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    Welcome Back To 8.033!: Image Courtesy of Wikipedia

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    The document discusses astrophysical evidence for black holes including supermassive black holes located at the center of galaxies detected through observations of quasars, stellar motions, and orbiting gas disks. It also describes evidence for stellar mass black holes from stars orbiting invisible massive companions and limits on the size and existence of a surface based on variability in x-ray emissions. The lecture topics covered orbital equations, circular orbits, Mercury's orbit precession, radial orbits near black hole event horizons, and applications to GPS systems.

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    Welcome Back To 8.033!: Image Courtesy of Wikipedia

    Uploaded by

    SamimAkhtar
    42 views26 pages
    The document discusses astrophysical evidence for black holes including supermassive black holes located at the center of galaxies detected through observations of quasars, stellar motions, and orbiting gas disks. It also describes evidence for stellar mass black holes from stars orbiting invisible massive companions and limits on the size and existence of a surface based on variability in x-ray emissions. The lecture topics covered orbital equations, circular orbits, Mercury's orbit precession, radial orbits near black hole event horizons, and applications to GPS systems.

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    relativity

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    lecture23_bh3

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    The document discusses astrophysical evidence for black holes including supermassive black holes located at the center of galaxies detected through observations of quasars, stellar motions, and orbiting gas disks. It also describes evidence for stellar mass black holes from stars orbiting invisible massive companions and limits on the size and existence of a surface based on variability in x-ray emissions. The lecture topics covered orbital equations, circular orbits, Mercury's orbit precession, radial orbits near black hole event horizons, and applications to GPS systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    42 views26 pages

    Welcome Back To 8.033!: Image Courtesy of Wikipedia

    Uploaded by

    SamimAkhtar
    The document discusses astrophysical evidence for black holes including supermassive black holes located at the center of galaxies detected through observations of quasars, stellar motions, and orbiting gas disks. It also describes evidence for stellar mass black holes from stars orbiting invisible massive companions and limits on the size and existence of a surface based on variability in x-ray emissions. The lecture topics covered orbital equations, circular orbits, Mercury's orbit precession, radial orbits near black hole event horizons, and applications to GPS systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 26

    Welcome

    back
    to 8.033!

    Image courtesy of Wikipedia.

    Astrophysical evidence for black holes:


    1) Supermassive BHs in centers of most (all?) galaxies:
    - existence of quasars, huge jets
    - stellar motions => 106 - 109 solar masses
    - orbiting gas disks => size less than 0.4 lightyears (cant be stars)
    - devoured star incident => size less than 0.4 A.U.
    - X-ray spectra reveal disk extending in to 6-20M!

    Image courtesy of NASA.

    Astrophysical evidence for black holes:


    2) Stellar mass BHs:
    - Stars orbiting massive invisible companion
    - Maximum neutron star mass is 3 solar masses
    - Best example: V404 Cygni
    partner mass = 122 solar masses.
    - Older example: Cygnus X1
    - X-ray variability puts upper limit on size
    - Appears that no surface

    MIT Course 8.033, Fall 2006, Lecture 23


    Max Tegmark

    TODAYS TOPICS:
    Applications of the orbital equations:
    Circular orbits
    Near-circular orbits: Mercury perihelion precession
    Radial orbits
    What really happens near the event horizon

    Java orbit
    simulator

    CIRCULAR
    ORBITS

    Interesting circular orbits:


    Photon orbit
    Tourist orbit
    Last stable orbit
    Classical limit

    GENERAL
    ORBITS

    Perihelion advance: 43 arcseconds/century

    Mercury

    Sun

    Image courtesy of Wikipedia.

    GPS

    GPS uses a constellation of 24 NAVSTAR satellites that


    are 11,000 miles above the earth's surface.

    How GPS receivers calculate your location:


    The positioning process:
    1.

    Satellite 1 transmits a signal that


    contains data on its location in
    space and the exact
    time the signal left the satellite.

    2.

    The GPS Receiver collects and


    interprets this signal and is able to
    determine the distance
    from the satellite to the receiver.
    This creates a circle of possible
    locations of the receiver.

    3.

    The process is repeated for


    satellites 2 &3.

    4.

    Your position is where the three


    circles meet. This process is called
    trilateration.

    5.

    A fourth satellite is required to


    obtain the elevation of your current
    position. Coordinates are displayed
    on the GPS receiver.

    6.

    More satellites may be used to


    create a more accurate position.

    Figure by MIT OCW.

    The Distance Calculation


    Rate = Speed of Radio Waves (~ Speed of Light) 299,792,459 m/s
    Time = amount of time for signal to reach the GPS receiver
    Rate * Time = Distance Traveled

    RADIAL
    ORBITS
    (one way trip)

    Spaghetti or
    Pancake?

    Spaghetti or Pancake?
    Book Keeper Time after release

    Release two particles from r=100M a short time appart

    Book Keeper Radius r

    Spaghetti or Pancake?
    Book Keeper Time after release

    Release two particles from r=30M a short time appart

    Book Keeper Radius r

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