTER NO 14 Root Locus

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
The open loop transfer function of a control system is given as,
G(s) =
Kc
S(S+1)(S+2)
Sketch the root locus diagram of the system (Dec 2010)[LJIET]

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3

Explain rules of Root-Locus diagram with example (Nov 2011)[LJIET]

Draw root locus diagram for the system having transfer function = S/[S(S+4)].(Jun 2014)
[LJIET]

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Plot the root locus for the following system: G(s) = Kc (1+s) /(s+2)(s+3)(s+4) (May 2015)
[LJIET]
NUMERICALS
A proportional derivative controller having the gain Kc and the derivative time is 4 is used
to controller two first order non-interacting systems having time constant 1=1 and 2=0.5.
If the gain of the process is 0.5. Sketch the Root locus diagram for the control system. The
transfer function of the measuring element is 1/S. (May 2016) [LJIET]

CHAPTER NO 15 Introduction to Frequency Response

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
1

Sketch the Bode diagram for a system having transfer function

G(s) =

Kc

(10S+1)(0.5S+1)
(Nov 2011) [LJIET]

1
2

What are Bode diagrams? Explain the graphical rules for Bode diagrams (Dec 2015)
OR
Explain Bode diagram for first order system.
(Dec 2014)[LJIET]
Plot the bode diagram for the system whose overall transfer function is 1/(s+1)(s+5).
(May 2015)[LJIET]

Explain phase margin and gain margin(Dec 2015) [LJIET]

CHAPTER NO 16 Control System Design by Frequency Response

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS
Explain gain margin and phase margin. Give significance of each
What do you understand by stability of a control system? Briefly explain
Nyquist stability criteria (May 2013)[LJIET]
OR
What do you understand by stability of a control system? Briefly explain
Nyquist stability criteria.

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Instrumentation
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Introduction of Process Measurement

Explain Accuracy, Reproducibility and sensitivity for instruments(Jun 2011)[LJIET]
Explain dynamic characteristics of an instrument.(Jun 2011)[LJIET]
Explain any four dynamic and static characteristics of an
instrument. (Dec 2015)[LJIET]

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Temperature Measurement
Explain working and construction of bimetallic thermometers (Dec 2010)[LJIET]
OR
Explain the working of bimetallic thermometer and optical pyrometer.(Jun
2011)[LJIET]
Briefly describe types of industrial thermocouples and the factors
influencing the speed response of thermocouples (May 2016) [LJIET]
OR
Explain the temperature measurement by thermocouple (Dec 2015) [LJIET]
List temperature measuring instrument. Explain any one in detail
OR
Write short note on anyone temperature measuring instrument.(Jun 2014) [LJIET]
Mention various temperature measurement devices and explain the
temperature measurement by thermocouple. (Jun 2012) [LJIET]
What is thermal well? Why is it used? How thermal well affect the
dynamic response of the thermometer?(May 2013) [LJIET]
Explain the working of any one type of pyrometer.(May 2013) [LJIET]
Write short note on Radiation Pyrometer. (Dec 2013, Dec 2014) [LJIET]
Explain Radiation-receiving elements (June 2014)(May 2016) [LJIET]

What is thermal well? Why is it used? How thermal well affect the
dynamic response of the thermometer? (May 2013) [LJIET]
Describe the principle, construction and working of thermocouple used for
temperature measurement (May 2013) [LJIET]

Pressure Measurement
Briefly describe the working of any two types of instruments used for
measuring vacuum.(Jun 2011)[LJIET]
List out pressure measurement devices with special feature, merits and
demerits of each (Dec 2015)[LJIET]
OR

Explain the function of various parts of an instrument and construction of

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Bourdon gauge (June 2012) [LJIET]

How is the gauge pressure and absolute pressure measured by liquid
manometer? What are the advantages of the inclined manometer? (May 2013) [LJIET]
Discuss pressure spring thermometer (Dec 2013)(Dec 2015) [LJIET]

2016

List pressure measuring instruments. Explain any one in

detail. (Dec 2014)[LJIET]
Explain working of the differential pressure meter. Highlight its special
features comparing with other instruments used for same application(June
2011)[LJIET]
List vacuum measuring instruments. Explain any one in detail. (Dec 2015) [LJIET]

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How is the gauge pressure and absolute pressure measured by liquid

manometer? What are the advantages of the inclined manometer?
(May 2013) [LJIET]
Write short note on bellows differential pressure gauge.(May 2016) [LJIET]

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Liquid Level Measurement

Describe the bubbler system for liquid level measurement with neat sketch (Dec 2013,
Dec 2014, May 2015)[LJIET]
Explain air-purge system for level measurement.(Nov 2011)[LJIET]
List indirect level measurement methods and explain any one.(May 2013) [LJIET]
Explain about float and spring pneumatic balance. (May 2015) [LJIET]

Discuss in brief indirect level measurement.(May 2013) [LJIET]

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Flow Measurement
Explain principle, construction and working of venturimeter (May 2015)[LJIET]
Enlist various types of quantity meters. Discuss any one.(Nov 2011)[LJIET]
OR
Give the list of various flow measuring devices. Explain area flow meter in detail .
(Dec 2015)[LJIET]

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Explain the principle, construction and working of rotameter.(Dec 2013, Dec 2014,
May 2015)[LJIET]
OR
Write a short note on Area flow meter (May 2016)[LJIET]

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5

Explain principle and working of Pitot tube. (Dec 2013)[LJIET]

Explain principle and working of Orifice meter.(Dec 2013)[LJIET]
VISCOSITY
Write a short note on viscosity measurement. (Jun 2014)[LJIET]
Density
Write a short note on measurement of density.(Nov 2011)[LJIET]
OR
Describe various fluid density measurement methods? (May 2013)[LJIET]
Write short note on Hydrometer.(Dec 2013)[LJIET]
Composition
State applications of composition analysis in chemical industries. (May 2013)[LJIET]

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