CE2259 - Survey Practical-II Lab Manual PDF

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Department of Civil Engineering
Subject Name: Survey Practical II Lab
Subject Code: CE 2259
1.STUDY OF THEODOLITE
Description of the Instrument:Transit Theodolite:It consists of a telescope which can be revolved through a complete revolution about
its horizontal axis in a vertical plane.
Parts:Leveling head, telescope, vertical circle, index frame, A frame lower plate, upper plate,
level tubes, plumb bob
Leveling Head:The leveling head consists of two parallel triangular planes known as tribrach plates. The
upper tribrach has three arms, each carrying a leveling screw. The lower tribrach has three arms
each carrying a leveling screw. The lower tribrach plate or foot plate has a circular hole through
which plumb bob may be suspended.
Telescope:The telescope is an integral part of the theodline and is mounted on a spindle known as
horizontal axis or trunnion axis. In most of the transits, internal focusing telescope is used.
Vertical Circle:The vertical axis is a circular graduated arc attached to the trunnion axis of the telescope
consequently the graduated arc rather with the telescope when the latter is turned about the
horizontal axis.
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Index Frame:The index frame is a T-shaped frame consisting of a vertical leg known as clipping arm and a
horizontal bar known as vernier arm of index corm. At the two extremities of the index arm are
fitted two verniers to read the vertical circle.
A Frame:Two standards resembling the letter A are mounred on the upper plates. The trunnion axis of
the telescope is supported on these.
Lower Plate:The lower plate is attached to the outer spindle. The lower plate carries a horizontal circle at
its leveled edge and is therefore also known as the scale plate.
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Upper Plate:The upper plate or vernier plate is attached to the inner axis and carries two verniers with
magnifiers at two extremities diametrically opposite. The upper plate supports the standards.
Plumb Bob:A plumb bob is suspended from the hook fitted to the bottom of the inner axis to centre of
instrument exactly over the station mark.
Temporary Adjustments of A Theodolite:1. Setting over the station
2. Leveling up
3. Elimination of parallax
Setting Up:The operation of setting up includes centering of instrument over the station mark by a plumb
bob and approximate leveling with the help of tripod legs.
Leveling Up:The object of leveling is to make the instrumental axis fully vertical. This is done with the
help of three foot screws.
1. First loose the clamp screw and turn the instrument until the longitudinal axis of the bubble
tube is parallel to the line joining any two leveling screws.
2. Turn the foot screws uniformly until the bubble comes to centre.
3. Rotate the instrument until the axis of the level tube coincides with the third foot screw.
4. Turn the third screw either inward or outward to make the bubble central.
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5. Repeat the above procedure thrice. Rotate the instrument through 180. And in this position
the bubble should remain central otherwise repeat the procedure.
Elimination of Parallax:Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by objective is not in the plane of
cross hairs.
It is eliminated by focusing eye piece for distinct vision of cross hairs and
forwarding the objective to bring the image of objective in the plane of cross hairs.
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Instrument
at
Sight To
Face:
Swing:
Mean
Included
Angle
No. of Length of
repeti side m
tions
Page 5
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES BY
REITERATION METHOD
AIM:
To measure the horizontal angles with theodolite by the method of reiteration.
REITERATION DEFINITION:
This method is adopted when several angles are measured in succession at a particular
station which forms a common vertex point with the objects. The process of measuring angles at
a instrument station around the point to obtain a check on their sum which should be equal to
360 is called closing the horizon.
EQUIPEMENTS REQUIRED:
6. Theodolite
7. Tripod
8. Ranging Rod
9. Arrows
PROCEDURE:
A
O
C
D
1. Set the instrument at station O and fix the ranging rods at ABCD of the closed traverse.
2. Do all the temporary adjustments namely centering, leveling and elimination of parallax
keeping the vertical circle to the left.
3. Set the vernier A to zero using upper clamp and its tangent screw.
4. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope until the signal at B is bisected. Clamp
the upper clamp and bisect B exactly using tangent screw. Read both verniers. Mean of
the vernier readings gives the horizontal angle AOB.
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5. Similarly determine the angles BOC, COD, DOA.
6. Finally sight A and read both verniers. Vernier A should read 0 or 360, if not note the
reading and find the error. If the error is small, distribute equally to all angles. If the error
is large, repeat the above procedure and take fresh set of readings.
7. Change the face of the instrument to right face. Repeat the process.
8. Loosen the upper clamp screw, rotate the telescope counter clockwise(ie. Swing left) and
sight station D, clamp the upper clamp and bisect the signal D exactly using upper
tangent screw. Read both the verniers and determine the angle AOD.
9. Similarly determine the angles DOC,COB and BOA by rotating the telescope in the
counter clockwise direction, distribute the error, if any equally among all the angles.
10. Determine the average value of each angle obtained with the face left and the face right.
Result:
Thus the Horizontal angles are measured by reiteration method.

Included angles, AOB =
BOC =
COD =
DOA =
Total =
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Instrument
at
Sight To
Face:
Swing:
Mean
Included
Angle

No. of
repetiti
ons
Length of
side m
Page 8
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES BY

REPETITION METHOD
AIM:
To measure the horizontal angle by the method of repetition and to calculate the horizontal
distance between the two points.
REPETITION DEFINITION:
This method is adopted when a particular angle is measured very accurately by taking
the same at several times (usually 3). The angle is measured mechanically and by dividing the
accumulated angle by the number of repetitions, the required angle will be determined.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. Theodolite
2. Tripod
3. Ranging Rods
4. Arrows
5. Tape
PROCEDURE:
A
To measure the angle of horizontal AOB, follow the procedure given below:
4. Setup the instrument over the station O and do all the temporary adjustments. Keep the
vertical circle to the left.
5. Set the vernier A to zero with the help of upper clamp and tangent screws.
6. Loosen the lower clamp and turn the telescope towards the object A. Clamp the lower
clamp and bisect the point exactly using lower tangent screw.
7. Loosen the upper clamp and turn the telescope clockwise to bisect the object R; clamp the
upper clamp and bisect R exactly using upper tangent screw.
8. Read both verniers to get the approximate value of the angle AOB. Let this angle be .
9. Unclamp the lower plate and turn the telescope clockwise to sight the point A again.
Clamp the lower clamp and bisect A exactly using lower tangent screw. Check that the
vernier A and B readings have not changed.
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10. Loosen the upper plate and turn the telescope clockwise and again bisect B. Clamp the
upper plate bisect B exactly using upper tangent screw. The vernier will now read twice
the value of angle AOB.
11. Repeat the steps (6) and (7) once again. The final reading of the vernier A will be thrice
the angle AOB.
12. Read both verniers. The final reading after repetition should n x . The accumulated angle
is obtained by taking the difference of the two mean readings to objects A and B. Divide
this accumulated angle by the number of repetitions which gives the correct value of the
angle.
13. Change the face of the instrument to right face. Repeat the steps (2) to (9). Determine
another value of the angle AOB.
14. Determine average value of the two horizontal angles obtained with face left and face
right. This is the precise value of angle AOB.
15. By measuring the distance of object A and B from the instrument station O, the distance
between two points A and B can be computed using the cosine formula as follows.
AB =
(OA2+OB2-2xOAxOBxcos)
Result:
The horizontal angle and the distance between the two points are found out by the
method of repetition using theodolite.
Included angle AOB
=
Horizontal distance AB =
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Instrument
at
Sight To
Face:
Swing:
Mean
Included
Angle
Page 11
MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLES

AIM:
To measure the vertical angles with a theodolite and to find the height of an object say
a building.
VERTICAL ANGLE DEFINITION:
Vertical angle is the angle which the inclined line of sight to an object made with the
horizontal. It may be an angle of elevation (+ve angle) or angle of depression (-ve angle)
depending upon whether the object is above or below the horizontal plane passing through
trunnion axis of the instrument.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
6. Theodolite
7. Tripod Stand
8. Tape
PROCEDURE:
1. Fix and level the instrument with reference to the plate level.
2. Set zero of the vertical vernier exactly to zero of the vertical circle by means of vertical
circle clamp and tangent screws. Keep the altitude level parallel to any two foot screws
and bring the bubble central. Rotate the telescope through 90 till the altitude bubble is
on the third screw. Bring the bubble to the centre with the third foot screw. Repeat the
procedure till the bubble is central in both the positions.
3. Loosen the vertical circle clamp and rotate the telescope in the vertical plane to sight the
top of the object, say A.
4. Note the vertical circle reading. Read both verniers (C and D) of vertical circle. The
mean of the two gives vertical angle. Similar observations may be made with another
face. The average of the two will give the required angle.
5. Similarly sight the bottom point, say B and note the readings and find the mean vertical
angle.
6. Measure the distance between the building and instrument station O using tape.
7. By using the trigonometrically relations, calculate the height of the building.
RESULT: Thus the vertical angles are measured using theodolite and the height of the building
is found to be --------------Page 12
Instrument
at
Sight To
Face:
Swing:
No. of
repetitions
Mean
Included
Angle

Length
of side
m
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CLOSED THEODOLITE TRAVERSING AND PLOTTING
AIM
To conduct the closed theodolite traverse by included angles method and to plot and adjust the
traverse.
TRAVERSING GENERAL
The traverse survey consists of a continuous series of lines which defined by angles or bearing.
The offsets from these lines may be taken in the usual manner.
The two types of traverse are
1. Closed traverse
2. Open traverse
The methods of theodolite traversing are
8. Measurement of angles between two successive lines
9. Observation of bearing of the survey lines.
The first method includes
11. Traversing by the method of direct angles
12. Traversing by the method of included angles
13. Traversing by the method of deflection angles
The second method is also called as fast needle method of traversing includes
16. Observation of bearing with telescope transited
17. Observation of bearing with telescope not transited
18. Back bearing metho
PROCEDURE
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Traversing by included angles

This method is suitable for land surveying. The method is preferred for a closed traverse. In this
method included angles between the two successive lines are measured. The included angles
measures may be interior or exterior angle accordingly as the traverse is run counter- clockwise
or clockwise direction. Generally, the traverse is run in a counter clockwise direction. When
great accuracy is required angles may be measured by repetition method. The following
procedure is used.
1. Set the instrument over the starting station A and do all the temporary adjustments.
2. Orient the telescope in the magnetic meridian direction and then determine the magnetic
bearing of the initial line PQ.
3. Set the vernier A to zero using upper clamp and tangent screw (keep face left) take a
back sight on last station E using lower clamp and tangent screw. Vernier A still reads
zero.
4. Loosen the upper clamp. Turn the telescope clockwise and take a foresight on B, clamp
the plate and bisect B exactly using the tangent screw. Read both verniers. The mean of
the two verniers is the required included angle EAB.
5. Change the face and measure angle EAB.
6. The average of the two included angles in steps 4 and 5 is the better included angle EAB.
7. Shift the instrument to second station B measure the included angle ABC by taking a
back sight on A and a foresight on C as done in steps 3 and 4.
8. Similarly measure included angles at C, D, and E.
9. Measure the lengths of the traverse lines AB, BC, CD, DE and EA using tape.
10. Calculate the co-ordinates and plot the traverse.
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TRIGNOMETRIC LEVELLING SINGLE PLANE METHOD

AIM
To determine the elevation of the base in-accessible object by single plane method.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
9. Theodolite
10. Tripod
11. Ranging rods
12. Arrows
13. Tape
14. Leveling staff
PROCEDURE
1. Setup the theodolite over the station O and level it accurately with respect to the
altitude bubble.
2. Take a staff reading on B.M with the line of sight horizontal to determine the elevation of
instrument axis. Take both face staff readings to get average. Let it be S1.
3. Direct the telescope with left face towards the top of the object Q,set Q accurately and
clamp both plates. Read verniers C and D and determine the vertical angle 1.
4. Plunge the telescope. Mark the second station R in the line so that Q, P and R in the same
vertical plane. Measure the distance d between P and R accurately with a tape.
5. Change the face to right and measure the vertical angle 1 again. Obtain the average
value of two vertical angles.
6. Shift the instrument to R, setup and level it with reference to altitude bubble. Repeat step
(2) and take the staff reading S2 on B.M.
7. Measure the vertical angle 2to Q with both face observations by repeating steps (3) and
(5).
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Sarathy Nagar, Kundrathur, Pudupedu, Chennai 600 069.
Depending upon the level of instrument axes at P ( nearest station) and R( farthest station) the
following three cases are considered to calculate the R.L of Q.
Instrument axes at P and R are at the same level.
Instrument axis of nearest station, P is lower than that at R.
Instrument axis of nearest station, P is higher than that at R.

When the instrument axis of nearest station, P is lower than that at R:
Let D be the distance between nearest station and the object

From triangle PQQ
H1 = Dtan1 -----------------------------------------------(1)
From the triangle RQQ
H2 = (d+D)tan2-----------------------------------------------(2)
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Subtracting equation (2) from (1)

H1-H2 = Dtan1 - (d+D)tan2
= D(tan1- tan2) d tan2 ---------------------------------(3)
But H1-H2 = difference in levels of instrument axes
`
= S2 S1 = S
Therefore, D(tan1- tan2) d tan2 = S

D = (S+ d tan2) / (tan1- tan2)
Substitute the value of D in equations (1) and (2) to find H1 and H2.
Now, R.L of Q = R.L of B.M + S1 +H1
As a check, R.L of Q = R.L of B.M + S2 + H2
In general, the expression for D, H1 and H2 can be written as
D = (S d tan2) / (tan1- tan2)
H1 = Dtan1
H2 = (d+D)tan2
For D, use +ve sign if the instrument axis of nearest station is lower than that of farthest station,
use ve sign when the instrument axis is higher than that of farthest station and substitute S = 0
if both axes are at the same level.
RESULT
R.L of top of the object =
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TACHEOMETRIC CONSTANTS
Inst. at
Staff
station
Horizontal
distance
Stadia hair readings

Top
Middle
Bottom
Stadia
intercept
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STADIA TACHEOMETRY - DETERMINATION OF TACHEOMETRIC CONSTANTS

AIM
To determine the Tacheometric constants ( multiplying constant, C and additive constant,

k) of the given stadia tacheometer.
TACHEOMETRY GENERAL
Tacheometric surveying is an angular branch of surveying in which the horizontal
distances and vertical differences in elevation are computed from the observed theodolite angles
and staff readings, completely eliminating the use of chain of measurement.
Methods of tacheometric surveying
1. Stadia system
2. Tangential system
The method, stadia system is further subdivided into two types as
1) Fixed hair method
2) Movable hair method
Fixed hair stadia system
Stadia tacheometer is nothing but a transit theodolite provided with a stadia diaphragm
consisting of two additional horizontal hairs at equidistant from the central hair separated by a
vertical distance, called stadia interval, i.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
Tacheometer with stand

Levelling Staff
Ranging rods
Tape
Arrows and pegs
Theory of stadia system, when the line of sight is horizontal

By using tachometric equation
D = CS + K
Where C= Multiplying constant, f/i
K = Additive constant, (f+c) c horizontal distance from objective to vertical axis of the
instrument
S, Stadia intercept= Difference of top and bottom hair readings
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PROCEDURE
1. Setup the tacheometer at station P and level it.
2. Select another point Q say 60m from P.
3. Drive pegs at uniform interval say 15m along PQ, mark the peg points as 1, 2, 3 and 4.
The peg 4 is at station Q.
4. Keep the staff on the peg 1 and obtain the staff intercept, S1. Line of sight is kept
horizontal for this purpose.
5. Similarly obtain the staff intercept, S2 when the staff is kept at the peg2.
6. Form simultaneous equations using distance formula.
D1 = CS1 + K .. (1)
D2 = CS2 + K ... (2)
Solving equations (1) and (2), determine the values of C and K.
7. Similarly find out the values for C and K by other set of readings.
The average values of the C and K will be the Tacheometric Constants.
RESULT
Tacheometric additive constant
K=
Tacheometric Multiplying Constant C =
DETERMINATION OF THE GRADIENT OF THE LINE
Face : Right
Inst
at
Sight
to
Vertical angle
Statia hair reading

Top
Mid
Bot
C
o
Horizontal angle
D
,,
Mean
,,
A
,,
A
B
Face : Left
Swing : Left
Swing : Right
A
B
B
,,
Mean
,,
,,
STADIA TACHEOMETRY- DETERMINATION OF THE

GRADIENT OF THE LINE
AIM
To determine the gradient of the line joining two objects (A and B) of different elevations by stadia
thacheometric method.
Stadia system
Stadia tacheometer is nothing but a transit theodolite provided with a stadia diaphragm
consisting of two additional horizontal hairs at equi-distance from the central hair separated by a
vertical distance called stadia interval i.
Theory of stadia system, when the line of sight is horizontal
By using tachometric equation
D = CS + K
Where C= Multiplying constant, f/i
K = Additive constant, (f+c) c horizontal distance from objective to vertical axis of the
instrument
S, Stadia intercept= Difference of top and bottom hair readings
Elevation or R.L of staff station, Q = R.L of line of sight Central hair reading
Where
R.L of line of sight = R.L of B.M + staff reading on B.M, h
= R.L of P + height of instrument, h
Theory of stadia system, when the line of sight is inclined (elevated/depressed)
For line of sight is inclined upward, let P is the tacheometer station and Q is the staff station
The vertical component, V = D.sin

= (CScos + K) sin
= CScos.sin + Ksin
Now, R.L of staff station Q = R.L of instrument axis + V C
Where, R.L of instrument axis = R.L of B.M + h or
= R.L of P + height of instrument (h)
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In general, the R.L of staff station = R.L of instrument axis V central hair reading
Use +ve sign for elevated angle and ve sign for depressed angle
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
15. Tacheometer with stand
16. Levelling Staff
17. Ranging rods
18. Tape
19. Arrows and pegs
PROCEDURE
1. Setup the instrument over the selected station O and level it accurately.
2. Having the vertical circle set to zero and the altitude bubble central, measure the height of
the instrument with tape.
3. Having the line of sight horizontal or inclined as the case be sight the staff held on the
nearest bench mark and observe vertical angles and staff reading on the hairs.
4. Orient the instrument with the vernier A reading zero to magnetic meridian clamp the
lower plate and bisect it accurately.
5. Releasing the upper plate, turn the telescope clockwise and bisect the staff held on left
hand object P accurately by upper clamp and upper tangent screw. Read the horizontal
angle, vertical angle and stadia readings.
6. Again release upper plate, turn the telescope clockwise and bisect the staff held at right
hand object Q accurately, by upper clamp and upper tangent screw. Now read both
horizontal and vertical angles and stadia readings.
7. Further release upper plate, turn the telescope clockwise, close the horizon by establishing
magnetic north. Check the vernier A should read 360.
8. The distances and elevations of objects are computed by the principles of stadia.
9. From the horizontal plane observations, the distance and the gradient between the objects
are computed.
RESULT
R.L of the left hand object, P =
R.L of the right hand object, Q =
Distance of the objects PQ
=
Gradient of the objects PQ
=
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Face : Right
Inst at
Sight to
A
B
A
B
Position of vane
Top vane
Bottom vane
Top vane
Bottom vane
Face : Left
Top vane
Bottom vane
Top vane
Bottom vane
Swing : Right
C
,
Vertical angle
D
Mean
,,
, ,, o , ,,
Swing : Left
Horizontal angle
A
B
Mean
, ,, , ,, o , ,,
TANGENTIAL TACHEOMETRY
AIM
To determine the distance and elevation of a given point by tangential syatem of

tacheometric observations.
Tangential system
In this system an ordinary transit theodolite and a leveling staff can be made use of. In
this method, a staff fitted with two big targets spaced at a fixed distance(s) of 2m or 3m is
sighted. The vertical angles 1 and 2 are the angles of elevation or depression the following
three cases occur.
Case 1: Both angles are in elevation
Case 2: Both angles are in depression
Case 3: One angle is in elevation and the other is in depression
Consider case 1 where both angles are in elevation
V1 = Dtan1
V2 = Dtan2
S = V1 V2
S = D (tan1 - tan2)
D = S / (tan1 - tan2)
Now, R.L of Q = R.L of instrument axis + V1 A or
= R.L of instrument axis + V2 B
Where, R.L of instrument axis = R.L of B.M + h
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
1. Transit theodolite
2. Leveling staff
Page 27
PROCEDURE
Setup the instrument over the selected station P and level it accurately.
Having the vertical circle set to zero and the altitude bubble central measure the height of
the instrument with tape.
Having the line of sight horizontal, sight the staff held on the nearest bench mark and
observe staff reading.
Releasing the telescopic clamping screw, elevate or depress the telescope as the case may
be whether the point is above or below the horizontal and bisect the top target reading of
the staff held at a given point Q accurately using corresponding tangent screws. Note the
vertical angle as 1.
Releasing the telescope, bisect the bottom target reading on the same staff and note down
the vertical angle as 2.
The distance and elevation of the object are calculated by the principles of tangential
system of tacheometry.
RESULT
20. Distance of staff point from the instrument station, D =
21. R.L of given staff point =
SETTING OUT SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE - RANKINE'S METHOD OF
TANGENTIAL DEFLECTION ANGLE
AIM
To set out the simple circular curve by single theodolite method or Rankines method of
deflection angles.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
22. Theodolite
23. Ranging rods
24. Tape
25. Arrows
26. Pegs
GENERAL
The curves may be set out by the linear or angular methods. Following are the angular
methods of setting out simple circular curves.
3. Single theodolite method (Rankines method of deflection angles)
4. Two theodolite method
5. Tacheometric method
Deflection angle:
The angle between the back tangent and the chord joining the point
of
commencement of the curve and the other point on the curve
PROCEDURE
Fig 1 Deflection angle on a simple circular curve

Page 29
In this method, curves are staked out by use of deflection angles turned at the point of curvature
from the tangent to points along the curve. The curve is set out by driving pegs at regular
interval equal to the length of the normal chord. Usually, the sub-chords are provided at the
beginning and end of the curve to adjust the actual length of the curve. The method is based on
the assumption that there is no difference between length of the arcs and their corresponding
chords of normal length or less. The underlying principle of this method is that the deflection
angle to any point on the circular curve is measured by the one-half the angle subtended at the
centre of the circle by the arc from the P.C. to that point.
Fig 2 Laying out a circular curve by Rankines method

Let points a, b, c, d, e are to be identified in the field to layout a curve between T1 and T2 to
change direction from the straight alignment AV to VB as in Fig 1. To decide about the points,
Page 30
chords ab, bc, cd, de are being considered having nominal length of 30m. To adjust the actual
length of the curve two sub-chords have been provided one at the beginning, T1 a and other,
eT2 at the end of the curve. The amount of deflection angles that are to be set from the tangent
line at the P.C. are computed before setting out the points. The steps for computations are as
follows:
Referring to Fig 2, let the tangential angles for points a, b, c, be
deflection angles (from the tangent at P.C.) be a, b, .. , n.
Now, for the first tangential angle
Arc T1 a = R x 2
1, from
1,
,,
and their
the property of a circle
radians
Assuming the length of the arc is same as that of its chord, if C1 is the length of the first chord
i.e., chord T1 a, then
(Note: the units of measurement of chord and that of the radius of the curve should be same).
Similarly, tangential angles for chords of nominal length, say C,
And for last chord of length, say Cn
Page 31
The deflection angles for the different points a, b, c, etc. can be obtained from the tangential
angles. For the first point a, the deflection angle a is equal to the tangential angle of the chord
to this point i.e., 1. Thus,
a
1.
The deflection angle to the next point i.e., b is

deflection angle
for which the chord length is T1 b. Thus, the
Thus, the deflection angle for any point on the curve is the deflection angle upto previous point
plus the tangential angle at the previous point.
FIELD PROCEDURE FOR SETTING OUT THE CURVE
1. A theodolite is set up at the point of curvature T1, and get it temporary adjusted.
2. The vernier A is set to zero, and get the upper plate clamped. After opening the lower plate
main screw, sight the point of intersection, V. Then the lower plate main screw gets tightened and
get the point V bisected exactly using the lower plate tangent screw. Now the line of sight is in
the direction of the rear tangent T1 V and the vernier A reads zero.
3. Open the upper plate main screw, and set the vernier A to the deflection angle a. The line of
sight is now directed along the chord T1 a. Clamp the upper plate.
4. Hold the zero end of the tape of a steel tape at T1. Note a mark equal to the first chord length
C1 on the tape and swing an arrow pointed at the mark around a' till it is bisected along the line
of sight. The arrow point then indicates the position of the first peg a'. Fix the first peg at a'.
Page 32
5. Unclamp the upper plate, and set the vernier A to the deflection angle b. The line of sight is
now directed along T1 b.
6. With the zero end of the tape at a, and an arrow at a mark on the tape equal to the normal chord
length C, swing the tape around b until the arrow is bisected along the line of sight. Fix the
second peg at the point b at the arrow point.
It may be noted that the deflection angles are measured from the tangent point T1 but the chord
lengths are measured from the preceding point. thus, deflection angles observed are cumulative in
nature but chord lengths swung are individual in nature.
7. Repeat steps (5) and (6) till the last point is reached. The last point so located must coincide
with the tangent point T2 already fixed from the point of intersection.
Check:
The last point so located must coincide with the point of tangency (T2) fixed
independently by measurements from the point of intersection.
SETTING OUT OF TRANSITION CURVE

Aim :
To set out a transition curve.
Instruments required :
Theodoloite, Ranging rods, Arrows.
General :
A transition or earment curve is a curve of varying radius introduced between a straight
and a circular curve or between two branches of a compound curve or reverse curve.
Characteristics of a transition curve :

In the figure,
Tv = Original target
Page 34
Bv = the shift tangent parallel to the original tangent

S = BA = shift of the circular curve
L = length of the transition curve
D = end of the transition curve and beginning of the circular curve
DD1 = tangent to both the transition and the circular curve at D.
DB = extended portion of the circular curve (or the redundant circular curve).
Y = D2D =offset of the junction point D.
X = TD2 = the coordinate of the junction point D
R = radius of the circular curve
s = the spiral angle
OB = perpendicular to the shift tangent B
A = point of intersection of the perpendicular OB with the original tangent
DE = line perpendicular to OA
Since the tangent DD1 makes an angle s with the original tangenet,
Now, BD = R s
= RL / 2R
since s = L/2R
= L/2
When CD is very nearly equal to BD, CD = L/2
Hence the shift AB bisects the transition curve at C.
BOD =
Again
S = BA
=FA EB
= Y (OB-OE)
= Y R(1-cos s)
= Y 2R sin2 s/2
= Y 2R s2/4
where s is small.
Procedure :
1. Calculate the spiral angle s by the equation s = L/2R radians
2. Calculate the shift S of the circular cure by the relation S = L2 / 24R
3. Calculate the total length of the tangent depending whether it is a spiral or cubic
parabola.
4. For the true spiral, the total tangent length = (R + S) tan
5. For the cubic spiral, the total tangent length = (R + S) tan
6. Calculate the length of the circular curve.
7. From the chainage of PI, subtract the length of the tangent to get the chainage of the
point T.
8. To the chainage of T1 add the length of the transition curve to get the chainage of the
junction point (D) of the transition curve with the circular curve.
Page 35
9. Determine the chainage of the other junction point (D) of the circular arc with the
transition curve by adding the length of the curve to the chainage of D.
10. Determine the chainage of the point T by adding the length L of the transition curve to
the chainage of D.
11. If it is required to peg the points on through chainages, calculate the length of the subchords and full-chords of the transition curves and the circular curve. The peg internal
for the transition curve may be 10 metres, while that for the circular curve, it may be 20
metres.
12. 10.
If the curves are to be set out by a theodolite, calculate the deflection angles for
the transition curve from the expression = 573 l2 / RL minutes and the deflection
angles (referred to the tangent at D) for the circular curve from the expression,
S = 1719 C/R minutes.
The total tangential angles N for the circular curve must be equal to ( - 2 s).
Page 36
Result :
Thus the setting out of transition curve can be done.
Page 37
Setting out a Building

AIM
To set out the foundation for the given building.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
Marking thread
Tape
Pegs
Hammer
Try square
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare a foundation plan to the given line sketch. For example, it is required to mark the
foundation for a room of size 10m x 6m internal dimensions and width of foundation
trench 0.9m
2. Prepare the site by removing vegetation, if any to mark the foundation.
3. Set out a line AB equal to 11.8 m using a tape and drive pegs at A & B.
4. Set out a perpendicular AD at A using a try square or using (3,4,5) method. Mark a
distance of 7.8m along AD and fix up a peg at D.
5. Similarly set out a perpendicular to BA at B and mark the distance BC as 7.8m. Fix a peg
at C.
6. Now erect a perpendicular at C, perpendicular to BC, using try square and mark the
distance as CD.
7. If the setting out work is correct, the point D as marked from C will coincide with the
already marked distance AD from A.
8. Then measure the diagonals AC and BD and find their actual length and compare with a
length of 11.86m, the correct length of diagonals.
9. Now we have set out the outer line of the proposed foundation trench for the given room.
Page 38
10. To mark the inner line of the foundation trench, proceed as follows.
11. Along AB, measure a distance AE and BF equal to 0.9m, the width of foundation.
12. At E, make a perpendicular EO equal to 0.9m perpendicular to AB and for the point O.
13. Similarly at F, erect a perpendicular FP to line AB for a distance of 0.9m and fix point P.
14. Similarly mark the points Q and R by setting out perpendicular KQ and LB to CD for a
length of 0.9m.
15. OPQR is the inner line of foundation trench.
RESULT:
Thus a building is set out using theodolite.
Page 39
AZIMUTH BY THE EX-MERIDIAN OBSERVATION ON THE SUN
AIM
To find the angle between the observers meridian and the vertical circle through sun
observation.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
1. Theodolite with stand
PROCEDURE
Set the theodolite over the station mark and level it very accurately.
Clamp both the plates to read zero and sight the reference meridian (RM).
Turn towards the sun and observe latitude and horizontal angle with the sun in quadrant 1
of the cross hair system.
The motion in the azimuth is slow and the vertical hair is kept in contact by the upper
tangent screw, the sun being allowed to make contact with the horizontal hair.
The time of observation is noted along with horizontal and vertical angles.
Using two tangential screws as quickly as possible, bring the sun in to the quadrant 3 of the
cross hairs and again read the horizontal and vertical angles. Observe the time.
Turn to the reference meridian(RM). Reverse the face and take another sight on the RM.
Take two more observations of the sun precisely in the same way as in steps 3 and 4 above,
but this time with the sun in quadrant 2 and 4. Note the time of each observations.
Finally bisect the RM to see that the reading is zero.
Note the above four observations (two with face left and two with face right)
CALCULATION
ZM = zenith distance(Z)= 90-
PM = Polar distance = co-declination= 90-
ZP= co-latitude = 90-
By cosine rule
cosPM = cosZP.cosZM+sinZP.sinZM.cosA
cosA = cosPm-(cosZP.cosZM) / (sinZP.sinZM)
Thus the azimuth of the sun is arrived.
True bearing of RM = Azimuth of sun A + horizontal angle
Page 40
RESULT
Azimuth of the given line =
FIELD WORK USING TOTAL STATION
GENERAL
Total station is a combination of Electronic Theodolite and Electronic Distance Meter (EDM) in
one unit. This instrument directly measures 3D co-ordinates, slope, horizontal and vertical
distances. This has large internal memory of 3000 points to store field datas and can be directly
down loaded to the computer from the instrument through interface cable.
Electronic Distance Meter:
This is used to measure directly, to an acceptable accuracy, the distance between any
tow intervisible points in the survey system. The technique of EDM eliminates the need for
chaining or taping.
Principle of EDM:
The basic principle is the indirect determination of the time required for a light beam to
travel between two stations and by using frequency the distance is displayed .
Basic Functions of EDM:
1.
2.
3.
4.
It generates the carrier and measuring wave frequencies.

It modulates and demodulates the carrier wave.
It measures the phase difference between the transmitted and received waves.
It displays the result of measurement.
Working of Total Station
The major operations that are conducted using total stations include determination of
coordinates;measurement of angles and distance; and data processing.
Coordinates Determination by Total Station
A total station determines coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate
by establishing adirect line of sight between the two points. Angles and distances are
measured from the total station topoints under survey, and the coordinates of surveyed
points relative to the total station position arecalculated using trigonometry and
triangulation. Some total stations have a Global Navigation SateliteSystem (GNSS) which
doesn't require a direct line of sight to determine coordinates.
Angle Measurement by Total Station
Most of the modern total stations have digital bar-codes on rotating glass cylinders or discs
that are installedwithin the instrument. Angle measurement is done through electro- optical
scanning of these digital bar-codes. Quality total stations can measure angles to 0.5
arc-second. Cheap models of total stations like theconstruction grade total stations do not
have such level of accuracy and can usually measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-seconds.
Distance Measurement by Total Station

A total station has a small solid-state emitter within its optical path. They generate
modulated microwave or infrared signals that are reflected by a prism reflector or the object
under survey. The computer installed inthe total staion reads the modulation pattern in the
returning signal. The distance is thus determined byemitting and receiving multiple
frequencies and determining the integer number of wavelengths to the targetfor each
frequency. A well built total station can measure distances with an accuracy of
approximately 1.5millimetres + 2 parts per million over a distance of up to 1,500 metres.
The total stations that do not carryreflectors are capable of measuring distances to any
object which light in color, to a few hundred meters.
Data Processing by Total Station
The data recorded by the instrument may be downloaded from the theodolite to a computer
andapplicationsoftwaregenerates a map of the surveyed area. Many advanced models of total
station have internalelectronic data storage to record distance, horizontal angle, and vertical
angle measured. Some other totalstations can also write these measurements to
external data collector like a portable computer.
Page 43

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Subject Code: CE 2259

To measure the horizontal angles with theodolite by the method of reiteration.

Thus the Horizontal angles are measured by reiteration method.

MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES BY

MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL ANGLES

CLOSED THEODOLITE TRAVERSING AND PLOTTING

Traversing by included angles

TRIGNOMETRIC LEVELLING SINGLE PLANE METHOD

Instrument axes at P and R are at the same level.

Instrument axis of nearest station, P is lower than that at R.

Instrument axis of nearest station, P is higher than that at R.

Let D be the distance between nearest station and the object

Subtracting equation (2) from (1)

Therefore, D(tan1- tan2) d tan2 = S

Stadia hair readings

STADIA TACHEOMETRY - DETERMINATION OF TACHEOMETRIC CONSTANTS

To determine the Tacheometric constants ( multiplying constant, C and additive constant,

Tacheometer with stand

Theory of stadia system, when the line of sight is horizontal

DETERMINATION OF THE GRADIENT OF THE LINE

Statia hair reading

STADIA TACHEOMETRY- DETERMINATION OF THE

The vertical component, V = D.sin

To determine the distance and elevation of a given point by tangential syatem of

Consider case 1 where both angles are in elevation

Fig 1 Deflection angle on a simple circular curve

Fig 2 Laying out a circular curve by Rankines method

the property of a circle

And for last chord of length, say Cn

The deflection angle to the next point i.e., b is

for which the chord length is T1 b. Thus, the

SETTING OUT OF TRANSITION CURVE

To set out a transition curve.

Characteristics of a transition curve :

Bv = the shift tangent parallel to the original tangent

Thus the setting out of transition curve can be done.

Setting out a Building

It generates the carrier and measuring wave frequencies.

Working of Total Station

Distance Measurement by Total Station

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