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Px A B Reab kx AB kx: = = + + + ψ ψ * - - - - (*) cos Im (*) sin 2 2 2 2 1 2 4 4 3 44 1 2 4444444 3 4444444

1) The document discusses solving the Schrödinger equation for different potential energy functions V(x), including an infinite square well, δ(x) well, and δ(x) barrier. 2) For the infinite square well of width L, the eigenfunctions are sin(nπx/L) with energies En = (nπħ)2/2mL2 where n = 1,2,3.... 3) For a δ(x) well of strength a, there is one bound state with energy E = -ħ2a2/2m2. The eigenfunction is proportional to e-|x|a/ħ. 4) For

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34 views

Px A B Reab kx AB kx: = = + + + ψ ψ * - - - - (*) cos Im (*) sin 2 2 2 2 1 2 4 4 3 44 1 2 4444444 3 4444444

1) The document discusses solving the Schrödinger equation for different potential energy functions V(x), including an infinite square well, δ(x) well, and δ(x) barrier. 2) For the infinite square well of width L, the eigenfunctions are sin(nπx/L) with energies En = (nπħ)2/2mL2 where n = 1,2,3.... 3) For a δ(x) well of strength a, there is one bound state with energy E = -ħ2a2/2m2. The eigenfunction is proportional to e-|x|a/ħ. 4) For

Uploaded by

lizn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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5.

73 Lecture #2

2-1

free particle V(x)=V0

Last Time:

general solution

= Aeikx + Beikx

A,B are complex constants, determined by boundary conditions


k=

p
h

(from e ikx , eigenfunction of p, and the real number, p, is the eigenvalue)


1/2

2m
k = (E V0 ) 2

probability

for E V0

P( x ) = * = |1
A4
|2 2
+4
| B4
|2 + 21Re
( A * B) cos 2 kx2
+ 4444444
2 Im( A * B)sin 23
kx
4
3
4444444
const.

distribution

wiggly

only get wiggly stuff when 2 or


more different values of k are
superimposed. In this special
case we had +k and k.
TODAY

and
1. infinite box
2. (x) well
3. (x) barrier

and

5.73 Lecture #2

2-2

What do we know about (x) for physically realistic V(x)?


( ) = ?
* ( x) ( x) for all x?

* ( x) ( x)dx ?

Continuity of and d /dx ?

Computationally convenient potentials have steps and flat regions.

infinite step

finite step

infinitely high but infinitely thin step, -function

continuous
d d 2
,
not continuous for infinite step, and not for -function
dx dx 2
d
is continuous for finite step
dx

More warm up exercises


1.

Infinite box
V(x)
0

( x) = Ae ikx + Be ikx = C cos kx + D sin kx

[C=A+B, D=iA iB]


(0) = 0 C = 0
(L) = 0 kL = n

n = 1, 2 ,

( why not n

= 0?)

5.73 Lecture #2
recall

2-3

2m n 2 2
= 2
V0 = 0
L
h2
Insert kL = n boundary condition.
k 2 = ( E V0 )

En = n2

h2 2
2 h
2
2 = n
mL
2 mL
8

here.
En is integer multiple
of common factor, E1.
Important for
# of bound levels wavepackets!
n = 0 would be
empty box

E1

normalization (P=1 for 1 particle in well)


L
|D|= (2 / L)1/2
1 =| D |2 dx sin 2 ( nx)
0

n ( x) = (2 / L )1/ 2 sin( nx)

because

L
2
0 sin ( nx)dx = L / 2

i
D = (2 / L)1/2 e{
arbitrary
phase
factor

cartoons of n(x): what happens to {n} and {En} if


we move well:
left or right in x?
up or down in E?

Infinite well was easy: 2 boundary conditions plus normalization requirement.


Generalize to stepwise constant potentials: in each V(x)=constant region,
need to know 2 complex coefficients and, if the particle is confined within a
finite range of x, there is quantization of energy.
* boundary and joining conditions
* normalization
* overall phase arbitrariness
So next step is to deal with case where boundary conditions are not so
obvious. (x) well and barrier.

5.73 Lecture #2

2-4
0

V(x)

V(x) = a (x)

a has units Energy x Length


(because, as we will see, (x) has
units of reciprocal length)

a>0

= 0 everywhere except V(0) = a


strength of the -function well

Schrdinger
Equation
Integrate:

2m
d2
(3
E4
+2
a4
x) 2
2 = (1
dx
E V( x ) h

2 mE
2 ma

dx
dx
x
x
x
lim
=

lim

(
)
+

(
)

(
)

h2

0
0
dx2
h2

d
d
=
LHS =

size of discontinuity
dx x =+ dx x =
+

d2

in

d
at x = 0
dx

RHS = 0

because
2mE
(0)
h2
is finite and integral
over region of length
2 0.

2ma

h2

(0)

because, by the definition of a fn

(x)(x)dx = (0)
or, more generally

(x a)(x)dx = (a)

5.73 Lecture #2

2-5

Since the potential has even symmetry wrt


x x, (x) must be even or odd (not a
mixture) with respect to x x, thus (x) = (x). If (x) is even, there must be a
cusp in (x) at x = 0
(x) is

(x)

continuous
0
OR

BUT NOT

(x) is not
continuous
at x = 0
So what happens
when (x)
is an odd function?
d(+) d()
2ma

= 2 (0)
dx
dx
h

The new
boundary condition

since there is + reflection symmetry for an even (x)


d(+)
d()
=
dx
dx
ma
d()
= m 2 (0)
dx
h

Now find the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues. Standard procedure: divide


space into regions and match and d/dx across boundaries.

5.73 Lecture #2

2-6

Region I

Region II
0

L = I = A L e + x + BL e x

(8 unknowns, because A and B can


be complex numbers)

V(x)
|x|>0
E= |E|

Let E < 0

R = II = A R e + x + BR e x
1/ 2

| E | 2m
=
h 2

(THIS IS WHAT WE DO WHEN k


WOULD BE IMAGINARY)

(+
)=0

AR = 0

unknowns
determined
(2)

(
)=0

BL = 0

(2)

L()=
R(+)0

AL = BR A

(2)

arbitrary phase

(1)

normalization

(1)
(8)

d R ( + )
ma
= Ae 0 = 2 A(0)
h
dx
=

ma
h2

d L ()
+ ma
= + Ae +0 = 2 A
(0)
h
dx

again

ma
= 2
h

L = Ae x
R = Ae x

Done!

required discontinuity in d/dx at


x = 0.

5.73 Lecture #2

2-7

Only one acceptable value of one value of E < 0

2 2
2
ma

ma
h
= 2 |E|=
=
= E
2
h
2m
2h

E=

ma
2h 2

Actually, the above solution was specifically for an even (x). What
about odd (x)? No calculation is needed. Why?
Normalization of

1 = | |2 dx

R = Ae max/ h

1 = 2 | A |2 e

ma
A = 2
h

2 ma h 2 x

h2
dx = 2 | A |2

2 ma
see Gaussian
Handout

1/ 2

ma
= 2
h

1/2

e ma|x|/h

only one bound


level, regardless
of magnitude of a

large a, narrower and taller

There is a continuum of s possible for E > 0. Since the particle


is free for E > 0, specific form of must reflect specific problem:
e.g., particle probability incident from x < 0 region. It is even
more interesting to turn this into the simplest of all barrier
scattering problems. See Non-Lecture pp. 2-8, 9, 10.

5.73 Lecture #2

2-8

Nonlecture
Consider instead scattering off V(x) = + (x)

a>0

V(x) = +(x)
x

0
L = A L e ikx + BL e ikx

2mE
k= 2
h

R = A R e ikx + BR e ikx

1/2

In this problem we have flux entering exclusively from left.


The entering probability flux is |AL|2.
Two things can happen:
1.

transmit through barrier

|AR|2

2.

reflect at barrier

|BL|2

There is no way that BR can become different from 0. Why?


2

Our goal is to determine A R and BL vs. E

L(0) = R(0)

continuity of

A L + BL = AR + B R

but BR = 0

A L + BL = AR

2ma
d R (+0) d L (0)

= + 2 (0)
dx

dx
h
2ma
R(0)
ikA R (ikA L ikBL ) = 2 A R
h
AR = AL + BL
2ma
ik( A L + BL ) ik(A L BL ) = 2 ( A L + BL )
h
L(0)

5.73 Lecture #2

2-9

2ma
( A L + BL )
h2
2ma 2ma

BL 2ik 2 = 2 A L

h
h

2ikBL =

h2
2ma ikh 2
AL
=
1
2ik 2 =
BL 2ma
ma
h

+1 =

ikh 2
ma

B
A R = A L + BL = A L L + BL = BL + BL = BL ( + 1)
BL
= AL/BL

ikh 2
A R = BL

ma
Transmission is

T=

AR
AL

Reflection is

R=

BL
AL

2
2
2
2

What is T(E), R(E)?

AR

= BL

k 2h 4
2 2

m a

= BL

2mE h 4
h

2 2

m a

= BL

2h 2 E
ma 2

ikh 2 ikh 2
AL AL
1
1

=
BL BL
ma
ma

k 2h4
2h 2 E + ma 2
2 = 2 2 +1 =
m a
ma 2
BL

AL

2h 2 E
ma 2
R(E) = 2
=
+ 1

2h E + ma 2 ma 2

decreasing to zero as E increases

ma 2

2h 2 E
T(E) = 2
=
+
1

.
2h E + ma 2 2h 2 E
R(E) + T(E) = 1

increasing to one as E increases

5.73 Lecture #2
Note that:

2 - 10

R(E) starts at 1 at E = 0 and goes to 0 at E


T(E) starts at 0 and increases monotonically to 1 as E increases.

Note also that, at E =

ma 2
2h 2

R as E approaches ma2/2h2 from above and


then changes sign as E passes through ma2/2h2 !

This is the energy of the bound state in the (x)-function well


problem.

See CTDL Chapter 1 Problem #3b (page 87) for a


related problem

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