Grammar Theory 1st Bach
Grammar Theory 1st Bach
Grammar Theory 1st Bach
work.
works.
work.
He/she/it
You/we/they
N: I
USE
1-to talk about general
truth and permanent
actions(facts):
He/she/it
work_.
You/we/they do not (dont) work.
Q: Do
Does
Do
I
work?
he/she/it
work_?
you/we/they work?
TIME
PHRASES
always, every
day/month/ye
ar never,
often,
normally,
seldom,
sometimes,
usually, twice
a week/day,
all the time
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
FORMS
USE
1-to talk about actions that
are happening now, at the
moment of speaking:
to be (am/is/are) + verb +
A: I-ing
am (Im)
working.
He/she/is
working.
You/we/they
working.
is (hes)
are (were)
N: I
working?
Is
working?
Are
working?
coming.
2- to talk about actions that
are happening around now,
but not exactly at the
moment of speaking:
We are studying very hard
these days. We have to prepare
for our exams.
3-to speak about what you
have already arranged to
do:
-What are
you doing on Saturday?
-I
am meeting my friend at the
station.
She
is arriving at 8 pm.
TIME
PHRASES
now,
at the
moment,
at present;
Look!, Listen!
these days,
this morning,
today
he/she/we
you/we/they
PAST SIMPLE
FORMS
USE
TIME
PHRASES
worked /went.
worked/went.
worked/went .
did not (didnt)
did not (didnt)
did not (didnt)
Q: Did I
Did he/she/it
Did you/we/they
work_/go?
work_/go?
work_/go?
yesterday,
2minutes/hou
rs/days/years
ago,
in 1970,
the other day,
last
month/year/
week/ Sunday
PAST CONTINUOUS
FORMS
USE
was
was
were
working.
working.
working.
N: I
was not (wasnt)
working.
He/she/it
was not (wasnt)
working.
You/we/they were not (werent)
working.
Q: Was
Was
Were
working?
I
he/she/it
you/we/they
working?
working?
TIME
PHRASES
at 6 oclock
yesterday,
from 3 to 6
On Monday,
when Mum
came, while
FUTURE SIMPLE
FORMS
USE
TIME
PHRASES
A: I/we
He/she/it
You/they
shall*/ will
will
will
work.
work.
work.
N: I/we
work
work.
He/she/it
You/they
Q: Shall/will
Will
Will
work?
work?
work?
*NOTE!!!
Shall is used mostly in the
questions shall I?/shall
we?
In
spoken English we normally use
Ill and well.
tomorrow,
the day after
tomorrow,
one of these
days,
next
week/month/
year etc.,
soon,
in the near
future,
some day,
in two
days/five
minutes/a
month etc.
USE
TIME
PHRASES
have/has +participle
II
- regular verbs +ed
worked, asked
A: I/we/you/they have
He/she/it
has
worked/gone.
worked/gone.
I/we/you/they
he/she/it
It is always connected
with the present and the
only thing which matters
here is the result: the
time when the action
took place is of no
importance:
I have lost my keys. I cant
open the door.
1-to
talk
about
a
completed
action
connected
with
the
present:
I have seen this film and I
can discuss it with you now.
2-questions
in
the
Present Perfect never
start
with
when:
When did you see this film?
3-with
this
morning/evening, today
this week, this year
(when the time periods
are not finished at the
time of speaking):
Have you called you
mother today?
already,
ever,
just,
never,
not
yet, so far,
till now, up
to now , of
late, lately,
recently;
with for and
since;
with
This is the
first time
this
morning/
evening,
today,
this
week,
this
year
worked/gone.
worked/gone.
I/you/we/they
he/she/it
worked/gone?
worked/gone?
USE
1-denotes an action
completed before a certain
moment in the past; it is not
used to denote a succession of
actions (Past Simple):
She had already finished her
work when he came.
But: When I wrote the letter, I
posted it.(Past Simple
succession of actions)
By the time the police arrived ,he
had already disappeared.
2-with the
conjunctions(hardly/scarcely/
nearly/barely + when)
I had hardly done it when they
came.
No sooner had they arrived
than it started to rain.
TIME
PHRASES
when I
entered,
by 5
oclock
yesterday,
(with the
same
adverbs as
Present
Perfect but
in the past
context);
no
sooner
than
USE
1-denotes an action completed
before a definite moment in the
future:
She will have finished this work by 2
oclock tomorrow.
The film will have already started by
the time we come .Hurry up!
shall/will + have
+participle II
A: I/we
shall*/will have
worked/gone.
He/she/it will
have
worked/gone.
You/they will
have
worked/gone.
N: I/we
shall not (shant) * have
worked/gone.
will not (wont)
He/she/it will not (wont)
You/they will not (wont)
worked/gone.
Q: Shall/will
I/we
worked/gone?
Will
he/she/it
worked/gone?
Will
you/they
worked/gone?
TIME
PHRASES
have
*NOTE!!!
Shall is used mostly in the questions
shall I?/shall we?
In spoken English we normally use
Ill and well.
by this
time
tomorrow,
by 2
oclock
tomorrow,
when you
come back
have
have
have
USE
TIME
PHRASES
have been
will
have been
(wont)
for
I/we
have
been
he/she/it
have
been
you/they
have
been
*NOTE!!!
Shall is used mostly in the questions
shall I?/shall we?
In spoken English we normally use
Ill and well.
They are used to indicate modality and give additional information about the
function of the main verb that always follows it.
Permission
Ability
Obligation
Prohibition
5.
6.
7.
8.
Lack of necessity
Advice
Possibility
Probability
10.
LIST OF MODALS
12.Modal
Verb
13.Meaning
14.Expressing
15.Example
16.must
17.internal
oligation
20.100 % internal
obligation
18.
21.
19.to be very
probable
22.logical
conclusion
(deduction)
26.not to be
allowed to
27.prohibition
25.must
not
29.
33.ability
34.permission
35.possibility
45.ability in the
past
46.
47.more polite
permission
48.
49.possibility
30.to be able
to
31.to be
allowed to
32.it is
possible
40.to be able
to
41.
42.to be
allowed to
43.
44.it is
possible
54.to be
allowed to
55.it is
possible,
probable
61.it is Hosible,
probable
66.necessary
67.necessity
71.not
necessary
72.lack of
necessity/absen
ce of obligation
75.used to say
or ask what
is the
correct or
best thing
to do.
76.To suggest
an action or
to show
that it is
necessary
77.to be very
probable
78.50 % obligation
79.
80.
81.Advice
82.
83.logical
conclusion
(deduction)
84.
85.
C
an
39.
c
ould
53.
M
ay
60.
ight
64.
56.permission
57.possibility,
probability
62.weak
possibility,
probability
ave
to
65.
n
eed
to
69.
D
ont
have
to
70.
n
eed
not
74.
S
hould
/ough
t to
92.
h
ad
bette
r
93.to suggest
an action or
to show
that it is
necessary
94.advice
96.
98.
99.
97.
MODAL PERFECT
114.
GERUND
115.
A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a
noun that names an activity rather than a person or thing. Any action verb can be
made into a gerund.
9
116.
Spelling Tip
117.
Add ing
to most
verbs.
118.
119.
Ex.
play >
playing
120.
cry
> crying
121.
bark >
barking
123.
For
verbs that
end in e,
remove the
e and add
ing.
124.
Ex:
slide >
sliding
125.
ride > riding
127.
For
verbs that
end in ie,
change the
ie to y and
add ing.
128.
Ex: die
> dying
129.
tie
> tying
130.
126.
122.
135.
131.
For a verb
whose last
syllable is written
with a consonantvowel-consonant,
double the last
letter before
adding ing.
132.
Ex: beg >
begging
133.
begin >
beginning.
134.
However:
enter > entering
(last syllable is
not stressed)
Examples
136.
Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject:
Jogging is a hobby.
137.
ago.
Gerunds can act as an object following the verb: Daniel quit smoking a year
138.
Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition: I look forward
to helping you paint the house.
139.
Note: The same spelling rules that apply to the progressive tenses
also apply to gerunds.
140.
141.
142.
INFINITIVE
143.
An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence.
It is formed with to + base form of the verb. Ex: to buy, to work.
144.
EXAMPLES
145.
146.
10
147.
A subject at the beginning of a sentence: To travel around the world
requires a lot of time and money.
148.
149.
151.
152.
GERUND OR INFINITIVE
155.
156.
Some verbs are directly followed by a noun or pronoun and then by an
infinitive:
157.
158.
159.
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund without causing a
change in meaning:
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund with a change in
meaning:
165.
He stopped drinking coffee. (He never drank coffee again.)
166.
He stopped to drink coffee. (He stopped what he was doing and drank
some coffee.)
167.
He remembered sending the fax. (He remembered the act of send the fax)
168.
He remembered to send the fax. (He remembered the fax and sent it.)
169.
Ill never forget meeting that singer. (impossible to forget something
happened in the past)
170.
She always forget to bring the books. (forget to do something that should
have been done)
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
11
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
194.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
195.
196.
Form
197. Type
if clause
198.
1st (condition possible to fulfill)
Simple Present
Modal + infinitive)
199.
2nd (condition improbable to fulfill) Past simple
200.
3rd (condition impossible to fulfil)
Past Perfect
past participle *
main clause
will-future (or
would + infinitive *
would + have +
201.
202.
Examples: 1st : If you buy the cake, I will bring the sandwiches.
203.
204.
visited it today.
205.
206.
207. If I study, I will pass the exam. / I will pass the exam if I study.
208. If I were there by six oclock, I would drive you to the airport.
209. I would drive you to the airport if I were there by six.
210.
12
211.
* We can substitute would for could or might (should, may or must are
sometimes possible, too).
212.
213. So far you have only learned the basic rules for Conditional Sentences. Depending
on the context other tenses different to the ones mentioned above can be used.
214.
215.
216.
C
onditio
n
refers
to:
219.
f
uture
action
234.
ction
going
on now
217.
220.
Si
mple
Present
Pr
esent
Progres
sive
IF Clause
221.
If the
book is
interesting,
235.
236.
If he is
snoring,
218.
222.
Future I
223.
I
will buy it.
227.
Imperat
ive
228.
buy it.
232.
Modal
Auxil
iary
233.
you can
buy it.
237.
Future I
238.
I
will wake
him up.
242.
Imperat
ive
243.
wake him
up.
247.
Modal
Auxil
iary
248.
you can
wake him
up.
252.
Future I
249.
fi
nished
action
264.
i
mproba
250.
Pr
esent
Perfect
265.
s
hould +
251.
If he has
moved into his
new flat,
266.
If she
should win this
Main Clause
257.
Imperat
ive
262.
Modal
Auxil
iary
267.
Future I
253.
we
will visit
him.
258.
visit him.
263.
we
can visit
him.
268.
will
congratulat
13
216.
C
onditio
n
refers
to:
217.
IF Clause
218.
Main Clause
e her.
ble
action
279.
p
resent
facts
Infinitiv
e
280.
Si
mple
Present
272.
Imperat
ive
race,
281.
277.
Modal
Auxil
iary
If he gets
what he
wants,
282.
Simple
Pres
ent
273.
congratulat
e her.
278.
we
can
congratulat
e her.
283.
he
is very
nice.
284.
285.
286.
287.
288.
Con
dition
refers to:
289.
291.
prese
nt / future
event
292.
Simpl
e
Pa
st
296.
cons
equence in
the past
297.
Simpl
e
Pa
st
IF Clause
293.
If I
had a lot of
money,
298.
If I
knew
him,
290.
Main Clause
294.
Conditi
onal
I
295.
I would
travel around the
world.
299.
Conditi
onal
II
300.
I would
have said hello.
301.
302.
303.
Co
ndition
refers
to:
306.
pre
sent
304.
307.
Past
IF Clause
308.
If I had
known it,
305.
309.
Conditi
Main Clause
310.
I
would not be
14
303.
Co
ndition
refers
to:
304.
IF Clause
305.
Pe
rfe
ct
311.
pa
st
312.
Past
Pe
rfe
ct
onal
I
313.
If he had
learned for the
test,
314.
Conditi
onal
II
Main Clause
here now.
315.
he
would not
have failed it.
316.
317.
318.
Inversion in conditions is possible, in this case, they are more formal than
the usual constructions.
319.
In the first conditional, inversion can be applied using should:
320. If you feel hungry,.
321. If you should feel hungry,. (should form of the condition clause)
322. Should you feel hungry, you can eat what you want.(inverted form)
323.
In the second conditional, inversion is possible in the case where the verb
is were:
324. If she were here, everything would be easier. (usual condition clause)
325. Were she here, everything would be easier. (inverted form)
326.
In the third conditional, the condition clause formed with the
auxiliary had can be inverted:
327. If he had listened the message,. (usual condition clause)
328. Had he listened the message, he would have arrived on time. (inverted
form)
329.
the
(that)
moment
until
before
when
by the time
as soon as
15
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
CONTINUOUS
TENSES
Present
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Past
Future
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
MODAL
Can
Could
ACTIVE
The boy can open the box.
The boy could open the box.
Might
May
Have to
Must
Should
Ought to
MODAL
PERFECT
Can
Could
Might
May
Must
Should
Ought to
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
IMPERSONAL PASSIVE
Intransitive verbs (verbs without an object) cannot usually form a passive sentence as there
is no object to be the subject, so if we want to do a passive construction, we need an
impersonal structure. This kind of sentence doesnt exist in other languages (Spanish,
German, etc)
STRUCTURE: There are two structures to make this kind of passive:
1. It + to be + past participle of the intransitive verb + by + agent + that +
subordinate clause.
2. Subject of the subordinate clause + to be + past participle of the intransitive
verb + to + infinitive clause+ by + the teacher
SOME INTRANSITIVE
VERBS
SAY
BELIEVE
THINK
CONSIDER
EXPECT
KNOW
HOPE
REPORTED STATEMENTS
Direct Speech
Is anyone her?, he asked.
Can I help you?, she asked.
Did you buy this book?
Reported Speech
He asked if anyone was there.
She asked whether she could help me.
She enquired if I had bought that book.
Reported Speech
SUGGESTIONS
We can use the following reporting verbs: suggest, recommend, advise or invite, depending
on the speakers intentions. The structures used are:
A clause formed by that + subject + verb in the base form:
Lets watch the new film Mathew suggested
Mathew suggested that we watch the new film.
A gerund with no specified subject:
Buy the food in the new shop around the corner Molly recommended
Molly recommended buying the food in the new shop around the corner.
REPORTING VERBS
Statements: admit, announce, answer, apologize, boast, claim, complain, declare,
explain, inform, insist, mention, offer, remind, reply, state.
Questions: enquire, request, want to know, wonder.
Orders: demand, order, shout, warn.
Request: beg, ask
Suggestions: admire, invite, suggest, recommend
We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting
another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more
fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words.
sentence, in the second part replace it with the relative pronoun (for people, use the
relative pronoun who). So the final sentence is:
Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
relative
use
pronoun
example
who
I
told
you
about
the
woman who lives next door.
which
subject or object pronoun for animals and Do you see the cat which is
things
lying on the roof?
which
He
couldnt
read which surprised me.
whose
Do
you
know
the
boy whose mother is a nurse?
whom
that
the
the
If the relative pronoun is followed by a noun or pronoun, the relative pronoun is an object
pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses, which are then
called Contact Clauses.
The apple (which) George lay on the table
RELATIVE ADVERBS
A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often
makes the sentence easier to understand.
This is the shop in which I bought my bike. This is the shop where I bought my
bike.
relative
adverb
meaning
when
where
in/at which
refers to a place
why
for which
refers to a reason
use
example
met