HEAT EXCHANGER

Sheet (1)
1-What is the heat transfer mechanisms involved during heat
transfer from the hot to the cold fluid?
2-Classify heat exchangers according to flow type and explain
the characteristics of each type.
3-Classify heat exchangers according to construction type and
explain the characteristics of each type.
4-When is a heat exchanger classified as being compact?
5-Do you think a double-pipe heat exchanger can be classified as
a compact heat exchanger?
6-How does a cross-flow heat exchanger differ from a counterflow one? What is the difference between mixed and unmixed
fluids in cross-flow?
7-What is the role of the baffles in a shell-and-tube heat
exchanger? How does the presence of baffles affect the heat
transfer and the pumping power requirements?
8-Draw a 1-shell-pass and 6-tube-passes shell-and-tube heat
exchanger. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using
6 tube passes instead of just 2 of the same diameter?
9-Draw a 2-shell-passes and 8-tube-passes shell-and tube heat
exchanger. What is the primary reason for using so many tube
passes?
10- What are the common causes of fouling in a heat exchanger?
How does fouling affect heat transfer and pressure drop?
11- How is the thermal resistance due to fouling in a heat
exchanger accounted for? How do the fluid velocity and
temperature affect fouling?
12- Under what conditions is the thermal resistance of the tube in
a heat exchanger negligible?
13-Under what conditions can the overall heat transfer coefficient
of a heat exchanger be determined from U = (1/hi +1/ho)-1
14- What are the restrictions on the relation UAs = Ui Ai = UoAo for
a heat exchanger? Here As is the heat transfer surface area and U
is the overall heat transfer coefficient.
15- In a thin-walled double-pipe heat exchanger, when is the
approximation U = hi a reasonable one? Here U is the overall
heat transfer coefficient and hi is the convection heat transfer
coefficient inside the tube.

HEAT EXCHANGER
Sheet (2)
1-In the heat transfer relation Q= UA.Tlm for a heat exchanger, what
is Tlm called? How is it calculated for parallel-flow and counter-flow
heat exchanger?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2- A double-pipe heat exchanger is constructed of a copper (k =380
W/m2oC ) inner tube of internal diameter, Di =1.2cm and external
diameter, Do=1.6 cm and an outer tube of diameter, Ds=3cm. The
convection heat transfer coefficient is reported to be ,hi=700W/m2oC
on the inner surface of the tube and ho=1400W/m2oC on its outer
surface. For a fouling factor Rfi =0.0005m2oC/W on the tube side and
Rfo=0.0002m2oC/W on the shell side. Determine
(a)The thermal resistance of the heat exchanger per unit length
(b)The overall heat transfer coefficients Ui and Uo based on the inner
and outer surface areas of the tube, respectively.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3-Double- pipe heat exchanger as shown

Cold fluid

Hot fluid

Ds=32m

Tube
Di=15mm,
Do=19mm
k =15.1W/m.deg.

Convection heat transfer coefficient inside tube, hi=800 W/m2.deg and

Convection heat transfer coefficient outside tube
ho=1200W/m2.deg.Fouling in the inside, Rfi =0.0004 m2K/W, and
Fouling in the outside, Rfo=0.0001 m2K/W. Determine the overall
thermal Resistance and over heat transfer coefficients,Ui and Uofor
inner and outer surface of the tube, respectively.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4-In a shell-and-tube feed water heater, cold water at 15oC flowing at

the rate of 180 kg/h is preheated to 90oC by flue gases from 150oC
flowing at the rate of 900 kg/h. The water flows inside the copper
tubes (Di= 25 mm, Do= 32 mm) having thermal conductivity k
=381W/m.K. The heat transfer coefficients on gas and water sides are
120 and 1200 W/m2K, respectively. The fouling factor on the water side
is 0.002m2K/W. Determine the flue gas outlet temperature, the overall
heat transfer coefficient based on the outside tube diameter and the
true mean temperature difference for heat transfer. Consider specific
heats cp for flue gases and water as 1.05 and 4.19 J/g.K respectively,
and the total tube outside surface area as 5m2. There are no fins inside
or outside the tubes, and there is no fouling on the gas side.
5-Lubricating oil from a building standby generator at initial
temperature of 115C and flow rate of 2kg/s is to be cooled to 70C in
a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Cold water at a flow rate of 2 kg/s
and initial temperature of 20C is used as the cooling fluid in the heat
exchanger. Calculate the heat exchanger area required by employing
first a counter-flow and then a parallel-flow heat-exchanger
arrangement. The overall heat-transfer coefficient is U = 900 W/m2K,
the specific heat of the oil is cph= 2.5 kJ/kg K and the specific heat of
water is cpc = 4.182 kJ/kgK.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6- Water at 225 kg/h is to be heated from 35 to 95oC by means of a
concentric tube heat exchanger. Oil at 225kg/h and 210oC, with a
specific heat of 2095 J/kg.K, is to be used as the hot fluid. If the overall
heat transfer coefficient based on the outer diameter of the inner tube
is 550W/m2K, determine the length of the exchanger if the outer
diameter is 100mm. (The specific heat of water at 65oC is 4188 J/kg.K)

7- A heat exchanger is required to cool 0.25m3/h of a hot working fluid

with density of 1100 kg/m3 and a heat capacity of 3046 j/kg.dgr.The
inlet temperature of the fluid is 120C.Water at temperature of 10C
and rate 1.0 m3/h is used to cool the hot fluid withheat capacity of
4180 j/kg.dgr.The known overall heat-transfer coefficient of the heat
exchanger is 35w/m2.deg.and heating surface area 8m2.Determine the
outlet temperatures of the two working fluids and the amount of heat
transferred with:A-Parallel flow arrangement .B-Counter flow arrangement.

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8- In an oil-to-water heat exchanger, the oil enters the exchanger at

100oC with a heat capacity rate of 3700 W/K. Water is available at 15oC
and 0.6 kg/s. Determine the exit temperatures in (a) counter-flow, and
(b) parallel-flow arrangements for U = 500W/m2K and surface area of
10 m2. Consider cp= 1.88 and 4.19 J/goK for oil and water, respectively.
If the ratio of convection thermal resistances of oil to water (Rh/Rc) is
1.2, calculate the wall temperature at each end of the counter-flow and
parallel-flow exchangers.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9-Consider the problem of rating a counter -flow heat exchanger with
surface area, A= 40m2, and for which the overall heat-transfer
coefficient U
= 100 W/ (m2K).Mass flow rates ,mh= 1.6 kg/s and mc=1.0 kg/s. Inlet
temperatures, Thi= 250oC and Tci=50oC. Specific heats, cph= 1000 j/kgK
and cpc=4000 j/kgK. Determine the outlet temperatures of the two
working fluids.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10-Cold water enters a counter-flow heat exchanger at 10oC at a rate
of 8 kg/s, where it is heated by a hot-water stream that enters the heat
exchanger at 70oC at a rate of 2 kg/s. assuming the specific heat of
water to remain constant at cp =4.18 kJ/kgoC, determine the maximum
heat transfer rate and the outlet temperatures of the cold and the
hotwater streams for this limiting case.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11-Calculate for the following cases, the surface area required for a
heat exchanger which is required to cool 3200 kg/h of benzene
(cp=1.74 kJ/kgoC) from 71 oC to 42oC. The cooling water (cp =4.18 kJ/kg
o
C) at 15oC has a flow rate of 2200 kg/h.The overall heat transfer
coefficient may be taken as 0.28 kW/m2oC.
(i)
Single passcounter-flow.
(ii)
1-4 exchanger (one-shell pass and four-tube passes)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12-Water with a flow rate of 0.05kg/s enters an automobile radiator at
400K and leaves at 330 K. The water is cooled by air in cross flow
which enters at 0.75kg/s and 300K. If the overall heat transfer
coefficient is 200W/m2.K, what is the required heat transfer surface
area? (Consider specific heats cp for air and water as 1007 and 4209
J/kg.K respectively, and LMTD correction factor F=0.95)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13-Saturated steam leaves a steam turbine at a flow rate of 1.5kg/s
and a pressure of 0.51 bars. The vapor is to be completely condensed

to saturated liquid in a shell-and tube heat exchanger which uses

water as the coolant. The water enters the thin-walled tubes at 17oC
and leaves at 57oC. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of
2000W/m2K, determine the required heat exchanger surface area and
the water flow rate. Afterextended operation, fouling causes the
overall heat transfer coefficient to decrease to 1000W/m2K. For the
same water inlet temperature and flow rate, what is the new vapor
flow rate required for complete condensation?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14-Consider a very long, concentric tube heat exchanger having hot
and cold water inlet temperatures of 85 and 15oC. The flow rate of the
hot water is twice that of the cold water. Assuming equivalent hot and
cold water specifies heats; determine the hot water outlet temperature
for the following modes of operation (a) Counter flow, (b) Parallel flow.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15-A concentric tube heat exchanger uses water, which is available at
15C, to cool ethylene glycol from 100 to 60C. The water and glycol
flow rates are each 0.5 kg/s. Determine the maximum possible heat
transfer rate and effectiveness of the exchanger. Determine which is
preferred, a parallel flow or counter flow mode of operation?
(Consider specific heats cp for Ethylene glycol and water as 2650 and
4178 J/kg.K respectively)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16-Two shell-Four tube passes heat exchanger as shown (hi
=160 ,ho=25 W/m2.deg.)
Tci
Thin tube
Tube length=60m
Tube
diameter=20mm

Tho=40o
C
Thi=80oC
Tco=50oC

-Determine heat transfer without any fouling

- Determine heat transfer with fouling of the outer stream R fo=0.0006
m2k/W
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17- Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a 1-shell-pass and 8-tube-passes

heatexchanger. The tubes are thin-walled and are made of copper with
an internal diameter of 1.4 cm. The length of each tube pass in the
heat exchanger is 5 m,and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 310
W/m2C. Water flows throughthe tubes at a rate of 0.2 kg/s, and the oil
through the shell at a rate of 0.3 kg/s.The water and the oil enter at
temperatures of 20oC and 150oC, respectively.
Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger and the
outlet temperaturesof the water and the oil, (specific heats cp for oil
and water are 2.13 and 4.18 kJ/kg respectively)