A

MAJORPROJECT PLANNING REPORT

ON
AUTOMATION

OF LEVEL CROSSING USING RFID

Submitted to

JABALPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JABALPUR (M.P.)

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Under the Guidance of

Prof. Ms. NAMRTA SAHAYAM

Submitted By
MukulTripathi -0201EC143D02
ShubhamPuriGoswami0201EC143D15
OmprakashBanskar0201EC143D05
Pawan Kumar Bhalavi0201EC143D06
SaraswatiNeti0201EC143D12
ShivkaliUikey0201EC143D13

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

JABALPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JABALPUR (M.P.)
Session: 2016-2017
i

JABALPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JABALPUR

CERTIFICATE
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2016-2017

This is to certify that the Major Project Planning Report entitled AUTOMATION OF LEVEL CROSSING
USING RFID submitted byMukulTripathi0201EC143D02, ShubhamPuriGoswami0201EC143D15,
OmprakashBanskar 0201EC143D05, Pawan Kumar Bhalavi 0201EC143D06, SaraswatNeti
0201EC143D12, ShivkaliUikey 0201EC143D13 has been carried out under my Guidance& Supervision.
The Minor Project is approved for submission towards Partial Fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING from JABALPURENGINEERING COLLEGE, JABALPUR (M.P).

Prof. M P PARSAI

Prof. Ms. NAMRTA SAHAYAM

HOD, Electronics and Communication

Supervisor

Date:

Date:

ii

JABALPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JABALPUR

CERTIFICATE
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2016-2017

This Preliminary Dissertation Report entitled AUTOMATION OF LEVEL CROSSING USING

RFID submitted by MukulTripathi0201EC143D02,ShubhamPuriGoswami0201EC143D15,
OmprakashBanskar 0201EC143D05, Pawan Kumar Bhalavi 0201EC143D06, ShivkaliUikey
0201EC143D13, SaraswatiNeti 0201EC143D12 is approved for the award of degree of Bachelor
ofEngineering in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Date:

Date:
iii

JABALPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JABALPUR

DECLARATION

We declare that the Major Project Planning Report entitled AUTOMATION OF LEVEL CROSSING
USING RFID is our own work conducted under the supervision of Prof. Ms. NAMARATA
SAHAYAM, Asst.Professor, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering at
Jabalpur Engineering College, Jabalpur. We further declare that to the best of our knowledge, the
Minor Projectdoes not contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the award of any
degree either in this Institute or in any other Institute/University without proper citation.

Date
Place

MukulTripathi

SaraswatiNeti
ShivkaliUikey

0201EC143D02
Shubham Puri Goswami
Omprakash Banskar
Pawan Kumar Bhalavi
0201EC143D06
0201EC143D12
0201EC143D13

iv

0201EC143D15
0201EC143D05

JABALPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE, JABALPUR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere indebtedness towards our esteemed and revered guide Prof. Ms.
NAMARTA SAHAYAM, Electronics and Telecommunication, Jabalpur Engineering College,
Jabalpur for hisinvaluable guidance, supervision and encouragement throughout the work without his
kind patronage and guidance the project would not have taken shape. We would also like to express our
gratitude and sincere regards for his kind approval of the project, time to time counseling and advices.
We owe sincere thanks to all the faculty members in the Department of Electronics
andTelecommunicationfor their kind guidance and encouragement from time to time.
Last but not the least we would like to thank our parents who have been our support throughout this work

MukulTripathi

ShivkaliUikey

0201EC143D02
Shubham Puri Goswami 0201EC143D15
Omprakash Banskar
0201EC143D05
Pawan Kumar Bhalavi
0201EC143D06
SaraswatiNeti
0201EC143D12
0201EC143D13

ABSTRACT
Extensive research anddevelopment has taken place
Over the last 20 years in the areas of pattern recognition
and image Processing. Areas to which these disciplines
have been applied include business (e.g., character
recognition), medicine (diagnosis, Abnormality detection),
automation (robot vision), and military intelligence
Communications (data compression, speech recognition),
And many others. Developments in basic pattern
recognition and image processing techniques.

CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Introduction...................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 2 - Problem Statement.........................................................................................2
CHAPTER 3 Project Plan.................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER 4 Flowchart........................................................................................................ 4
REFERENCES......................................................................................................................... 5

vii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Pattern recognition is a branch of machine learning that focuses on the
recognition of patterns and regularities in data, although it is in some cases
considered to be nearly synonymous with machine learning. Pattern
recognition systems are in many cases trained from labeled "training" data
(supervised learning), but when no labeled data are available other
algorithms can be used to discover previously unknown patterns
(unsupervised learning).
The terms pattern recognition, machine learning, data
mining and knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) are hard to separate,
as they largely overlap in their scope. Machine learning is the common
term for supervised learning methods and originates from artificial
intelligence, whereas KDD and data mining have a larger focus on
unsupervised methods and stronger connection to business use. Pattern
recognition has its origins in engineering, and the term is popular in the
context of computer vision: a leading computer vision conference is
named Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. In pattern
recognition, there may be a higher interest to formalize, explain and
visualize the pattern, while machine learning traditionally focuses on
maximizing the recognition rates. Yet, all of these domains have evolved
substantially from their roots in artificial intelligence, engineering and
statistics, and they've become increasingly similar by integrating
developments and ideas from each other.

CHAPTER 2
PROBLRM STATEMENT
The Indian railway losses huge amount of money due to cancellation of trains during winter
every year. Also it is quite difficult to run the trains properly during winter season. The main
reason behind this problem is fog. The Indian Railways has worked on many technologies to
overcome these hindrances .The author has worked on a prototype that leads to innovative
approach to tackle with the problem faced by railways. Although many inventions have taken
place in India to curb the problem of accidents and traffic problem in train. TheACD (Anticollision device) is developed by konkan railways which uses the GPS technology for tracking
the
position
updates
of
the
train.
Accordingtothestatisticsfrom20092015,therewereabout800railway
accidents
andmorethan30%oftheseaccidents
wereduetounmanlevelcrossing.About
1800peoplewere
injuredandmorethan500weredead.Inmostly
casesthe
crashesoccurredwhenthedriverdonotpayattention
tothe
warningdevices.Themainproblemaroundrailwaycrossing
isthatthemotoristsdrivearoundthecrossing
thegateswhilethey
are
down.So,
moreeffortsarerequiredforrailwaycrossingsafety.InIndiaoverthousands oftrainsarerunning
ontracks everyday .Therearemanyunmanrailwaycrossings onthetrackswhicharesusceptible
toaccidents?Toavoid
accidents
atrailwaycrossings,automaticandindependent
railway
gatesystemcomesinpicture.Usingsimple electronic components, wehave successfully tried
toautomate the controlofrailwaygates.Railwaycrossingaccidents are increasingdayby day dueto
unmanrailway crossings.
This paper presents anautomaticcontrolgatesystem topreventrailaccidents.Pressure sensor,RFID
card,Servomotorisused to controlthe open and closestatus ofthe railwaycrossing
gate.Inthispaper we propose amodelwhere pressuresensorisplacedon the railwaytracks,
RFIDtagontheengineandtheopenandclosestatusofthegate.Theobjectiveof
this
projectis
tointroduceanautomated railwaygatecontrol systemreplacingthe existing manual gate control
system. This reducesthe possibilityof accidentsif implemented correctly. Inthe
presentsystem,rail gateis controlledby persons after theyreceivecall fromstation master.
Theyopen/close thegateaccordingto thatinstruction. Ifthetrain,anyhow, comes late,thegate will
remainclosedforalongtime causinglongtrafficjam andharassmentfor the common people.
Inacountrylikeours,this systemwill helpto reduce many problems regardingrailwaygatecontrol
up to someextent.Accidents, the word that flashes in todays news bulletin. We know that the
Indian railway network is the biggest in South Asia and perhaps the most complicated of all.
Though the timetable has been perfectly framed, it is not possible to adhere to the pre-defined
schedule. That is why train accidents have become common phenomena. As there are nearly
30,000 level crossings in India, the Government cannot afford to appoint workers to supervise
the level crossings. So why dont we improvise the system so that it can by itself detect train
presence and avoid accidents.

CHAPTER 2
PROJECT PLAN
Keepinginviewalltheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofall
theexistingsystems,anew
systemhasbeenproposedhere .In this,combinationofRFID,Pressuresensor, andServomotor
isusedtodesignthesystem.TheRFIDisusedtodetectthespeed,name,locationand
otherdetailsofthetrain.Thepressuresensorisnotaffected byclimatesoitisbestforuse.Moreover,
theservomotor
impliesanerrorsensingfeedback
controlwhichisutilizedto
correct
theperformance
of
a
system.
We
useamicrocontroller,
adedicatedmoduledesignedparticularlyfor
usewithservomotors.ServomotorsareDCmotorsthatallow forprecisecontrol ofangularposition.
Ituses theposition sensingdevice to figureout the rotationalpositionofthe shaft,
soitknowswhichway themotormustturntomove the shaft.Thepressure sensorisinstalled
onthetracksandRFIDtagis installed ontheengine. When thetrain reachesnear the crossing, the
pressure sensor senses the pressure and generatesthe signalfor theclosingof gate. The
pressuresensorisconnectedwiththemicrocontroller andtheservo motoris used for the
controllingofthe gates.TheRFID readerreadsthetraininformation when thetrainisdetected.
WhentheRFIDreads
thetag,itwillgenerate
thealarming
signalatthecrossing.
TheRFIDreaderisconnected through themicrocontroller forbetteroperations.Withthehelpof
servomotorthesystemgetsmorereliableandthereisvery lesschanceforanyerror.
The railway is manipulating new systems to enhance its working .Active and Passive RFID has
done a great advancement in terms of applications. RFID has been used in innumerable
applications so far. Active RFID needs continuous power whereas Passive RFID is powered by
the reader when RF energy is transferred from it to the tag. So here the author has used them for
the implantation of new technology where RFID is implemented on the railway engine and the
RFID tags are attached in the tracks between some specific distances. The main coil is in RFID
reader with a power supply and RFID tag also has a coil and a small chip mainly RAM which
contain the 12 bit unique code. RFID is one of the technology which is used for Automatic
Identification like voice recognitions and smart card. It uses the principle of inductive coupling
and electromagnetism and works without the physical contact between reader and tag. RFID
works on the different frequency levels for different purposes.
The Indian Railways is working on the utilization of RFID for the betterment of transportation
and signal handling. The application of RFID is used by many industries for tracking their
products. Here the author is using passive RFID tag. The passive tag is a RFID tag that does not
contain battery, the power is supplied by the reader when it reaches in proximity with the tag.
When waves from the reader fall on a passive RFID tag, the coiled antenna within the tag starts
to induce the magnetic field. The tag draws power from it.

Figure 1.1 Block Diagram of controlling Railway Crossing Using RFID

The Indian Railways is working on the utilization of RFID for the betterment of transportation
and signal handling. The application of RFID is used by many industries for tracking their
products. Here the author is using passive RFID tag. The passive tag is a RFID tag that does not
contain battery, the power is supplied by the reader when it reaches in proximity with the tag.
When waves from the reader fall on a passive RFID tag, the coiled antenna within the tag starts
to induce the magnetic field. The tag draws power from it, and forwards it to the circuits in the
tag. The tag then sends the information encoded in the tag's memory.

4
The engine with the help of receiver transmitter pair. The transmitter is
attached in the engine while receiver is attached with the control station. A separate circuit is
designed for the control station which is controlled with microcontroller. The Flow chart of
control station working show in fig.6. If any train goes to the wrong path then engine send a
signal and control station receive this signal quickly and turn on a buzzer which show that
something is wrong with the engine. Information which show in control panel also Control
station LCD show the same information at a time. This is helpful for cross check of track data. If
driver does not take any decision then control station engineer also send a stop signal for engine.
A control station is a wireless signal Receiver when train is near to the station then station
receiver the broadcast signal which is transmitted by the engine and then control station show the
all information about coming train.This project needs tobeimprovedwhile practical application.
Because,inreality, the IR pair will beexposedto sunlight,whichmayhamperit,andIRpair also works
onlyforshortdistance. So,forwe canuseLASER &LDR for this purpose. Also we have
useaDCgear motor inpracticalas servo motor cantcontrol the positioningof realrail gates
whicharevery large. Also this projectis donewitha modeltrainwhichhas avast differencewithareal
train,wheretherearelarge spaces betweencompartments,so thetime delayshouldbe programmed
accordingly. A buzzer can beused to alertthepeopleabout trainsarrival,as we
cantsuddenlyopenor closethegate.
Inthissystem
theinductive
loopsareburiedunderthe
pavement.
When
themagneticmaterialcomesnear,the impedancechanges.Inthis,weuseelectromagnetic theory.
The
twocoilsareplacedonboth
sideofthetrack.When
the
trainpassesthroughthecoils,themediumbetweenthecores
ischangedandtheinducedvoltagealsogetschanged.
This
changeisnowamplifiedusingtheamplifier andthen compared usingthecomparator. This
givesustheideawhetherthereisatrainontheparticulartrackornot. The flip- flopisusedforgiving
asteady
statesignaloncethetrain
passesfromthetrackcircuit
Keepinginviewalltheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofall
theexistingsystems,anew
systemhasbeenproposedhere .In this,combinationofRFID,Pressuresensor, andServomotor
isusedtodesignthesystem.
TheRFIDisusedtodetectthespeed,name,locationand
otherdetailsofthetrain.Thepressuresensorisnotaffected byclimatesoitisbestforuse.Moreover,
theservomotor
impliesanerrorsensingfeedback
controlwhichisutilizedto
correct
theperformance
of
asystem.
We
use
a
microcontroller,
adedicatedmoduledesignedparticularlyfor
usewithservomotors.ServomotorsareDCmotorsthatallow forprecisecontrol ofangularposition.
Ituses theposition sensingdevice to figureout the rotationalpositionofthe shaft,
soitknowswhichway themotormustturntomove the shaft.Thepressure sensorisinstalled
onthetracksandRFIDtagis installed ontheengine. When thetrain reachesnear the crossing, the
pressure sensor senses the pressure and generatesthe signal for theclosingof gate. The
pressuresensorisconnectedwiththemicrocontroller andtheservo motoris used for the
controllingofthe gates.TheRFID readerreadsthetraininformation when thetrainisdetected.
WhentheRFIDreads thetag,itwillgenerate thealarming signalatthecrossing.

CHAPTER 4
FLOWCHART

REFERENCES

[1]Chapter 4, Emanuele Trucco, Alessandro Verri, Introductory Techniques for 3-D Computer
vision.
[2] Chapter 2, Mubarak Shah, Fundamentals of Computer Vision.
[3] Digital Image Processing 3rd ed. - R. Gonzalez, R. Woods.

AbstractExtensive research anddevelopment has

taken place
Over the last 20 years in the areas of pattern
recognition and image
Processing. Areas to which these disciplines have
been applied include
business (e.g., character recognition), medicine
(diagnosis,
Abnormality detection), automation (robot vision),
military intelligence,
Communications (data compression, speech
recognition),
And many others. This paper presents a very brief
survey of recent
Developments in basic pattern recognition and
image processing
Techniques.

Pattern recognition is a branch of machine learning that

focuses on the recognition of patterns and regularities
in data, although it is in some cases considered to be
nearly synonymous with machine learning. Pattern
recognition systems are in many cases trained from
labeled "training" data (supervised learning), but when no
labeled data are available other algorithms can be used to
discover previously unknown patterns (unsupervised
learning).
The terms pattern recognition, machine learning, data
mining and knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) are
hard to separate, as they largely overlap in their scope.
Machine learning is the common term for supervised
learning methods and originates from artificial intelligence,
whereas KDD and data mining have a larger focus on
unsupervised methods and stronger connection to
business use. Pattern recognition has its origins
in engineering, and the term is popular in the context
of computer vision: a leading computer vision conference
is named Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition. In pattern recognition, there may be a higher
interest to formalize, explain and visualize the pattern,
while machine learning traditionally focuses on maximizing
the recognition rates. Yet, all of these domains have
evolved substantially from their roots in artificial
intelligence, engineering and statistics, and they've
become increasingly similar by integrating developments
and ideas from each other