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Group 4: Sri Rahayu Fitra Fauzi Fajri Nur Handini Ani Fatat Zulfa

This document discusses adjectives and their types and usage. It covers: 1. The main types of adjectives are determiners and descriptive adjectives. Determiners include articles, demonstratives, possessives, numerals, and indefinites. 2. Descriptive adjectives indicate qualities like size, color, or an inherent characteristic. They can be inflected or derived from nouns or verbs. 3. Adjectives can occur in different positions including before nouns in attributive position, after verbs as complements, and before or after pronouns. Adverbs of degree are used to modify adjectives but not participles or gerunds.

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Rahayu
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88 views

Group 4: Sri Rahayu Fitra Fauzi Fajri Nur Handini Ani Fatat Zulfa

This document discusses adjectives and their types and usage. It covers: 1. The main types of adjectives are determiners and descriptive adjectives. Determiners include articles, demonstratives, possessives, numerals, and indefinites. 2. Descriptive adjectives indicate qualities like size, color, or an inherent characteristic. They can be inflected or derived from nouns or verbs. 3. Adjectives can occur in different positions including before nouns in attributive position, after verbs as complements, and before or after pronouns. Adverbs of degree are used to modify adjectives but not participles or gerunds.

Uploaded by

Rahayu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GROUP 4

SRI RAHAYU
FITRA FAUZI
FAJRI NUR HANDINI
ANI FATAT ZULFA

ADJECTIVES
The adjective is a modifier that has the grammatical property of
comparison. It is often identified by special dervational endings or by
special adverbial modifiers that precede it. Its most usual position is
before the noun it modifies, but it fills other positions as well.

Types of Adjective
a. Determiners
Determiners consist of a small group of structure words without
characteristic form.
1. Articles- the,a-an
2. Demonstrative adjectives- this, plural these
That, plural those
3. Possessive adjectives
a. From pronouns-my,your,ones,etc.
b. From nouns- Johns, the girls,etc.
4. Numeral adjectives
a. Cardinal- four, twenty five, one hundred,etc.
b. Ordinal-fourth,twenty fifth,one hundredth,etc.
5. Adjectives of indefinite quantity- some,few,all,more,etc.
6. Relative and interrogative adjectives- whose,what,which.
All of these determiners except the articles and the possessive adjectives
of the personal pronouns may function as pronouns when not followed by
nouns. Personal pronouns have separate forms for the possessive used
without a noun-my(adjective) book vs the book is mine(pronoun).
Descriptive adjectives
Descriptive adjectives usually indicate an inherent quality (beautiful,
intelligent), or a physical state suc as age,size,color. Inflectional and

derivational endings can be added only to this type of adjective. Some


descriptive take the form of :
1. Proper adjectives- a Catholic church, a French dish, a Shakespearian
play.
2. Particippial adjectives
a. Present participle- an interesting book, a disappointing
experience, a charming view, a trifling gift.
b. Past participle- a bored student, a worn tablecloth, a tired
housewife, a spoiled child.
3. Adjective compound
a. with participles
(1)present participle- a good-looking, a heart- breaking story, a
Spanish-speaking student, a long-suffering widow.
Past participle- a turned-up nose, a broken-down house, a newborn kittens, ready-made clothes.
b. With ed added to nouns functioning as the second element of a
compound. The first element is usually a short adjectivesabsent-minded, ill-tempered,tear-stained,far-sighted,
FUNCTION OF ADJECTIVES
1. Adjective modifying a noun
Example : the small boy
The boy is small
2. Adjective modifying a pronoun
Example : everybody else
POSITION OF ADJECTIVES
Adjectives occur most frequently before the nouns they refer to or after
linking verbs. However they also appear in several other positions, not
only in relation to nouns and verbs, but also in relation to pronouns. All the
possible positions of adjectives will therefore be described here.
Position of Adjectives in Relation to Nouns( Attributive position)
A noun head may have adjective modifiers that appear before and after it
in what is called a noun phrase. We have already pointed out the
adjectival structures that follow a noun head. In this section we will be
concerned chiefly with the position of single-word modifiers that precede
or follow a noun head.
Adjectives preceding
a. Noun Head (Pre-Position)

Determiners and descriptive adjectives appear in this position


before a noun. The determiners precede the descriptive adjectives.
Example : The tall man sat down quickly.
Adverbs are sometimes used in this position as adjectivals
Example : a nearby church
Adjectives following
a. Noun Head (Post-Position)
1. With units of space time
Example : a well fifteen feet deep ,a ruler twelve inches long ,
two months ago
2. Place or time words that usually function as adverbs
Example : the sky above , a village nearby, the day after.
3. Cardinal numbers used for identifying or naming
Example : chapter five, paragraph three, line two,
4. The adjective enough
Example : I have time enough.
Position of Adjectives in Relation to Verbs
a. After the linking verbs example : be,seem,appear,look (as
subjective complements in predicate position).
Example : the boy is tall
b. Ater certain vervs and their objects, as objective complements.
Example : the storm has made me uneasy.
c. In the special verb-adjective combinations that express a state
(hold tight, stand still, lie quiet, break loose, open wide,
slam shut).
Example : she held the child tight .
Position of Adjectives in Relation to Pronouns
a. After the pronoun
Example : he is looking for something new and exciting to do.
b. Before the pronoun (only with one)
Example : did you buy the green dress or the blue one?
Forms of Adjectives
a. Inflectional Form
Determiners do not change their from except for the possessive pf nouns
and pronouns used adjectivally (s for the singular and for the plural are
added) and the demonstrtatives, which have separate forms for the plural
(these,those). Descriptive adjectives have special forms only for
comparison. These forms are given below.

Positive
degree :
Two Units
are
compared
to an
equal
degree

as
as

as
as

tall

Not so (or as)

beautiful

Comparative
degree
Two units
are

Taller
than

compared to
an unequal
degree

More beautiful than

Superlative
degree Three
or more units
are

The

compared to
an unequal
degree

tallest

The most
beautiful

Derivational Form of Adjectives

tall

Not so (or as)


beautiful as

Less

tall

Less
than

beautiful

The least

The least
beautiful

than

tall

Most adjective derivational suffixes have little semanic content : they merely
serve as part of speech indicators. Adjective suffixes are usually added to nouns
or verbs.
1. Suffixes changing nouns to adjectives : -(i)al, -ar , -ary or ery,-ed, -en,
-esque, -ful, -ic(al), -ish, -istic, -less, -like, -ly, -ous, -ward, -wide, -y.
Example : monumental, familiar, elementary, talented, picturesque,
hopeful, historic(al), styllish, characteristic, useless, lifelike, friendly,
famous, backward, world-wide, windy.
2. Suffixes changing verbs to adjectives : -able or ible, -ent or ant, -ed, -ile,
-ing, -ive, -(at) ory.
Example : sensible, dependent, frustrated, hostile, attractive,
congratulatory.

Markers of Adjectives
Adjectives are signaled by adverbs of degree like very, quite, rather,
extremely, (very quiet, rather useless, quite pretty). These adverbs
also mark other adverbs. Adverbs of degree are used with ing adjectives
but not with participles or with gerunds. Since these two verbal forms
occur in the same position as participial adjectives, the adverbs of degree
help to distinguish the participial adjectives from these other forms.
Example :
Adjectives a very charming girl
Participle
a vey burning house (very is ungrammatical here)
Gerund
a very dancing school ( very is ungrammatical here)

Special Usages of Adjectives


Some-Any
Some is used in positive statements, any in negative statements.
I have some money.
I dont have any money.
Much-Many, Little-Few, Less-Fewer
The use of these adjectives of indenfinite quantity is determined by whether they
appear with noncountable nouns or with plural countable nouns.

Noucountable nouns (singular form, no s ending)


nouns(plural s ending)
Much
needed

furniture is needed

Plural countable
Many

chairs are

A little
furniture is needed
are needed

A few

chairs

Less
furniture is needed
are needed

fewer

chairs

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