History of Arch

history of architecture
History of Architecture
Arch. Kevin Espina
Introduction
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
REFERENCES
What are the board exams like?
1. Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture
1. Memorization is necessary you must remember many

facts
2. Fletcher, Bannister, A History of Architecture 20th Ed.
2. Wide in Scope from pre-historic to modern styles

3. Repetitive questions from previous exams are reused
3. Mercado, Jose L., The Architectural Reviewer Volume

III: History & Theory of Architecture
4. Salvan, George S., Architectural Character & the History
of Architecture
4. History amounts to only around 10% of your total score

5. The Childrens Atlas of World History
6. The World Atlas of Architecture

OUR METHOD OF STUDYING HISTORY:
DEFINITIONS
To try not to memorize but to understand
History of Architecture
"It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces
the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which
have prevailed lands and ages."
History is not a list of facts it is a story that can be retold

over and over
Historic Styles of Architecture

"The particular method, the characteristics, manner of
design which prevails at a certain place and time.
Six Influences of Architecture
Geographical
Geological
Climatic
Religious
Social
Historical
Four Great Constructive Principles
1. Post & Lintel Construction
2. Arch & Vault Construction
3. Corbel or Cantilever Construction
4. Trussed Construction
Introduction
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
Byzantine
Greek
Roman
Early Christian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Indian
Chinese & Japanese
Romanesque
Gothic
Renaissance
18th-19th C:
Revival
20th C:
Modern
Pre-historic
The Historical
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-historic
Humans spread from Africa into Southern Europe, Asia
Could not settle far north due to the cold climate
From Siberia by foot into North America
From Southeast Asia by boat into Australia
Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering

By 9000 BC, farming and agriculture was practiced
Fertile soil and plentiful food
Animal domestication for work, milk, wool
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
INFLUENCES
People wanted to settle down, live in communities

First villages in the Middle East, South America, Central
America, India and China
HISTORY
Direct human ancestors evolved in Africa from 2.3 million
years ago - Homo habilis, Homo erectus, homo sapiens,
homo sapiens sapiens
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
Some people needed not farm, so they spent time on

other work - pot-making, metal-working, art and
architecture!
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The success of the human race was largely due to the

development of tools made of stone, wood, bone
RELIGION
No organized religion
The dead are treated with respect - burial rituals and
monuments
Pre-historic
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
EXAMPLES
MATERIALS
Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Existing or excavated caves
Megalithic, most evident in France, England and Ireland
PRE-HISTORIC
MENHIR
A single, large upright monolith
Serves a religious purpose
Sometimes arranged in parallel rows, reaching several
miles and consisting of thousands of stones
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
DECORATION
Caves paintings in Africa, France and Spain
Sculpture
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Carnac, France
Pre-historic
DOLMEN
Tomb of standing stones usually capped with a large
horizontal slab
CROMLECH
Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground
in circular form
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
Stonehenge, England (2800 1500 BC)

Most spectacular and imposing of monolithic monuments
Outer ring, inner ring, innermost horseshoe-shaped ring
with open end facing east
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from Wales

200 km away
Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on land
with sledges and rollers by hundreds of people, raised
upright into pits, capped with lintels
FILIPINO
Genuine architecture - it defines exterior space

A solar observatory - designed to mark the sun's path
during sunrise on Midsummer Day
TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE

Dominant tomb type
Corridor inside leading to an underground chamber
Pre-historic
PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS
Mostly had one room
The development of more complex civilizations led to
division of the room into smaller ones for eating, sleeping,
socializing
In places where no industrial revolution has occurred to
transform building methods and increase population
density, houses show little difference from primitive ones
Wigwam or Tepee
conical tent with wooden poles as framework
Covered with rush mats and an animal skin door
Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined logs
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
Natural or Artificial Caves
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed

snow blocks built up spirally
Nigerian hut - with mud walls and roof of palm leaves
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Beehive Hut
Trullo - dry walled rough stone shelter with corbelled roof
Iraqi mudhif - covered with split reed mats, built on a reed

platform to prevent settlement
Sumatran house - for several families, built of timber and
palm leaves, the fenced pen underneath is for livestock
Near East
The Historical
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Sargon of Agade
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Hammurabi
Assyrian Empire
under King Ashurbanipal
Persian Empire
under King Darius I
ASHUR
DAMASCUS
PERSIA
AGADE
BABYLON
UR
MEMPHIS
Near East
Mesopotamian
City-states of Ur, Babylon, Agade, Ashur and Damascus
2334 BC, King Sargon of Agade formed the first major
empire
1792 BC, next by King Hammurabi
Instituted laws to keep order
Invention of writing - pictograms or cuneiform records on
clay tablets
Assyrian
Based in Ashur, biggest empire under King Ashurbanipal
conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt
PERSEPOLIS
EGYPT
THEBES
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Started as villages on the flat land between Tigris and
Euphrates rivers - Mesopotamia
Turned into city-states with populations of thousands
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
Each city-state surrounded by a wall and dominated by a

large temple
Society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priests
Fought and traded with each other
Sometimes would conquer each other and form an
empire
Persian
Begun by Cyrus the Great from 559 to 529 BC
Covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastern Mediterranean,
Bactria, Indus Valley and North Africa
Darius I had provinces ruled by a satrap, who guarded
the roads, collected taxes and controlled the army
Local peoples were allowed to keep their religions and
customs
Capital moved from Susa to Persepolis
Network of roads linking the royal court to other parts of
the empire from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia
Traded raw materials, carpets and spices
FILIPINO
Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece

Ended with the defeat of Darius III to Alexander the Great
of Macedonia
Near East
RELIGION
Each city-state worshipped their own god for protection
People aimed to make peace with their wrathful god
MATERIALS
Only materials readily available was clay, soil, reeds,
rushes
Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or
kiln-fired
Timber, copper, tin, lead gold, silver imported
DECORATION
Colossal winged-bulls guarding chief portals
Polychrome glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green
Murals of decorative continuous stone
GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
Fertile Crescent:
Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from
water and soil
Import materials like hardwood and metals
FILIPINO
Also:
Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula
Mountains and plateaux from west to east
Near East
EXAMPLES
ZIGGURATS
Religious buildings built next to temples
On top was a small temple
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
Development:
Archaic ziggurat
Two or Three-staged ziggurat
Seven-staged ziggurat during the Assyrian period
EARLY CHRISTIAN
PALACES
Kings celebrated their victories, wealth and power by
building large palaces
Palace Platform at Persepolis

Ruins still exist
50 years to build
People from all over the empire were involved in its
construction
Variety of architectural styles
parts: audience halls, reception halls, storerooms for
tributes and valuables, military quarters, apadana tallest
building, with 36 columns of 20m height
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Ziggurat at Ur
2000 BC
DWELLINGS
Known as Megaron
Entrance at end rather than on the long sides
Portico - colonnaded space forming an entrance or
vestibule, with a roof supported on one side by columns
Suited to climate of Anatolian plateau
Egyptian
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Egyptian
HISTORY
Wealthy country despite the desert - every year, Nile
would overflow, leaving the land fertile for growing crops
Nile River was a trade route
Gold from Nubia in the south
SYRIA
Two kingdoms, Lower and Upper Egypt, combined by

King Menes in 3100 BC
Many small towns, but royal cities at Memphis and
Thebes
A single kingdom for most of its existence - unified under
the centralized omnipotent authority of the pharaoh (king)
GIZA
MEMPHIS
EGYPT
KARNAK
THEBES
NUBIA
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
Narrow stretch of fertile and arable land along the Nile
Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs
prevented attack from invaders
Mediterranean and Red seas
Pharaohs:
Seen as gods dwelling on earth
Sole masters of the country and its inhabitants
Builders and leaders
Initiated the design, financing, quarrying and transporting
of materials, organization of labor and construction itself
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Society:
Divided into groups, by order of importance: senior
priests, officials, noblemen, and army commanders
Most ordinary Egyptians were farmers
Architects, engineers, theologians, masons, sculptors,
painters, laborers, peasants, prisoners
Weaving, glass-making, pottery, metal, jewelry and
furniture
Astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, music and writing
literature and history written on papyrus and stone tablets
Egyptian
RELIGION
Cult of many gods representing nature: sun, moon, stars,
animals
After death, a persons soul went on to enjoy eternal life in

kingdom of the God Osiris - imagined this kingdom as a
perfect version of Egypt
Pharaohs were buried, bringing with them the things they
might need in the afterlife, even living people
Wished for a fine burial, embalmment and funeral rites,
and a permanent tomb or "eternal dwelling"
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
Dead body had to be preserved to house the spirit

Remove insides, dry out the body, filled with linen,
masked and bandaged
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
DESCRIPTION
Afterlife - life and house on earth is temporary, the tomb
is permanent
For sustenance and eternal enjoyment of the deceased
Religion is the dominant element in Egyptian architecture
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
WALL
Batter wall - diminishing in width towards the top for
stability
Thickness: 9 to 24m at temples
Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for
hieroglyphics
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
ROOF & OPENINGS

Roof was not an important consideration
Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat
No windows
Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits, clerestories
MATERIALS
Stone was abundant in variety and quantity
Used for monuments and religious buildings
Durability of stone is why monuments still exist to this
day
FILIPINO
Other materials, metals and timber were imported

Mud bricks: for houses, palaces (reeds, papyrus, palm
branch ribs, plastered over with clay)
DECORATIONS
Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was
inspired by reeds
Torus moulding
Egyptian
Hieroglyphics were pictorial representations of religion,
history and daily life
Derived from the practice of scratching pictures on mudplaster walls
Common ornaments:
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
Common capitals used were the lotus, papyrus, palm

which echoed indigenous Egyptian plants, and were
symbols of fertility as well
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
The shaft represented bundle of stems
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Avenue of sphinxes: rows of monsters (body of lion, head

of man, hawk, ram) leading to monuments
Egyptian
EXAMPLES
PYRAMIDS
massive funerary structure of stone or brick
MASTABAS
Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with battered
side, covering a burial chamber below ground
First type of Egyptian tomb
Developed from small and inconspicuous to huge an
imposing
Came in complexes:
Offering chapel (north or east side)
Mortuary chapel
Raised and enclosed causeway leading to west
Valley building for embalmment and internment rites
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
Immense use of labor and materials, built in layers, like

steps
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Parts:
Stairway with 2 doors: one for ritual, second was a false
door for spirits
Column Hall
Offering Chapel
Serdab (contains statue of deceased)
Offering room with Stelae (stone with name of deceased
inscribed)
Offering table
Sarcophagus Egyptian coffin
Egyptian
Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara

World's first large-scale monument in stone
Designed by Imhotep
Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

Pyramid of Chephren (Khafra or Khafre)
Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura)
The Great Sphinx shows King Chepren as a man-lion
protecting his country
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pyramids at Gizeh
Most magnificent of pyramids
Equilateral sides face cardinal points
Forms a world-famous building group
Bent Pyramid at Seneferu
Egyptian
ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS
Built along hillside
For nobility, not royalty
TEMPLES
MORTUARY TEMPLES
worship/ in honor of pharaohs
CULT TEMPLES
worship/ in honor of god
Parts:
Entrance pylon
Large outer court open to sky (hypaethral court)
Hypostyle hall
Sanctuary surrounded by passages
Chapels/chambers used in connection with the temple
service
PRE-HISTORIC
Tombs at Beni Hasan
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
Temple of Khons
Typical temple: pylons, court, hypostyle hall, sanctuary,
chapels all enclosed by high girdle wall
Avenue of sphinxes and obelisks fronting pylons
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Tombs of the Kings, Thebes
Egyptian
Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak, Thebes

Grandest temple and the work of many kings
Great Temple of Abu-Simbel

Example of rock-cut temple
Constructed by Rameses II
Entrance forecourt leads to imposing pylon with 4 rockcut colossal statues of Rameses sitting over 20 m high
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
Temple of Ammon, Luxor
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Mammisi Temple
Became the prototype of the Greek Doric temples
Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri
Egyptian
PYLONS
monumental gateway to the temple consisting of slanting
walls flanking the entrance portal
DWELLINGS
Made of crude brick
One or two storey high
Flat roof deck
Temple of Isis, Philae

3 parts:
Reception suite on north side - central hall or living room
with high ceiling and clerestory
Service quarters
Private quarters
FORTRESSES
Mostly found on west bank of Nile or on islands
Close communications with other fortresses
Fortress of Buhen
Headquarters & largest fortified town near Nubia
From here they could trade and invade lands to the south
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
OBELISKS
upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped
pyramidion on top
sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis
usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances
height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base
four sides feature hieroglyphics
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni

originally from Temple of Ammon, Karnak
Greek
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Greek
Greek
Greek Empire
under Alexander the Great of Macedonia
Mycenaean or Helladic (1550 to 1100 BC)

Continuation of Cretan ideas and craftsmanship on
mainland Greece
Wealth due to their control of metal trading between
Europe and Middle East
ASIA MINOR
CRETE
SYRIA
MEMPHIS
EGYPT
PERSIA
INDIA
THEBES
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
Hellenic Period (800 to 323 BC)

City-states developed on the plains between mountains
Sparta and Athens were most important
The "polis" emerged as the basis of Greek society
Each had its own ruler, government and laws
A federal unity existed between city-states due to
common language, customs, religion
Several different forms of government: Oligarchic,
Tyrannic, Democratic
Under Pericles (444 BC to 429 BC), peak of Athenian
prosperity
Outburst of building activity and construction,
developments in art, law-making, philosophy and science
Philosophers Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Aegean Period (Minoan)

Civilizations on Crete and Greek mainland from 1900 to
1100 BC
The first great commercial and naval power in the
Mediterranean, founded on trade with the whole eastern
seaboard: Asia Minor, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and
Libya, even South Italy and Sicily on the west
Trade and communications produced a unity of culture
and economic stability
Knossos was the largest city, had a magnificent palace
Among best soldiers in the ancient world Hoplite Army

defeated repeated invasions by Darius and Xerxes of
Persia
Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Persia,
Asia Minor, Egypt, Syria, Afghanistan
Greek language and culture reached an enormous area
Hellenistic Period (323 to 30 BC)
Hellenistic Empire established,
extended
Greek
civilization
Greek
GEOLOGY & CLIMATE
On
the
mainland,
rugged
mountains
made
communication difficult
Mountains separated inhabitants into groups, clans,
states
archipelago and islands: sea was the inevitable means of
trade and communications
DESCRIPTION
Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat

Clear atmosphere and intense light - conducive to
creating precise and exact forms
Judicial activities, dramatic presentations, public
ceremonies took place in the open air
RELIGION
Aegean
Rough and massive
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
Hellenic
Mostly religious architecture
"carpentry in marble - timber forms imitated in stone with
remarkable exactness
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Aegean religion:
Primitive stage of nature worship
Priestesses conducted religious rites, sacred games,
ritual dances, worship on sacrificial altars
Greek religion:
A highly developed form of nature worship
Gods as personifications of natural elements, or deified
mortals
Gods could influence events in the human world
Greeks sought advice from oracles oracle at Delphi
Hellenistic
Not religious in character, but civic for the people
Provided inspiration for Roman building types
Dignified and gracious structures
Symmetrical, orderly
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Columnar and trabeated
Roof truss appeared, enabling large spaces to be
unhindered by columns
MATERIALS
Timber and terra cotta
Stone
Greek
EXAMPLES
HOUSES
On islands:
Flat roofing
Drawn together in blocks
Two to four storeys high
Light admitted through light wells
On mainland:
Single-storeyed house with deep plan
Columned entrance porch with central doorway
Living apartment proper with sleeping room behind
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
TOMBS
rock-cut or chamber tombs - tholos tomb
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae
PALACES
Palace of King Minos, Knossos
Palace at Tyrins
Lion Gate, Mycenae
Greek
TEMPLES
Chief building type
Earliest ones resembled megaron in
plan and construction
Number of columns at entrance:
1 column hemostyle
2 columns distyle
3 columns tristyle
4 columns tetrastyle
5 columns pentastyle
6 columns hexastyle
7 columns heptastyle
8 columns octastyle
9 columns enneastyle
10 columns decastyle
12 columns dodecastyle
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Arris
MOULDINGS
Architectural devices, which with
light and shade, produce definition to
a building
Could be refined and delicate in
contour, due to fineness of marble
and the clarity of atmosphere and light
Splay
Fillet
Billet
Cove
Cavetto
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
Ogee
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
Cyma Recta
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
Cyma Reversa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
Beak
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Brace
Greek
Greek
Certain refinements used to correct optical illusions:
Horizontal lines built convex to correct sagging
Vertical features inclined inwards to correct appearance
of falling outwards
On columns, entasis was used, swelling outwards to
correct appearance of curving inwards
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING

no windows
clerestory - situated between roof and upper portion of
wall
skylight - made of thin, translucent marble
temple door, oriented towards the east
GREEK ORDERS
Shaft, Capital, and Horizontal entablature (architrave,
frieze, cornice)
Originally, Doric and Ionic, named after the two main
branches of Greek race
Then there evolved Corinthian, a purely decorative order
Greek
DORIC ORDER
Without base, directly on crepidoma
Height (including capital) of 4 to 6
times the diameter at the base
Shaft diminishes at top from 3/4 to
2/3 of base diameter
Divided into 20 shallow flutes
separated by arrises
Doric capitals had two parts - the
square abacus above and circular
bulbous echinus below
Doric entablature:
Height is 1 and 3/4 times the lower
diameter in height
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
3 main divisions:
Architrave, principal beam of 2 or 3
slabs in depth
Frieze
Cornice, mouldings
Greek
IONIC ORDER
Volute or scroll capital (derived
from Egyptian lotus and Aegean
art)
Ionic column:
More slender than Doric
Needed a base to spread load
Height was 9 times the base
diameter
Has 24 flutes separated by
fillets
Upper and lower torus
Ionic entablature:
Height was 2 and 1/4 times the
diameter of column
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Two parts:
Architrave,with fasciae
Cornice
No frieze
Greek
CORINTHIAN ORDER
Decorative variant of Ionic Order
Corinthian column:
Base and shaft resembled Ionic
More slender
Height of 10 diameters
Capital: much deeper than Ionic, 1
and 1/6 diameters high
Capital invented by Callimachus,
inspired by basket over root of
acanthus plant
3 parts:
Architrave,
Frieze,
Cornice, developed type with dentils
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens
Temple of Hera, Paestum
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
Temple of Artemis Ephesus
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The Parthenon, Acropolis
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Erectheion, Acropolis
Greek
TEMENOS
Enclosure designated as a sacred land
Entire groups of buildings laid out symmetrically and
orderly
AGORA
Acropolis at Pergamon
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
STOA
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Acropolis, Athens

10 structures form a world-famous building group:
Propylaea
Pinacotheca
Statue of Athena Promachos
Erectheion
Parthenon
Temple of Nike Apteros
Old Temple of Athena
Stoa of Eumeses
Theater of Dionysus
Odeon of Herodes Atticus
PRYTANEION, BOULEUTERION, or ASSEMBLY HALL
Greek
THEATER or ODEION
Carved or hollowed out of the hillside
Acoustically-efficient
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
STADIUM or HIPPODROME
PROPYLAEA
PALAESTRA and GYMNASIUM
NAVAL BUILDING
TOMBS/ MAUSOLEUM
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Theater of Epidauros
Roman
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Greek
Roman
Roman
Roman Empire in 114 AD

under Emperor Trajan
2 periods:
Etuscan or Etruscan (750 BC to 146 BC)
BRITAIN
LONDON
GERMANY
Roman (146 BC to 365 AD)

Developed constitutional republic
Farmers & soldiers, concerned with efficiency and justice
FRANCE
NIMES
ITALY
ROME
GREECE
SPAIN
POMPEII
BYZANTIUM
(CONSTANTINOPLE)
SEGOVIA
ATHENS
CARTHAGE
ANTIOCH
PERSIA
AFRICA
For 500 years Rome was ruled by elected leaders called

consuls
In 27 BC, Augustus crowned himself Emperor with total
power
Succession of military dictatorships of which Julius
Caesars was most famous
EGYPT
Empire reached its greatest size in 114 AD under

Emperor Trajan - 4000km wide and 60 million inhabitants
Used natural frontiers such as mountain ranges and
rivers to define their empire
Otherwise they built fortified walls, such as Hadrians
Wall in England
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Many city-states on the Italian peninsula
From 800 -300 BC, among all cities in Italy, Rome
became the most powerful
334 264 BC, Rome conquered all of Italy and
established one of the strongest empires in history
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Was centrally-located on the northern Mediterranean

Not a sea-faring people
Depended on conquest by land to extend their power
Fought with Carthage in North Africa for control of the
Mediterranean
Hannibal led the Carthaginian army and its 38 elephants
across the Alps into Rome
Provinces run by governors

Latin was the official language
Applied roman system of laws
Was the intermediary in spreading art and civilization in
Europe, West Asia and North Africa
Roman
RELIGION
Polytheistic, several cults
Roman mythology slowly derived attributes from those of
Greek gods
COLUMNS
Orders of architecture, used by Greeks constructively,
were used by Romans as decorative features which could
be omitted
GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY and CLIMATE

Italian peninsula: Central and commanding position on
Mediterranean sea
Tuscan Order
Simplified version of Doric order
About 7 diameters high
With a base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain
entablature
Temperate in the north

Sunny in central Italy
Almost tropical in south
DESCRIPTION
PRE-HISTORIC
Etruscans were great builders

Large-scale undertakings, like city walls and sewers
Draining marshes, controlling rivers and lakes by using
channels
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
Romans had great constructive ability

Complex, of several stories
Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
MATERIALS
Stone: tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, sand, gravel
Marble, mostly white
Imported marble from all parts of the Empire to river
Tiber
Earth for terra cotta and bricks
Etruscans introduced the use of concrete (300 AD to 400
AD):
Stone or brick rubble with pozzolana, a thick volcanic
earth material as mortar
Used for walls, vaults, domes
Concrete allowed Romans to build vaults of a magnitude
never equaled until 19th century steel construction
Composite Order
Evolved in 100 AD, combining prominent volutes of Ionic
with acanthus of Corinthian
Most decorative
Roman
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks
Arch and vault system started by Etruscans - combined
use of column, beam and arch (arctuated)
Were able to cover large spaces without the aid of
intermediate support
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Roman
TYPES OF VAULTS
DECORATION
Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault:

Semi-circular or wagon-headed, borne on two parallel
walls throughout its length
Mosaics
Thousands of small stones or glass tiles set in mortar to
form a pattern
Showed pictures of roman life
PRE-HISTORIC
Wagon Vault with Intersecting Vault:
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
Cross Vault:
Formed by the intersection of two semi-circular vaults of
equal span - used over square apartment or bays
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola:

Used over circular structures
Opus Incertum - small stones, loose pattern resembling

polygonal walling
Opus Quadratum - rectangular blocks, with or without
mortar joints
Opus Reticulatum - net-like effect, with fine joints running
diagonally
Roman
EXAMPLES
RECTANGULAR TEMPLE
Maison Caree, Nimes
FORUM
Roman cities were well-planned with straight streets
crossing the town in a grid pattern
In the town center was an open space called the forum
Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts and shops
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CIRCULAR TEMPLE
The Pantheon. Rome
BASILICAS
Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii
Basilica of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna
Roman
THERMAE
DOMUS
Romans liked to keep clean and fit

Built elaborate public baths throughout the empire
For as many as 30 men and women in the open
PRE-HISTORIC
Parts of the thermae

Apodyteria dressing room
Laconicum (sudatorium) - sweat room, rubbing with oil
Tepidarium warm bath
Frigidarium cold bath
Unctuaria oils and perfumes room
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Baths of Diocletian, Rome
INSULAE
3- or 4- storey tenement type buildings
Prototype for the modern condominium
Roman
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
CIRCUS
Circus Maximus, Rome
TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
Arch of Septimius Severus, The Forum, Rome
THEATERS and AMPHITHEATERS

Gladiators trained to fight each other at organized
contests
For the entertainment of the townspeople
AQUEDUCTS
Carried water in pipes from the country to the heart of the
city
GREEK
ROMAN
The Colosseum, Rome
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pont du Gard, Nimes, France

Segovia Aqueduct, Spain
Early Christian
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Greek
Roman
Early Christian
Early Christian
Christianized
by 600 AD
Belief that Jesus was the Christ and the Son of God Christianity was born
Disciples spread stories of Jesus life and teaching by
word of mouth and by written account in the new
testament
BRITAIN
LONDON
FRANCE
MARSEILLE
ITALY
ROME
GREECE
SPAIN
NAPLES
CONSTANTINOPLE
SEVILLE
ATHENS
ANTIOCH
CARTHAGE
JERUSALEM
BETHLEHEM
NORTH AFRICA
SYRIA
DAMASCUS
PERSIA
JUDEA
ALEXANDRIA
EGYPT
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
In 63 BC, the Romans conquered Judea in the Eastern
Mediterranean
Main inhabitants were the Jews
Jews believed that one day the Messiah or Christ
would free them from the Romans
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
In 27 AD, Jesus began preaching to people in Galilee,

north of Judea
After three years, he was arrested by the Jews and found
guilty of offending their god
He was nailed to a cross and died a painful death
He appeared to his disciples after his resurrection from
the dead
Moved from Judea to Antioch in Syria and into the

Northern Mediterranean
Founded new communities along the way
Carried by St. Peter, St. Paul and other missionaries to
Rome, the center of the Empire and fountainhead of power
and influence
Emperor Nero ordered Christians to be fed to wild beasts
or burned to death
Despite this, in 4th century Rome, Christianity grew
In 312 AD, Constantine, a converted Christian, named it
the official religion of the Roman empire
By 600 AD, most roman villages had their own churches,
governed by a bishop
Patriarchs based in Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch,
Constantinople and Rome
GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
Ruins of Roman buildings served as quarries from which
materials were obtained
Early Christian
DESCRIPTION
Highly-influenced by Roman art and architecture
This architecture hardly has the architectural value of a
style, simply because it was never really produced by the
solution of constructive problems
ROOF and CEILING
Further development of trusses - king and queen post
trusses
EXAMPLES
PRE-HISTORIC
BASILICAN CHURCHES
Roman basilicas as models
Usually erected over the burial place of the saint to whom
it was dedicated
Unlike Greek and Roman temples which sheltered gods,
the purpose of the Christian church was to shelter
worshippers
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
Came in a complex, with cathedral, belfry or campanile,

and baptistery
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
Fine sculptures and mosaics worked into new basilicas

Paid little regard to external architectural effect
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Entrance at west
Priest stood behind altar, facing east
Early Christian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Early Christian
St. Peter's, Rome
Erected by Constantine near the site of St. Peter's
martyrdom
The Circus of Nero was torn down to erect it
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Other examples:
S. Apollinare, Ravenna
S. Sabina
S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome
St. Paulo Fuori Le Mura
S. Clemente, Rome
S. Maria Maggiore, Rome
Early Christian
BAPTISTERIES
Used only for sacrament of baptism, on festivals of
Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany
Large separate building from church, sometimes
adjoined atrium
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
TOMBS or CATACOMBS
Christians objected to cremation, insisted on burial on
consecrated ground
Land for burials had become scarce and expensive
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Monumental tombs became expressions of faith in

immortality
Cemeteries or catacombs were excavated below ground
Several stories extending downwards
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Usually domed and enriched with lavish mosaic

decorations
Walls and ceilings were lavishly decorated with paintings
mixing pagan symbolism with scenes from the bible
Byzantine
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Byzantine
Greek
Roman
Early Christian
Byzantine Empire in 565 AD

under Emperor Justinian
Byzantine
Strongly Christian people - founded many monasteries
and churches
Converted the Russians and Eastern Europeans to
Christianity - this form of Christianity survives today as the
Eastern Orthodox Church
BULGARIA
ROME
GREECE
SPAIN
CONSTANTINOPLE
CORDOBA
ASIA MINOR
ATHENS
ANTIOCH
CARTHAGE
JERUSALEM
SYRIA
DAMASCUS
AFRICA
ALEXANDRIA
EGYPT
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Fierce barbaric tribes such as the Goths and Vandals
attacked from outside the empire
In 285 293 AD, the empire had split into two an
Eastern and Western empire
Constantine, a converted Christian, changed the capital
of the Empire from Rome to Constantinople in 330 AD
The western empire based in Rome finally collapsed in
476 AD
Eastern empire lasted another thousand years and was
known as the Byzantine empire
Constantinople stood on the site of an old Greek town
called Byzantium (present-day Istanbul)
Known as the "new Rome", most commanding position
and most valuable part of eastern Roman empire
Bulwark of Christianity during the Middle Ages
Under Emperor Justinian, regained control of lost lands

of the Western Roman Empire, such as Northwest Africa,
Italy and Spain
Attacks from Slav Barbarians and Bulgars from the
northwest were constantly being repelled
Persians, Arabs and Muslims from east
Normans and Venetians
Ottoman Turks captured the city in 1453 and killed
Constantine XI the last emperor
GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
Where Asia and Europe meet, separated by a narrow
strip of water
Art and architecture executed by original Greek
craftsmen
Influence reached Greece, Serbia, Russia, Asia Minor,
North Africa, further west
Also Ravenna, Perigeux and Venice, through trade
Byzantine
DESCRIPTION
First buildings constructed were churches
Dumped Early Christian style for new domical Byzantine
style
Byzantine is still official style for Orthodox church
DOMES
The dome was the prevailing motif of Byzantine
architecture
Practice of using domes contrasts with Early Christian
timber truss system
3 types of dome:
Simple - Pendentives and domes are of same sphere
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Compound
Dome of separate sphere, rises independently over
sphere of pendentives or dome raised on high drum
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
distinction:
Basilican plan - Early Christian
Domed, centralized plan - Byzantine
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Fusion of domical construction with classical columnar
style
Domes of various types placed over square
compartments using pendentives
Semi-circular arches rest directly on columns, with
capitals able to support springing of arches
Special designs: melon, serrated, onion or bulbous shape
Byzantine
EXAMPLES
CHURCHES
Centralized type of plan
Dome over nave, sometimes supported by semi-domes
Entrance at west
S. Mark, Venice
On the site of original Basilican church
An exterior quality all its own: blending of features from
many foreign lands
Sits behind the Piazza of San Marco, vast marble-paved
open space serves as atrium to church
Glittering, resplendent faade
Exterior enriched by fine entrance portals, mosaic and
marble decorations
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
S. Sophia, Constantinople
Hagia Sophia "divine or holy wisdom"
Built by Justinian, designed by Anthemius of Tralles and
Isidorus of Miletus
Rose on the site of 2 successive Basilican churches of
the same name
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Most important church in Constantinople

Perfection of Byzantine style
Later converted into a mosque
Romanesque
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Byzantine
Greek
Roman
Early Christian
Romanesque
Romanesque
The decline of the Roman Empire led to the rise of
independent states and nations across Europe
Most states still had ecclesiastical and political ties to
Rome
This went on for three centuries, from 500 to 800 AD
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
The Roman Empire was halved into East and West
Those outside the Empire were called barbarians German tribes such as the Franks, Saxons, Vandals,
Goths; Asian tribes such as the Huns
4th century, Huns invaded Europe forcing the Goths and
Vandals to seek shelter inside the Roman Empire
Rome agreed to let them stay in exchange for help
against the Huns
In 410 AD, Alaric the Goth seized Rome, settled in Spain
Ostrogoths held much of Italy, Vandals moved across
Europe into Africa
486 507, Clovis, King of the Franks, conquered Gaul,
but was overthrown by the Carolingians in 751 AD
Franks, Visigoths and Burgundians ruled Gaul
Angles, Saxons and Jutes occupied Britain
Charlemagne, a Frankish Carolingian king, was

barbarian Europes most effective ruler
In 800 AD, he was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III established the Holy Roman Empire, tried to be as grand
as the Roman and Byzantine emperors before him
Built his palace in Aachen, based on Byzantine palace
and chapel in Constantinople
Conquered parts of Germany, Austria, Italy and Spain
Art and civilization was restored over Europe
There was a new religious enthusiasm:
The crusades were conducted against Muslims
Papacy rose to great power
Great monastic foundations
Christianity was source of education, culture, and
economy
In 814 AD, Charlemagnes empire began to break up
splitting into 3 kingdoms
Vikings from Norway, Denmark and Sweden began
attacking Britain, France, Ireland, Russia and North
America, only stopping by 1000 AD
Romanesque
RELIGION
Rise of the religious orders
Science, letters, art and culture were the monopoly of
orders
Gave impulse to architecture; fostered art and learning
NORTHERN ITALY
Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona, Genoa - cities
competed to construct glorious buildings
Links to Northern Europe (through alpine passes) and
Constantinople (through Venice and Ravenna)
Ornamental arcades all over faade

Wheel window
Central projecting porch, with columns on roughly-carved
grotesque figures of men and beasts (shows Northern
European influence)
DESCRIPTION
Religious fervor expressed in:
Art, cathedrals and monastic buildings
Architecture spread throughout Europe but governed by
classical traditions Romanesque
Ruins of classical buildings - classical precedent was
used only to suit the fragments of old ornaments used in
new buildings
EXAMPLES
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
CATHEDRALS
Mostly Basilican in plan
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
Rib and Panel vaulting - framework of ribs support thin

stone panels
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
BAPTISTERIES
Large, separate buildings usually octagonal in plan and
connected to the cathedral by the atrium
Used 3 times a year: Easter, Pentecost, Epiphany
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CAMPANILES
Straight towers shafts, generally standing alone
Served as civic monuments, symbols of power, watch
towers
S. Ambrogio, Milan
S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona
S. Fedele, Como
S. Michele, Pavia
Romanesque
SOUTHERN ITALY
Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Muslim and
Norman rule
Richer in design and color
Elaborate wheel windows made of sheets of pierced
marble
Greater variety in columns and capitals
Elaborate bronze doors and bronze pilasters
CENTRAL ITALY
Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa cities rich in pagan
influence
Pisa had commercial links with the Holy Land; fought
with Muslims
Great stone and mineral wealth, brilliant atmosphere
Byzantine influence: mosaic decorations, no vaults, used

domes
Muslim influence: use of striped marbles, stilted pointed
arches, colorful, geometric designs as predominant interior
decoration
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
Cefalu Cathedral, Sicily

Most distinct Romanesque church in Sicily
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
Pisa Cathedral
Forms one of most famous building groups in the world Cathedral, Baptistery, Campanile, and Campo Santo
Resembles other early Basilican churches in plan
Exterior of red and white marble bands
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
Baptistery
39.3 m circular plan by Dioti Salvi
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Campanile
aka The Leaning Tower of Pisa
8 storeys, 16 m in diameter
Due to failure of foundations, overhangs 4.2 m
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Monreale Cathedral
Most splendid under Norman rule in Sicily
Basilican and Byzantine planning
Romanesque
FRANCE
Remains of old buildings were less abundant they had
greater freedom of developing new style
Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed arches over the
nave and aisles
Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and steep slope to
throw off snow
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
S. Madeleine, Vezelay
Earliest pointed cross-vault in France
CENTRAL EUROPE
Worms Cathedral
Eastern and western apses and octagons
2 circular towers flank each
Octagon at crossing, with pointed roof
SPAIN
Use of both Basilican and Greek-cross forms
Use of horseshoe arch
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris

Among the first instances of using the pointed arch
Ribbed vault, pointed arch and flying buttresses
successfully combined
Santiago de Compostela
Finest achievement of Romanesque in Spain
Romanesque
ENGLAND
MONASTIC BUILDINGS
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire
3 foundations:
Old foundation - served by secular clergy
Monastic foundation - served by regular clergy or monks
New foundation - to which bishops had been appointed
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
Peterborough Cathedral
Fine Norman interior
Original timber ceiling over nave
FORTIFICATIONS & TOWN WALLS

All over Europe - 1500 castles in England in 11th and
12th centuries
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
Began as motte and bailey earthworks

Later became citadels with stone curtain walls
FILIPINO
Durham Cathedral
Rib and panel vaulting with pointed arches
Romanesque
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Byzantine
Greek
Roman
Early Christian
Romanesque
Gothic
Gothic
NORWAY
SCOTLAND
SWEDEN
ESTONIA
DENMARK
RUSSIA
ENGLAND
LIVONIA
IRELAND
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE
FRANCE
CASTILE
POLAND
LITHUANIA
HUNGARY
PAPAL
STATES
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
AFRICA
Some 4000 new towns were built to accommodate the

rising population
Towns became centers of trade Paris, Milan, Florence,
Venice, Naples
Mixture of lands ruled by nobles
Feudal system - landlords ruled with tyranny
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
INFLUENCES
There was restlessness among the people

Towns became crowded and dirty - disease was rife
Black Death struck Europe from 1347 to 1351 and killed
half the population - spread by rats and fleas, could kill a
person within 3 days
HISTORY
12th 13th centuries: Holy Roman Empire was reduced
to the area of Germany
Only 3 great kingdoms were left: France, England and
Castile in Spain
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Prosperous years in terms of agriculture - warm weather

and invention of the windmill and water-mill increased the
amount of food produced
Most Europeans were Catholics
Church under the Pope brought Christians together
Entire Christianity was united against Muslims
The rulers, the church and townspeople spent wealth on
building more castles, cathedrals and monasteries
Towns competed with each other to produce the best
architecture
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER - DESCRIPTION

"Gothic" is a term used in reproach to this style
a departure from classic lines
Can be identified by the general use of pointed arch
Also called Medieval Architecture
Gothic
FRANCE
In French, "L'architecture Ogivale
Primaire (12th Century AD)
Also called "a lancettes"
Distinguished by pointed arches and
geometric traceried windows
Secondaire (13th Century AD)
Also called "Rayonnant"
Characterized by circular windows
with wheel tracery
Tertiare (14th to 16th Century AD)
Also called "Flamboyant"
Flame-like window tracery or freeflowing tracery
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
Features:
Use of pointed arch to cover
rectangular bays
Use of flying buttresses weighted by
pinnacles
Tall, thin columns stretching up as
if to heaven
Walls released from load-bearing
function
Invention of colored, stained glass
windows to adorn window-walls
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Tracery
windows
provided
a
framework for Bible stories to be told
in pictures
Cathedrals as a library for illiterate
townspeople - Biblical stories were
told with stained-glass and statuary
Gothic
Amiens Cathedral
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Reims Cathedral
Gothic
Chartres Cathedral
Notre Dame, Paris

One of the oldest French cathedrals
Begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully
Faade features successive tiers of niches with statues:
Christ and French kings
Central wheel window
Two western towers with high pointed louvred openings
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Other cathedrals:
Beauvais Cathedral
Laon Cathedral
Soissons Cathedral
Gothic
CASTLES
Built on mounds above rivers
Thick walls and small windows to resist attack
Many were adapted to make convenient residences in
later periods
Carcassone
built in 13th Century AD
double wall, inner one made in 600 AD
50 towers and moat
two gateways guarded by machicolations, drawbridge
and portcullis
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
ENGLAND
NORMAN (1066 to 1154 AD)
Includes the raising of most of major Romanesque
churches and castles
CATHEDRALS
May have been attached to monasteries or to collegiate
institutions
Found in precincts with dormitories, infirmary, guest
houses, cloisters, refrectory, other buildings
TRANSITIONAL (1154 to 1189 AD)

Pointed arches in Romanesque structures
EARLY ENGLISH (1189 to 1307 AD)
Equivalent to High Gothic in France
Also called "Lancet" or "First Pointed" style, from long
narrow pointed windows
DECORATED (1307 to 1377 AD)
Window tracery is "Geometrical" in form, and later,
flowing tracery patterns and curvilinear surface pattern
Also called "Second Pointed", equivalent to French
"Flamboyant" style
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
Salisbury Cathedral
PERPENDICULAR (1377 to 1485 AD)

Also called "Rectilinear or "Third Pointed"
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
TUDOR (1495 to 1558 AD)

Increasing application of Renaissance detail
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)

Renaissance ideas take strong hold
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Westminster Abbey
Complex of church, royal palace and burial grounds
Most important medieval building in Britain
widest (32 m) and highest vault in England (102 ft)
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Other examples:
Wells Cathedral
York Cathedral - largest medieval cathedral in England
and in Northern Europe
Winchester Cathedral - longest medieval cathedral in
England
Gothic
MANOR HOUSES
Erected by new and wealthy trading families
Parts:
great hall, room with solar room, chapel, latrine chamber,
service rooms, kitchens, central hearth
Later, in Tudor Manor Houses
increased rooms, quadrangular court, battlement
parapets, and gateways, chimneys, buttery (butlers
pantry), oven, pantry, serving area and storage, larder
(food storage), wardrobe, oratory-study, private chapel
with altar and crucifix, scullery, brew house
GERMANY, BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS

In Germany, the chief influence came from France, not
from German Romanesque
In Belgium and The Netherlands, it was based on French
Gothic, developing the Brabantine style
HALL CHURCHES
Had a different look:
Nave and aisle of same height
One or two immense and ornate western towers or apse,
in place of sculptured doorway
Brick-work and simplified ornamentation
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Ulm Cathedral
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Penhurst Place, Kent
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
St. Elizabeth, Marburg

Typical hall church
Gothic
SPAIN
Strong Moorish influences: the use of horseshoe arches
and rich surface decoration of intricate geometrical and
flowing patterns
Churches had flat exterior appearance, due to chapels
inserted between buttresses
Excessive ornament, without regard to constructive
character
Gerona Cathedral
Granada Cathedral
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
Toledo Cathedral
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Burgos Cathedral (1221 - 1457 AD)

Irregular in plan
Most beautiful and poetic of all Spanish cathedrals
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Seville Cathedral (1402 to 1520 AD)

Largest Medieval church in Europe
Second largest church in the world, next to St. Peter's,
Rome
Salamanca Cathedral
Other cathedrals:
Avila Cathedral, Segovia Cathedral, Barcelona Cathedral
Gothic
ITALY
Led the way in Europe, in terms of art, learning and
commerce
Cultural revival was taking place in Italy in advance of
northern Europe
Roman tradition remained strong
This arrested the development of Gothic architecture in
Italy
Verticality of Gothic is generally neutralized by horizontal
cornices and string courses
Absence of pinnacles and flying buttresses
Small windows without tracery
Projecting entrance porches with columns on lion-like
beasts
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Siena Cathedral
One of most stupendous undertakings since the building
of the Pisa cathedral
Outcome of civic pride - all artists in Siena contributed
their works to its building and adornment
Cruciform plan
Zebra marble striping on wall and pier
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Other cathedrals:
Florence Cathedral or S. Maria del Fiore
Designed by Arnolfo di Cambio
Essentially Italian in character, without the vertical
features of Gothic
Peculiar latin cross plan with campanile and baptistery
Milan Cathedral
Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy
3rd largest cathedral in Europe
Renaissance
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
Byzantine
Greek
Roman
Early Christian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Islamic
Romanesque
Gothic
Renaissance
Renaissance
NORWAY
SWEDEN
GREAT
BRITAIN
RUSSIA
DENMARK
DUTCH
REP.
POLAND
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE
LITHUANIA
SWISS
FRANCE
CONF.
OTTOMAN
SAVOY
EMPIRE
SPAIN
Printing by Movable Types

Led to the mass production of books
Contributed to the circulation of ideas and knowledge
PAPAL
STATES
PORTUGAL
AFRICA
Several Christian thinkers challenged and attacked the

beliefs, customs, power and wealth of the Catholic Church
Protestants in Germany, Scandinavia and England
Martin Luther and John Calvin
Religious and intellectual unity of Christendom had
begun to crumble
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Previous trade routes to the east had now been blocked
by the Ottoman Turks in Constantinople
1450, series of voyages and explorations by sea led by
Spain and Portugal
For trade mostly but also for the discovery of more lands
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
Increased understanding of Science and the Arts

Medicine and Astronomy
Human Anatomy by Andreas Vesalius
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Warfare was changed by the invention of gunpowder

This brought about the need for a new building type
Attempt to understand the ancient world, its values,

literary, artistic forms and architectural forms
"Treatise on Architecture" by Vitruvius in 1486
Renaissance
DESCRIPTION
The Renaissance movement created a break in the
evolution of European church architecture
Departure from Gothic, with the employment of Classic
Roman Orders of Architecture
Byzantine structural and decorative practices, instead of
Gothic, were interwoven with those from Roman and
Romanesque succession
ROCOCO
Style which is primarily French in origin
Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells
Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation
Light in color and weight
PERIODS
EARLY RENAISSANCE
Period of learning
Designers were intent on the accurate transcription of
Roman elements
IN SUMMARY:
Palladian Architecture was logical, staid and serene
Proto-Baroque Architecture was vivid, virile and intense
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
HIGH RENAISSANCE or PROTO-BAROQUE

Renaissance became an individual style in its own right
Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in
high respect (represented by Andrea Palladio)
Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in
using the acquired vocabulary freely (represented by
Michelangelo)
Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman
precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings, or
entire buildings were conceived in a non-Roman way
Mannerists used architectural elements in a free,
decorative and illogical way, unsanctioned by antique
precedent
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
BAROQUE
Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired
knowledge
The true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive style
began to emerge
Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the
minor arts being used in harmony to produce the unified
whole
Baroque Architecture was dramatic, rich, grand and alive

Rococo Architecture was a profusion and confusion of
detail, presenting a lavish display of decoration
Renaissance
FLORENCE
Cities of Florence, Genoa, Milan - central, chief powers
of Italy
Medici family - founded by Giovanni de Medici, who was
a commercial and political power
Vitality of social life at every level
Artists, who excelled in several arts, achieve high status
in society
Craft guilds, with both religious and lay connotations,
directed activities of studios and workshops
Renaissance had its birth in Florence
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
PALAZZI
With the development of gunpowder, palace-type building
evolved, taking the place of fortified castles
Built around a cortile or interior court, like medieval
cloister
Ground floor and piano nobile
Faade of massive, rugged, fortress-like character due to
use of rusticated masonry and wall angles called quoins
Large windows unnecessary and unsuitable
Low pitched roof covered by a balustrade, parapet or
boldly protruding roof cornices
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Palazzo Strozzi
By Benedetto da Majano
Representative of the Florentine palace of that period
Open cortile and piano nobile
Astylar exterior of uniform rustication
Cornice of 1/13 the height, 2.1 m projection
ROME
Splendidly presented examples of High Renaissance and
Proto-baroque
Famous architect is Donato Bramante
Tempietto in S. Pietro, Montorio
Resembling small Roman circular temple with Doric
columns
4.5 m internal diameter
Site where S. Peter was martyred

Designed by Donato Bramante
Dome on drum pierced with alternating windows and
shell-headed niches
Renaissance
6. Antonio da Sangallo
Slightly altered plan - extended vestibule and campanile,
and elaborated the central dome
Died
7. Michelangelo
Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building
owes most of its outstanding features to him
Greek-cross plan, strengthened dome, redesigned
surrounding chapels
S. Peter, Rome
Most important Renaissance building in Italy
With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a worldfamous group
120 years, outcome of the works of many architects
under the direction of the pope
8. Giacomo della Porta

9. Domenico Fontana
Completed dome in 1590
10. Vignola
Added sided cupolas
12 Architects:
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
1. Bramante
His design was selected from several entries in a
competition
He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to
the Pantheon in Rome
Foundation stone laid in 1506
11. Carlo Maderna

Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the
gigantic facade
12. Bernini
Erected noble entrance piazza 198 m wide with Tuscan
colonnade
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
2. Giuliano da Sangallo
Upon death of Julius II in 1513
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
3. Fra Giocondo
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
4. Raphael
Proposed a Latin cross plan
Died
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
5. Baldassare Peruzzi
Reverted to Greek cross
Died
Completed plan is a Latin cross with an internal length of

183 m, width of 137 m
At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9 m internal diameter
Largest church in the world
Renaissance
FRANCE
COUNTRY HOUSES
Country houses took the place of fortified castles
Some examples:
Chateau de Justice, Rouen
Chateau d'O, Mortree
Chateau de Josselin
Chateau de Blois
Chateau d'Azay-Rideau
Chateau de Chenonceaux
PRE-HISTORIC
Palaise du Louvre, Paris

Built from Francis I to Napoleon III
Together with Tuilleries, 45 acres constituting one of the
most imposing palaces in Europe
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Chateau de Maisons
One of the most harmonious of all chateaux
Designed by Francois Mansart on a symmetrical E-plan
Chateau de Chambord
Designed by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona
Semi-fortified palace, most famous in Loire district
Renaissance
Petit Trianon, Versailles
Designed by JA Gabriel for Louis XV
One of most superb pieces of domestic architecture of
the century
CHURCHES
Church of the Val de Grace, Paris

Projecting portal by Francois
Lemercier
Mansart,
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
St. Gervais, Paris

earliest wholly-classical church facade
by Salomon de Brosse
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
St. Etienne du Mont, Paris
dome
by
Renaissance
ENGLAND
STUART BUILDINGS
PERIODS
ELIZABETHAN (1558 to 1603 AD)
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth
Establishment of Renaissance style in England, followed
Tudor architecture
Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance
detail
Banqueting House, Whitehall, London

Designed by Inigo Jones
JACOBEAN (1603 to 1625 AD)

STUART (1625 to 1702 AD)
1st Phase: Inigo Jones was influenced by Italian
Renaissance
2nd Phase: Christopher Wren was influenced by French
Renaissance
Queen's House
Influenced by Palladian architecture
GEORGIAN (1702 to 1830 AD)
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS
Statesmen, merchants and gentry built mansions in the
countryside to suit their positions
E-shaped plan or H-shaped plan
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire

Great hall, kitchen and office, living rooms, grand
staircase, long gallery, withdrawing room or solar, towers,
gables, parapets, balustrades, chimney stacks, oriel and
bay windows
St. Paul's Cathedral, London

Designed by Christopher Wren
Area of 6000 sq.m and a large central space under dome
for big congregations
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
GEORGIAN HOUSES
FILIPINO
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire

Most monumental mansion in England
Example of central block with wings
Renaissance
SPAIN & PORTUGAL
EARLY PERIOD (1492 to 1556 AD)
Grafting Renaissance details unto Gothic forms
In Spain:
Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its
similarity to silversmiths' work plateria
Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and
decorative, from the minuteness of detail
in Portugal:
Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to 1521 AD)
Decorative rather than structural in character, inspired by
the voyages of discoverers
CLASSICAL PERIOD (1556 to 1690 AD)
Close adherence to Italian Renaissance art
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
BAROQUE PERIOD (1650 to 1750 AD)

Classical rules disregarded
Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant expression,
by Jose de Churriguera, (1650 to 1723 AD)
The Escorial, Madrid

Austere group of buildings, composed of the monastery,
college, church and palace with state apartments
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
ANTIQUARIAN PERIOD (1750 to 1830 AD)

Returned to ancient classical models
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The University, Salamanca

The facade is a Plateresque design masterpiece
Admirable craftsmanship
Renaissance
GERMANY
Heidelberg Castle
Exemplifies progressive developments of the Early
Renaissance on the castle
Saalbau, Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau
Great watchtower and irregular court
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Monastery, Melk
One of most striking Baroque monuments
18th-19th C: Revival
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Byzantine
Greek
Roman
Early Christian
Romanesque
Gothic
Renaissance
18th-19th C:
Revival
Home-based cottage industries were rendered obsolete
by the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785
Goods could be made more cheaply
Factories sprouted all over Britain where coal was
available to fuel the engines, other countries followed suit
Social and Political changes:
Centuries-old monarchies gave way to democratic
institutions American Declaration of Independence
(1776) and French Revolution (1789)
Urbanization and rise in population
Growth of the bourgeoisie or middle class
Professionals and businessmen
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
INFLUENCES
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
HISTORY
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Revolutionary changes affecting every aspect of life

The Industrial Revolution started in Britain - new
machines and innovative processes helped change
nations from agricultural to industrial ones
Spread to continental Europe and to North America
Created a new type of worker the wage laborer or
proletarian
Technological innovations:
Railways to easily transport people and goods
Improved drainage and sanitation
Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
Lift or elevator
Growth of communications
Ship-building and the Suez Canal
International exhibitions of science and industry
Periods in Britain:
The need to create an imposing effect research into old

styles
Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun
Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic,
the Renaissance, the Baroque
age of revivals - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles
EARLY VICTORIAN (1830 to 1850 AD)

HIGH VICTORIAN (1850 to 1870 AD)
LATE VICTORIAN & EDWARDIAN (1870 to 1914 AD)
AFTERMATH (after World War I)
age of innovation - use of newly available materials

Form follows Function (Louis Sullivan)
Due to inventions in metallurgy and construction, new
materials became available for building:
structural iron and cast-iron
iron and glass
zinc
steel
reinforced concrete first used by Auguste Perret
The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol

Designed by Isambard Brunel
Pylons of Egyptian character
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
New building types:

Industrial Buildings and Warehouses
Houses of Parliament
Railways and Transport Stations spread all over
Europe
Museums took the place of aristocratic private
collections of art
Department Stores in Paris, London, Brussels, other
commercial areas
Hospitals, Public Banks, Fire and Police Stations,
Exhibition Halls
New emerging style:
The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain
in the tradition of craft guilds in the Middle Ages
led by artist-craftsman William Morris, architect Philip
Webb and writer John Ruskin
furniture, glassware, fabrics, wallpaper, etc decorated
with repeating stylized floral patterns
St. George's Hall, Liverpool

Designed by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes
Most magnificent Neo-Classical monument in Britain
City Hall, Swansea

Designed by Sir Percy Thomas
Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament), London

Designed by Sir Charles Barry
Non-classical design: Gothic detail by Pugin
Victoria tower, Clock tower Big Ben
First major public building of Gothic revival
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs

Designed by Pugin
EGYPTIAN
The Conservatory, Carlton House, London

Cast-iron for structural and decorative purpose
Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Designed by Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
The University Museum, Oxford

Designed by Benjamin Woodward
landmark of High Victorian Gothic
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Cathedral, Guilford

Designed by Sir Edward Maufe
Crystal Palace, London

Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton
One of the most remarkable buildings in 19th century
Britain free of any traditional precedent
Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, erected in Hyde
Park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854
Periods in Continental Europe:
1850 to 1870 AD
Comparable to High Victorian in Britain
Renaissance and Gothic revival
Structural use of iron
1870 to 1914 AD
Use of metals was intensified, especially in exhibitions
Antique forms instead of Renaissance
ART NOVEAU (1893 to 1906 AD)
Derived from the Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain
An art free of any historical style
The Votivkirche, Vienna

Neo-Gothic by Heinrich von Ferstel
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
Deliberate simplification of structural elements in

buildings and interiors, handmade objects and furniture
Forms of nature for ornamentation in the facade
Floral style, freely-shaped writhing vegetal forms
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Versions:
France Le Modern Style
Germany Jugendstil
Austria Sezessione
Italy Stile Liberty
Spain - Modernismo
The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris
Neo-Byzantine by Paul Abadie
The Schauspielhaus, Berlin

Greek-revival style by KF von Schinkel
The Opera House, Paris

Neo-Baroque by Charles Garnier
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris

Neo-Renaissance by Henri Labrouste
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome

Neo-Classical by Giuseppe Sacconi
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam

Neo-Romanesque by HP Berlage
Others:
Reighstag, Berlin Paul Wallot
Parliament, Budapest Imre Steindl
Dresden Opera - neo-Renaissance by Gottfried Semper
The Altes Museum, Berlin - Greek-revival style
Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - Greek-revival
The Opera House, Cologne - French Neo-Baroque
The Post Savings Bank, Vienna - Art Noveau by Otto
Wagner
Art Noveau Architects:
Victor Horta in Brussels
Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
Raimondo DAronco in Constantinople and Turin
Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow
The Palau Guell, Barcelona

Designed by Antoni Gaudi
Seems to presage Art Noveau in its forms
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
The Entrance Pavilion, Exposition Universelle 1889

Designed by Gustav Eiffel and maurice koechlin
Extensive use of iron, 300m high
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
Casa Mila, Barcelona

Designed by Antoni Gaudi
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Galerie des Machines, Exposition Universelle 1889

By Victor Contamin, engineer, and CLF Dutert, architect
Sagrada Familia, Barcelona

Art Noveau by Antoni Gaudi
Periods in America:
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD)
Neo-Classic elements
The White House, Washington DC

Presidents official residence
Designed by James Hoban, Irish architect
English Palladian style
FIRST ECLECTIC PHASE (1820 to 1860 AD)

Greek-revival style, also Gothic and Egyptian styles
SECOND ECLECTIC PHASE (1860 to 1930 AD)
1st Stream:
Romanesque and Gothic inspiration
Influenced by Arts and Crafts movement in England
HH Richardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright
2nd Stream:
Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and
Roman, late Gothic inspiration
Influenced by the Ecole des Beaux-Artes
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia

Designed by Thomas Jefferson, 3rd American president
Palladian style
Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame

construction, non-load-bearing curtain wall, elevators
Produced the skyscraper - America's single greatest
contribution to architecture
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
Robie House, Chicago

Designed by Frank Lloyd Wright
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (aka Prairie House)

First important work of Frank Lloyd Wright
Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin
Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois

by Frank Lloyd Wright
The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia

Designed by Thomas Jefferson
First neo-classical monument in America, based on
Maison Caree, Nimes
Ionic order
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The United States Capitol, Washington DC

First designed by Dr. William Thorton along Palladian
lines
Numerous modifications after the war
Crowning dome
One of the world's best known buildings
Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC

Designed by Henry Bacon
Greek Doric style
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia
Designed by William Strickland
Greek-revival
The Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago,
Illinois
Designed by HH Richardson
The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois
Designed by Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan
Neo-Byzantine interior
The Reliance Building, Chicago
Designed by Burnham and Root
The Monadnock Building, Chicago
Designed by Daniel Burnham
The Second Leiter Building, Chicago
Metal-framed building
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
The Gace Building, Chicago

Designed by Louis Sullivan and Holabird and Roche
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
The Schlesinger-Mayer Store

Designed by Louis Sullivan
Suggestion of Art Noveau style
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, NY

RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The Woolworth Building, NY

Designed by Cass Gilbert
Gothic style
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
The Wainwright Building, St. Louis

Designed by Adler and Sullivan
FILIPINO
Empire State Building

Designed by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon
85 storeys
20th C: Modern
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Byzantine
Greek
Roman
Early Christian
Romanesque
Gothic
Renaissance
18th-19th C:
Revival
20th C:
Modern
20th C: Modern
FAMOUS ARCHITECTS
Marcel Breuer
Architect and designer
Best known for the design of tubular steel Wassily Chair
Studied at the Bauhaus - become director of the school's
furniture department in 1924
Designed a series of noted structures including
innovative houses and the Whitney Museum of Art
UNESCO Secretariat Building, Paris
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
More innovations:
Curtain wall
Steel and plate-glass
Folded slab by Eugene Freyssinet
Flat slab by Robert Maillart
Laminated timber
Eero Saarinen
Works include:
- Dulles International Airport Building, near Washington
- The General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
Functionalism in design
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
TWA Terminal, JFKennedy Airport

Undulating shape was meant to evoke the excitement of
high speed flight
Even interior details: lounges, chairs, signs, and
telephone booths harmonized with the curving gull
winged shell
20th C: Modern
Oscar Niemeyer
Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to conceive and
build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of just four
years
Functionality and the use of pre-stressed concrete
dominate his designs
Also designed the cathedral, the national theater and the
presidential palace
Frank Lloyd Wright

Johnson Wax Co. Building
Parliament Building, Brasilia
Falling Water, Pennsylvania
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
Eric Mendelsohn
Dynamic, sculptural quality
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Einstein Tower, Potsdam
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Also designed:
- Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY
- Imperial Hotel in Tokyo he played a decisive role in the
renewal of Japanese architecture
20th C: Modern
le Corbusier
Based in Switzerland and France, he dominated
European scene for nearly half-a-century
He believed that "the house is a machine to live in" - the
program for building a house should be set out with the
same precision as that for building a machine
Five Points of New Architecture
1. Framework structurally independent of walls
2. Free-standing faade - the free facade, the corollary of
the free plan in the vertical plane
3. Roof garden - restoring, the area of ground covered by
the house
4. Open planning - the free plan, achieved through the
separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls
subdividing the space
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - pilotises
elevating the mass off the ground
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
Chapel of Notre Dame, Ronchamp
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Villa Savoye at Poissy

Realization of his 'five points of new architecture
Buckminster Fuller
Created the Dymaxion House, the first machine for
living - a portable home inside from metal alloys and
plastics
Designed all necessary mechanical systems and devices
in the center of the building, with living spaces around it,
open to the arrangement tastes of the owner
The United States Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal
Walter Gropius
Created prototype of modern architecture: free-standing
glass sheath suspended on a structural framework - aka
curtain wall
First used this on Hallidie Building, San Francisco in
1918
Established Bauhaus, a school or training intended to
relate art and architecture to technology and the practical
needs of modern life
20th C: Modern
Frei Otto
The seminal figure in the development of tensile
architecture
Veered away from the simple geometric solutions and
built organic free forms that could respond to complex
planning and structural requirements
FAMOUS WORKS
Munich Stadium for 1972 Olympic Games
Palazzetto dello Sport for 1960 Rome Olympics

Designed by Pierre Luigi Nervi and Vitellozzi
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Other Personalities:
Otto Wagner, Austria
Richard Neutra, Austria
Rudolf Schindler, Austria
Peter Behrens, Germany
August Perret, France
Hendrik Berlage, The Netherlands
JJP Oud, The Netherlands
Victor Horta, Belgium
Charles Rennie Mackintosh, UK
CFA Voysey, UK
Louis Sullivan, USA
Adolf Meyer
Tony Garnier
Max Berg
Mies van der Rohe
Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics

Designed by Kenzo Tange
20th C: Modern
Sydney Opera House

Designed by Jorn Utzon of Denmark
He won the project in a competition for the design of a
performing arts complex in Sydney, Australia
World Trade Center

Originally designed by Minoru Yamasaki
Structural steel framing
Destroyed by the September 11 terrorist attacks
Redesigned by Daniel Libeskind - 541 m tall
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Chrysler Building, NY

Designed by William van Alen
Art Deco style
Islamic
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
Byzantine
Greek
Roman
Early Christian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Islamic
Islamic
Muhammad died in 632 AD, but his Muslim followers
were ready to spread his teachings
Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to spread
Islam
North into Central Asia
Westward to Africa
Along trade routes into India
Among the Turks and Mongols
Spread of Islam is associated with military conquest and
racial movements
Establish a cultural tie with Arabian heartland, with
annual pilgrimage to Mecca
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
The religion of Islam began in Arabia
610 AD, Muhammad from Mecca saw visions of an angel
Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and
to accept the will of god Islam
Arabs of Mecca rejected this message
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
622 AD, the Hegira - Muhammad moved to Medina and

converted the people into Islam
Within 10 years, the framework of religion and military
organization tasked with spreading the faith was
established
Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all
its idols and converted it to Islam
SOCIETY
Tribal groups
Public life was reserved for men (women had a
secondary role - for domestic and agricultural work)
Christians and Jews ("people of the book) were given
the freedom of worship and self-government
Many of the conquered cities were already centers of
learning
Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings
from Greek, Persian and Indian
Rulers and scholars were interested in mathematics,
astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy and science
Islamic
RELIGION
Last of 3 great religions of Middle East
Complete philosophy of life and government
One god Allah, Muhammad is the prophet
Faith is held to be Allah's will for creation
Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life
Personal humility
Abhorrence of image worship
DESCRIPTION
Countries already rich in building tradition
Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a
people with no architectural tradition
Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many
different circumstances
Islam had a profound impact on its architecture:
No essential difference in techniques between religious
and non-religious buildings
Important architectural endeavor is normally expended
on buildings having a direct social or community purpose
Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric,
calligraphic and plant motifs, with a preference for a
uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element
Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors
established forms
Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect
creation)
Centered upon God
Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards
Mecca
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Koran
Muhammad wrote down the words of angels who brought
him messages from Allah
After his death, these accounts were compiled into a holy
book
Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to
praise him
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
5 Pillars of Islam: Declaring faith in god, Prayer, Fasting,

Giving to charity, Pilgrimage to Mecca
Also jihad or holy war is sometimes added as a pillar to
spread the faith and defend it from attack
DECORATION
in lieu of human and animal forms: abstract and
geometric motifs, calligraphy, floral abstraction, geometric
interlacement, mouldings and friezes, carvings in bas
relief, stone inlay and mosaic, patterned brickwork,
ceramic and glass mosaic, painting, timber inlay,
Arabesques, screen or pierced grilles in marble
Islamic
EXAMPLES
PARTS OF A MOSQUE
MOSQUE
The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah
in prayer - mosques were built wherever Islam had spread
Principal place of worship

Building used for Friday prayer
PRE-HISTORIC
Prime purpose was contemplation and prayer

Could also be used as a school, place for transactions,
storage for treasures, place for hearing official notices
Masjid - small prayer house
Madrassah - religious college and mosque
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
Inward-looking building
Courtyard with sides punctuated with gateways, prayer
chambers and porches
No positive object of attention or adoration
Conceived around an axis towards Mecca
In every mosque, there is a wall with a hole or niche cut
into it, showing the direction of Mecca
Sahn - cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental

feature
Fawwara - fountain
Mihrab - niche oriented towards Mecca
Dikka - reading desk
Maqsura - screen
Mimbar - raised platform for ceremonial announcements
Iwan - open-fronted porch facing a court
Minaret - tower from which a call to prayer is made
Kibla - axis oriented towards Mecca
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Personalities:
Muezzin - caller who summons the faithful to prayer
Imam - man who leads congregation in prayer
Caliph - successor to the prophet as military, judicial, or
spiritual leader of Islam
Sufi - holy man
Islamic
Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Kubbet-es-Sakhra)

688 to 692 AD
Most important Islamic structure
Great central dome covers the summit of Mt. Moriah
(from where the prophet is believed to have made his ride
to heaven)
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
The Great Mosque, Damascus

Earliest surviving large mosque, built in 705-711 AD
Stood in a walled temenos
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo

876 to 879 AD
The Great Mosque, Cordoba

785 AD
Islamic
SARAY or SERAI
Palace with courtyard
The Taj-Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1653 AD)

Built by the emperor Shah Jahan for his favorite wife
Mumtaz Mahal
Took 11 years to build and 20,000 to work on it
Covered in white marble, which reflects the changing
colors of the sun
Sits in a well-landscaped garden
PRE-HISTORIC
TOMBS
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD)

Fortified palace and complex of buildings set in gardens
One of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic
palaces
Tomb of Humayun, Delhi

1565 AD
Indian
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
Byzantine
Greek
Roman
Early Christian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Indian
Islamic
Romanesque
Gothic
Renaissance
18th-19th C:
Revival
20th C:
Modern
Indian
Mauryan Empire
under King Ashoka
1500 BC Aryans from the north moved into India

Set-up 16 separate kingdoms all over
Most powerful, the Magadha kingdom, conquered all
other kingdoms
Established the Mauryan Empire in 300 BC under King
Ashoka
Links:
Mesopotamian Cultures (from 2500 to 1500 BC)
Central Asia (via mountain passes in the north)
Persia and Greco-Roman Western Asia (via Baluchistan)
Successive military and economic incursions brought art
and architecture: Aryan, Persian, Greco-Roman,
Sassanian, Muslim, Portuguese, French, English
RELIGION
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Third great civilization to emerge in a fertile river valley
Indus river 2500 BC, present-day Pakistan and
Northwest India
Major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
Each city was ruled by priest-kings, citadels atop the city
Lasted only 800 years
Hinduism
Main religion of India
Along with Judaism, the worlds oldest surviving religion
From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan invaders
Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
Belief in reincarnation, the soul comes back to life in a
different body
Caste system: priests, warriors and nobles, farmers and
traders, laborers and servants, untouchables
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Buddhism
Many people disliked the way Hindu society divided
people into castes
Gautama Siddhartha 563 483 BC, gave up his princely
life to search for wisdom
After 6 years of wandering, he found enlightenment
through a deep thinking process called meditation
Overcome human weakness including greed and anger
Salvation or nirvana
Indian
MANDIRA
Hindu temple with a interior sanctuary called a vimana
Capped by a tapering spire-shaped tower sikhara
Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and music
STAMBHAS or LATHS
Monumental pillars standing free without any structural
function
Circular or octagonal shafts
Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned
with animals carrying the Challra, wheel of law
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Indian
STUPAS
Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic of
Buddha, to commemorate special events or mark a sacred
spot
Regarded as symbols of the universe
Based on the pre-historic funerary tumulus
Artificial domical mounds raised on a platform
With processional paths, rails, gateways, crowning
umbrella called a chattri
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
VIHARAS
Buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid rock
Central pillared chamber or quadrangle surrounded by
verandah
Small sleeping cells on the sides
In front stood the courtyard containing the stupa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CHAITYAS
Buddhist shrine also carved out of solid rock
Formed like an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end
Chinese
The Historical
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
Byzantine
Greek
Roman
Early Christian
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Near East
Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Indian
Chinese & Japanese
Romanesque
Gothic
Renaissance
18th-19th C:
Revival
20th C:
Modern
Chinese
Chin Kingdom
in 1000 BC
Shang Kingdom
in 206 BC
221 BC, Shi Huangdi of Chin took control and became

the first emperor of China
Ruled with armies and officials
Organized huge number of laborers to work for him
Built the Great Wall of China to repel northern enemies
Terra-cotta army of 6000 life-size soldiers, horses and
chariots was buried with the emperor
Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, Chin dynasty was replaced
by Han and western Jin dynasties
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
EARLY CHRISTIAN
SOCIETY
Foreign trade by land and sea
Theorists, schools of philosophy Confucius, Lao-Tzu
Writing, calendar and money
Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture
BYZANTINE
Only ancient civilization that has continued to this day
RELIGION
Religious and ethical influences:
Confucianism, code of social conduct and philosophy of
life, family and ancestor worship
Taoism, universal love as solution to social disorder
Buddhism
Succession of emperors and dynasties and warring

states
1750 BC, a kingdom emerged in the middle reaches of
the Yellow River in China, ruled by Shang Dynasty
Lasted 1000 years but broke up into many smaller
kingdoms

Larger than Europe in area, 1/13 of total land area of the
world
Mountainous with extensive fertile valleys, great plains
and deserts, excellent harbors
Metals, trees, bamboo, clay
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Chinese
EXAMPLES
PAGODAS
Buddhist temple, most typical Chinese building of
religious significance
Later gained a secular nature: monuments to victory or a
memorial to hold relics
Based on the Indian stupa and stambha
Octagonal in plan
Odd number of stories, 9 or 13
Roofs projecting from each of its many floors, turned up
eaves
Slopes inwards to the top
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
PAI-LOUS
Monumental, ceremonial gateway and basic symbolic
structure in Chinese architecture
Erected as memorials to eminent persons
Led to temples, palaces, tombs or sacred places
Related to the Indian torana and Japanese torii
Trabeated form, in stone or wood
Bold projecting roofs
1, 3 or 5 openings
Chinese
TEMPLES
FORTIFICATIONS
The Great Wall of China
Most famous of ancient Chinese buildings
by Shi Huangdi
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
Chief feature was the roof

Supported on timber uprights and independent of walls
A sign of dignity to place roofs one over the other
Up-tilted angles, with dragons and grotesque ornaments
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
Lofty pavilions, 1 storey each

Successive open courts and porticoes,
refectories, sleeping cells for priests
kitchens,
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
PALACES & HOUSES

Imperial places and official residences
Isolated, 1-storeyed pavilions resembling temples
Governed by building regulations limiting the dimensions
and number of columns
emperor - 9 bays
prince - 7
mandarin - 5
ordinary citizen - 3
3700 miles long, from Pacific Ocean to Gobi Desert

Mostly gray granite blocks, but also used whatever
materials were available in the locality
6 to 9 m high, with 1.5 m high parapets
Base is 7.6 m thick, 4.5 m thick at top
Paved road wide enough for 5 horses to run abreast
25,000 towers, 12 m high and 700 ft apart (2 bow shots
apart)
Japanese
Extent of Chinese Empire
in 1760 AD
Japan
In 16th century, Portuguese traders came to trade and

Christian missionaries came to convert the Japanese
The threatened shoguns expelled foreigners, killed
Christian converts, stopped trade, closed Japan to the
outside world until 19th century
Little contact with Europe, more of Chinese influence
RELIGION
Shinto, indigenous poly-demonism
Buddhism
Off the eastern coast of China, Asian mainland
Principal island Honshu, and smaller islands at north and
south
Earthquakes & volcanoes
Hilly and forested country
Stone, timber, bamboo
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
INFLUENCES
HISTORY
Created in the 3rd century AD by ancestors of the
present emperor
7th century, was divided into provinces each with a ruler
Feudalism, with a caste system of emperor and nobles,
military, people
More powerful were the shoguns or warrior lords, each
fighting with each other
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
In 1603 AD, under the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa, Japan

was united and brought to peace
The Tokugawa dynasty ruled for 250 years
Japanese
EXAMPLES
PAGODAS
TEMPLES
Derived from the Chinese pagoda

Square plan
Mostly 5 storeys, 45 m in height
Virtually suspended around a central timber (stable
against earthquake shocks)
Wide projecting roofs to each storey, subtly curved
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
Shinto temples and Buddhist temples
GREEK
DWELLINGS, TEA HOUSES, BATH HOUSES

No other architecture reveals the structural and aesthetic
qualities of wood
Unpainted wood without any surface treatment
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Featured the torii gateways

Monumental, free-standing gateways to a Shinto shrine
Derived from the Chinese pai-lou
Two upright pillars or posts supporting 2 or more
horizontal beams, usually curving upward
Worshippers have to pass under this for prayers to be
effective
Typical 1-storey rectangular plan:

Vestibule
Veranda, engawa
Living and dining
Guest rooms
Recess for flowers and art
Rooms for host and hostess
No distinction between living and sleeping apartments
Room determined by tatami or floor coverings 1 x ken
(1.8 x 0.9 m)
Filipino
Route of Magellans Voyage
In 1519
The Philippines
Indians in 4th and 5th century BC

Chinese in 3rd and 4th century AD
Arabs - converted some parts to Islam in 1300 AD
Trade center of the Orient Sulu was frequented by
ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India, Arabia
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
INFLUENCES
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
HISTORY
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-Colonial:
Immigration via land-bridges as early as 250,000 years
ago, and later, sea-vessels
Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters
3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from
Indonesia, with barangays as tribal system
laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and
behavior
elaborate animistic religion
Spanish Rule:
1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed
1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity
Systematically and efficiently Christianized most part of
the country
Introduced European institution and thought
Economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of
the world - via the Spanish Galleon Trade
Brief occupation by the British forces (1762-1764);
attempted seizure by Dutch and Chinese
Spanish colony until 1900's
Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt
by Aguinaldo
Filipino
DESCRIPTION
American Rule:
Islands were sold or ceded to America, as a result of
Spanish war with USA
Continued fighting
Democracy was introduced - allowed a self-government
called the Commonwealth Era
Japanese Invasion:
December 1941
Established a puppet government
Liberation when Gen. McArthur returned in July 1945
Independence in 1946
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
3rd largest English-speaking country in the world

Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia
Mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American
Building Capability:
Even with ties to nearby countries, our ancestors saw no
need for large megalithic structures, etc
Nevertheless showed engineering capability and
prowess with the Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon
Settlements
big villages along key trade centers
near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams for
purposes of travel, communication and sanitation
Filipino Architecture:
shaped by the climate, terrain, vegetation, and fauna
around it
two elements in making a house: 1) tradition or following
the generally accepted form and structural patterns; and 2)
chance or playing it by ear, allowing minor modifications
for the builder and his family
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
RELIGION
Islam
Roman Catholicism
Protestantism, Aglipayan, Iglesia ni Kristo
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY

Archipelago of 7100 islands mountainous and
fragmented
3 main island groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean - strategic position - in the
path of Far East trade
major earthquake and volcanic belt
in the path of typhoons from the Pacific
FILIPINO
CLIMATE
Dry and wet season
Typhoons and tropical storms
Tropical architecture
Light
Open and transparent
Filipino
EXAMPLES
CAVE DWELLINGS
earliest human habitation
Tabon Cave, Palawan had been inhabited for 30,000
years
caves in Angono, Rizal with ancient petroglyphs
TREE HOUSES
perched on forked branches of trees, up to 60 feet above
the ground
prevented attack by animals and human enemies
by the Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon
Manobo and Mandaya of Mindanao
Moros of Lake Lanao
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
LEAN-TOS
winbreaks or windscreens as the first attempt at building
served as shelters during a hunting or food-gathering
journey
made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough to
withstand a strom
Negritos of Zambales
Agtas of Palanan, Isabela
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
usually with steep thatch roof

varies across regional and ethnic lines
Cordillera Region
ISNEG
KANKANAI
BONTOC
IFUGAO
Mindanao & Sulu Region
BADJAO
BAHAY KUBO or NIPA HUT
balai and spanish cubo or cube cube-shaped house,
from its boxy appearance
primitive style of dwelling probably started around 200
BC, with the coming of iron tools
well- adapted to tropical climate
of wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palm leaves, cogon and
nipa
KALINGA
YAKAN
SAMAL
MARANAO
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Elevated one to five feet from the ground - silong

protection from the moist ground and flood
protection from vermin and other animals
enclosed area as sleeping quarters
silong used for storage for tools and crops, an animal
enclosures, or burial ground
Panay Region
Other Regions Ivatan, Mangyan, Subanun, Mandaya
Filipino
SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA-BATO
Evolved from the Bahay Kubo: a tropical house
Steep, hip roof
Post and lintel construction
Elevated living quarters
Economy of materials
Space flowing from one room to next
Light and airy structure
Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influence:
grandeur and solidity
Ornamentation
Vigan Houses, Antillan Houses, Ivatan Houses
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
FIRST FLOOR:
Zaguan, for caroza
Quadra, horse stable
Bodega, storeroom
SECOND FLOOR:
Stairway
Caida, ante-sala from stairs
Sala, living room
Comedor, dining room
Cocina, kitchen
Dispensa, pantry
Letrina or Comun, toilet
Bao, bath
Azotea, open terrace
Aljibe, water cistern
Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitorio
Entresuelo, vault
Balcon, balcony
Patio, courtyard
Filipino
SPANISH CHURCHES
Calasiao, Pangasinan
2nd best bell tower
by Fr. Ramon Dalinao
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte
by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
sinking belltower
Las Pinas Church
by Fr. Diego Cera
Loboc, Bohol
biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings
Manila Cathedral
by Bishop Domingo Salazar
PRE-HISTORIC
Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo

by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
Morong Church, Rizal

exquisite Spanish Baroque style
by Fr. Blas dela Madre
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
Panay Church
largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by
townspeople
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
Quiapo Church
restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa
San Agustin Church
by Fr. Juan Macias
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
San Sebastian
one of first steel buildings
steel from Belgium by Eiffel
Taal Church, Batangas

by Fr. Martin Aguirre
biggest church
Sta. Ana Church, Manila
by Fr. Vicente Ingles
restored by Juan Nakpil
Sto. Domingo Church, QC
by Jose Maria Zaragosa
Sto. Nino, Cebu
by Diego de Herrera
UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST
San Agustin, Intramuros
Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte
Sta. Monica, Ilocos Sur
Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES
SCHOOLS
Escuela Practica Y Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila
1890
taught maestros de obras
Liceo de Manila
MO-P Maestros de Obra-Practica
MO-A Maestros de Obra-Academia
Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura
Closed after one year
Mapua Institute of Architecture (1925)
1st school of Architecture
Adamson University
2nd school of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
UST College of Architecture (1930)

3rd school of architecture
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
ORGANIZATIONS
Philippine Architects Society
Philippine Institute of Architects
League of Philippine Architects
Association of Phil. Government Architects
In 1975, PIA + LPA + APGA = United Architects of the
Philippines
Filipino
EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD
Daniel Burnham - city plan of Manila and Baguio
William Parsons
Juan Arellano
Tomas Mapua - 1st registered architect in country
Alejandro Legardo
Antonio Toledo
Carlos Barredo
Masonic Temple, Escolta
1st concrete building in Escolta
Manila Hotel
1st hotel in Asia, 1st with elevator
Originally by William Parsons, renovated by Locsin in
1975
Philippine Normal School

Phil. Normal University
University of the Philippines
Padre Faura
PRE-HISTORIC
National Museum
1st was the Legislative Building
Philippine General Hospital

by William Parsons
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
Intendencia Building
adjacent to Manila Cathedral
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
Luneta Hotel
2nd hotel in Asia
French Baroque style
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
Army and Navy Club

rest and recreation for American soldiers
UST Main Building

by Roque Rueno
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
De La Salle College
by Tomas Mapua
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Rizal Monument
obelisk
Sta. Isabel College
Post Office Building

by Juan Arellano
Filipino
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
Juan Nakpil - 1st National Artist for Arch.
Pablo Antonio - 2nd National Artist for Arch.
Enrique Bautista
Gonzalo Barreto
Fernando Ocampo
Andres Luna y San Pedro
Leandro Locsin - 3rd National Artist for Arch.
FEU Main Building

by Pablo Antonio
Agriculture & Finance Building

Crystal Arcade, Escolta
Quezon Institute
By Juan Nakpil
Lyric Theater, Escolta
By Juan Nakpil
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
Metropolitan Theater
by Juan Arellano
Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal

by Pablo Antonio
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
Jai Alai Building - demolished in 2001

Art Deco, streamline style
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
Ambassador Hotel
by Fernando Ocampo, 1st skyscraper (4 storeys)
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
College of Engineering and Liberal Arts, UP Diliman

by Cesar Concio
Syquia Apartments, Malate

by Pablo Antonio
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
Natividad Building, Escolta

by Andres Luna y San Pedro
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Regina Building, Escolta

by Andres Luna y San Pedro
The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio
Filipino
The Iglesia Ni Cristo Cathedrals

by Carlos Santos Viola
The Quezon Monument

by Federico Ilustre
The Meralco Building

by Jose Zaragoza
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
Philippine Heart Center

by Jorge Ramos
The Central Bank of the Philippines

by Gabriel Formoso
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Quiapo Mosque

by Jorge Ramos
Asian Institute of Management

by Gabriel Formoso
Filipino
by Leandro Locsin:
The New Istana, Brunei

SM Megamall
by Antonio Sindiong
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
The Cultural Center of the Philippines
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Robinsons Galleria
by William Coscolluela
The Philippine Stock Exchange
QUIZ:
Types of Vaults
1.
2.
3.
4.
Famous Building Groups

1.
2.
3.
4.
5 Orders of Architecture
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Campanile vs Belfry
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting

1.
2.
3.
Gateways
1. Egyptian
2. Greek
3. Indian
4. Chinese
5. Japanese
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat
1.
2.
3.
Hellenic vs Hellenistic
Biggest Churches
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
1.
Types of Domes
1.
2.
3.
Periods of Renaissance
1.
2.
3.
4.
12 Architects of St. Peters
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Architects of Stuart Period, Britain
1st Phase 2nd Phase -
2.
Types of Crosses
1.
2.
Types of roofs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
5 Points of New Architecture
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Art Noveau Styles

1. France
2. Germany
3. Austria
4. Italy
5. Spain -
QUIZ:
Types of Vaults
1. Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault
2. Wagon with Intersecting Vault
3. Cross Vault
4. Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola
Famous Building Groups

1. Pyramids at Giza
2. The Acropolis, Athens
3. Pisa Cathedral
4. St. Peters, Rome
5 Orders of Architecture
1. Doric
2. Ionic
3. Corinthian
4. Tuscan
5. Composite
Campanile vs Belfry
Belfry - attached to church
Campanile - detached from church
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting

1. Clerestory
2. Skylight
3. Temple door
Gateways
1. Egyptian - Pylon
2. Greek - Propylaeum
3. Indian - Torana
4. Chinese - Pai-lou
5. Japanese Torii
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat
1. Pyramids have sloping faces;
ziggurats have diminishing faces
2. Pyramids used stone as building
material, ziggurats used mud-bricks
3. Pyramids have sides facing the
cardinal points, ziggurats have
corners facing the cardinal points
Hellenic vs Hellenistic
Hellenic - religious architecture
Hellenistic - civic architecture
Types of Domes
1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Melon, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous
shape
Periods of Renaissance
1. Early Renaissance
2. High Renaissance
3. Baroque
4. Rococo
12 Architects of St. Peters
1. Donato Bramante
2. Giuliano da Sangallo
3. Fra Giocondo
4. Raphael
5. Baldassare Peruzzi
6. Antonio da Sangallo
7. Michelangelo
8. Giacomo della Porta
9. Domenico Fontana
10. Vignola
11. Carlo Maderna
12. Bernini
Architects of Stuart Period, Britain
1st Phase - Inigo Jones
2nd Phase - Christopher Wren
Biggest Churches
1. St. Peters, Rome
2. Seville Cathedral
3. Milan Cathedral
4. Cologne Cathedral
5. St. Pauls, London
Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
1. Chinese - octagonal plan, Japanese
- square
2. Chinese - 9 or 13 storeys,
Japanese - 5 storeys
Types of Crosses
1. Latin cross
2. Greek cross
Types of roofs
1. Gable
2. Hip
3. Hipped gable
4. Mansart
5. Gambrel
6. Butterfly
7. Rainbow
5 Points of New Architecture
1. Framework structurally independent
of walls
2. Free-standing faade
3. Roof garden
4. Open planning
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or
columns
Art Noveau Styles
1. France Le Modern Style
2. Germany Jugendstil
3. Austria Sezessione
4. Italy Stile Liberty
5. Spain - Modernismo

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history of architecture

What are the board exams like?

1. Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture

1. Memorization is necessary you must remember many

2. Fletcher, Bannister, A History of Architecture 20th Ed.

2. Wide in Scope from pre-historic to modern styles

3. Mercado, Jose L., The Architectural Reviewer Volume

4. History amounts to only around 10% of your total score

6. The World Atlas of Architecture

To try not to memorize but to understand

History is not a list of facts it is a story that can be retold

Historic Styles of Architecture

Chinese & Japanese

Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering

People wanted to settle down, live in communities

Some people needed not farm, so they spent time on

The success of the human race was largely due to the

Stonehenge, England (2800 1500 BC)

Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from Wales

Genuine architecture - it defines exterior space

TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE

Natural or Artificial Caves

Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed

Iraqi mudhif - covered with split reed mats, built on a reed

Each city-state surrounded by a wall and dominated by a

Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece

GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY

Palace Platform at Persepolis

Two kingdoms, Lower and Upper Egypt, combined by

After death, a persons soul went on to enjoy eternal life in

Dead body had to be preserved to house the spirit

ROOF & OPENINGS

Other materials, metals and timber were imported

Common capitals used were the lotus, papyrus, palm

The shaft represented bundle of stems

Avenue of sphinxes: rows of monsters (body of lion, head

Immense use of labor and materials, built in layers, like

Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

Bent Pyramid at Seneferu

Tombs at Beni Hasan

Tombs of the Kings, Thebes

Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak, Thebes

Great Temple of Abu-Simbel

Temple of Ammon, Luxor

Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri

Temple of Isis, Philae

Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni

Mycenaean or Helladic (1550 to 1100 BC)

Hellenic Period (800 to 323 BC)

Aegean Period (Minoan)

Among best soldiers in the ancient world Hoplite Army

Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat

METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING

Temple of Nike Apteros, Athens

Temple of Hera, Paestum

Temple of Artemis Ephesus

The Parthenon, Acropolis

The Erectheion, Acropolis