LSD Fact Sheet

January 2017

What is LSD?

What is the cultural history of LSD?

Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly referred to as

LSD, or acid, is considered the best known and most
researched psychedelic drug.i LSD is active at
exceptionally small doses (around 20 micrograms) and
is taken orally, sometimes as droplets or more
commonly on blotter paper and absorbed on the
tongue and then swallowed.

In the 1960s, non-medical use of LSD was popularized

by poets and musicians, like Allen Ginsberg and The
Beatles, and outspoken advocates like Harvard
professors Tim Leary and Ram Dass (then Richard
Alpert).viii The epicenter of the culture around LSD use,
San Francisco, was the home of what became known
as the Summer of Love in 1967. In the popular press
and among politicians, LSD became associated with
this youth-led social movement steeped in antiwar
demonstrations, sexual experimentation, and cultural
upheaval, which largely ignored some of the potential
downfalls of widespread use in uncontrolled settings.ix

LSD was discovered in 1938 by Albert Hofmann, a

Swiss chemist working at Sandoz Laboratories, who
later became the first person to experience the drugs
psychoactive effects after he accidentally ingested a
small amount in 1943. The effects Hofmann reported
included, restlessness, dizziness, a dreamlike state
and an extremely stimulated imagination.ii
Sandoz sent samples of LSD to psychiatrists,
scientists, and mental health professionals around the
world for more research. For the next two decades,
thousands of experiments with LSD led to a better
understanding of how LSD affected consciousness by
interacting with the brains serotonin neurotransmitter
system.iii
Scientists considered psychedelics to be promising
treatments as an aid to therapy for a broad range of
psychiatric diagnoses, including alcoholism,
schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, and
depression.iv Thousands of people were also
introduced to psychedelics as part of various religious
or spiritual practices, for mental and emotional
exploration, or to enhance wellness and creativity.
Recent results from epidemiological studies have
shown lower rates of mental health disorders and
suicide among people who have used psychedelics
like LSD.v,vi,vii

LSDs widespread popularity at the time meant that it

was often used in chaotic settings and sometimes by
people who did not know what they were taking or who
were otherwise unprepared for the experience.x Media
began reporting on strange behavior and negative
outcomes associated with LSD use. In 1968 President
Nixon declared drugs to be public enemy number
one and in 1970 signed the Controlled Substances
Act, placing LSD in Schedule I. Nixons domestic
policy chief admitted decades later that their
declaration of a war on drugs was a tool to vilify the
anti-war left, Black people, and other minorities: Did
we know we were lying about the drugs? Of course we
did.xi

Scientists consider psychedelics to be promising

treatments as an aid to therapy for a broad range
of psychiatric diagnoses.

LSD is currently in Schedule I of the Controlled

Substances Act, the most heavily criminalized category
for drugs. Schedule I drugs are considered to have a
high potential for abuse and no currently accepted
medical use though when it comes to LSD there is
significant evidence to the contrary on both counts.

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Page 1

What are the short term effects of LSD?

The effects of psychedelic drugs like LSD are difficult
to categorize they affect different people, at different
places, and at different times, with incredible
variability.xii xiii
However, LSD and other psychedelics are known for
their profound changes in consciousness and
perception. LSDs effects last around 8-10 hours, with
peak effects occurring 4-6 hours after ingestion. These
effects include sensory enhancement, sense of time
changing (minutes can feel like hours), real or
imagined objects appear to be moving (flowing
patterns and shapes) both with eyes open or closed,
unusual thoughts and speech, personal insight and
reflection, and excited mood.i
Individual reactions to these perceptual changes are
very much based on set and setting.xii Set (or
mindset) refers to the psychological state and the
beliefs of the person taking the drug. Setting is the
external circumstances theyre in the people around
them and their environmental surroundings.
Because set and setting vary so widely from person to
person, and even from experience to experience, each
LSD experience can produce vastly different outcomes
from frightening to deeply meaningful and positive
life-changing experiences (though some parts may still
be overwhelming or psychologically jarring).
Can LSD and other psychedelics be used as
medicine or therapy?
Yes. Fully legal research programs in the mid-20th
century that involved tens of thousands of patients
found that carefully monitored and controlled use of
LSD may be beneficial for many psychiatric disorders,
personal and spiritual development, and creative
enhancement for healthy people.xiv However, after LSD
was banned in 1970, clinical research to evaluate its
medical safety and efficacy was effectively halted until
the late 90s and early 2000s.xv
Today, there are more than a dozen studies taking
place to evaluate the medical safety and efficacy of
psychedelics, including LSD.xvi Although much of the
early LSD research did not stand up to todays
standards, as they often lacked a placebo control
group or double-blinding procedures (in which neither
the subject of the research nor the investigators knew
whether the subject received LSD or placebo).
Nevertheless, their promising findings have been
revisited and spurred a resurgence of new, more
rigorous research on the potential benefits of
psychedelics as a treatment for cluster headache,xvii
anxiety,xviii,xix,xx alcoholism and addiction,xxi and
depression, xxii,xxiii as well as neuroimaging experiments
furthering the understanding of its effects on the
brain.xxiv

In a small pilot study in humans, LSD has once again

been shown to be a promising medicine for cancerrelated anxiety. The lead psychiatrist on that study in
Switzerland has tightly regulated approval from the
national ministry of health to treat patients in his
private practice with LSD, for use in any indication,
with his discretion and monitoring.xxv
Because of the expensive and labyrinthian approval
process for research with Schedule I drugs, as well as
the political influence of the war on drugs, research
evaluating LSDs beneficial uses does not receive
funding from academic or government institutions, and
instead relies on nonprofit organizations like the
Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies,
the Beckley Foundation, and the Heffter Research
Institute.xv
Can taking LSD in low doses or microdosing be
used to enhance creativity?
Anecdotal evidence points toward yes.xxvi,xxvii A series
of experiments between 1954 and 1962 involved
nearly 1,000 participants in monitored settings to
gauge any effects from LSD, including artists,
academics, and many others.xxviii Some of the results
from those experiments, along with a pilot study in
1966 that tested whether low dose LSD (around 50
micrograms) could aid problem solving, showed trends
of possible enhanced functioning in subjects.xxix
More recently, a team of neuroscientists in London
have been studying LSDs effects on the brain using
cutting edge imaging technology. Their preliminary
findings are showing support for LSDs use in
enhancing creativity and problem solving abilities,xxiv,xxx
as well as making progress toward understanding the
biological mechanisms behind these effects.xxxi,xxxii
Microdosing is a practice that has gained much
interest recently that involves regularly taking doses of
LSD too small to cause noticeable changes in
consciousness (around 5-10 micrograms) to enhance
creativity and problem solving.
Much of the recent attention to LSD microdosing is
owed to James Fadiman, a psychologist who was part
of the LSD problem-solving experiment in the
1960s.xxxiii In 2015, Rolling Stone magazine published
an article featuring Fadiman and an enthusiastic
advocate from San Franciscos tech industry on the
regular use of LSD to increase productivity.xxxiv The
story became part of a widely covered series of reports
in local TV news networks around Silicon Valley, as
well as business and technology magazines like
Forbes and Wired,xxxv,xxxvi and most recently even
fashion magazines Marie Claire and Esquire.xxxvii,xxxviii
Fadiman is conducting an informal study largely based
on anecdotal reports to make the case for a controlled
clinical trial.

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Page 2

How many people use LSD?

LSD is considered one of the most well-known
psychedelics among people who use drugs nonmedically, but according to the Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA),
which conducts the largest annual national survey on
drug use, its use is not at all common. The percentage
of psychedelic use is so low that several drugs are
grouped under the category of hallucinogens, which
includes LSD, PCP, peyote, mescaline, psilocybin
mushrooms, and Ecstasy or Molly (MDMA).xxxix In
each year between 2002 and 2014, an annual average
of 0.1% of people across all ages were considered to
be current psychedelic users (meaning they reported
use within 30 days of completing the survey). In 2014,
0.3% of the 16,875 adolescent respondents (12 to 17
year-olds) in the US were considered to be current
users of LSD, 0.3% of the 11,643 young adult
respondents (18 to 25), and 0.1% of 33,750 adult
respondents aged 26 or older.xl
However, when considering data from people reporting
lifetime use of psychedelics, rates were similar across
most age ranges, meaning just as many young adults
in the 21st century have used psychedelics as older
adults who lived through the 1960s and 70s.xli
What are the long term health impacts of LSD?
The risks associated with psychedelic drugs are mostly
psychological, not physical. Physically, LSD is
considered to be one of the least toxic drugs.xlii
Although lethal doses have been determined from
experiments in several animal models,xliii there has
never been a recorded case of death exclusively
attributed to LSD in humans.i
Physical effects are minor but can be varied from
person to person. The most consistent reactions, such
as dilated pupils, elevated blood pressure, and
increased heart rate, are usually mild, and considered
side effects of emotional intensification. However,
these, along with other reported symptoms like
nausea, increased perspiration, numbing and tremors,
can sometimes make psychological symptoms like
anxiety, panic attacks, paranoia, and mood swings
seem worse. Long-term physical effects directly
attributed to the pharmacology of LSD are rare, and
research suggests they may also be due to latent
psychological disorders.xliv
Comprehensive reviews of the thousands of sessions
using LSD and other psychedelics in legal clinical
research settings during the 1950s and 60s have
consistently found extremely low incidences of acute
and chronic problems among individuals lacking preexisting severe psychopathology.xlv A recent review of
the clinical literature also suggested that chronic
problematic effects, when they do occur, are most
often linked to psychological instability present prior to
use.i

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD),

sometimes mistakenly referred to as flashbacks, is a
condition unique to psychedelics, involving perceptual
changes lasting weeks or months following the use of
a drug like LSD. Though exact prevalence is unknown,
HPPD is considered relatively rare (1 in 20 people),
with no physical changes or neurological damage
associated as the cause.xlvi
How risky is LSD compared to other drugs?
LSD is considered to be one of the least toxic drugs
used non-medically.xiv Recent results from
epidemiological studies have shown lower rates of
mental health disorders and suicide among people
who have used psychedelics like LSD.v,vi,vii
However, there have been cases of adverse
psychological reactions to LSD leading to both
successful and unsuccessful suicide attempts.xlvii
Beginning in the 1960s and continuing today,
sensationalized media coverage of LSD-related deaths
inaccurately portray adverse reactions as increasing
suicidal behavior or accidental death due to loss of
control.xlviii Many of the stories reported misattributed
the role of LSD in the situation, or in some cases didnt
involve LSD at all.
The risks from LSD are dependent on set and setting
and differ from other types of drugs, including alcohol,
benzodiazepines, and opiates, which produce
relatively predictable physical and psychological
effects.xii The consequences of negative or challenging
experiences can be minimized by education and
awareness of LSDs effects, with particular attention
paid to issues around set and setting prior to the
experience.
Is LSD addictive?
LSD is not considered to be addictive nor does it
cause compulsive use.xlix One reason is that the
intense, long-lasting experience, which can be
physically and mentally challenging, may cause people
using LSD non-medically to limit their frequency of
use.i Another reason is that the human body quickly
builds tolerance to LSD, such that users require much
higher doses after only a few days of repeated use,
making it extremely difficult to have any effect after
more than four days of repeated usage. And because
of the similar brain receptors involved in their effects,
cross-tolerance occurs with psilocybin and LSD, which
means that if someone takes psilocybin mushrooms
one day, the effects of taking LSD the next day will be
diminished.xiv

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Page 3

Whats a harm reduction approach to the use of

LSD?
The importance of educating people on the effects of
LSD cannot be overstated, especially information on
dosing and resources for handling difficult
experiences.
LSD is active at very low doses (around 20
micrograms) and can have very different effects at
what are only small differences in amounts and from
person to person. Appropriate dosing is important.
Individual squares of LSD on blotter paper (called
tabs) usually contain roughly between 30-100
micrograms, and a common dosage range is between
50-150 micrograms.l
LSDs effects often do not become noticeable for as
long as an hour after taking it, with a gradual
intensification over the first 1-2 hours. To avoid what
may be an overly intense experience from a high dose,
the start low, go slow method is best for anyone
using LSD especially for people inexperienced with
LSD or other psychedelics.

one of the goals of DPAs #SaferPartying campaign. In

the U.S., organizations like DanceSafe and Bunk
Police sell drug checking kits online and at music
festivals and concerts when permitted, which allow
people to test for possible adulterants.

If someone makes the decision to use LSD, it is

important for that person to be prepared to deal
with unusual and perhaps even challenging
thoughts, images, and feelings in an open and
thoughtful manner.

To reduce accidental deaths related to drug use,

improve public health outcomes, care for vulnerable
populations, and protect young people, it is important
to prioritize education about potential risks,
precautionary measures, and reducing harm instead of
zero-tolerance policies and criminalization.

LSD, like other psychedelics, often evokes conscious

awareness of subconscious thoughts and feelings,
such as repressed memories, feelings about life
circumstances, fantasies, or deep fears. Thus, if
someone makes the decision to use LSD, it is
important for that person to be prepared to deal with
unusual and perhaps even challenging thoughts,
images, and feelings in an open and thoughtful
manner. It is also best to use LSD with someone who
is not under the influence of the substance (a guide)
who can prevent them from engaging in dangerous
activities.
Predicting what kind of experience a person will have
after taking LSD cant be guarnateed, so experts
recommend that people with a personal or family
history of mental illness should be aware of their
vulnerability to potential latent psychological issues
emerging or being triggered.li The Multidisciplinary
Association for Psychedelic Studies produced a short
educational short video, How to Work With Difficult
Psychedelic Experiences, and sponsors the Zendo
Project, which provides support at several live music
events and festivals for attendees experiencing
psychological distress potentially related to drug use,
as well as trainings promoting education around
psychedelic harm reduction.
Risk of fatal overdose is nonexistent with LSD, but
risky behaviors sometimes occur. Due to the lack of
quality control regulations under prohibition, doses are
often misrepresented and instead contain other drugs
that do come with more physical risks, including fatal
overdose. First and foremost, people who choose to
use drugs should know what theyre taking. Expanding
access to drug checking will allow for that, which is

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Page 4

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