I.

CORPORATION LAW

Sec. 2. Corporation defined. - A corporation is an artificial being

created by operation of law, having the right of succession and
the powers, attributes and properties expressly authorized by law
or incident to its existence.
Based on the statutory definition, you can identify four
attributes:
1.
artificial being
2.
created by operation of law
3.
having the right of succession
4.
has the powers, attributes and properties expressly
authorized by law or incident to its existence.
Let me focus on attribute no. 2:

2. CREATED BY OPERATION OF LAW:

Article XII: Section 16. The Congress shall not, except by general
law, provide for the formation, organization, or regulation of
private corporations. Government-owned or controlled
corporations may be created or established by special charters in
the interest of the common good and subject to the test of
economic viability. (1987 constitution)
Q: How does it limit?
A: As a rule, congress cannot enact laws to create private
corporations. It must be a general law.
Q: Do we have that law?
A: Yes. The commercial code of the Philippines.

Q: Does it have the attribute of a general enabling law?

A: Yes, it applies to all private corporations; even future
companies.
the objective is to eliminate corrupt practices.
EXCEPTION: GOCCs may be created by special laws, provided the
majority of the shareholdings must pertain to the state.
Note: GOCCs are still private corporations.
Attribute no. 1:
1.
ARTIFICIAL BEINGS
Q: Is a private corporation a person?
A: Yes.
Q: What kind?
A: Artificial
unlike human beings, corporations do not have external
manifestations.
It has a personality separate and distinct from the people
compromising it.
Generic term for members are CORPORATORS.
Eg. A,B,C and D formed corporation XYZ. A, B, C and D have a
separate existence with XYZ corporation. XYZ may be taxed
separately and must respect the law.
Residence and Nationality:
Residence determined by what appears as the location of its
principal office.

important in determining venue of actions.

CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS:
they are guaranteed by the constitution except those which
are not applicable to it.
Due process clause:

Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property

without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the
equal protection of the laws. (1987 constitution)
- life and property are applicable to corporations but liberty is not.
Puwede mo bang ikulong ang isang korporasyon? ngek!
Due process mandates that the state cannot take away its life
without it being afforded hearing; otherwise, the decision may be
questioned.
Eg. Non compliance of reportorial requirements of a private
corporation; the corporation must first render notice and hearing:
PD 902-A; the state cannot deprive due process on the private
corporation.
Equal Protection Clause:
Section 1: .. nor shall any person be denied the equal protection
of the laws. (1987 constitution)
application of laws may vary when the subject matter of the
law have substantial distinctions. Eg. Franchise tax.
Right against unreasonable searches and seizures:
Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and
seizures of whatever nature and for any purpose shall be
inviolable, and no search warrant or warrant of arrest shall issue
except upon probable cause to be determined personally by the
judge after examination under oath or affirmation of the
complainant and the witnesses he may produce, and particularly
describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to
be seized.

CASE: Stonehill v. Diokno

- our government officers have no right to search, without a
search warrant.
THERE ARE CERTAIN CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES WHICH DO
NOT EXTEND TO CORPORATIONS:
The right against self incrimination:
CASE: Bataan Shipyard v. PCGG
Facts: The PCGG investigated Bataan. Public funds allegedly were
used. Pres. Aquino required the corporation to submit books of
record. BASECO refused to submit. It alleged that it has a right
against self incrimination.
Issue: Whether or not it may apply to corporations?
Held: No
Rationale: The guarantee does not extend.
1.
By nature, self incrimination does not apply to corporations
because the corporation does not have the faculty.
2.
Being creatures of the state, the state has that reserved
power or right to investigate how its franchise is doing. It will
defeat police power.
3.
The denial does not result to the physical intrusion of the
premises of the corporation.
CRIMINAL LIABILITY
no criminal liability falls against a private corporation. A
corporation has no mind. Incarceration or imprisonment may not
apply to corporations. It may apply to the responsible officers.

ARGUMENT: BP 22

Q: An officer of the corporation signs a check in his capacity as an

officer. The check was not honored. Can he use the separate
personality?
A: No. It is used in the commission of a crime.
RECOVERY OF DAMAGES:
Actual or compensatory: no problem.
Q: what about moral damages?
A: according to the civil code:
Art. 2217. Moral damages include physical suffering, mental
anguish, fright, serious anxiety, besmirched reputation, wounded
feelings, moral shock, social humiliation, and similar injury.
Though incapable of pecuniary computation, moral damages may
be recovered if they are the proximate result of the defendant's
wrongful act for omission.
These are all mental sufferings.
General rule: No. Corporation is an artificial person.
Exception: Besmirched reputation (Jardin Davies; Philippine
Broadcasting Center v. Ago AMEC BCCM)

Doctrine of Corporate Entity: A corporation is a legal or

juridical person with a personality separate and
apart from its individual stockholders or members
and from any other legal entities to which it may
be connected

Taxation the income of the corporation is taxable. It does not

include income of the corporators.
Property they may not be considered as a property of the
corporators.
corporators are not part owners, nor co-owners of the
property.
CASE: Magsaysay-Labrador v. CA
Facts: Petitioner is the spouse of the late Senator Magsaysay. The
senator donated a land to SUBIC during his lifetime. The surviving
spouse discovered about the donation. She questioned the
donation stating that it came from their conjugal funds. During
pending of the action, stockholders of SUBIC, sisters of the
senator, filed a motion to intervene. As stockholders of the
corporation, their potential shares may be affected.
Issue: Whether or not they have an interest
Held: No

The stockholders are not real parties in interest.

Only the corporation may move for the action. They
are separate and distinct. Their interest is not
sufficient for them to participate in the
proceedings. Only the corporation has an interest.
Their interest is only inchoate, conditional or
speculative.
DOCTRINE OF PIERCING THE VEIL OF A CORPORATE
ENTITY

if a corporator takes advantage of the separate personality

the the corporation becomes liable.
Used in order for the primary corporation to escape liability.

CASE: Concept Builders v. NLRC

Facts: Concept Builders hired respondents which they later
dismissed. The respondents claimed that their dismissal was
illegal. Concept Builders hired new employees. A favorable ruling
was given to the respondents which became final and executory.
When the sheriff went to Concept builders, a different company,
HPPI, was already occupying the premises.
Issue: Whether or not the doctrine of piercing the veil may be
availed of.
Held: Yes
Rationale: Concept builders was responsible in building HPPI. The
property, and its officers were the same. The person, who has
been attending the reportorial requirements for Concept Builders
was the same person incorporating HPPI. To pierce the veil, there
must be supporting evidence. The court decided that HPPI and
Concept Builders are the same. They were jointly and severally
liable.
CASE: Times Transportation Company v. NLRC
Facts: During the time of sale of Times Transportation Company
with MEMCOR, it had a pending labor case on illegal dismissal.
Issue: Whether or not the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil
may be availed of.

Held: Yes
Rationale: MEMCOR was created by Times. The stockholders were
the same. The property, the facilities of Times now belong to
MEMCOR. The over all manager of MEMCOR is the daughter of one
of the stockholders of Times.

INSTRUMENTALITY RULE
When one corporation is so organized and controlled and its
affairs are conducted so that it is in fact a mere instrument or

adjunct of another corporation.

TEST: CONTROL in stocks, policies, practices and finances.
must be shown when the complaint took place.

in the absence of fraud, wrong or irregularity, there is

no duty of the court to pierce the veil.
CASE: Posadas Luxuria Homes v. CA Bravo
-

no fraud; no application of piercing.

Facts: X was engaged by Y to develop a property which Y owned.

Eventually, Y created a company, Luxuria Homes, and donated
the property to Luxuria. X and Ys relationship turned sour. This
resulted with X breaching the contract. Y did not pay X for his
professional services. X filed a case impleading Luxuria Homes
and Y liable. The contention of X is that Luxuria Homes is an alter
ego of Y.
Issue: Whether or not the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil
may be availed of.

Held: No
Rationale: There was no fraud or wrongdoing. Luxuria Homes was
not considered an alter ego of Y. Luxuria Homes was created
when X and Ys relationship was still good. X was one of the
signatories when the corporation was created.
Y alone should be held liable because he engaged the services of
Mr. Y and Luxuria Homes.
NOTE: Concept builders and Times Transportation Cases:
Q: Prospectively, what happens to these companies? Are they
dissolved automatically?
A: No. Their separate personalities are still maintained. No
abrogation as long as they engage in legitimate transactions.
Attribute no. 3: Right of succession:
corporation exists despite the death, incapacity and
incapability of one of the corporators. Unlike, partnership.
Attribute no. 4: creature of property, attributes and personality.
necessary for the corporation to be able to accomplish its
purpose.

ULTRA VIRES DOCTRINE

-

alien to the purpose of the business.

DOCTRINE OF LIMITED CAPACITY

Sec. 2 and Sec. 45 of the corporation code:
Sec. 2. Corporation defined. - A corporation is an artificial being
created by operation of law, having the right of succession and
the powers, attributes and properties expressly authorized by law
or incident to its existence.
Sec. 45. Ultra vires acts of corporations. - No corporation under
this Code shall possess or exercise any corporate powers except
those conferred by this Code or by its articles of incorporation and
except such as are necessary or incidental to the exercise of the
powers so conferred. (n)
Q: How are corporations classified?
A: Private corporations are classified into stock or non stock
corporations.
Q: What is a stock corporation?
A: It is allowed during its lifetime to distribute earnings among its
incorporators.
Sec. 3. Classes of corporations. - Corporations formed or
organized under this Code may be stock or non-stock
corporations. Corporations which have capital stock divided into
shares and are authorized to distribute to the holders of such
shares dividends or allotments of the surplus profits on the basis
of the shares held are stock corporations. All other corporations
are non-stock corporations.

Q: What is a non-stock corporation?

A: not allowed to distribute to its members not engaged in profit

making activities. Eg. Charitable, educational, religious, etc or any
of its combinations.
Sec. 87. Definition. - For the purposes of this Code, a non-stock
corporation is one where no part of its income is distributable as
dividends to its members, trustees, or officers, subject to the
provisions of this Code on dissolution: Provided, That any profit
which a non-stock corporation may obtain as an incident to its
operations shall, whenever necessary or proper, be used for the
furtherance of the purpose or purposes for which the corporation
was organized, subject to the provisions of this Title.
The provisions governing stock corporation, when pertinent, shall
be applicable to non-stock corporations, except as may be
covered by specific provisions of this Title. (n)

the main difference is in the dissolution.

Foreign Corporations registered in accordance with the foreign

laws.
Domestic Corporations registered in accordance with Philippine
Laws.

the difference is important in determining the capacity to do

business in the Philippines. The foreign corporation needs a
license.
Sec. 123. Definition and rights of foreign corporations. - For the
purposes of this Code, a foreign corporation is one formed,
organized or existing under any laws other than those of the
Philippines and whose laws allow Filipino citizens and corporations
to do business in its own country or state. It shall have the right to
transact business in the Philippines after it shall have obtained a

license to transact business in this country in accordance with this

Code and a certificate of authority from the appropriate
government agency. (n)
According to status:
De Jure substantial compliance
De facto colorable compliance; defectively incorporated.
Sec. 20. De facto corporations. - The due incorporation of any
corporation claiming in good faith to be a corporation under this
Code, and its right to exercise corporate powers, shall not be
inquired into collaterally in any private suit to which such
corporation may be a party. Such inquiry may be made by the
Solicitor General in a quo warranto proceeding.
Q: If a corporation is defectively incorporated, what is the remedy
of the state?
A: The state may always challenge the legality of the corporation.
until there is a challenge, the de facto corporation has all the
powers of a de jure.
De facto is comparable to voidable contracts. They are valid
until challenged.
ASSIGNMENT for Dec. 1: Recitation starting with corporation by
estoppel up to corporate powers.
December 1, 2007
Q: What is the doctrine of corporation by estoppel?
A: Group of persons acting as a corporation, knowing it to be
without authority.

Sec. 21. Corporation by estoppel. - All persons who assume to act

as a corporation knowing it to be without authority to do so shall
be liable as general partners for all debts, liabilities and damages
incurred or arising as a result thereof: Provided, however, That
when any such ostensible corporation is sued on any transaction
entered by it as a corporation or on any tort committed by it as
such, it shall not be allowed to use as a defense its lack of
corporate personality.
On who assumes an obligation to an ostensible corporation as
such, cannot resist performance thereof on the ground that there
was in fact no corporation.
Q: Does it create a status?
A: No.
Q: Is it a de jure corporation?
A: No.
Q: Is it a de facto?
A: No.
Q: What is the doctrine of estoppel?
A: Previous conduct, acts or representations relied upon on good
faith by third persons.
Q: Whose previous conduct are we talking about?
A: Those who represented themselves as a corporation.
Q: Who may be liable?
A: The osetensible corporation; there is no corporation to talk
about.
Q: A, B, and C were sued by Mr. Mamba. A, B, and C claimed that
there is no corporation, therefore, no corporate liability. This being
the reality, can A, B, and C use the defense.

A: They cannot. Corporation by estoppel.

Q: Are they liable as general partners?
A: Yes. Sec. 21 expressly provides that gen. partners are liable up
to the extent of their property. Sec. 21 requires active
representation.
CASE: Lim Tong Lim v. CA
Facts: Lim Tong Lim, Chua and Yao were into commercial fishing.
They have been doing business under the name Ocean Quest.
They entered into a contract with the Philippine Fishing Gear, both
by Chua and Yao. Ocean Quest breached the obligation. Philippine
Fishing Gear filed a case against Lim, Yao and Chua, since there
was no corporation existing. Trial court ruled in favor of PFGI. Lim
appealed to the CA, stating that he was not part of the deal.
Issue: Whether or not Lim is liable
Held: Yes
Rationale: He benefited by the use of the fishnets. Lim Tong Lim
was one of those who strongly opposed against the writ of
attachment. It showed that he benefited. He is likewise liable due
to corporation by estoppel.
Q: Give us the concept of holding or parent corporation and
subsidiary:
A: Holding has management over the subsidiary.Subsidiary
controlled by the parent corporation.
Q: What about open and close?
A: Open those formed to openly accept outsiders or
stockholders or investors. Close those whose shares of stock are

held by limited number of persons like the family or other closelyknit group.

basic requirement is to submit with the SEC the AI

special corporations dont need to submit with the AI

because they draw their existence from the charter/special laws.
Q: Enumerate the content of the AI.
A: Name, purpose clause, location, term, NNR of incorporators,
number of directors, NNR of directors, capitalization in stock,
capitalization in non stock, other matters.
Sec. 14. Contents of the articles of incorporation. - All
corporations organized under this code shall file with the
Securities and Exchange Commission articles of incorporation in
any of the official languages duly signed and acknowledged by all
of the incorporators, containing substantially the following
matters, except as otherwise prescribed by this Code or by
special law:
1. The name of the corporation;
2. The specific purpose or purposes for which the corporation is
being incorporated. Where a corporation has more than one
stated purpose, the articles of incorporation shall state which is
the primary purpose and which is/are he secondary purpose or
purposes: Provided, That a non-stock corporation may not include
a purpose which would change or contradict its nature as such;
3. The place where the principal office of the corporation is to be
located, which must be within the Philippines;
4. The term for which the corporation is to exist;
5. The names, nationalities and residences of the incorporators;
6. The number of directors or trustees, which shall not be less
than five (5) nor more than fifteen (15);
7. The names, nationalities and residences of persons who shall
act as directors or trustees until the first regular directors or

trustees are duly elected and qualified in accordance with this

Code;
8. If it be a stock corporation, the amount of its authorized capital
stock in lawful money of the Philippines, the number of shares
into which it is divided, and in case the share are par value
shares, the par value of each, the names, nationalities and
residences of the original subscribers, and the amount subscribed
and paid by each on his subscription, and if some or all of the
shares are without par value, such fact must be stated;
9. If it be a non-stock corporation, the amount of its capital, the
names, nationalities and residences of the contributors and the
amount contributed by each; and
10. Such other matters as are not inconsistent with law and which
the incorporators may deem necessary and convenient.

they are imbued with public interest.

Q: What do you mean by deceptively and confusingly similar?

A: The name is closely similar that creates confusion or deception
with the public.
Q: Identical?
A: exactly the same.
CASE: Ang Mga Kaanib sa Iglesio ng Dios Kay Kristo Hesus, Haligi
at Saligan ng Katotohanan sa Bansang Pilipinas (IDKJ-HSK) v.
Iglesia ng Dios kay Cristo Jesus, Haligi at Sungay ng Katotohanan
(IDCJ-HSK)
Facts: IDCJ-HSK is a non stock corporation registered in 1936.
Sometime in 1976, Eli Soriano disassociated, together with
others, from the corporation. He started a new corporation called
IDKJ-HSK. IDCJ filed a complaint with the SEC, to compel IDKJ to
change its name. During the pendency of the case, Soriano filed a

petition to change its name to Ang mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios

kay Kristo Hesus, Haligi at Saligan ng Katotohanan. IDCJ filed
another complaint with the SEC, because the name is confusingly
similar to theirs. Soriano filed a motion to dismiss which was
denied. SEC ruled in favor of IDCJ.
Issue: 1. Whether or not the name is confusingly similar.
2.
Whether or not HSK is a generic word.
Held: 1. Yes 2. No
Rationale:
1.
Under the reasonable care and observation test, it is similar.
2.
A contrary ruling would encourage other corporations to
adopt verbatim and register an exisiting and protected corporate
name, to the detriment of the public.
CASE: Lyceum of the Philippines v. CA
Facts: Lyceum of the Philippines filed a case against Lyceum of
Baguio by using the word Lyceum and all other schools using it.
Lyceum of Baguio claimed that Lyceum is a generic term for
school.
Issue: Whether or not the action may prosper.
Held: No
Rationale: The SC ruled that it did not achieve exclusive use.
Lyceum of Baguio has been using the name, 17 years before
Lyceum of the Philippines was registered.
Maam: Mr. Quitain!
Mr. Quitain: Yes Maam.

Q: What is the importance of the purpose of the corporation?

A: It states the objective of the corporation.
Q: And?
A: For the stockholder, it tells him of the risk of his investment.
For the board, to know their authority to act. And for other people,
to know the general authority of the management.
Q: How many purposes do we have?
A: Two. Primary and secondary.
Q: How many primary purposes may we have?
A: one or more.
Q: How many secondary purposes may we have?
A: one or more.
Q: What is the limitation of the secondary purpose?
A: it must not be contrary to law and must not deviate from the
primary purpose. It must be in line with the primary purpose.
Q: It may be lawfully combined?
A: Yes Maam.
Q: What is the principal office of the corporation?
A: it is the residence of the corporation.
Q: What is its purpose?
A: for the issuance of summons; venue for .
Q: What action?
A: personal actions maam. And lastly, for taxes.

Q: How long may a corporation exist?

A: 50 years.
Q: May they extend?
A: Yes mam.
Q: How?
A: by amending the articles of incorporation.
Q: How many extensions are they allowed?
A: infinite maam
Q: How many years does it cover?
A: 50 years also maam.
Maam: Class, take note of the time when to file for extension. It is
within 5 years of the expiration of the term. You cannot file before
or after that period.
Sec. 11. Corporate term. - A corporation shall exist for a period
not exceeding fifty (50) years from the date of incorporation
unless sooner dissolved or unless said period is extended. The
corporate term as originally stated in the articles of incorporation
may be extended for periods not exceeding fifty (50) years in any
single instance by an amendment of the articles of incorporation,
in accordance with this Code; Provided, That no extension can be
made earlier than five (5) years prior to the original or subsequent
expiry date(s) unless there are justifiable reasons for an earlier
extension as may be determined by the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
Q: Is there a chance where the SEC does not punish the
corporation for not filing an extension?
A: Yes maam.

Q: When?
A: Corporation by prescription.
Q: By analogy, that is correct, what Im asking is , if there is a
time when the corporation allows a corporation to extend despite
delay of registration?
A: Yes Maam. As stated in the doctrine of relation.
Q: What is the doctrine of relation?
A: When the cause of delay is due to fortuitous event or due to
the fault or negligence of the SEC, the corporation may be
allowed to extend despite the delay.
Maam: Yes class, it is deemed registered on the due date. Sit
down, Mr. Quitain.
Q: Who are corporators?
A: all persons who who compose the corporation at any given
time.
Q: Who are incorporators?
A: It is applied only to those mentioned in the articles of
incorporation as originally forming the corporation and signatories
of the AI.

Q: What are the qualifications of an incorporator?

A: 1. Natural person
2. not less than 5 but not more than 15
3.
legal age
4.
majority are residents of the Philippines.
5.
Each must own or subscribe to at least one share.

Q: Once an incorporator, always an incorporator?

A: yes.
Q: What do you call the capitalization requirement in non stock
corporations?
A: contribution
Q: What are authorized capital stocks?
A: It is the amount fixed in the articles of incorporation to be
subscribed and paid by the stockholders.
Q: What is the trust fund doctrine?
A: the payment of debts of the corporation which the creditors
have the right to look up to satisfy their credits and which the
corporation may dissipate.
Q: What is the difference between voting and non-voting shares?
A: (Maam explains) there are matters which may be decided by
the stockholders and by the board.
Q: What are these substantial changes?
A: 1. Amendment of the articles of incorporation;
2. Adoption and amendment of by-laws;
3. Sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or other disposition of
all or substantially all of the corporate property;
4. Incurring, creating or increasing bonded indebtedness;
5. Increase or decrease of capital stock; 6. Merger or consolidation
of the corporation with another corporation or other corporations;
7. Investment of corporate funds in another corporation or
business in accordance with this Code; and
8. Dissolution of the corporation.


management contracts may not be voted by non-voting
shares.
Q: What is the difference between common and preferred shares?
A: Preferred shares have preferences like: a. distribution of
dividends. B. distribution of assets.

there is nothing that prohibits the corporation from giving

additional preferences.

Redeemable shares may also be preferred shares.

Sec. 6 only preferred or redeemable shares may be

deprived of voting rights.

Sec. 7 founders shares may be accorded the exclusive

voting powers for a period of 5 years.
Sec. 6. Classification of shares. - The shares of stock of stock
corporations may be divided into classes or series of shares, or
both, any of which classes or series of shares may have such
rights, privileges or restrictions as may be stated in the articles of
incorporation: Provided, That no share may be deprived of voting
rights except those classified and issued as "preferred" or
"redeemable" shares, unless otherwise provided in this Code:
Provided, further, That there shall always be a class or series of
shares which have complete voting rights. Any or all of the shares
or series of shares may have a par value or have no par value as
may be provided for in the articles of incorporation: Provided,
however, That banks, trust companies, insurance companies,
public utilities, and building and loan associations shall not be
permitted to issue no-par value shares of stock.
Preferred shares of stock issued by any corporation may be given
preference in the distribution of the assets of the corporation in
case of liquidation and in the distribution of dividends, or such
other preferences as may be stated in the articles of incorporation
which are not violative of the provisions of this Code: Provided,

That preferred shares of stock may be issued only with a stated

par value. The board of directors, where authorized in the articles
of incorporation, may fix the terms and conditions of preferred
shares of stock or any series thereof: Provided, That such terms
and conditions shall be effective upon the filing of a certificate
thereof with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Shares of capital stock issued without par value shall be deemed
fully paid and non-assessable and the holder of such shares shall
not be liable to the corporation or to its creditors in respect
thereto: Provided; That shares without par value may not be
issued for a consideration less than the value of five (P5.00) pesos
per share: Provided, further, That the entire consideration
received by the corporation for its no-par value shares shall be
treated as capital and shall not be available for distribution as
dividends.
A corporation may, furthermore, classify its shares for the purpose
of insuring compliance with constitutional or legal requirements.
Except as otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation and
stated in the certificate of stock, each share shall be equal in all
respects to every other share.
Where the articles of incorporation provide for non-voting shares
in the cases allowed by this Code, the holders of such shares shall
nevertheless be entitled to vote on the following matters:
1. Amendment of the articles of incorporation;
2. Adoption and amendment of by-laws;
3. Sale, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or other disposition of
all or substantially all of the corporate property;
4. Incurring, creating or increasing bonded indebtedness;
5. Increase or decrease of capital stock;
6. Merger or consolidation of the corporation with another
corporation or other corporations;
7. Investment of corporate funds in another corporation or
business in accordance with this Code; and
8. Dissolution of the corporation.

Except as provided in the immediately preceding paragraph, the

vote necessary to approve a particular corporate act as provided
in this Code shall be deemed to refer only to stocks with voting
rights.
Sec. 7. Founders' shares. - Founders' shares classified as such in
the articles of incorporation may be given certain rights and
privileges not enjoyed by the owners of other stocks, provided
that where the exclusive right to vote and be voted for in the
election of directors is granted, it must be for a limited period not
to exceed five (5) years subject to the approval of the Securities
and Exchange Commission. The five-year period shall commence
from the date of the aforesaid approval by the Securities and
Exchange Commission.

as a rule common stocks may be deprived of voting rights.

Exception: founders shares sec. 7

Q: Distinguish par value from non par value shares.
A:
advantages
Par value 1.
Minimum price in the AI.
2.
public can readily calculate.
Non par value 1.
the price is not fixed in the AI.
2.
it may be adjusted by the situation.
Q: What are those institutions who must issue par value shares?
A: 1. banks
2.trust companies
3.
insurance companies
4.
public utilities
5.
building and loan associations
Q: What are treasury shares?

A: Earlier issued as fully paid, and have thereafter been

reacquired by the corporation by purchase, donation and
redemption.
Q: What are redeemable shares?
A: Permit the issuing corporation to redeem or purchase its own
shares.
Q: Do we include in the computation of the outstanding capital
stock the treasury shares?
A: No. By legal definition, it is different from the outstanding
capital stock.
OCS- fully paid; controlled by people other than the corporation.
Treasury corporation has control.
Sec. 9. Treasury shares. - Treasury shares are shares of stock
which have been issued and fully paid for, but subsequently
reacquired by the issuing corporation by purchase, redemption,
donation or through some other lawful means. Such shares may
again be disposed of for a reasonable price fixed by the board of
directors.

treasury stocks are like second hand shares.

Notes: Maams lecture:
For example, you have an authorized capital stock (AKS) of P1M,
valued at P10 per share, which brings us to the conclusion that
you have 100,000 shares.
Q: How much is 25% or the authorized capital stock which must
be subscribed?
A: P250k
Q: How much is 25% of P250k or the subscription paid?

A: P6,250.00
Q: What are the general powers of the board of directors?
A: Sec. 23: a.) exercise of corporate powers; b.) conduct all
businesses of the corporation.; 3.) control and hold all properties.
Sec. 23. The board of directors or trustees. - Unless otherwise
provided in this Code, the corporate powers of all corporations
formed under this Code shall be exercised, all business conducted
and all property of such corporations controlled and held by the
board of directors or trustees to be elected from among the
holders of stocks, or where there is no stock, from among the
members of the corporation, who shall hold office for one (1) year
until their successors are elected and qualified.
Every director must own at least one (1) share of the capital stock
of the corporation of which he is a director, which share shall
stand in his name on the books of the corporation. Any director
who ceases to be the owner of at least one (1) share of the capital
stock of the corporation of which he is a director shall thereby
cease to be a director. Trustees of non-stock corporations must be
members thereof. a majority of the directors or trustees of all
corporations organized under this Code must be residents of the
Philippines.
Q: What is the business judgment rule?
A: The power vested in the Board of Directors may not be
questioned and is considered absolute as long as they act in
accordance with their best judgment.
Q: Is that power absolute?
A: No. There are limitations:
1.
constitution
2.
those which may be acted by the stockholders
3.
the act is not covered by the power possessed by the
corporation.

have a list of those acts which the Stockholders can decide.

Q: How are they chosen?

A: They are chosen in an election in a meeting called for the same
purpose.
CASE: Grace Christian Highschool v. CA
-

directors must be voted by the stockholders voting at large.

Facts: Grace Christian Highschool was a member of the

homeownwers association. In the by-laws, 1 seat is reserved for
GCH in the board of trustees. It was questioned.
Issue: Whether or not the provision is invalid.
Held: Yes
Rationale: It is contrary to law. Based on sec. 24. No matter how
long it is practiced.
Sec. 24. Election of directors or trustees. - At all elections of
directors or trustees, there must be present, either in person or by
representative authorized to act by written proxy, the owners of a
majority of the outstanding capital stock, or if there be no capital
stock, a majority of the members entitled to vote. The election
must be by ballot if requested by any voting stockholder or
member. In stock corporations, every stockholder entitled to vote
shall have the right to vote in person or by proxy the number of
shares of stock standing, at the time fixed in the by-laws, in his
own name on the stock books of the corporation, or where the bylaws are silent, at the time of the election; and said stockholder
may vote such number of shares for as many persons as there are
directors to be elected or he may cumulate said shares and give
one candidate as many votes as the number of directors to be

elected multiplied by the number of his shares shall equal, or he

may distribute them on the same principle among as many
candidates as he shall see fit: Provided, That the total number of
votes cast by him shall not exceed the number of shares owned
by him as shown in the books of the corporation multiplied by the
whole number of directors to be elected: Provided, however, That
no delinquent stock shall be voted. Unless otherwise provided in
the articles of incorporation or in the by-laws, members of
corporations which have no capital stock may cast as many votes
as there are trustees to be elected but may not cast more than
one vote for one candidate. Candidates receiving the highest
number of votes shall be declared elected. Any meeting of the
stockholders or members called for an election may adjourn from
day to day or from time to time but not sine die or indefinitely if,
for any reason, no election is held, or if there not present or
represented by proxy, at the meeting, the owners of a majority of
the outstanding capital stock, or if there be no capital stock, a
majority of the member entitled to vote.
Q: In the election of directors, in a stock corporation, how may
you vote?
A: It depends upon the number of shares. In a non stock, its by
the number of members.
Eg. 10 shares -> there are 5 directors
Q: How would you distribute the votes?
A: 10 x 5 = 50 votes
Cumulative voting is available only in stock corporations:
Example: 50 votes
A = 10
B = 10
C = 10

D = 10
E=5
F=5

A = 20
B = 30
C=0

D=0
E=0
F=0

as long as the total number of votes is 50.

Q: How long will the directors serve the office?
A: Gen. Rule: 1 year
Exception: when no successor is elected.
Q: Do they have compensation?
A: None. Only allowed is per diem.
Sec. 30. Compensation of directors. - In the absence of any
provision in the by-laws fixing their compensation, the directors
shall not receive any compensation, as such directors, except for
reasonable pre diems: Provided, however, That any such
compensation other than per diems may be granted to directors
by the vote of the stockholders representing at least a majority of
the outstanding capital stock at a regular or special stockholders'
meeting. In no case shall the total yearly compensation of
directors, as such directors, exceed ten (10%) percent of the net
income before income tax of the corporation during the preceding
year
Q: What is the evil being avoided?
A: 1. abuse; 2. conflict of interest.

recall sec.23 they have control of the powers of the

corporation.
Q: Are there exceptions?
A: Yes

Q: What is the quorum requirement?

A: majority of the number of directors or trustees. plus 1
Q: What if 2 of the 10 directors resigned? What is the quorum?
A: the quorum is still 6. the basis is the number of directors in the
AI. (sec. 25)
Sec. 25. Corporate officers, quorum. - Immediately after their
election, the directors of a corporation must formally organize by
the election of a president, who shall be a director, a treasurer
who may or may not be a director, a secretary who shall be a
resident and citizen of the Philippines, and such other officers as
may be provided for in the by-laws. Any two (2) or more positions
may be held concurrently by the same person, except that no one
shall act as president and secretary or as president and treasurer
at the same time. The directors or trustees and officers to be
elected shall perform the duties enjoined on them by law and the
by-laws of the corporation. Unless the articles of incorporation or
the by-laws provide for a greater majority, a majority of the
number of directors or trustees as fixed in the articles of
incorporation shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
corporate business, and every decision of at least a majority of
the directors or trustees present at a meeting at which there is a
quorum shall be valid as a corporate act, except for the election
of officers which shall require the vote of a majority of all the
members of the board.
Q: Aside from removal under section 28, what are the other
possibilities of removal?
A:
1. Increase in the number of directors. 2. Expiration of term of
office.
Q: Who has the power to remove?
A: Stockholders.

Q: What is the requirement to remove directors?

A:
1.) 2/3 of the stockholders representing at least 2/3 of the
Outstanding Capital stock or 2/3 of the members entitled to vote.
2.) At a regular or special meeting after the proper notice is
given.
3.) Gen. rule: Does not require just cause.
Exception: cumulative voting/ minority directors.

only Stockholders can decide removal!

Due to trust and confidence (fiduciary in nature)

Sec. 29. Vacancies in the office of director or trustee. - Any
vacancy occurring in the board of directors or trustees other than
by removal by the stockholders or members or by expiration of
term, may be filled by the vote of at least a majority of the
remaining directors or trustees, if still constituting a quorum;
otherwise, said vacancies must be filled by the stockholders in a
regular or special meeting called for that purpose. A director or
trustee so elected to fill a vacancy shall be elected only or the
unexpired term of his predecessor in office.
A directorship or trusteeship to be filled by reason of an increase
in the number of directors or trustees shall be filled only by an
election at a regular or at a special meeting of stockholders or
members duly called for the purpose, or in the same meeting
authorizing the increase of directors or trustees if so stated in the
notice of the meeting.
Q: What are the requirements for minority directors?
A: 2/3 vote; just cause
Q: Who are the corporate officers?
A: Statutory:
1.
President
2.
treasurer
3.
Secretary

Not Statutory:
4.
other officers as may be appointed by the by laws.
5.
appointment by the board of directors.
Q: Can the officers act on behalf of the corporation?
A: Yes. Only within his authority.
Q: What is the difference between directors and officers?
A: Directors in terms of hierarchy, it is the policy making body.
Officers it implements the policies.
Assignment next meeting: Dec. 8
Up to corporate meetings.
Dec. 8 no classes: feast of the Immaculate conception.
December 15, 2007 8-5 pm (lecture)
Corporate officers:
1.
law
2.
other officers elected by the BOD
3.
by laws
Intra corporate contest RTC where the principal office of the
corporation is located.
The TEST: to know you are a corporate officer, your appointment
is subject to the board.

if corporate -> RTC

if not corporate -> NLRC

Q: How do we draw the line between officers and directors?

A: Directors, officers and trustees -> cognizable by RTC -> intra

corporate.

Both are powerful hierarchies.

Gen. Rule: Corporate powers are exercised by the board; officers
must be authorized by the board.
Exception: Conduct of the officer is:
1.
allowed by by-laws
2.
acted previously with authority.
Effect if no authority: personal liability to the officer.
Q: How may ratification be done?
A: Expressly; Impliedly when there are no objections.
Q: What is the effect?
A: It makes the act a corporate act.

if you are an officer, you may ask for a resolution to ratify

such act.
Q: What if there is no board resolution to give authority or to
ratify? (express)
A: Jurisprudence has developed the doctrine of apparent authority.
CASES: Lapulapu v. CA; Inter- Asia; Hydro resources corp; Peoples
Air cargo.
CASE: Peoples Air Cargo v. CA
Facts: Cargo business; they needed a feasibility study for their
licensing; they hired the services of Mr. Sao. This was thru the
acts of the president, Mr. Punzalan. The Board did not object. They
secured a license.
After the feasibility study, Punzalan hired Sao, again without
board authority, to give trainings and seminars. When Mr. Sao

asked for compensation, the corporation did not grant it. Their
reason, there was no board resolution.
Issue: whether or not the corporation itself is liable.
Held: Yes
Rationale: Although there is no board resolution, the attendant
circumstances show that there was implied ratification. The
corporation did not object and was benefited from the lectures
and seminars of Mr. Sao.
Furthermore, Mr. Punzalan has been clothed with authority due to
the firs engagement he had with Mr. Sao. Mr. Sao was in good
faith. Doctrine of apparent authority is applicable.

DOCTRINE OF APPARENT AUTHORITY

where the corporation knowingly permits its officer or its
agent having an apparent authority; when this person enter into a
transaction with a person in good faith, the corporation is liable.
The doctrine is more of an exception than a general rule.
Sec. 31 of the corporation code enumerates when the directors,
trustees and officers are liable.
Sec. 31. Liability of directors, trustees or officers. - Directors or
trustees who willfully and knowingly vote for or assent to patently
unlawful acts of the corporation or who are guilty of gross
negligence or bad faith in directing the affairs of the corporation
or acquire any personal or pecuniary interest in conflict with their
duty as such directors or trustees shall be liable jointly and
severally for all damages resulting therefrom suffered by the
corporation, its stockholders or members and other persons.
When a director, trustee or officer attempts to acquire or
acquires, in violation of his duty, any interest adverse to the

corporation in respect of any matter which has been reposed in

him in confidence, as to which equity imposes a disability upon
him to deal in his own behalf, he shall be liable as a trustee for
the corporation and must account for the profits which otherwise
would have accrued to the corporation.
Q: Can this persons hide behind the corporation, that they are
doing corporate officers, to exempt them from criminal liability?

A: No. Sec. 31 enumerates:

1.
bad faith
2.
negligence.
3.
consented to the act.
4.
issuance of watered shares.
5.
by express provision of the law.
Self-dealing Transactions

A self dealing director is on who enters into a contract with

his own corporation; within his own personal capacity.

An interlocking director if he is elected a director of 2 or

more corporation. The code does not prohibit this. Except, when
the 2 corporations enter into a contract they must submit the
legal requirements, if not, they may be invalidated.
Eg.
X corp. -> on of its directors is Mr. A. The corporation was looking
for a space where it can expand its corporation. A offered to X for
a reasonable price his property. A lease period of 5 years.
(contract of lease)
Q: What kind of transaction?
A: Self dealing contract

Q: Why use the term self-dealing?

A: A corporation has no mind, the board decides. Its like entering
a deal with yourself.
Q: Assuming the board approves. Whats the status of the
contract?
A: Voidable. Valid until set aside.
Q: What requirements do we need so that it will not be voidable?
A: Legal requirements.
Q: What are these legal requirements?
A: Sec. 32:
1.
The presence of the director concerned is not necessary to
constitute a quorum.
2.
the vote of the director concerned is not necessary.
3.
contract must be fair and reasonable.
4.
he must be previously authorized by the board.
Sec. 32. Dealings of directors, trustees or officers with the
corporation. - A contract of the corporation with one or more of its
directors or trustees or officers is voidable, at the option of such
corporation, unless all the following conditions are present:
1. That the presence of such director or trustee in the board
meeting in which the contract was approved was not necessary to
constitute a quorum for such meeting;
2. That the vote of such director or trustee was nor necessary for
the approval of the contract;
3. That the contract is fair and reasonable under the
circumstances; and
4. That in case of an officer, the contract has been previously
authorized by the board of directors.
Where any of the first two conditions set forth in the preceding
paragraph is absent, in the case of a contract with a director or

trustee, such contract may be ratified by the vote of the

stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the
outstanding capital stock or of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the
members in a meeting called for the purpose: Provided, That full
disclosure of the adverse interest of the directors or trustees
involved is made at such meeting: Provided, however, That the
contract is fair and reasonable under the circumstances.
Maam: The others are self explanatory, let me focus on number
1.
Condition number 1: Presence of A is not necessary to constitute
a quorum:
Q: What is the quorum if there are 10 directors?
A: 6 is the quorum.
Q: Example, if in December 2007 meeting, there were 8 present.
Mr A was one of them. Do we have a quorum?
A: Yes.
Q: Did we satisfy the first condition?
A: Yes. Even without A, there is still a quorum.
Another illustration:
7 directors one of the 7 is Mr. A
Q: Would we satisfy the 1st condition?
A: Yes.
Another illustration:
6 directors- mr. A was absent

Q: Do we satisfy?
A: Yes.
Illustration: 6 directors Mr. A was one of them.
Q: Is there a quorum?
A: Yes.
Q: Do we satisfy?
A: No.
Q: Is the contract binding?
A: Yes. But we must consider that it may be set aside.

Condition Number 2: Vote of A is not necessary for approval

purposes.
Illustration: Out of 10 directors, 8 were present. 7 voted for the
contract. Mr. A was one of the 7. 5 is the majority vote.
Q: Did we satisfy condition number 2?
A: Yes.
Q: What if 6 voted, one of them was Mr. A?
A: Valid
Q: What if 5 voted and one of them was Mr. A?
A: Voidable
Q: What is an interlocking director?
A: One who is voted a director or a trustee of 2 corporations.

CASE: Gokongwei v. SEC

Facts: The amendment of the by-laws of SMC suggests that a
director who is acting as a director of another corporation must be
disqualified. Gokongwei is a director of Robina Marketing
Corporation.
Issue: whether or not the by-laws is valid.
Held: No.
Rationale: The by-law is valid, by the fact that the 2 corporations
are competitors. You cannot be effected to be loyal to both. This
situation could create prejudicial consequences. It will lead to
abuse.
Sec. 33 as long as there is no fraud, a contract is valid. The
contract cannot be invalidated on the ground alone that they
have the same directors.
Requirements:
1.
no fraud.
2.
fair and reasonable.
3.
stockholding is nominal in one and substantial in one. ->this
must be scrutinized under legal requirements.
Sec. 33. Contracts between corporations with interlocking
directors. - Except in cases of fraud, and provided the contract is
fair and reasonable under the circumstances, a contract between
two or more corporations having interlocking directors shall not
be invalidated on that ground alone: Provided, That if the interest
of the interlocking director in one corporation is substantial and
his interest in the other corporation or corporations is merely
nominal, he shall be subject to the provisions of the preceding
section insofar as the latter corporation or corporations are
concerned.

Stockholdings exceeding twenty (20%) percent of the outstanding

capital stock shall be considered substantial for purposes of
interlocking directors.
both substantial -> fair and reasonable; no fraud.
Illustration:
X Corp (%)
Y Corp (%)
Do we apply sec. 32?
Status
12 14 No Both nominal
10 18 No Both Nominal
19 20 No Both Nominal
32 24 No Both Substantial
40 58 No Both Substantial
69 70 No Both Substantial
69 20 Yes stockholding is nominal in one and substantial in
one
40 18 Yes stockholding is nominal in one and substantial in
one
32 14 Yes stockholding is nominal in one and substantial in
one
Sec. 33 (interlocking directors) states that sec. 32 must be
applied.
Q: Why was reference made to sec. 32?
A: It is analogous to a self dealing transaction.
Q: Doctrine of corporate opportunity?
A; A director who makes use of his office, at the expense and with
the facilities of the corporation. The director becomes accountable
for all the profits he has. Remittance of all profits earned for all
transactions.
Q: What is an executive committee?
A: Functions of the board may be delegated to the EC for
purposes of expediency. Creation of this committee needs an
inclusion in the by-laws. Mere resolution is not sufficient.

Q: Are there exceptions?

A: Yes. Sec. 35.
Sec. 35. Executive committee. - The by-laws of a corporation may
create an executive committee, composed of not less than three
members of the board, to be appointed by the board. Said
committee may act, by majority vote of all its members, on such
specific matters within the competence of the board, as may be
delegated to it in the by-laws or on a majority vote of the board,
except with respect to: (1) approval of any action for which
shareholders' approval is also required; (2) the filing of vacancies
in the board; (3) the amendment or repeal of by-laws or the
adoption of new by-laws; (4) the amendment or repeal of any
resolution of the board which by its express terms is not so
amendable or repealable; and (5) a distribution of cash dividends
to the shareholders.
CORPORATE POWERS
-

remember the doctrine of limited capacity.

Express, implied, and incidental.

Ultravires act: the corporation may be precluded from taking a

business opportunity because the by laws do not said so. (sec. 36
and sec. 45)
Sec. 45. Ultra vires acts of corporations. - No corporation under
this Code shall possess or exercise any corporate powers except
those conferred by this Code or by its articles of incorporation and
except such as are necessary or incidental to the exercise of the
powers so conferred. (n)
Sec. 36. Corporate powers and capacity. - Every corporation
incorporated under this Code has the power and capacity:

1. To sue and be sued in its corporate name;

2. Of succession by its corporate name for the period of time
stated in the articles of incorporation and the certificate of
incorporation;
3. To adopt and use a corporate seal;
4. To amend its articles of incorporation in accordance with the
provisions of this Code;
5. To adopt by-laws, not contrary to law, morals, or public policy,
and to amend or repeal the same in accordance with this Code;
6. In case of stock corporations, to issue or sell stocks to
subscribers and to sell stocks to subscribers and to sell treasury
stocks in accordance with the provisions of this Code; and to
admit members to the corporation if it be a non-stock corporation;
7. To purchase, receive, take or grant, hold, convey, sell, lease,
pledge, mortgage and otherwise deal with such real and personal
property, including securities and bonds of other corporations, as
the transaction of the lawful business of the corporation may
reasonably and necessarily require, subject to the limitations
prescribed by law and the Constitution;
8. To enter into merger or consolidation with other corporations as
provided in this Code;
9. To make reasonable donations, including those for the public
welfare or for hospital, charitable, cultural, scientific, civic, or
similar purposes: Provided, That no corporation, domestic or
foreign, shall give donations in aid of any political party or
candidate or for purposes of partisan political activity;
10. To establish pension, retirement, and other plans for the
benefit of its directors, trustees, officers and employees; and
11. To exercise such other powers as may be essential or
necessary to carry out its purpose or purposes as stated in the
articles of incorporation.
Q: What are implied powers?
A: Those which are needed to implement the express powers.

POWER TO SUE AND BE SUED:

Q: Do we see in the powers that a corporation can engage the
services of a lawyer?
A: No. Because it is already implied.

in case of meetings, if it is within the city, you dont need to

amend the articles of incorporation to change address.

Same with directors, if change of director, no need. If

increase in number, yes.
Q: What is the process for approval?
A:
1.
Resolution by at least majority of the BOD
2.
note or written assent of the SH representing at least 2/3
OCS
3.
submission and filing of amendments.
Q: Is this enough?
A: No. SEC approval is needed.
Q: What do you mean by implied approval?
A: Inaction of the SEC for 6 months. It is considered approved
starting from the day it was submitted.
Q: Are there changes in the AI which require SH meeting?
A: Yes. Sec 37 and 38. Written consent is not enough.
Sec. 37. Power to extend or shorten corporate term. - A private
corporation may extend or shorten its term as stated in the
articles of incorporation when approved by a majority vote of the
board of directors or trustees and ratified at a meeting by the
stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the
outstanding capital stock or by at least two-thirds (2/3) of the
members in case of non-stock corporations. Written notice of the

proposed action and of the time and place of the meeting shall be
addressed to each stockholder or member at his place of
residence as shown on the books of the corporation and deposited
to the addressee in the post office with postage prepaid, or
served personally: Provided, That in case of extension of
corporate term, any dissenting stockholder may exercise his
appraisal right under the conditions provided in this code. (n)
Sec. 38. Power to increase or decrease capital stock; incur, create
or increase bonded indebtedness. - No corporation shall increase
or decrease its capital stock or incur, create or increase any
bonded indebtedness unless approved by a majority vote of the
board of directors and, at a stockholder's meeting duly called for
the purpose, two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock shall
favor the increase or diminution of the capital stock, or the
incurring, creating or increasing of any bonded indebtedness.
Written notice of the proposed increase or diminution of the
capital stock or of the incurring, creating, or increasing of any
bonded indebtedness and of the time and place of the
stockholder's meeting at which the proposed increase or
diminution of the capital stock or the incurring or increasing of
any bonded indebtedness is to be considered, must be addressed
to each stockholder at his place of residence as shown on the
books of the corporation and deposited to the addressee in the
post office with postage prepaid, or served personally.
A certificate in duplicate must be signed by a majority of the
directors of the corporation and countersigned by the chairman
and the secretary of the stockholders' meeting, setting forth:
(1) That the requirements of this section have been complied
with;
(2) The amount of the increase or diminution of the capital stock;
(3) If an increase of the capital stock, the amount of capital stock
or number of shares of no-par stock thereof actually subscribed,
the names, nationalities and residences of the persons
subscribing, the amount of capital stock or number of no-par

stock subscribed by each, and the amount paid by each on his

subscription in cash or property, or the amount of capital stock or
number of shares of no-par stock allotted to each stock-holder if
such increase is for the purpose of making effective stock
dividend therefor authorized;
(4) Any bonded indebtedness to be incurred, created or increased;
(5) The actual indebtedness of the corporation on the day of the
meeting;
(6) The amount of stock represented at the meeting; and
(7) The vote authorizing the increase or diminution of the capital
stock, or the incurring, creating or increasing of any bonded
indebtedness.
Any increase or decrease in the capital stock or the incurring,
creating or increasing of any bonded indebtedness shall require
prior approval of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
One of the duplicate certificates shall be kept on file in the office
of the corporation and the other shall be filed with the Securities
and Exchange Commission and attached to the original articles of
incorporation. From and after approval by the Securities and
Exchange Commission and the issuance by the Commission of its
certificate of filing, the capital stock shall stand increased or
decreased and the incurring, creating or increasing of any bonded
indebtedness authorized, as the certificate of filing may declare:
Provided, That the Securities and Exchange Commission shall not
accept for filing any certificate of increase of capital stock unless
accompanied by the sworn statement of the treasurer of the
corporation lawfully holding office at the time of the filing of the
certificate, showing that at least twenty-five (25%) percent of
such increased capital stock has been subscribed and that at least
twenty-five (25%) percent of the amount subscribed has been
paid either in actual cash to the corporation or that there has
been transferred to the corporation property the valuation of
which is equal to twenty-five (25%) percent of the subscription:
Provided, further, That no decrease of the capital stock shall be

approved by the Commission if its effect shall prejudice the rights

of corporate creditors.
Non-stock corporations may incur or create bonded indebtedness,
or increase the same, with the approval by a majority vote of the
board of trustees and of at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members
in a meeting duly called for the purpose.
Bonds issued by a corporation shall be registered with the
Securities and Exchange Commission, which shall have the
authority to determine the sufficiency of the terms thereof. (17a)
Q: Under Sec. 38 when a corporation increases its capital stock, is
there a legal requirement?
A: Yes. 25% of 25% subscribed stocks have been paid.
Illustration: 1,000,000 shares were increased to 2,000,000 shares.
There is an increase of 1,000,000 shares. Treasurer says that 25%
of 25% have already been paid. If all the subscription have
already been paid, no need to increase.
Incur, create, increase bonded indebtedness
Bond look at the terms of the loan.
if it is an important asset of the corporation, approval of the
BOD is needed.
Disposition all or substantially all of the assets of the
corporation. Sec. 40
Sec. 40. Sale or other disposition of assets. - Subject to the
provisions of existing laws on illegal combinations and
monopolies, a corporation may, by a majority vote of its board of
directors or trustees, sell, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or
otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its property and
assets, including its goodwill, upon such terms and conditions and
for such consideration, which may be money, stocks, bonds or

other instruments for the payment of money or other property or

consideration, as its board of directors or trustees may deem
expedient, when authorized by the vote of the stockholders
representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital
stock, or in case of non-stock corporation, by the vote of at least
to two-thirds (2/3) of the members, in a stockholder's or
member's meeting duly called for the purpose. Written notice of
the proposed action and of the time and place of the meeting
shall be addressed to each stockholder or member at his place of
residence as shown on the books of the corporation and deposited
to the addressee in the post office with postage prepaid, or
served personally: Provided, That any dissenting stockholder may
exercise his appraisal right under the conditions provided in this
Code.
A sale or other disposition shall be deemed to cover substantially
all the corporate property and assets if thereby the corporation
would be rendered incapable of continuing the business or
accomplishing the purpose for which it was incorporated.
After such authorization or approval by the stockholders or
members, the board of directors or trustees may, nevertheless, in
its discretion, abandon such sale, lease, exchange, mortgage,
pledge or other disposition of property and assets, subject to the
rights of third parties under any contract relating thereto, without
further action or approval by the stockholders or members.
Nothing in this section is intended to restrict the power of any
corporation, without the authorization by the stockholders or
members, to sell, lease, exchange, mortgage, pledge or otherwise
dispose of any of its property and assets if the same is necessary
in the usual and regular course of business of said corporation or
if the proceeds of the sale or other disposition of such property
and assets be appropriated for the conduct of its remaining
business.
In non-stock corporations where there are no members with
voting rights, the vote of at least a majority of the trustees in

office will be sufficient authorization for the corporation to enter

into any transaction authorized by this section. (28 1/2a)
Pre emptive right power to withhold the right.
stockholders right
right of first refusal in sales.
It is a property right which is transferable.
This applies only when there is increase of shares.
CASE: Dee v. SEC
when a corporation has issued, it is deemed to offer all its
shares.
Gen. Rule: SH may exercise pre emptive right.
Exception: Sec. 39 corporation may deny:
1.
Whenever the articles or any amendment thereto denies pre
emptive right.
2.
where shares are issued to pay indebtedness.
3.
to comply with public offering requirement.
4.
in the articles, there is no pre emptive right.
Presumption: there is pre emptive right.
Sec. 39. Power to deny pre-emptive right. - All stockholders of a
stock corporation shall enjoy pre-emptive right to subscribe to all
issues or disposition of shares of any class, in proportion to their
respective shareholdings, unless such right is denied by the
articles of incorporation or an amendment thereto: Provided, That
such pre-emptive right shall not extend to shares to be issued in
compliance with laws requiring stock offerings or minimum stock
ownership by the public; or to shares to be issued in good faith
with the approval of the stockholders representing two-thirds
(2/3) of the outstanding capital stock, in exchange for property
needed for corporate purposes or in payment of a previously
contracted debt.


if you are denied pre emptive right, you may exercise your
right of appraisal.
Sec. 40 all or substantially all
Requirements:
1.
Majority vote BOD
2.
authorization 2/3 SH OCS or 2/3 members.
3.

as long as the corporation exist; no substantial assets may

be sold or dispersed.

If the sale is in the ordinary course, the requirements of

sec.40 is not necessary.
TEST:
1.
2.

ALL quantitative test

SUBSTANTIALLY ALL qualitative test

Illustration:
Q: Corp. X is a printing press. It has a high tech machine which
constitutes 30% of all the assets of the corporation. If X corp.
were to sell the machine, is X corp. required to satisfy the
conditions of sec. 40?
A: Yes. If by reason of the sale, X corp. incurs delay in job orders,
then they will need to satisfy the conditions of sec. 40.

sale must not result to monopoly or restraint of trade.

Acquisition of Corporate Shares
Corporation is allowed to reacquire:
1.

to eliminate fractional shares less than one share.

2.
3.
4.

payment of indebtedness.
pay dissenting SH.
redeem redeemable shares.

Trust Fund Doctrine

Investment
Gen. Rule in relation to the primary business of the corporation, it
does not need sec. 40.
Exception: if the corporation invests in any of its secondary
purposes, sec. 40 applies.
Declaration of Dividends Sec. 43
declaration during the lifetime of the corporation.
Cannot be done within its pleasure. Why? presence of
unrestricted retained earnings.
Restricted earnings capitalize.
Sec. 43. Power to declare dividends. - The board of directors of a
stock corporation may declare dividends out of the unrestricted
retained earnings which shall be payable in cash, in property, or
in stock to all stockholders on the basis of outstanding stock held
by them: Provided, That any cash dividends due on delinquent
stock shall first be applied to the unpaid balance on the
subscription plus costs and expenses, while stock dividends shall
be withheld from the delinquent stockholder until his unpaid
subscription is fully paid: Provided, further, That no stock dividend
shall be issued without the approval of stockholders representing
not less than two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock at a
regular or special meeting duly called for the purpose. (16a)
Stock corporations are prohibited from retaining surplus profits in
excess of one hundred (100%) percent of their paid-in capital

stock, except: (1) when justified by definite corporate expansion

projects or programs approved by the board of directors; or (2)
when the corporation is prohibited under any loan agreement with
any financial institution or creditor, whether local or foreign, from
declaring dividends without its/his consent, and such consent has
not yet been secured; or (3) when it can be clearly shown that
such retention is necessary under special circumstances obtaining
in the corporation, such as when there is need for special reserve
for probable contingencies. (n)

Dividend Declaration
-

requires approval of the board majority

Declaration of stock dividends

-

SH approval; 2/3 OCS

Q: May non-voting shares vote on the matter?

A: No
Cash Dividends
Stock Dividends
the corporation becomes indebted to the SH.
Becomes the absolute property of the SH
We can use it for his personal needs.
The moment they are declared they become the property of
the SH.
Unrestricted Retained Earnings.
additional shares for
the SH.
The corporation pays for the dividends from the retained
earnings.
Unrestricted retained earnings are present.

Sec.23 legal requirement approval of Stockholder 2/3 OCS.

Q: Are delinquent SH entitled to dividends?

A: Yes

Subscription

offsetting is permissible since they are mutual creditors and

debtors only in cash dividends.
Q: Is it the same in stock dividends?
A: No. They are not mutual Creditors and debtors. Refer to sec.
43.
Gen. Rule: Declaration of dividends is not voluntary.
Exception: When the profits already reached 100% of the capital.
Contingent liability cant declare dividend.
Eg. There is a pending case wherein the corporation owes P20M to
its consumers.
Management Contracts Sec. 44

a contract where a corporation allows another corporation to

manage substantially all its affairs. Exception: interlocking
directors.
Required approval of the SH
Does not totally divest BOD of its powers.
For other corporate powers look at sec. 36.
Sec. 44. Power to enter into management contract. - No
corporation shall conclude a management contract with another
corporation unless such contract shall have been approved by the
board of directors and by stockholders owning at least the
majority of the outstanding capital stock, or by at least a majority
of the members in the case of a non-stock corporation, of both
the managing and the managed corporation, at a meeting duly
called for the purpose: Provided, That (1) where a stockholder or
stockholders representing the same interest of both the managing
and the managed corporations own or control more than one-third
(1/3) of the total outstanding capital stock entitled to vote of the
managing corporation; or (2) where a majority of the members of
the board of directors of the managing corporation also constitute
a majority of the members of the board of directors of the
managed corporation, then the management contract must be
approved by the stockholders of the managed corporation owning
at least two-thirds (2/3) of the total outstanding capital stock
entitled to vote, or by at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members in
the case of a non-stock corporation. No management contract
shall be entered into for a period longer than five years for any
one term.
The provisions of the next preceding paragraph shall apply to any
contract whereby a corporation undertakes to manage or operate
all or substantially all of the business of another corporation,
whether such contracts are called service contracts, operating
agreements or otherwise: Provided, however, That such service

contracts or operating agreements which relate to the

exploration, development, exploitation or utilization of natural
resources may be entered into for such periods as may be
provided by the pertinent laws or regulations. (n)
Sec. 36. Corporate powers and capacity. - Every corporation
incorporated under this Code has the power and capacity:
1. To sue and be sued in its corporate name;
2. Of succession by its corporate name for the period of time
stated in the articles of incorporation and the certificate of
incorporation;
3. To adopt and use a corporate seal;
4. To amend its articles of incorporation in accordance with the
provisions of this Code;
5. To adopt by-laws, not contrary to law, morals, or public policy,
and to amend or repeal the same in accordance with this Code;
6. In case of stock corporations, to issue or sell stocks to
subscribers and to sell stocks to subscribers and to sell treasury
stocks in accordance with the provisions of this Code; and to
admit members to the corporation if it be a non-stock corporation;
7. To purchase, receive, take or grant, hold, convey, sell, lease,
pledge, mortgage and otherwise deal with such real and personal
property, including securities and bonds of other corporations, as
the transaction of the lawful business of the corporation may
reasonably and necessarily require, subject to the limitations
prescribed by law and the Constitution;
8. To enter into merger or consolidation with other corporations as
provided in this Code;
9. To make reasonable donations, including those for the public
welfare or for hospital, charitable, cultural, scientific, civic, or
similar purposes: Provided, That no corporation, domestic or
foreign, shall give donations in aid of any political party or
candidate or for purposes of partisan political activity;
10. To establish pension, retirement, and other plans for the
benefit of its directors, trustees, officers and employees; and

11. To exercise such other powers as may be essential or

necessary to carry out its purpose or purposes as stated in the
articles of incorporation.
CORPORATE BY-LAWS AND THE POWER TO AMEND THE SAME
Q: What is the difference between the by-laws and the AI?
A: By-laws:
1.
internal affairs
2.
relationship between and among the SH, directors and
trustees.
AI:
1.
external affairs
2.
relationship of the corporation with the state and the general
public.
Q: Are there other differences?
A: Yes. As to Corporate existence.
Q: Why?
A: Submission of AI leads to acquiring corporate existence.
Submission of AI is a condition precedent. The submission is
condition subsequent thereof, for the corporation to continue its
existence.
Q: Are there others?
A: Yes. Amendment of AI will always have a concurrence with SH
and directors. By-laws dont need concurrence. Only SH.
Exception: Close Corporations.
Q: What is the period given by sec. 46 to submit by laws?
A: 30 days from receipt of registration.

Sec. 46. Adoption of by-laws. - Every corporation formed under

this Code must, within one (1) month after receipt of official
notice of the issuance of its certificate of incorporation by the
Securities and Exchange Commission, adopt a code of by-laws for
its government not inconsistent with this Code. For the adoption
of by-laws by the corporation the affirmative vote of the
stockholders representing at least a majority of the outstanding
capital stock, or of at least a majority of the members in case of
non-stock corporations, shall be necessary. The by-laws shall be
signed by the stockholders or members voting for them and shall
be kept in the principal office of the corporation, subject to the
inspection of the stockholders or members during office hours. A
copy thereof, duly certified to by a majority of the directors or
trustees countersigned by the secretary of the corporation, shall
be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission which shall
be attached to the original articles of incorporation.
Notwithstanding the provisions of the preceding paragraph, bylaws may be adopted and filed prior to incorporation; in such
case, such by-laws shall be approved and signed by all the
incorporators and submitted to the Securities and Exchange
Commission, together with the articles of incorporation.
In all cases, by-laws shall be effective only upon the issuance by
the Securities and Exchange Commission of a certification that
the by-laws are not inconsistent with this Code.
The Securities and Exchange Commission shall not accept for
filing the by-laws or any amendment thereto of any bank, banking
institution, building and loan association, trust company,
insurance company, public utility, educational institution or other
special corporations governed by special laws, unless
accompanied by a certificate of the appropriate government
agency to the effect that such by-laws or amendments are in
accordance with law. (20a)
CASE: Loyola Grand Villas

despite the word must in sec.46, it is not mandatory. It

must be harmonized with other laws like PD 902-A.
disenfranchisement on non submission of by-laws, there
must be due process.
CASE: Sawajaan-Safali v. CA (June 8, 2005)
SC ruled that a corporation without by laws does not ipso
facto lose its corporate powers. However, as to status, a
corporation may be regarded as a de facto corporation.
CASE: China Banking Corporation v. CA
Facts: Mr. Calapacha applied a loan with China Bank to secure his
payment. He pledged his shares with valley golf. There was
default on his part. China Bank was forced to foreclose the
pledge. China Bank became the highest bidder. When the bank
requested for transfer, the secretary of valley golf refused, since
Calapacha still owed them membership dues. It is in their by laws
that they will attach the shares of Calapacha back to Valley Golf.
Issue: Should China Bank be affected?
Held: No
Rationale: Provisions of by laws do not bind third persons unless it
is shown that they were aware of it.

CORPORATE MEETINGS
Sec. 50. Regular and special meetings of stockholders or
members. - Regular meetings of stockholders or members shall
be held annually on a date fixed in the by-laws, or if not so fixed,
on any date in April of every year as determined by the board of
directors or trustees: Provided, That written notice of regular
meetings shall be sent to all stockholders or members of record at

least two (2) weeks prior to the meeting, unless a different period
is required by the by-laws.
Special meetings of stockholders or members shall be held at any
time deemed necessary or as provided in the by-laws: Provided,
however, That at least one (1) week written notice shall be sent to
all stockholders or members, unless otherwise provided in the bylaws.
Notice of any meeting may be waived, expressly or impliedly, by
any stockholder or member.
Whenever, for any cause, there is no person authorized to call a
meeting, the Secretaries and Exchange Commission, upon
petition of a stockholder or member on a showing of good cause
therefor, may issue an order to the petitioning stockholder or
member directing him to call a meeting of the corporation by
giving proper notice required by this Code or by the by-laws. The
petitioning stockholder or member shall preside thereat until at
least a majority of the stockholders or members present have
been chosen one of their number as presiding officer. (24, 26)
Sec. 51. Place and time of meetings of stockholders or members. Stockholders' or members' meetings, whether regular or special,
shall be held in the city or municipality where the principal office
of the corporation is located, and if practicable in the principal
office of the corporation: Provided, That Metro Manila shall, for
purposes of this section, be considered a city or municipality.
Notice of meetings shall be in writing, and the time and place
thereof stated therein.
All proceedings had and any business transacted at any meeting
of the stockholders or members, if within the powers or authority
of the corporation, shall be valid even if the meeting be
improperly held or called, provided all the stockholders or
members of the corporation are present or duly represented at
the meeting place of meeting is the city or municipality where the
principal office is located.

Q: Can the by laws provide for another place?

A: No.
Q: Can the articles provide for any other place?
A: No. Refer to Sec. 51.
Q: Principal office is at LB, Laguna, they went to EK to hold a
meeting. Is this possible?
A: No. EK is at Sta. Rosa. The proper place is still anywhere in LB.
Q: The principal office is at Pasig City. They want to hold their
meeting at the Manila Hotel. Is it possible?
A: Yes. Metro Manila is treated as one city.
Q: Are non-voting SH given notice of meeting?
A: Yes.
Q: What are shares that are escrow?
A: Held by 3rd party and may only be released if a condition is
fulfilled.
Q: How about unpaid but not delinquent?
A: Sec. 72 provides that they have the rights of a regular SH.
Sec. 72. Rights of unpaid shares. - Holders of subscribed shares
not fully paid which are not delinquent shall have all the rights of
a stockholder.
Q: What about sequestered shares?
A: Those which are with the PCGG. PCGG is an administrative
body.
Gen. Rule: PCGG cannot vote since voting is an act of dominion.
Exception: Prima facie showing that it is public funds.

CASE: COCOFED
the pledgee may be a proxy for him to have a voting right.
Proxy coupled with interest.
Proxy is a device which is highly revocable.
Voting Trust Agreement

not revocable.

Agreement between SH and another person you call trustee

by virtue of which the SH transfers his voting rights to the trustee.
You cannot transfer unless title to the share is also transferred.
Q: What could be the reason why SH undergoes this Trust
relation?
A:
1.
management of the affairs of the corporation.
2.
dispose of your shares but also re acquire.
3.
secure the performance of your obligation.
-

the one wholl be holding the title is the trustee.

For directorship purposes, the one who is elected director.

CASE: Dee v. CA
Facts: A case was filed to a corporation. The summons was served
to one of its directors. However, he already entered a voting trust
agreement in favor of DBP.
Issue: Was the service of summons proper?
Held: No.
Rationale: He already seized being a director. He already lost legal
title.

SUBSCRIPTION CONTRACTS:
Q: How do you become a SH?
A:
1.
subscription unissued shares
2.
by purchase of treasury shares
3.
purchase of shares of a SH
in subscription, the statutes in CC apply in provisions
regarding subscriptions.
Its like second hand sales.
Subscription:
1.
pre-incorporation before existence.
2.
post incorporation after existence.
Pre incorporation subscription agreement: a contract where
problems usually arise.
Q: A corporation cannot be a party because it is not yet existing.
Who are the parties?
A: By implication. Sec. 61. Proscribes revocation of subscription
agreement within a period of 6 months.
Sec. 61. Pre-incorporation subscription. - A subscription for shares
of stock of a corporation still to be formed shall be irrevocable for
a period of at least six (6) months from the date of subscription,
unless all of the other subscribers consent to the revocation, or
unless the incorporation of said corporation fails to materialize
within said period or within a longer period as may be stipulated
in the contract of subscription: Provided, That no preincorporation subscription may be revoked after the submission of
the articles of incorporation to the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
Q: Remedies?

A:
1.
2.
3.

delinquency sale
specific performance
?

Note: certificate of stock is not a negotiable instrument.

Transfer of share may be transferred coupled with delivery.
It does not represent credit.
Sec. 73. Lost or destroyed certificates. - The following procedure
shall be followed for the issuance by a corporation of new
certificates of stock in lieu of those which have been lost, stolen
or destroyed:
1. The registered owner of a certificate of stock in a corporation or
his legal representative shall file with the corporation an affidavit
in triplicate setting forth, if possible, the circumstances as to how
the certificate was lost, stolen or destroyed, the number of shares
represented by such certificate, the serial number of the
certificate and the name of the corporation which issued the
same. He shall also submit such other information and evidence
which he may deem necessary;
2. After verifying the affidavit and other information and evidence
with the books of the corporation, said corporation shall publish a
notice in a newspaper of general circulation published in the place
where the corporation has its principal office, once a week for
three (3) consecutive weeks at the expense of the registered
owner of the certificate of stock which has been lost, stolen or
destroyed. The notice shall state the name of said corporation,
the name of the registered owner and the serial number of said
certificate, and the number of shares represented by such
certificate, and that after the expiration of one (1) year from the
date of the last publication, if no contest has been presented to
said corporation regarding said certificate of stock, the right to
make such contest shall be barred and said corporation shall

cancel in its books the certificate of stock which has been lost,
stolen or destroyed and issue in lieu thereof new certificate of
stock, unless the registered owner files a bond or other security in
lieu thereof as may be required, effective for a period of one (1)
year, for such amount and in such form and with such sureties as
may be satisfactory to the board of directors, in which case a new
certificate may be issued even before the expiration of the one (1)
year period provided herein: Provided, That if a contest has been
presented to said corporation or if an action is pending in court
regarding the ownership of said certificate of stock which has
been lost, stolen or destroyed, the issuance of the new certificate
of stock in lieu thereof shall be suspended until the final decision
by the court regarding the ownership of said certificate of stock
which has been lost, stolen or destroyed.
Except in case of fraud, bad faith, or negligence on the part of the
corporation and its officers, no action may be brought against any
corporation which shall have issued certificate of stock in lieu of
those lost, stolen or destroyed pursuant to the procedure abovedescribed.
Q: What are those books of records?
A:
1.
minutes books
2.
business transactions.
3.
stock and transfer books.
Q: Why do we have the right to inspection?
A: to allow the SH to prevent abuses.
Q: What are its limitations?
A:
1.
within reasonable hours.
2.
it must be in good faith.

Derivative suit

a remedy available to concerned SH whenever their

directors, officers are negligent with their duties.

A derivative suit may be brought to the RTC.

It is the corporations cause of action. It must be impleaded

as a party.
Q: Why is it called a derivative suit?
A: It derives the Cause of Action from the corporation.
Q: Is it found in the Corporation code?
A: No. It is not mentioned but by analogy sec. 31.
Sec. 31. Liability of directors, trustees or officers. - Directors or
trustees who willfully and knowingly vote for or assent to patently
unlawful acts of the corporation or who are guilty of gross
negligence or bad faith in directing the affairs of the corporation
or acquire any personal or pecuniary interest in conflict with their
duty as such directors or trustees shall be liable jointly and
severally for all damages resulting therefrom suffered by the
corporation, its stockholders or members and other persons.
When a director, trustee or officer attempts to acquire or
acquires, in violation of his duty, any interest adverse to the
corporation in respect of any matter which has been reposed in
him in confidence, as to which equity imposes a disability upon
him to deal in his own behalf, he shall be liable as a trustee for
the corporation and must account for the profits which otherwise
would have accrued to the corporation.
The SH must be:
1.
2.
3.
4.

one of record
?
not a harassment
appraisal right is not an available remedy.

MERGER AND CONSOLIDATION

Merger 2 or more corporations combining. The corporations are
dissolved with the exception of the surviving corporation.
Consolidation 2 or more corporation combined. Both are
dissolved and there is a new corporation.
Procedure: Sec. 77
1.
2.
3.

Board majority
2/3 of the OCS SH
approval of the SEC

Sec. 77. Stockholder's or member's approval. - Upon approval by

majority vote of each of the board of directors or trustees of the
constituent corporations of the plan of merger or consolidation,
the same shall be submitted for approval by the stockholders or
members of each of such corporations at separate corporate
meetings duly called for the purpose. Notice of such meetings
shall be given to all stockholders or members of the respective
corporations, at least two (2) weeks prior to the date of the
meeting, either personally or by registered mail. Said notice shall
state the purpose of the meeting and shall include a copy or a
summary of the plan of merger or consolidation. The affirmative
vote of stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the
outstanding capital stock of each corporation in the case of stock
corporations or at least two-thirds (2/3) of the members in the
case of non-stock corporations shall be necessary for the approval
of such plan. Any dissenting stockholder in stock corporations
may exercise his appraisal right in accordance with the Code:
Provided, That if after the approval by the stockholders of such

plan, the board of directors decides to abandon the plan, the

appraisal right shall be extinguished.
Any amendment to the plan of merger or consolidation may be
made, provided such amendment is approved by majority vote of
the respective boards of directors or trustees of all the constituent
corporations and ratified by the affirmative vote of stockholders
representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital
stock or of two-thirds (2/3) of the members of each of the
constituent corporations. Such plan, together with any
amendment, shall be considered as the agreement of merger or
consolidation.
CASE: Associated Bank v. SEC
SEC approval is necessary for the merger and consolidation
to take effect.
Q: What are the effects?
A: refer to sec. 80

Sec. 80. Effects or merger or consolidation. - The merger or

consolidation shall have the following effects:
1. The constituent corporations shall become a single corporation
which, in case of merger, shall be the surviving corporation
designated in the plan of merger; and, in case of consolidation,
shall be the consolidated corporation designated in the plan of
consolidation;
2. The separate existence of the constituent corporations shall
cease, except that of the surviving or the consolidated
corporation;
3. The surviving or the consolidated corporation shall possess all
the rights, privileges, immunities and powers and shall be subject

to all the duties and liabilities of a corporation organized under

this Code;
4. The surviving or the consolidated corporation shall thereupon
and thereafter possess all the rights, privileges, immunities and
franchises of each of the constituent corporations; and all
property, real or personal, and all receivables due on whatever
account, including subscriptions to shares and other choses in
action, and all and every other interest of, or belonging to, or due
to each constituent corporation, shall be deemed transferred to
and vested in such surviving or consolidated corporation without
further act or deed; and
5. The surviving or consolidated corporation shall be responsible
and liable for all the liabilities and obligations of each of the
constituent corporations in the same manner as if such surviving
or consolidated corporation had itself incurred such liabilities or
obligations; and any pending claim, action or proceeding brought
by or against any of such constituent corporations may be
prosecuted by or against the surviving or consolidated
corporation. The rights of creditors or liens upon the property of
any of such constituent corporations shall not be impaired by
such merger or consolidation.
Q: X corp and Y corp merged. Y is indebted to another
corporation. Is this allowed?
A: Yes. Except:
1.
bulk sales
2.
piercing the veil
3.
by stipulation of the parties.
4.
sale amounts to merger or consolidation.
APPRAISAL RIGHT
Sec. 82. How right is exercised. - The appraisal right may be
exercised by any stockholder who shall have voted against the

proposed corporate action, by making a written demand on the

corporation within thirty (30) days after the date on which the
vote was taken for payment of the fair value of his shares:
Provided, That failure to make the demand within such period
shall be deemed a waiver of the appraisal right. If the proposed
corporate action is implemented or affected, the corporation shall
pay to such stockholder, upon surrender of the certificate or
certificates of stock representing his shares, the fair value thereof
as of the day prior to the date on which the vote was taken,
excluding any appreciation or depreciation in anticipation of such
corporate action.
If within a period of sixty (60) days from the date the corporate
action was approved by the stockholders, the withdrawing
stockholder and the corporation cannot agree on the fair value of
the shares, it shall be determined and appraised by three (3)
disinterested persons, one of whom shall be named by the
stockholder, another by the corporation, and the third by the two
thus chosen. The findings of the majority of the appraisers shall
be final, and their award shall be paid by the corporation within
thirty (30) days after such award is made: Provided, That no
payment shall be made to any dissenting stockholder unless the
corporation has unrestricted retained earnings in its books to
cover such payment: and Provided, further, That upon payment
by the corporation of the agreed or awarded price, the
stockholder shall forthwith transfer his shares to the corporation.
(n)
Sec. 83. Effect of demand and termination of right. - From the
time of demand for payment of the fair value of a stockholder's
shares until either the abandonment of the corporate action
involved or the purchase of the said shares by the corporation, all
rights accruing to such shares, including voting and dividend
rights, shall be suspended in accordance with the provisions of
this Code, except the right of such stockholder to receive
payment of the fair value thereof: Provided, That if the dissenting

stockholder is not paid the value of his shares within 30 days after
the award, his voting and dividend rights shall immediately be
restored. (n)
Sec. 84. When right to payment ceases. - No demand for payment
under this Title may be withdrawn unless the corporation
consents thereto. If, however, such demand for payment is
withdrawn with the consent of the corporation, or if the proposed
corporate action is abandoned or rescinded by the corporation or
disapproved by the Securities and Exchange Commission where
such approval is necessary, or if the Securities and Exchange
Commission determines that such stockholder is not entitled to
the appraisal right, then the right of said stockholder to be paid
the fair value of his shares shall cease, his status as a stockholder
shall thereupon be restored, and all dividend distributions which
would have accrued on his shares shall be paid to him. (n)
Sec. 85. Who bears costs of appraisal. - The costs and expenses of
appraisal shall be borne by the corporation, unless the fair value
ascertained by the appraisers is approximately the same as the
price which the corporation may have offered to pay the
stockholder, in which case they shall be borne by the latter. In the
case of an action to recover such fair value, all costs and
expenses shall be assessed against the corporation, unless the
refusal of the stockholder to receive payment was unjustified. (n)
Sec. 86. Notation on certificates; rights of transferee. - Within ten
(10) days after demanding payment for his shares, a dissenting
stockholder shall submit the certificates of stock representing his
shares to the corporation for notation thereon that such shares
are dissenting shares. His failure to do so shall, at the option of
the corporation, terminate his rights under this Title. If shares
represented by the certificates bearing such notation are
transferred, and the certificates consequently canceled, the rights
of the transferor as a dissenting stockholder under this Title shall
cease and the transferee shall have all the rights of a regular

stockholder; and all dividend distributions which would have

accrued on such shares shall be paid to the transferee.
Assignment for next year:
Corpo until NIL.

January 12, 2007

NON STOCK CORPORATIONS
Sec. 51. Place and time of meetings of stockholders or members. Stockholders' or members' meetings, whether regular or special,
shall be held in the city or municipality where the principal office
of the corporation is located, and if practicable in the principal
office of the corporation: Provided, That Metro Manila shall, for
purposes of this section, be considered a city or municipality.
Notice of meetings shall be in writing, and the time and place
thereof stated therein.
All proceedings had and any business transacted at any meeting
of the stockholders or members, if within the powers or authority
of the corporation, shall be valid even if the meeting be
improperly held or called, provided all the stockholders or
members of the corporation are present or duly represented at
the meeting.
Sec. 93. Place of meetings. - The by-laws may provide that the
members of a non-stock corporation may hold their regular or
special meetings at any place even outside the place where the
principal office of the corporation is located: Provided, That proper
notice is sent to all members indicating the date, time and place
of the meeting: and Provided, further, That the place of meeting
shall be within the Philippines.

Q: Is there a conflict between sec. 51 and sec. 93?

A: Yes
Q: Where?
A: Sec. 93 special laws for non stock corporations.
Q: is there an occasion when sec. 51 is applicable to non stock
corporations?
A: When the law so provides.
Sec. 58. Proxies. - Stockholders and members may vote in person
or by proxy in all meetings of stockholders or members. Proxies
shall in writing, signed by the stockholder or member and filed
before the scheduled meeting with the corporate secretary.
Unless otherwise provided in the proxy, it shall be valid only for
the meeting for which it is intended. No proxy shall be valid and
effective for a period longer than five (5) years at any one time.
(n)
Sec. 89. Right to vote. - The right of the members of any class or
classes to vote may be limited, broadened or denied to the extent
specified in the articles of incorporation or the by-laws. Unless so
limited, broadened or denied, each member, regardless of class,
shall be entitled to one vote.
Unless otherwise provided in the articles of incorporation or the
by-laws, a member may vote by proxy in accordance with the
provisions of this Code. (n)
Voting by mail or other similar means by members of non-stock
corporations may be authorized by the by-laws of non-stock
corporations with the approval of, and under such conditions
which may be prescribed by, the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
Q: Is there a conflict between 58 and 89?
A: Yes.

Q: Distinguish the conflict:

A: 58 allows the use of proxy whether stock or non-stock.
89 allows the removal of proxy in non stock if stated in the by
laws.
Q: How do we reconcile?
A: 89 is applicable to nonstick. If the by laws is silent, apply the
general rule which is sec. 58.
Q: How is NS corp formed? What is the reason in denying proxy
voting?
A: There must be camaraderie. There must be personal
attendance in NS corp. Thats why proxy is denied.
Q: What is in sec. 94?
A: Rules of distribution.
Q: Enumerate
A:
1.
creditors
2.
assets subject to return
3.
assets subject to use
4.
remainder distribution to members.
Q: Again!
A:
1.
creditors
2.
donated properties
a.
return to the donor
b.
turn over to similar institutions.
3.
all other properties members.

this pre supposes that the corporation has already been

dissolved.

Sec. 94. Rules of distribution. - In case dissolution of a non-stock

corporation in accordance with the provisions of this Code, its
assets shall be applied and distributed as follows:
1. All liabilities and obligations of the corporation shall be paid,
satisfied and discharged, or adequate provision shall be made
therefore;
2. Assets held by the corporation upon a condition requiring
return, transfer or conveyance, and which condition occurs by
reason of the dissolution, shall be returned, transferred or
conveyed in accordance with such requirements;
3. Assets received and held by the corporation subject to
limitations permitting their use only for charitable, religious,
benevolent, educational or similar purposes, but not held upon a
condition requiring return, transfer or conveyance by reason of
the dissolution, shall be transferred or conveyed to one or more
corporations, societies or organizations engaged in activities in
the Philippines substantially similar to those of the dissolving
corporation according to a plan of distribution adopted pursuant
to this Chapter;
4. Assets other than those mentioned in the preceding
paragraphs, if any, shall be distributed in accordance with the
provisions of the articles of incorporation or the by-laws, to the
extent that the articles of incorporation or the by-laws, determine
the distributive rights of members, or any class or classes of
members, or provide for distribution; and
5. In any other case, assets may be distributed to such persons,
societies, organizations or corporations, whether or not organized
for profit, as may be specified in a plan of distribution adopted
pursuant to this Chapter.
Q: Will it be legally permissible for a non stock corporation to be
converted to a stock corporation by mere amendment of the AI?
A: No. Because they will have pecuniary interest to the properties
of the corporation during its lifetime. It may also be a fraud to

creditors. The donated properties may be treated as capital stock

of the stock corporations.
Q: How do we convert?
A: dissolve first. 2.3 vote. Any amendment that changes their
voting rights, it could be a basis for appraisal right. (sec.81)
CLOSE CORPORATIONS
Q: What are corporations that cannot be assigned as a closed
corporation?
A: except mining or oil companies, stock exchanges, banks,
insurance companies, public utilities, educational institutions and
corporations declared to be vested with public interest.
Q: What are the provisions that need to appear in the AI?
A:
1.
limitation of memberships.
2.
prohibition of trading or listing in stock exchange.
3.
there must be restriction in the transfer of shares.
Q: What is option restriction?
A: ?
Q: What is consent restriction?
A: Shares cannot be transferred without board approval.
CASE: San Juan Mills
the mere ownership of a single SH if almost all the shares of
the corporation is not a presumption that the corporation is a
closed corporation. The determinative factor is the AI.

remember sec. 23 and sec. 97

CORPORATE DISSOLUTION/LIQUIDATION

extinguishment of franchise
cessation of existence

2 main classes of dissolution:

1.
2.

can

voluntary
involuntary
it is only the state that could give its life and only the state
take it away.

Voluntary dissolution can happen whether there are creditors or

none. Some authors would consider shortening of a term as a
voluntary dissolution. Dissolution takes effect immediately in
voluntary dissolution. In shortening of corporate term it must wait
for the term to expire.
Winding Up
mandatory for the protection of the creditors.
Co ownership of assets according to its stocks.
Q: What is the period?
A: 3 years mandatory
Q: Does it have a personality during the 3 year period?
A: Yes. Only for limited purposes. Those which are related to
winding up.
Q: What if the cases push thru even after winding up?
A: Gen. rule: It will be abated because the corporation ceases to
exist.
Q: What will the corporation do?

A: Appoint a trustee. He is a trustee of the beneficiary. He must be

appointed within the 3 year period.
Q: If the corporation is not inclined to appoint a trustee and the
three year period is about to expire. What is the remedy?
A: The court will appoint a receiver. The court appoints it unlike in
a trustee where the corporation appoints.
Q: What if there was no receiver appointed? What is the remedy?
A: Trace where the corporate assets are.
CASE: Pepsi Cola v CA
the fact that the corporation has already ceased to be a
corporation, doesnt prohibit or extinguish its liability.
Concept of trustee
interpreted in its generic sense.
Either in writing or expressly.
CASE: Gelano v. CA; Koreano v. CA
Facts: The corporation filed a case against Gelano. The
corporation won, however, when a writ of execution was filed, the
Gelano spouses claimed that the corporation had already ceased
to exist, the shortened period had already expired. Corporation
did not appoint any trustee during the 3 year period.
Issue: Whether or not Gelanos claim is correct.
Held: No
Rationale: The court said that we cannot identify a trustee. It is
the counsel of the corporation, as far as this case is concerned,
the corporation impliedly appointed a counsel.

REHABILITATION
-

corporations would rather take rehabilitation.

To make the corporation financially viable.

CASE: Philippine Veterans Bank v. Vega (June 28, 2001)

PD 902-A
Grounds:
1.
imminent danger
2.
wastage of assets
3.
paralization of business prejudicial to the interest of the SH.
4.
?

stay order affects all creditors; including guarantors as long

as these guarantors do not agree to be solidarily liable.

All claims are affected whether secured or not.

stay order withholds only the enforcement of your claim.
Those claims which are stayed are those which are pecuniary
in nature. * not controlling.
Nowadays, it involves all claims, pecuniary or actions.
FOREIGN CORPORATIONS
formed not in the laws of the Philippines; laws of another
state; whose laws permit Filipino citizens to do business in its own
country.
It is necessary for them to secure a license.
Q: Why?
A: for monitoring and taxation purposes.

Q: What do we mean by doing business?

A: It is not defined in the corporation code. Jurisprudence tells us:
1.
maintainance of a body in the Philippines.
2.
intent to continue such business in the Philippines.
RA 7042 memorize
Sec. 3(d) The praise "doing business" shall include soliciting
orders, service contracts, opening offices, whether called "liaison"
offices or branches; appointing representatives or distributors
domiciled in the Philippines or who in any calendar year stay in
the country for a period or periods totalling one hundred eighty
(180) days or more; participating in the management, supervision
or control of any domestic business, firm, entity or corporation in
the Philippines; and any other act or acts that imply a continuity
of commercial dealings or arrangements, and contemplate to that
extent the performance of acts or works, or the exercise of some
of the functions normally incident to, and in progressive
prosecution of, commercial gain or of the purpose and object of
the business organization: Provided, however, That the phrase
"doing business: shall not be deemed to include mere investment
as a shareholder by a foreign entity in domestic corporations duly
registered to do business, and/or the exercise of rights as such
investor; nor having a nominee director or officer to represent its
interests in such corporation; nor appointing a representative or
distributor domiciled in the Philippines which transacts business in
its own name and for its own account;

if business is isolated, no license is required.

Designation of a resident agent is required.

Effects of being issued a license:

1.
2.

the corporation may now engage business.

may sue or be sued in the Philippine courts.

Domestication of the corporation:

intramural issues.
Right of inspection law of the state of origin.
Q: If corporation has no license, can it do business in the
Philippines?
A: Yes. But you cannot sue and you may be sued.
CASE: Hope Insurance v. CA remedy
court explained that though at the time the transaction
entered into, the foreign company had no capacity, if at the time
it filed in court it already secured license, it already has the right
to sue. THIS IS THE REMEDY.
CASE: Ericks v. CA
Facts: A corporation organized in Singapore; it did not have
license in the Philippines. It gave credit terms to its customers.
One of its customers did not pay. Eriks filed a case. Respondent
moved to dismiss due to Eriks lack of license.
Issue: WON the action is dismissible.
Held: Yes
Rationale: Same as Home Insurance. Eriks sued again, this time
with license. Res Judicata does not set in because the trial was not
on the merits.
II. NEGOTIABLE INTRUMENTS LAW (ACT NO.2031)
Patterned after the negotiable instruments act of the US.
Code of commerce article 442-556 were repealed by the NIL
with the exception of crossed checks.

Facilitate commercial transactions and promote free flow of

credit.
NI are substitutes for money but are not legal tender.
Legal tender pertains to those bonds, notes calculated by
the Central Bank.
NI has no legal tender power. It is only when it is encashed.
Non negotiable instruments may also be substitute for
money.
Title of commercial papers may be acquired thru due course.
Eg.
A---------- B------- C
Principal
Obligor
B acquires title to credit. B has the right to demand from A
when it becomes mature.
Hypo: A and B have issues. B already transferred the credit to C. C
is a remote party as to A. C is presumed to be a HIDC.
-

there is no due course holding in assignment.

Medium of exchange.

Q: What are the important characters of a NI?

A:
1.
able to pass from hand to hand
2.
accumulating secondary contracts.
3.
?
Eg.
A-B-C-D-E
Principal

Obligor
Q: Can E go against A directly?
A: No. Because there are secondary contracts. There are
subsequent parties.
Q: What are these requirements for negotiability?
A: Sec. 1 of NIL. (WUPPA)
Section 1. Form of negotiable instruments. - An instrument to be
negotiable must conform to the following requirements:
(a) It must be in writing and signed by the maker or drawer;
(b) Must contain an unconditional promise or order to pay a sum
certain in money;
(c) Must be payable on demand, or at a fixed or determinable
future time;
(d) Must be payable to order or to bearer; and
(e) Where the instrument is addressed to a drawee, he must be
named or otherwise indicated therein with reasonable certainty.
Element no.1 (a) It must be in writing and signed by the maker or
drawer
Q: Why should it be in writing?
A: It is a contract.
Q: Why must it be signed?
A: The signature is a guarantee.

Assignment:

No meeting this Saturday. We will meet on Wednesday 4-9pm.

Please read Negotiable instruments Law and memorize sec. 60 by
heart.
January 23, 2008
written instrument

tangible evidence

for negotiability
signature
best evidence for their accountability.
Element no. 2 (b) Must contain an unconditional promise or order
to pay a sum certain in money
if there are other acts other than payment of money, then
the instrument is non-negotiable.
If the option lies with the holder, even if he performs other
acts, it is still negotiable.
Mere recital of the transaction which gives rise to the
instrument.
No creation of debt if there is no obligation.
Eg. I promise to pay B or order xxx subject to the retainership
agreement we executed in May 2007.

it is not a recital of the previous agreement but only

connects it with the previous agreement.
The Principle we follow:

negotiability is to be judged by the statements appearing on

its face. If you have to look at other contracts outside the
instrument then negotiability is destroyed.

Reason: third parties must be protected because they are not

privy to the instrument.
Determine whether the following instrument is negotiable:
I promise to pay Mr. B P100,000.00, out of the sale of my
motorcycle. not negotiable. It is subject to the condition of the
sale of the motorcycle.
Sec. 2: Certainty of the Sum payable.
Sec. 2. What constitutes certainty as to sum. - The sum payable is
a sum certain within the meaning of this Act, although it is to be
paid:
(a) with interest; or
(b) by stated installments; or
(c) by stated installments, with a provision that, upon default in
payment of any installment or of interest, the whole shall become
due; or
(d) with exchange, whether at a fixed rate or at the current rate;
or
(e) with costs of collection or an attorney's fee, in case payment
shall not be made at maturity.
engage payment of the sum payable as well as the interest.
If there is stipulation to pay by installments, it does not
destroy the negotiability, as long as the installments are stated.
STATED:
1.
amount of each installment.
2.
maturity date of each installment.

Determine whether the following instruments are negotiable:

1.
I promise to pay Mr. B P100,000.00 in 4 installments. --> not
negotiable. Amount of the installment must be stated.
2.
I promise to pay Mr. B P100,000.00 in 4 equal installments.
not negotiable. The information lacks when it will mature.
3.
I promise to pay Mr. B or order, P100,000.00 in 4 equal
monthly installments beginning July 7, 2007. negotiable. It is
determinable.
Acceleration clause:
provision which renders the instrument due and demandable
when default is incurred.
It does not destroy the negotiability.
Attorneys fees:
it does not render the instrument non-negotiable.
Element no. 3 (c) Must be payable on demand, or at a fixed or
determinable future time
Sec. 7. When payable on demand. - An instrument is payable on
demand:
(a) When it is so expressed to be payable on demand, or at sight,
or on presentation; or
(b) In which no time for payment is expressed.
Where an instrument is issued, accepted, or indorsed when
overdue, it is, as regards the person so issuing, accepting, or
indorsing it, payable on demand.
Notes:
Sec. 7 states that it must be:

1.
expressed
2.
no maturity date silent.
Sec. 4. Determinable future time; what constitutes. - An
instrument is payable at a determinable future time, within the
meaning of this Act, which is expressed to be payable:
(a) At a fixed period after date or sight; or
(b) On or before a fixed or determinable future time specified
therein; or
(c) On or at a fixed period after the occurrence of a specified
event which is certain to happen, though the time of happening
be uncertain.
An instrument payable upon a contingency is not negotiable, and
the happening of the event does not cure the defect.
Sec. 4 states that it must be:
1.
2.

fixed period
fixed time.

The more difficult to explain and understand is determinable

future time:
Q: What comprises determinable future time?
A: An instrument is payable at a determinable future time, within
the meaning of this Act, which is expressed to be payable:
(a) At a fixed period after date or sight; or
(b) On or before a fixed or determinable future time specified
therein; or

(c) On or at a fixed period after the occurrence of a specified

event which is certain to happen, though the time of happening
be uncertain.
Eg. I promise to pay Mr. A or order, 10 days after it is issued.
Issued Jan. 1, 2008.

Q: What else constitutes determinable future time?

A: Payable on Christmas day, 2008.
the exact date of happening is not stated but upon a certain
event to happen.
Period does not destroy negotiability.
On or after an event, not before the period.
Section 4 are your words of negotiability.
Eg.
1.
2.
3.

pay to B to B and no other.

pay to B or order. to B or at his command.
Pay to B or bearer to B or anyone who is a holder.

Q: In example no. 1, it was assigned to C. How would A treat C?

A: He could treat C in the same way that he is expected to treat B.
Sec. 5. Additional provisions not affecting negotiability. - An
instrument which contains an order or promise to do any act in
addition to the payment of money is not negotiable. But the
negotiable character of an instrument otherwise negotiable is not
affected by a provision which:
(a) authorizes the sale of collateral securities in case the
instrument be not paid at maturity; or

(b) authorizes a confession of judgment if the instrument be not

paid at maturity; or
(c) waives the benefit of any law intended for the advantage or
protection of the obligor; or
(d) gives the holder an election to require something to be done
in lieu of payment of money.
But nothing in this section shall validate any provision or
stipulation otherwise illegal.
Sec. 5: negotiability is not affected:
1.
authority on the part of the holder to sell collateral
securities.
2.
confessions of judgments the obligor bargains away his day
in court. Just disregard this portion.
3.
waiver of benefit.
4.
election to require payment.
ABCDEF
Maker

NEGOTIATION:
Rule: on his face
Sec. 8. When payable to order. - The instrument is payable to
order where it is drawn payable to the order of a specified person
or to him or his order. It may be drawn payable to the order of:
(a) A payee who is not maker, drawer, or drawee; or
(b) The drawer or maker; or

(c) The drawee; or

(d) Two or more payees jointly; or
(e) One or some of several payees; or
(f) The holder of an office for the time being.
Where the instrument is payable to order, the payee must be
named or otherwise indicated therein with reasonable certainty.

1.

payable to order:

I promise to pay B or order XXX

(sgd) A
payee
A ------------ B ------- C
maker
Indorsement
Plus delivery.

indorsement alone is not sufficient.

If the note is payable to a specified person, the only recourse

is indorsement plus delivery.
payee
A ------------ B ------- C ---- D
maker
Indorsement
Plus delivery
Q: How would C negotiate it further to D?
A: It depends on how it was indorsed to C by B.

if blank indorsement, mere delivery is sufficient.

If special indorsement; Indorsement plus delivery.

-

this rule will surely not apply if it is a bearer instrument.

An order instrument may be converted to bearer, but a

bearer instrument may not be converted to an order.
ONCE A BEARER ALWAYS A BEARER.

Different Categories of indorsement:

1.
2.
3.
4.

special or blank
conditional or unconditional
general, qualified or unqualified
restrictive or unrestrictive

I.

Special or Blank: signature is the essence of the instrument.

1.

Special
This makes it special

2.

Blank

if only the signature appears

if C would like to negotiate it further than all he has to do is

to deliver it.
ISSUE: how further negotiation would take effect.
II.
Conditional or unconditional
1.

Unconditional

this is unconditional because there was no condition.

2.

Conditional

Q: Does it affect the promise of A to pay B because of the

condition?
A: No. Because A remains obligated and it does not affect Bs
claim over A.
ISSUE: How indorsement produces it effects.
III.

Qualified or Unqualified

1.

Qualified

Q: What is involved here?

A: The liability of indorser.

as far as liability is concerned there are only 2 types of

indorsers.
Sec. 65. Warranty where negotiation by delivery and so forth.
Every person negotiating an instrument by delivery or by a
qualified indorsement warrants:
(a) That the instrument is genuine and in all respects what it
purports to be;
(b) That he has a good title to it;
(c) That all prior parties had capacity to contract;

(d) That he has no knowledge of any fact which would impair the
validity of the instrument or render it valueless.
But when the negotiation is by delivery only, the warranty
extends in favor of no holder other than the immediate
transferee.
The provisions of subdivision (c) of this section do not apply to a
person negotiating public or corporation securities other than bills
and notes.

a qualified indorser has no engagement to pay.

You have no recourse against a qualified indorser.

Qualified indorsement is not presumed. Words to that effect

are the following:
without recourse; sans recourse; without secondary
engagement.
Liability of Mr. B is under sec. 65.
2.

Unqualified Indorser or General Indorser.

Sec. 66. Liability of general indorser. - Every indorser who

indorses without qualification, warrants to all subsequent holders
in due course:
(a) The matters and things mentioned in subdivisions (a), (b), and
(c) of the next preceding section; and
(b) That the instrument is, at the time of his indorsement, valid
and subsisting;
And, in addition, he engages that, on due presentment, it shall be
accepted or paid, or both, as the case may be, according to its
tenor, and that if it be dishonored and the necessary proceedings
on dishonor be duly taken, he will pay the amount thereof to the
holder, or to any subsequent indorser who may be compelled to
pay it.

additional paragraph is called secondary liability.

general indorser engages payment

ISSUE: Liability of indorsers.

IV.

Restrictive or Unrestrictive:

1.

Restrictive:

we are restricting the rights of the indorsee.

Rights of the indorsee:

a.
b.
c.
d.

title to the credit

to sue
negotiate further
enforce payment

3 modes of restrictive indorsement:

a.
b.
c.

prohibits further negotiation.

Create agency between the indorser and the indorsee.
Trust relationship.

Examples

Limitation: he lost the right to further negotiate it.

Limitation: C only has legal title; beneficial title is still with B.

Limitation: no beneficial title; only legal title.

2.

Payable to bearer:

Sec. 9. When payable to bearer. - The instrument is payable to

bearer:
(a) When it is expressed to be so payable; or
(b) When it is payable to a person named therein or bearer; or
(c) When it is payable to the order of a fictitious or non-existing
person, and such fact was known to the person making it so
payable; or
(d) When the name of the payee does not purport to be the name
of any
person; or

(e) When the only or last indorsement is an indorsement in blank.

I promise to pay B or bearer xxx

(sgd) A
Delivery Delivery Delivery
A ---- B ------- C ---- D --- E
Maker original
Payee
Q: If C indorses it, does it matter?
A: No. Because it is an original bearer instrument.
Delivery Delivery Delivery
A ---- B ------- C ---- D --- E
Maker original
Payee

liability only to the immediate indorser.

Sec. 40. Indorsement of instrument payable to bearer. - Where an
instrument, payable to bearer, is indorsed specially, it may
nevertheless be further negotiated by delivery; but the person
indorsing specially is liable as indorser to only such holders as
make title through his indorsement.

if they indorsed it, it is still bearer. However, they may be

liable under sec. 66.
Eg. Payable to order:
payee
A ------------ B ------- C
maker
delivery

Q: Did C acquire title?

A: Yes. But only as assignee and not by negotiation.
A ------------ B ------- C
Q: Why do you want indorsement?
A: to be a Holder in due course
Sec. 49. Transfer without indorsement; effect of. - Where the
holder of an instrument payable to his order transfers it for value
without indorsing it, the transfer vests in the transferee such title
as the transferor had therein, and the transferee acquires in
addition, the right to have the indorsement of the transferor. But
for the purpose of determining whether the transferee is a holder
in due course, the negotiation takes effect as of the time when
the indorsement is actually made.
Q: If Mr. C succeeded in securing the indorsement. He knew that
there was fraud at the time it was indorsed. Will he still be a
HIDC?
A: No. He already has notice of infirmity.
Sec. 48: Striking out an indorsement.
Eg. Original bearer was indorsed. Eventually to third parties. The
remedy is to strike out the indorsement.
Sec. 48. Striking out indorsement. - The holder may at any time
strike out any indorsement which is not necessary to his title. The
indorser whose indorsement is struck out, and all indorsers
subsequent to him, are thereby relieved from liability on the
instrument.

According to Maam: Bayaran mo muna ako bago ko strike out

and indorsement para secured ang obligation.
CONCEPT OF HOLDERS:
Holder

in possession of the instrument.

Payer is the holder as long as he has possession.
The moment he parts, he ceases to be a holder.

Sec. 52. What constitutes a holder in due course. - A holder in due

course is a holder who has taken the instrument under the
following conditions:
(a) That it is complete and regular upon its face;
(b) That he became the holder of it before it was overdue, and
without notice that it has been previously dishonored, if such was
the fact;
(c) That he took it in good faith and for value;
(d) That at the time it was negotiated to him, he had no notice of
any infirmity in the instrument or defect in the title of the person
negotiating it.
* in sales good faith; innocent purchaser. It all boils down to
innocence; good faith.
Assignment:

Memorize by heart: secs. 52, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66; Holders up to
defense.
June 26, 2008
Sec. 52. What constitutes a holder in due course. - A holder in due
course is a holder who has taken the instrument under the
following conditions:
(a) That it is complete and regular upon its face;
(b) That he became the holder of it before it was overdue, and
without notice that it has been previously dishonored, if such was
the fact;
(c) That he took it in good faith and for value;
(d) That at the time it was negotiated to him, he had no notice of
any infirmity in the instrument or defect in the title of the person
negotiating it.
Q: The instrument was previously dishonored. You did not know.
Are you still a HIDC?
A: Yes
Q: What is a holder for value?
A: for value and consideration.
Q: Why is it impossible that you cant be a HIDC if youre not a
holder for value?
A: Because it is irregular that a person would give his credit
without any consideration.
Q: What is the difference between infirmity and defect?
A: infirmities not apparent on the face of the instrument.

Eg. Forgery; insertion of wrong date; sum payable, not the real
amount.
Defect it means you have no right to the credit since it is
apparent on its face.
Eg. Force, duress, fraud etc
Mr. Quitain!
Q: What is the presumption?
A: Sec. 59. Who is deemed holder in due course. - Every holder is
deemed prima facie to be a holder in due course; but when it is
shown that the title of any person who has negotiated the
instrument was defective, the burden is on the holder to prove
that he or some person under whom he claims acquired the title
as holder in due course. But the last-mentioned rule does not
apply in favor of a party who became bound on the instrument
prior to the acquisition of such defective title.
Q: What is the shelter rule?
A: It is when a person derives its title from a HIDC despite the fact
that he knows an infirmity, as long as, he does not participate in
the wrong doing. He is protected by the shelter rule.
Q: Why is it important to be a HIDC?
A: Personal defenses will not be availed of the indorsers.
Eg.
infirmity
A ---- B ------- C ---- D --- E
HIDC

if D acquires instrument from C; he is benefited by the

shelter rule.

Q: Is there still a difference between C and D?

A: Yes. The fact that he is not a HIDC.
Q: What?
A: He cannot provide a shelter rule for E.
LIABILITIES OF PARTIES
Q: Who are the parties liable?
A: Those who are potentially liable.
Q: They are liable to whom?
A: The one who has the right to have possession of the
instrument.
Promissory Note
Bill of Exchange
Maker sec. 60
Drawer (61)
Indorsers:
Qualified (65)
General (66) Acceptor (62)
Persons Negotiation by delivery. (65)
Indorsers
Qualified (65)
General (66)
Persons Negotiation by delivery. (65)
Q: Recite verbatim sections 60-62 and sections 65-66.
A: Sec. 60. Liability of maker. - The maker of a negotiable
instrument, by making it, engages that he will pay it according to
its tenor, and admits the existence of the payee and his then
capacity to indorse.
Sec. 61. Liability of drawer. - The drawer by drawing the
instrument admits the existence of the payee and his then

capacity to indorse; and engages that, on due presentment, the

instrument will be accepted or paid, or both, according to its
tenor, and that if it be dishonored and the necessary proceedings
on dishonor be duly taken, he will pay the amount thereof to the
holder or to any subsequent indorser who may be compelled to
pay it. But the drawer may insert in the instrument an express
stipulation negativing or limiting his own liability to the holder.
Sec. 62. Liability of acceptor. - The acceptor, by accepting the
instrument, engages that he will pay it according to the tenor of
his acceptance and admits:
(a) The existence of the drawer, the genuineness of his signature,
and his capacity and authority to draw the instrument; and
(b) The existence of the payee and his then capacity to indorse.
Sec. 65. Warranty where negotiation by delivery and so forth.
Every person negotiating an instrument by delivery or by a
qualified indorsement warrants:
(a) That the instrument is genuine and in all respects what it
purports to be;
(b) That he has a good title to it;
(c) That all prior parties had capacity to contract;
(d) That he has no knowledge of any fact which would impair the
validity of the instrument or render it valueless.
But when the negotiation is by delivery only, the warranty
extends in favor of no holder other than the immediate
transferee.
The provisions of subdivision (c) of this section do not apply to a
person negotiating public or corporation securities other than bills
and notes.

Sec. 66. Liability of general indorser. - Every indorser who

indorses without qualification, warrants to all subsequent holders
in due course:
(a) The matters and things mentioned in subdivisions (a), (b), and
(c) of the next preceding section; and
(b) That the instrument is, at the time of his indorsement, valid
and subsisting;
And, in addition, he engages that, on due presentment, it shall be
accepted or paid, or both, as the case may be, according to its
tenor, and that if it be dishonored and the necessary proceedings
on dishonor be duly taken, he will pay the amount thereof to the
holder, or to any subsequent indorser who may be compelled to
pay it.
Q: What are the categories of liability?
A: warranties and engagement to pay (primary and secondary)
Q: What do you mean by warranty?
A: You make representations.
Q: Can we conclude that warranties are common?
A: Yes. Common to all parties that are potentially liable.
Q: Does the maker have a warranty?
A: Yes. Admission of existence of the payee and his capacity to
indorse.
Q: Qualified indorsers?
A: (a) That the instrument is genuine and in all respects what it
purports to be;
(b) That he has a good title to it;
(c) That all prior parties had capacity to contract;

(d) That he has no knowledge of any fact which would impair the
validity of the instrument or render it valueless.
But when the negotiation is by delivery only, the warranty
extends in favor of no holder other than the immediate
transferee.
Q: General Indorsers?
A: (a) The matters and things mentioned in subdivisions (a), (b),
and (c) of the next preceding section; and
(b) That the instrument is, at the time of his indorsement, valid
and subsisting;
And, in addition, he engages that, on due presentment, it shall be
accepted or paid, or both, as the case may be, according to its
tenor, and that if it be dishonored and the necessary proceedings
on dishonor be duly taken, he will pay the amount thereof to the
holder, or to any subsequent indorser who may be compelled to
pay it.
Q: Drawer?
A: The drawer by drawing the instrument admits the existence of
the payee and his then capacity to indorse; and engages that, on
due presentment, the instrument will be accepted or paid, or
both, according to its tenor, and that if it be dishonored and the
necessary proceedings on dishonor be duly taken, he will pay the
amount thereof to the holder or to any subsequent indorser who
may be compelled to pay it. But the drawer may insert in the
instrument an express stipulation negativing or limiting his own
liability to the holder.
Q: Acceptor?
A: (a) The existence of the drawer, the genuineness of his
signature, and his capacity and authority to draw the instrument;
and

(b) The existence of the payee and his then capacity to indorse.
Q: What is the concept of primary and secondary liability?
A: Secondary liability occurs when there is dishonor and
proceedings of dishonor. These are conditions precedent.
DEFENSES:
Q: Why is liability related to defenses?
A: Liability of the party depends on the availability of defenses.
Q: Who are interested?
A: Those who are potentially liable.
Q: What are the 2 classes of defenses?
A: Personal and Real
Q: What is the difference?
A: Personal defenses from the acts of the parties.
Real defenses from the instrument itself.
Personal defense

weak defense

absence of due course holding on the part of the creditor.

Equitable defense.
For personal defenses: Code (FINCFADRTMIA)
For real defenses: Code (MIFIMUFIVWPD)
Refer to Sundiangs book.
Eg. Promissory note

A ---- B ------- C ---- D --- E

Maker
holder
(signature
Forged)
Q: Can A raise the defense of forgery against E?
A: Yes
Q: What if the instrument is payable to bearer?
A: Yes. A is still not liable.
Q: Could E hold B, C and D liable?
A: No longer. Only to the immediate party.
Eg.
A ---- B ------- C ---- D --- E
(minor)
Q: Is the defense of minority available to A?
A: Yes.
Q: Can E go after B, C, D?
A: Yes. Because they warrant that all parties have capacity to
contract.
Q: Will it matter if they did not know?
A: No.
Q: Would it matter if they were qualified?
A: No. Because qualified indorsers warrant the same.
Q: If it is bearer instrument?
A: The same thing. D is liable to E.C is liable to D. B is liable to C.

Q: eg.

if it was issued June 1, 2007 => June 11, 2007.

By As acts it gives B the authority to compel A to place a

date.
Q: What if B abused his authority and placed May 25, 2007?
A: A has the defense of delivery of incomplete instrument. There
is abuse of authority.
Q; Will A be able to avail of this defense, since presumption of
HIDC is present?
A: No. Sec. 13 and 14 clearly states that innocent holders may not
be prejudiced.
Q: What if B changed the date?
A: Then a real defense of material alteration is available.
Q: Does E still have a remedy?
A: He may go after the subsequent parties since it is captured by
in all respects what it purports to be.
Q: Can a holder not in due course go after prior general indorsers?
A: No decision yet. But authorities would say that holders not in
due course may go after general indorsers.
Q: What if B placed a larger sum of money in a promissory note?
A: A has a personal defense as to E. Not available to HIDC.
Assignment:
1.
a.
b.

for forgery read the following cases:

Associated Bank v. CA
Republic v. Andrada

c.
d.
e.

Gempesaw v. CA
Illusorio v. CA
Samsung construction v. Far east Bank.

2.

Finish reading:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Negotiable Instruments
Warehouse receipts Law
Letters of Credit.
Trust receipts.

Midterms on Sat 11-1pm

Lecture
February 10,2008
2:30 pm
FORGERY:
Promissory Note
A---- B ----- C -- D --- E F
Maker
holder
-

it will be available whether you are a HIDC or not.

Q: Would it matter if it was payable to bearer?

A: No. Regardless of the status of being a bearer, it is of no
moment as long as the infirmity is of the signature of the maker.
Q: What is the remedy if the persons negotiated it by delivery?
A: His recourse is to go after E; the immediate party.
Cut-off rule:

parties prior to the forged indorsement; their liability is cutoff.

Applies only if the forged instrument is necessary to the
vesting of title.
Bill of Exchange:
A ---- B ----- C ----D ---E F
drawer

X (drawee/acceptor)
Q: if payable to order, can X refuse payment to the holder on the
ground that the drawers signature is forged?
A: No. Because there was already acceptance.
Q: if payable to bearer, in the same situation.
A: the same answer. (sec. 62)
Sec. 62. Liability of acceptor. - The acceptor, by accepting the
instrument, engages that he will pay it according to the tenor of
his acceptance and admits:
(a) The existence of the drawer, the genuineness of his signature,
and his capacity and authority to draw the instrument; and
(b) The existence of the payee and his then capacity to indorse
forged
A ---- B ----- C ----D ---E F
drawer
(genuine)
X (drawee/acceptor)

Q: Can X use the defense of forgery?

A: Yes. Sec. 62. He doesnt admit the signature of the payee.
by accepting the instrument, the acceptor is not precluded
from raising forgery of the payees signature as a defense.
CASES: Associated Bank v. CA; Gempesaw v. CA; Republic v.
Ebrada.
Q: X didnt know the forgery. Who bears the loss?
A: The payment by X is erroneous. No authority. The drawee bank
suffers the loss.
Exception: If there is negligence on the part of the drawer, there
is comparative negligence.
Q: What is the remedy of X?
A: Go after the collecting bank. X could go after F.
Q: What is Fs remedy?
A: Go after prior indorsers.
Case: Associated Bank v. CA
Drawer: Province of Tarlac
Drawee: PNB
Collecting Bank: Associated Bank
Payee: Concepcion Hospital
Facts: The checks were made payable to Concepcion Hospital. A
certain Pangilinan, who was previously an employee of Hospital,
the province of Tarlac still gave the checks to Pangilinan.
Pangilinan forged the instrument and credited it to his account.
PNB accepted.
Issue: Could PNB debit it from the account of the drawer?

Held: Yes
Rationale: The province of Tarlac is without fault. Its agent should
not have entrusted its checks with Mr. Pangilinan. To that extent,
the province of Tarlac should share in the loss.
Case: Gempesaw v. CA
Facts: Gempesaw issued checks for her suppliers. She entrusted it
to her long time secretary. Her secretary forged the instrument.
Issue: Was there negligence in the part of Gempesaw?
Held: Yes
Rationale: There was negligence on Gempesaw. She should share
in the loss.
Illustration:
Who bears the loss?
Drawer v. drawee drawee
Drawee v. collecting bank

Collecting bank

MATERIAL ALTERATION:
partial real defense
at the time the alteration was produced, the instrument was
complete in all respects.
Differentiate this from sec. 14 contemplates a case where
the instrument is materially incomplete.
Eg.
100k
200k(altered)
A ---- B ----- C ----D ---E
Q: Who could raise the defense?

A: Parties before the alteration A

Q: Could A invoke the defense against E?
A: Yes. Only partial real defense.
Q: What if E is a HIDC?
A: He could invoke but still hell be liable partially. Up to the
original tenor.
Promissory Note
Bill of Exchange
1. Maker 1. Acceptor
2.Indorsers
a. general
b. qualified
2. Drawer
3. Persons negotiating by delivery. 3. Indorsers
a. general
b. qualified
4. Persons negotiating by delivery.
Liability:
a.)
b.)

Warranties - common to all.

Engagement to pay

PN maker (primary)
General Indorser (secondary)
BEX acceptor (primary)
Drawer (secondary)
General Indorser (secondary)
QI
PNBD no warranties

Q: If the holder is going after an indorser who breached his

warranty is the holder here bound by the laws of presentment and
dishonor?
A: No. Only necessary for secondary liability.
Note: Sec. 65- warranties
Sec. 65. Warranty where negotiation by delivery and so forth.
Every person negotiating an instrument by delivery or by a
qualified indorsement warrants:
(a) That the instrument is genuine and in all respects what it
purports to be;
(b) That he has a good title to it;
(c) That all prior parties had capacity to contract;
(d) That he has no knowledge of any fact which would impair the
validity of the instrument or render it valueless.
But when the negotiation is by delivery only, the warranty
extends in favor of no holder other than the immediate
transferee.
The provisions of subdivision (c) of this section do not apply to a
person negotiating public or corporation securities other than bills
and notes.
Q: Does sec. 65 require presentment?
A: No.
Q: Does sec. 65 require dishonor proceedings?
A: No.

Presentment of dishonor is only relevant to general indorser

and drawer.

Eg.
A ---- B ----- C ----D ---E
E will only present to A
BEX
A ---- B ----- C ----D ---E
drawer

X (drawee/acceptor)
Purpose of presentment:
1.
2.

obtain acceptance sec. 143

obtain deposit

Sec. 143. When presentment for acceptance must be made. Presentment for acceptance must be made:
(a) Where the bill is payable after sight, or in any other case,
where presentment for acceptance is necessary in order to fix the
maturity of the instrument; or
(b) Where the bill expressly stipulates that it shall be presented
for acceptance; or
(c) Where the bill is drawn payable elsewhere than at the
residence or place of business of the drawee.
In no other case is presentment for acceptance necessary in order
to render any party to the bill liable.
Q: Qualified acceptance? Could E take it?

A: Yes. Parties who are secondarily liable are discharged.

Q: Could E opt not to take it?
A: Yes. He could it as a dishonor on the part of X.
Q: Can E now go after the drawer and indorsers?
A: Yes. They engage that on due presentment it will be accepted
according to its tenor. (sec. 62 and 66)
Sec. 62. Liability of acceptor. - The acceptor, by accepting the
instrument, engages that he will pay it according to the tenor of
his acceptance and admits:
(a) The existence of the drawer, the genuineness of his signature,
and his capacity and authority to draw the instrument; and
(b) The existence of the payee and his then capacity to indorse
Sec. 66. Liability of general indorser. - Every indorser who
indorses without qualification, warrants to all subsequent holders
in due course:
(a) The matters and things mentioned in subdivisions (a), (b), and
(c) of the next preceding section; and
(b) That the instrument is, at the time of his indorsement, valid
and subsisting;
And, in addition, he engages that, on due presentment, it shall be
accepted or paid, or both, as the case may be, according to its
tenor, and that if it be dishonored and the necessary proceedings
on dishonor be duly taken, he will pay the amount thereof to the
holder, or to any subsequent indorser who may be compelled to
pay it.
Take note of the special rules:
Both makers- special agency or to both.


Sec. 81- excuses the fact of delay.

Sec. 82 cases where presentment is excused. If it is

excused the instrument is now not accepted. The drawee is a
ficititious person.
Sec. 81. When delay in making presentment is excused. - Delay in
making presentment for payment is excused when the delay is
caused by circumstances beyond the control of the holder and not
imputable to his default, misconduct, or negligence. When the
cause of delay ceases to operate, presentment must be made
with reasonable diligence.
Sec. 82. When presentment for payment is excused. Presentment for payment is excused:
(a) Where, after the exercise of reasonable diligence,
presentment, as required by this Act, cannot be made;
(b) Where the drawee is a fictitious person;
(c) By waiver of presentment, express or implied.
Q: When is an instrument deemed dishonor?
A: 1. refund 2. excused
DISCHARGE:
-

broad sense means extinguishment of liability.

Could affect the instrument itself or a party liable.
Carries with it discharge of all parties liable.
Provisions of sec. 119

Payment in due course sec. 88

Sec. 88. What constitutes payment in due course. - Payment is
made in due course when it is made at or after the maturity of the

payment to the holder thereof in good faith and without notice

that his title is defective.
Discharge there must be intentional discharge.
1.
2.
3.

deliberate tearing off

cross out of signature
PNBD becomes the holder confusion or merger of rights.

Sec. 120. When persons secondarily liable on the instrument are

discharged. - A person secondarily liable on the instrument is
discharged:
(a) By any act which discharges the instrument;
(b) By the intentional cancellation of his signature by the holder;
(c) By the discharge of a prior party;
(d) By a valid tender or payment made by a prior party;
(e) By a release of the principal debtor unless the holder's right of
recourse against the party secondarily liable is expressly
reserved;
(f) By any agreement binding upon the holder to extend the time
of payment or to postpone the holder's right to enforce the
instrument unless made with the assent of the party secondarily
liable or unless the right of recourse against such party is
expressly reserved.
CHECKS:
-

special form of bill of exchange

specie of BEX
payable to order or bearer
payable on demand

the purpose of the check is for payment

the death of the drawer or depositor automatically revokes
the authority of the bank.

checks must be presented within reasonable time after

issued.

BEX may be presented immediately after it is issued.

Kinds:
1.
2.
3.

Cashier
Certified check
crossed check

a.

Casher/ managers check

good as cash
the bank itself is both the drawer and the drawee
the bank effectively commits its property, assetsetc..
operates as an assignment of funds.

b.

certified checks

it bears upon its face that bank will pay it upon presentment.
Certification is equivalent to acceptance.
Liability of acceptance arises.
The drawer cannot issue stop payment order. (sec. 188)
Operates as an assignment of funds to the credit of the
drawer (sec. 189)
It allows persons not well acquainted with each other to
transact business.
Sec. 188. Effect where the holder of check procures it to be
certified. - Where the holder of a check procures it to be accepted

or certified, the drawer and all indorsers are discharged from

liability thereon.
Sec. 189. When check operates as an assignment. - A check of
itself does not operate as an assignment of any part of the funds
to the credit of the drawer with the bank, and the bank is not
liable to the holder unless and until it accepts or certifies the
check.

c.

crossed check

deposit it to your account before it is cleared.

To ensure payment to the payee.
May only be deposited not encashed.
It has been issued for a definite purpose.

Assignment:
1.
38,
2.
3.
4.

Warehouse receipts secs. 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 18, 25, 26, 27, 37,

39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45.
Letters of credit
Trust receipts
Transportation laws

February 16, 2008

Warehouse Reciepts Law
Act no. 2137

Protection: Sec. 41
1.
title to the goods
2.
direct obligation from the WHM
3.
sec. 25 cannot be defeated by levy, attachment of the
goods
4.
sec. 49 stoppage in transitu; unpaid seller
Non negotiable
W----D----A
Q: Would A acquire title to the goods?
A: Yes. Sec. 42
Q: What is your personality as far as the warehouseman is
concerned?
A: Mere assignee (no direct obligation to the warehouseman) only
right to notify (sec. 42)

prior notification, the title may be defeated by levy,

attachment or execution upon the courts.

The title to the goods may also be defeated by acquisition of

3rd persons and there are no notifications.

The good thing about negotiation is that you dont have to

inform the warehouseman.
If delivered:
1.
2.

negotiates (I + D; D)
assigns/ transfers (DOA; DOT)

you are still answerable to warranties under sec. 44

Q: What if the receipt was forged?

A: A can go after D. (sec. 44)
Q: What if it were stolen?
A: Sec. 44. He warrants he has title to the goods.
WAREHOUSEMANS LIEN
Q: How does he enforce?
A: p. 154 old Sundiang book
LETTERS OF CREDIT
Q: What is a letter of credit?
A:
Q: What are the usual documents in a letter of credit?
A:
1.
bill of lading
2.
invoices
3.
quantity analysis
4.
description of goods
5.
insurance policies
6.
copy of the purchase agreement

eg. X Bank -- seller (beneficiary)

3 Relationships:
1.
2.
3.

Buyer and seller

X Bank and seller
X bank and buyer

CASE: BPI v. De Reli

Facts: De reli opened LOC to BPI seller presented all the
documents when shipment arrived, buyer realized that it was not
the same. He refused to reimburse the bank.
Issue: Is the contention tenable?
Held: No
Rationale: There is independence of contracts.
CASE: Transfield v. Luzon Hydro Corporation
Facts: Standby letters of credit is to secure the performance of an
obligation. Luzon engaged Transfield. Luzon wants construction of
HYDRO electrical plant but with a time table. The contract allows
extension of time provided it is force majeure. Luzon compelled
Transfield to open standby LOC. While the project was on going,
Transfield asked for extension because of force majeure. Luzon
refused since it is unmeritorious. While the arbitration was
pending, Luzon called for the LOC.
Issue: Whether or not Transfields contention is tenable?
Held: No
Rationale: The standby letters of credit is already available. Delay,
whether or not fortuitous, there was already delay. The purpose is
to secure the obligation. Independence of contracts. The banks
contract is independent.
TRUST RECEIPTS LAW
Q: What is a trust receipt?
A: the bank release the goods to the entrustee upon presentation
of document. The security interest of the bank follows the goods.

Q: What are the entrustees obligations?

A:
1.
sell the goods
2.
if not sold, return the goods.
The trust receipt law is not a violation of the constitutional
guarantee of non-payment of debt.
TRANSPORTATION LAW
Q: What is a common carrier?
A: Art. 1732. Common carriers are persons, corporations, firms or
associations engaged in the business of carrying or transporting
passengers or goods or both, by land, water, or air, for
compensation, offering their services to the public.
Q: Is a travel agency a common carrier?
A: No. They only expedite the travel.
Q: Are towage services common carriers?
A: No. They only load or unload.
CASE: De Guzman v. CA
-

1732 does not distinguish

Even ancillary in nature

CASE: It Sian
even if they have no common routes they are still common
carriers.
Q: What about pipeline concessionaires, are they common
carriers?

A: Yes. As stated in the case of First Philippine Industrial corp. v.

CA.
Q: What distinguishes common carriers from an ordinary carrier?
A:
1.
It exercises extraordinary diligence.
2.
there is presumption of negligence.
CASE: Tatad v. Sec. Garcia
Issue: Is it legally permissible for a common carrier to be owned
by foreign nationals but operated by Filipinos?
Held: Yes
Rationale: Only requirement in that it may only be operated by
Filipino nationals.
ZVC: Mr Quitain!
Q: What is the Registered Owner Rule?
A: It pertains to the rule that whoever is registered in the LTFRB as
the owner of the vehicle is primarily liable.
Q: What is the objective?
A: To know who is the party liable in cases where there is
negligence.
Q: What is the reason?
A: To expedite compensation for the aggrieved party.
Q: Is there a remedy for the registered owner?
A: After compensation, he may go after the party who incurred
such negligence.

Q: Is there an instance where he is precluded?

A: Under the kabit system, he is precluded because both the
owner and the driver are in pari delicto.

Q: Distinguish private and common carriers:

A:

Common
Carrier
Private Carriers
1. holds himself
out for all people
indiscriminately
1. contracts with
particular
individuals or
groups only
2. extraordinary
diligence is
required
2. ordinary
diligence is
required
3. subject to State

regulation
3. not subject to
State regulation
4. parties may not
agree on limiting
the carriers
liability except
when provided by
law
4. parties may
limit the carriers
liability provided
it is not contrary
to law, morals or
good customs
5. exempting
circumstance;
prove
extraordinary
diligence and Art.
1733, NCC
5. general
exempting
circumstance;
caso fortuito, Art.
1174 NCC
6. there is
presumption of
fault or negligence
6. no presumption

of fault or
negligence

ZVC: Ok. You may sit down.

Q: Vigilance over goods?
A: Art. 1734. Common carriers are responsible for the loss,
destruction, or deterioration of the goods, unless the same is due
to any of the following causes only:
(1) Flood, storm, earthquake, lightning, or other natural disaster
or calamity;
(2) Act of the public enemy in war, whether international or civil;
(3) Act of omission of the shipper or owner of the goods;
(4) The character of the goods or defects in the packing or in the
containers;
(5) Order or act of competent public authority.
Art. 1735. In all cases other than those mentioned in Nos. 1, 2, 3,
4, and 5 of the preceding article, if the goods are lost, destroyed
or deteriorated, common carriers are presumed to have been at
fault or to have acted negligently, unless they prove that they
observed extraordinary diligence as required in Article 1733.
CASE: Camanlong v. Eastern Shipping Lines
-

Fire is attributable to the Civil Code. The tank was defective.

CASE: Compaa Maritima v. CA

Facts: The shipment consists of heavy equipments. The shippers
however did not represent the actual weight of its shipment. The
payloader was damaged.

Issue: Whether or not the shipping company is at fault.

Held: Yes.
Rationale: It should have inquired on the actual weight and not
rely on the representations of the shipper.
NOTE: Article 1734 is only relevant to carriage of goods.
Q: Are parties allowed to stipulate that there is a lesser liability?
A: Yes. But only the liability is reduced.
Art. 1744. A stipulation between the common carrier and the
shipper or owner limiting the liability of the former for the loss,
destruction, or deterioration of the goods to a degree less than
extraordinary diligence shall be valid, provided it be:
(1) In writing, signed by the shipper or owner;
(2) Supported by a valuable consideration other than the service
rendered by the common carrier; and
(3) Reasonable, just and not contrary to public policy.
Art. 1745. Any of the following or similar stipulations shall be
considered unreasonable, unjust and contrary to public policy:
(1) That the goods are transported at the risk of the owner or
shipper;
(2) That the common carrier will not be liable for any loss,
destruction, or deterioration of the goods;
(3) That the common carrier need not observe any diligence in
the custody of the goods;
(4) That the common carrier shall exercise a degree of diligence
less than that of a good father of a family, or of a man of ordinary
prudence in the vigilance over the movables transported;
(5) That the common carrier shall not be responsible for the acts
or omission of his or its employees;
(6) That the common carrier's liability for acts committed by
thieves, or of robbers who do not act with grave or irresistible
threat, violence or force, is dispensed with or diminished;

(7) That the common carrier is not responsible for the loss,
destruction, or deterioration of goods on account of the defective
condition of the car, vehicle, ship, airplane or other equipment
used in the contract of carriage.
Art. 1746. An agreement limiting the common carrier's liability
may be annulled by the shipper or owner if the common carrier
refused to carry the goods unless the former agreed to such
stipulation.
Q: In cases of robbers, may the common carrier exempt itself
from liability?
A: It depends. If it is no longer under the control of the carrier.
Q: Are carriers liable for the loss or destruction of goods?
A: Yes. Under art. 1745, even spare parts must not be defective.

1747 carrier may be precluded from taking advantage of

stipulations limiting his liability when he incurs delay.
Art. 1747. If the common carrier, without just cause, delays the
transportation of the goods or changes the stipulated or usual
route, the contract limiting the common carrier's liability cannot
be availed of in case of the loss, destruction, or deterioration of
the goods.

as common carriers, you cannot discriminate goods as long

as you can carry it; only for legitimate excuses.

Refusal of goods: When legal?

1.

packaging is defective/improper packaging

2.
3.
4.
5.

by nature the goods are illegal

goods are dangerous
goods are injurious to health
over loading will not result

Q: To whom delivery should be made?

A:
1.
shipper
2.
consignee
Relativity Principle stipulations made for 3rd persons.
CASE: Sealand Service v. IAC
the consignee by the time he assents to the stipulation, he
becomes legally bound by the agreement.
Either expressly or impliedly
Agent of the consignee situation pour atrui
Contract of carriage of passengers:
the law requires utmost diligence as far as human care and
foresight can provide.
Part of extraordinary diligence is the conduct of its members.
Commences only from the time the passenger presents
himself to the premises of the carrier.
CASE: LRT v. Navidad
Facts: Navidad bought a token and was waiting for the arrival of
the train. Navidad had an altercation with the security guard, as a
result, Navidad fell on the rails as the train was coming. Navidad
died.

Issue: Whether or not LRT is liable since the victim did not yet
board the train.
Held: Yes
Rationale: 1759. The passenger or the victim already presented
himself within the premises of the carrier.
Art. 1759. Common carriers are liable for the death of or injuries
to passengers through the negligence or wilful acts of the
former's employees, although such employees may have acted
beyond the scope of their authority or in violation of the orders of
the common carriers.
This liability of the common carriers does not cease upon proof
that they exercised all the diligence of a good father of a family in
the selection and supervision of their employees.
Q: How long does it last?
A: It is stated in the case of La mallorca.
CASE: La Mallorca v. CA
Facts: The means of transportation is a passenger bus. The family
alighted the bus. The father went back to get the bayong. The 4
year old child followed him. The passenger bus accelerated and
killed the child.
Issue: Whether or not the contract of carriage ceased to exist.
Held: NO
Rationale: At the time the incident happened there was still
contract of carriage. It exists until such a time when the
passenger has already safely alighted or collected its baggages.
CASE: Aboitiz Shipping v. CA

Facts: The passenger went back an hour later to get his baggage.
The crane while unloading, directly hit the passenger. He died.
Issue: Whether or not Aboitiz is liable.
Held: Yes.
Rationale: The victim is still a passenger within the ambit of the
court. In La mallora, the capacity of the ship with the bus is
different.
Liability for conduct of employees and agent:
Article 1750 carriers are liable although they may have acted
beyond the scope of their duties.
CASE: Paranan v. Perez
Facts: Taxicab driver stabbed the passenger.
Issue: Whether or not the carrier is liable.
Held: Yes
Rationale: Art. 1759. Common carriers are liable for the death of
or injuries to passengers through the negligence or wilful acts of
the former's employees, although such employees may have
acted beyond the scope of their authority or in violation of the
orders of the common carriers.
This liability of the common carriers does not cease upon proof
that they exercised all the diligence of a good father of a family in
the selection and supervision of their employees.
Conduct of 3rd persons:
Art. 1763 the carrier is answerable for the conduct of 3rd parties
only if his own employees and agents exercise ordinary diligence.

Art. 1763. A common carrier is responsible for injuries suffered by

a passenger on account of the wilful acts or negligence of other
passengers or of strangers, if the common carrier's employees
through the exercise of the diligence of a good father of a family
could have prevented or stopped the act or omission.
CASE: Bachelor Express v. CA
Facts: A passenger bus was traveling when a passenger stabbed
another passenger. The other passengers became hysterical, the
driver sped up. Passengers alighted through the window and 2 of
them died.
Issue: Whether or not the contention of the carrier is tenable.
Held: NO
Rationale: It was still within the control of the employee of the
carrier.
CASE: Pilapil v. CA
Facts: A tambay threw a stone at the bus. A passenger was hit
when the glass shattered due to the stone. Passenger filed a case
against the carrier.
Issue: Whether or not the carrier is liable.
Held: NO
Rationale: It is beyond the control of the carrier. Carrier is not an
insurer of all the risks.
NOTE:
Baggages it depends if it was checked in or not.

 if hand carried; carrier is liable only as a depositary.

as a depositary. Ordinary diligence is required.
when checked in
Extra ordinary Diligence
Principles of common carriers arise

Q: Why is it ED?
A: due to public interest
Q: How do you exercise ED?
A: Ship sea worthiness
Aircraft airworthiness
Motor vehicle road worthiness
Sea worthiness
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

fitness of the vessel

cargo worthy
whether fit for high seas
adequately equipped
adequate supplies
competent master and sufficient number of crew members.

Roadworthiness
1.
2.

properly maintained
observe traffic regulations.

Airworthiness
RA 775
ASSIGNMENT FINISH TRANSPORTATION LAW

February 23, 2008

PERIODS
pertinent periods in which to file a case where cause of
action is breach of contract of carriage.
Cause of action is contractual in character.
Culpa contractual civil in character defendant is only the
carrier.
Conduct of carrier:
also bring about after causes of action. Ie. Reckless driver
criminal liability subsidiary liability arise only when
accused driver is found at fault.
Culpa aquiliana proper defendants: both driver and carrier
For com rev- cause of action is breach of contract of carriage.
proper defendant
carrier alone
Why? No contract with driver = only agent of principal.
= contract with carrier
Effect of negligence of shipper or passenger:
Art. 1741. If the shipper or owner merely contributed to the loss,
destruction or deterioration of the goods, the proximate cause
thereof being the negligence of the common carrier, the latter
shall be liable in damages, which however, shall be equitably
reduced.

Art. 1761. The passenger must observe the diligence of a good

father of a family to avoid injury to himself.
Art. 1762. The contributory negligence of the passenger does not
bar recovery of damages for his death or injuries, if the proximate
cause thereof is the negligence of the common carrier, but the
amount of damages shall be equitably reduced.
Doctrine of comparative negligence:
if the accident was caused by plaintiffs own negligence, no
liability is imposed. If caused by defendants negligence, and
plaintiffs negligence merely contributed to his injury, damages
are apportioned.
Contributory negligence on the part of the passenger is not a
defense that will excuse the carrier from liability. It will only
mitigate such liability.
To become a successful defense, the act of the carrier is the
proximate cause. The loss, there should be no fault on the part of
the shipper.
Payment of freight:
The consignee to whom shipments was made, may not defer the
payment of the expenses and transportation charges of the goods
they received after the lapse of 24 hours following their delivery,
and in case of delay in this payment, the carrier may demand the
judicial sale of the goods transported in an amount necessary to
cover the cost of transportation and the expenses incurred. (374
code of commerce)
the goods transported shall be especially found to answer for the
cost of transportation and for the expenses and fees incurred for
them during their conveyance and until moment of their delivery.
(375 code of commerce)
Liability of demurrage:

compensation for the detention of the vessel beyond the

time agreed for the loading and unloading of the goods.
Compensated because of delay.
EXTRA ORDINARY DILIGENCE IN CARRIAGE BY SEA
-

seaworthiness of the vessel

Sec. 3. (1) The carrier shall be bound before and at the

beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to
(a) Make the ship seaworthy;
(b) Properly man,equip, and supply the ship;
(c) Make the holds, refrigerating and cooling chambers, and all
other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for
their reception, carriage, and preservation.
(2) The carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow,
carry, keep, care for,and discharge the goods carried. (COGSA)
Sec. 116. A warranty of seaworthiness extends not only to the
condition of the structure of the ship itself, but requires that it be
properly laden, and provided with a competent master, a
sufficient number of competent officers and seamen, and the
requisite appurtenances and equipment, such as ballasts, cables
and anchors, cordage and sails, food, water, fuel and lights, and
other necessary or proper stores and implements for the voyage.
(ICP)

Delsan Transport

mere certificate of seaworthiness is not sufficient to negate

the presumption of negligence.
Seaworthiness is a question of fact.
Seawothiness ability to withstand the hazards of the voyage.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

within its cargo

space facilities to reserve the goods
storage
leakage
within the vessel is property equipped and manned.

Seaworthy of a particular voyage but not with other voyages.

Captains and masters of vessels must be Filipinos, having legal
capacity to bind themselves in accordance with this code and
must prove that they have the skill, capacity and qualifications
reguired to command and direct the vessel, as established by
marine laws, ordinances or regulations, or by those of navigation,
and that they are not disqualified according to the same for the
discharge of the duties of that position.
If the owner of a vessel desires to be the captain, thereof, and
does not have the legal qualifications, thereafter, he shall limit
himself to the financial administration of the vessel and shall
intrust her navigation to the person possessing the qualifications
required by said ordinances and regulations.(art.609 code of
commerce)
a.
b.

qualifications of the captain:

citizenship
required expertise

CASE: standard vacuum v. Luzon (April 18, 1956)

the ship captain has no license; thus, he is incompetent,
Hence; the ship is not properly manned.
Rule on deviation and transshipment:
if there is an agreement between the shipper and the carrier, as
to the road over which the conveyance is to be made, the carrier
may not change the result, unless, it be by reason of force
majeure; and should he do so without this cause, he shall be
liable for all the losses which the goods he transports may suffer
from any other cause, resides paying the sum which may have
been stipulated for such case.
When on account of said cause of force majeure, the carrier had
to take another route which produced an increase in
transportation charges, he shall be reimbursed for such increase
upon formal proof thereof. (359 CC)
EXTRAORDINARY DILIGENCE IN CARRIAGE BY LAND
1.
2.

Traffic rules and regulations (RA 4136)

Condition of motor vehicle.

if violation of traffic rules has been committed, presumption:

does not observe due diligence.
EXTRAORDINARY DILIGENCE IN CARRIAGE BY AIR
Singapore airlines case:

liable for moral damages due to disrespectful conduct of its

employees.
CASE: Japan Airlines v. Michaels (8/25/05)
Facts: Petitioner failed to pass the interview for the shorepass.
Instead of staying in Manila Hotel, they stayed in a rest house.
Petitioner sued for breach of contract.
Held: The airline has no duty to inquire into the veracity of the
details the petitioner entered into their travel papers. Power to
admit or not an alien is a sovereign act which cannot be interfered
with even by the airlines. It is beyond the ambit of the contract of
carriage.
Airworthiness:
the aircraft and its engines and propellers as well as its
accessions and equipments are of proper design and
constructions safe for air navigation, consistent with accepted
engineering aircrafts service.
BILL OF LADING AND OTHER FORMALITIES
Bill of lading
a written acknowledgment of receipt of goods and
agreement to transport them to a specific place to a person
named or to his order.
Classes of bill of lading:
1.

On board

states that the goods have been received on board the

specified vessel that will carry them.
2.

Received Shipment

states that the goods have been received for shipment with
or without specifying the vessel on which they are to be shipped.
NATURE OF BILL OF LADING
The legal evidence of the contract between the shipper and the
carrier shall be the bills of lading.
of which disputes may arise regarding their execution and
performance shall be guided, no exceptions being admissible
other than those of falsity and material error in the drafting.
After the contract has been complied with, it shall be
returned to the carrier and by virtue of the exchange of this title
with the thing transported the respective actions and obligations
shall be considered cancelled, unless the same act the claim
which the parties may wish to reserve be reduced to writing.
In case the consignee, upon receiving the goods cannot
return the bill of ladings, because of its loss or any other cause,
he must give the latter a receipt for the goods delivered, this
receipt producing the same effects as the return of the bill of
lading.
709 CC:
Bill of lading
proof as between all those interested in the cargo and
between the latter and the underwriters, proof to the contrary
being reserved by the latter.

SEC.3(4) Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence

of the receipt by the carrier of the goods as therein described in
accordance with paragraphs (3) (a), (b), and (c), of this section:
(The rest of the provision is not applicable to the Philippines).
COGSA
3 important factors:
1.
2.
3.

contract between carrier and shipper

proof of receipt of the goods
document of title.

1.

As a contract:

A.

Basic stipulations in a bill of lading:

350 CC:
The shipper, as well as the carrier of merchandise of goods may
mutually demand that a bill of lading be made; stating:
4.
name, surname, residence of shipper.
5.
name, surname, residence of carrier;
6.
name, surname, residence of the person to whom or to
whose order the goods are to be sent or whether they are to be
delivered to the bearer of said bills.
7.
description of the goods, with statement of their kind,
weight, and of the external marks or signs of the packages in
which they are contained;
8.
cost of transportation
9.
date on which shipment is mad;
10. place of delivery to the carrier
11. place and time at which delivery to the consignee shall be
made;

12. indemnity to be paid by the carrier in case of delay if there

should be any agreement on this matter.
707 CC:
4 true copies of the original bill of lading, all of which shall be
signed by the captain and by the shipper.
708 CC:
the bill of lading is issued to the bearer and sent to the
consignees, shall be transferable by actual delivery of the
instrument and those to order by indorsement.
In their case, the person to whom the BOL is transferred shall
acquire all the rights and actions of the assignor or indorser with
regard to the merchandise mentioned.
710 CC
should the bill of lading not agree, and there should be
observed any correction or erasure, any of them, those possessed
by the shipper or consignee signed by the captain shall be proof
against the captain or ship agent in favor of the consignee; and
there possessed by the captain or ship agent shall be proof
against the shipper or consignee in favor of the captain and
shipagent.
711 CC
failure to present BOL
holder shall be liable for the cost of the warehousing and
other expenses arising therefrom.
712 CC

- Captain cannot himself change the destination of merchandise.

Q: Where will he be more protected?

A: if he acquired BOL by negotiation
Q: Why?
A: he immediately acquires the obligation from carrier to hold the
goods and take care of it as if he directly contracted with the
common carrier.
If only assigned:
to acquire only right to substitute the original holder prior
notice.
3rd party has a greater right.
If purely a warehouseman, contract is merely a deposit.
In a BOL contract is one of carriage.
Q: Is consignee a party to the contract of carriage?
A: No. His consent is not even necessary to perfect such contract.
-

stipulation for benefit of consignee = a stipulation pour atrui.

713 CC
if a new BOL is demanded of the captain before delivering
the cargo:
-

captain is obliged to issue it.

Provided: security for the value of the cargo is given to his

satisfaction.
714 CC
Death of captain, or discontinuance in his position:
shipper may demand the new captain ratification of the first
bills of lading provided:
a.
all copies previously issued be returned
b.
it should appear from an examination of the cargo that they
are a contract.
716 CC
if several parties should present bills of lading issued to bearer or
to order, indorse in their favor demanding the same merchandise,
the captain shall prefer in delivering the same, the person
presenting the copy first issued; exception: when the said copy
was issued on account of the loss of the first one and both are
presented by different persons.
In such case, as well as where only the second or
subsequent copies issued without that proof are presented, the
captain shall apply to the judge or court, so that it may order the
deposit of the merchandise, and that through its mediation it may
be delivered to the proper person.
717 CC
Delivery of the bill of lading

effect of the cancellation of all the provisional receipts of

prior date given by the captain or his sub alterns for partial
deliveries of the cargo which may have been made.
718 CC
After delivery of cargo, BOL shall be returned to the captain
the receipt for the merchandise.
Sec. 4(5) Neither the carrier nor the ship shall in any event be or
become liable for any loss or damage to or in connection with the
transportation of goods in an amount exceeding $500 per
package of lawful money of the United States, or in case of goods
not shipped in packages, per customary freight unit, or the
equivalent of that sum in other currency, unless the nature and
value of such goods have been declared by the shipper before
shipment and inserted in the bill of lading. This declaration, if
embodied in the bill of lading, shall be prima facie evidence, but
shall not be conclusive on the carrier.(COGSA)

B.

Prohibited Stipulations (Article 1745, NCC)

Art. 1745. Any of the following or similar stipulations shall be

considered unreasonable, unjust and contrary to public policy:
(1) That the goods are transported at the risk of the owner or
shipper;
(2) That the common carrier will not be liable for any loss,
destruction, or deterioration of the goods;

(3) That the common carrier need not observe any diligence in
the custody of the goods;
(4) That the common carrier shall exercise a degree of diligence
less than that of a good father of a family, or of a man of ordinary
prudence in the vigilance over the movables transported;
(5) That the common carrier shall not be responsible for the acts
or omission of his or its employees;
(6) That the common carrier's liability for acts committed by
thieves, or of robbers who do not act with grave or irresistible
threat, violence or force, is dispensed with or diminished;
(7) That the common carrier is not responsible for the loss,
destruction, or deterioration of goods on account of the defective
condition of the car, vehicle, ship, airplane or other equipment
used in the contract of carriage.
2. As a document of title:
Art. 1508. A negotiable document of title may be negotiated by
delivery:
(1) Where by the terms of the document the carrier,
warehouseman or other bailee issuing the same undertakes to
deliver the goods to the bearer; or
(2) Where by the terms of the document the carrier,
warehouseman or other bailee issuing the same undertakes to
deliver the goods to the order of a specified person, and such
person or a subsequent endorsee of the document has indorsed it
in blank or to the bearer.
Where by the terms of a negotiable document of title the goods
are deliverable to bearer or where a negotiable document of title
has been indorsed in blank or to bearer, any holder may indorse
the same to himself or to any specified person, and in such case
the document shall thereafter be negotiated only by the
endorsement of such endorsee. (n)
Art. 1509. A negotiable document of title may be negotiated by
the endorsement of the person to whose order the goods are by

the terms of the document deliverable. Such endorsement may

be in blank, to bearer or to a specified person. If indorsed to a
specified person, it may be again negotiated by the endorsement
of such person in blank, to bearer or to another specified person.
Subsequent negotiations may be made in like manner. (n)
Art. 1510. If a document of title which contains an undertaking by
a carrier, warehouseman or other bailee to deliver the goods to
bearer, to a specified person or order of a specified person or
which contains words of like import, has placed upon it the words
"not negotiable," "non-negotiable" or the like, such document
may nevertheless be negotiated by the holder and is a negotiable
document of title within the meaning of this Title. But nothing in
this Title contained shall be construed as limiting or defining the
effect upon the obligations of the carrier, warehouseman, or other
bailee issuing a document of title or placing thereon the words
"not negotiable," "non-negotiable," or the like. (n)
Art. 1513. A person to whom a negotiable document of title has
been duly negotiated acquires thereby:
(1) Such title to the goods as the person negotiating the
document to him had or had ability to convey to a purchaser in
good faith for value and also such title to the goods as the person
to whose order the goods were to be delivered by the terms of the
document had or had ability to convey to a purchaser in good
faith for value; and
(2) The direct obligation of the bailee issuing the document to
hold possession of the goods for him according to the terms of the
document as fully as if such bailee had contracted directly with
him. (n)
Art. 1515. Where a negotiable document of title is transferred for
value by delivery, and the endorsement of the transferor is
essential for negotiation, the transferee acquires a right against
the transferor to compel him to endorse the document unless a
contrary intention appears. The negotiation shall take effect as of
the time when the endorsement is actually made. (n)

3.

As to receipt.

RELEVANT PROVISIONS IN THE WARSAW CONVENTION

MARITIME LAW
system of laws which particularly relates to the affairs and
business of the sea, ship and their crew, and the navigation and
the maritime conveyance of persons and properties.
LIMITED LIABILITY RULE
loss of the vessel will extinguish the liability of the shipowner or ship agent to 3rd parties.
Limited to the value of the ship.
Q: Whose liability is affected by the rule?
A: owner of the ship and ship agent.
Ship agent person/ entity in charge of providing the vessel and
that which represents the ship at whatever part it may be found.
Liability contemplated:
587 liability for losses or injuries to third parties may have
suffered arising from the acts of the captain in the handling of
goods transported.
837 liability arise from collision
643 capture/ shipwreck of the vessel.

Limited liability rule works to the advantage of ship owner or ship

agent.
Q: Why?
A: origin dates back to the medieval times because of the
attendant risks.
537 liability of captains conduct in handling of goods also those
of passengers.
shipowner is answerable to the conduct of the captain.
Carrier is answerable to breach of contract of carriage as far
as shipper, consignee or passengers are concerned.
Q: if captain was negligent and goods are lost against whom
would liability be enforce?
A: carrier ship owners are answerable to the conduct of his
employees.
= extraordinary diligence required.

shipowner could excuse himself from liability if ship would

perish completely.
Q: If part of ship is still surviving what would shipowner do?
A: Liability of owner limited to the value of the ship if there is a
surviving part, liability would only be limited up to the surviving
part. But ship owner can be totally excused from liability if he
abandons that part.
Q: If in the course of the voyage the vessel collided with another
ship, would the ship owner be excused from liability?
A:
if vessel is totally lost YES
if partly lost only to the part lost

CASE: Luzon Stevedoring v. CA

abandonment is a requirement for total extinguishment of
liability in cases where there is a partial loss. In case of total loss,
abandonment is no longer required because there is nothing to
abandon.
Such rule should not be subjected to abuse.
Exceptions:
1.

ship owner is also at fault

ship owner is equally negligent as that of his agent.

Eg. Ship owner tolerated the negligence of the ship captain.
Concurrently negligent.

CASE: Delta Shipping Co. (Dec. 20, 2004)

doctrine of limited liability does not apply where loss
occurred due to the concurrent negligence of the ship owner and
the captain.
Ship owner allowed improper stowage of cargo of logs thus
ship was lost.
2.

When vessel is insured

CASE: Bianco v. Lacerna (Oct. 29, 1941)

whatever loss ship owner have will be indemnified by the
insurance company.
Liability will survive up to the proceeds of insurance which
shipowner starts to get.

3.

Liability is pursuant to workmens compensation act:

CASE: Aboitiz v. San Diego (77 Phil 130)

crew was injured or died
extend financial assistance to those workers who may have
suffered injuries in the performance of their duties or who died
thereof as a consequence of their duties.
Liability survives even if there is total loss of the ship.
Liability is not strictly maritime in character as contemplated
in articles 587m 643, 837.
It is in the nature of a labor claim.
4.

Freightage incurred even prior to voyage:

to the extent it is collected/ collectible.

Liability will survive

CASE: Monarch Insurance v. CA

rule not obsolete by the advancement of modern technology
which considerably lessened maritime risk.
CONDITIONS OF VESSELS: SPECIAL RULES
1.
acquired by any of the lawful means found in the civil code.
prescription
2.
intellectual creations design
3.
Prescription: acquisitive possession of ship period: 3
years.

ship is movable property

a real property by stipulation estoppel

3 years good faith in part of possessor

10 years ordinary prescription.

4.

Ship captain
service for 25 years- retirement.
Possession only as employee of the ship owner.

Q: May the ship captain be an owner of the ship through

acquisitive prescription?
A: No. The law requires more than possession. Open, continuous,
exclusive, adverse, notorious possession. (OCEAN)
Persons involved in maritime commerce:
1.
2.
3.
-

ship owner
ship agent
ship captain
subject to qualification in code of commerce:

a.
Filipino
b.
Capacity to contract
c.
Qualified under existing maritime and navigation laws and
regulations.
d.
Not suffer from any disqualifications.
e.
Officer/executive officer as far as the complainant is
concerned.
Legal capacity to contract:
by nature of functions, captain has independent powers
which he cannot exercise without any such capacity.
Powers of the ship captain (621,612 of the code of commerce)

1.
contract/ appoint the crew
2.
propose crew members
3.
enjoin shipowner from employing ather persons
4.
he is in command of the vessel
5.
can impose rules and regulations; conduct and behavior of
crew members.
6.
can charter vessel subject to.
February 25, 2008 special class 9-5pm (kahit may rally!)
Q: What happens if the captain is not capable of his work?
A: The pilot becomes the master pro hac vice.
Charter party contract by which the entire ship or some principal
part thereof is let by the owner to another person for a specified
period of time or use.
a.) contract of affreightment hire your vessel for a particular
voyage but you, mr.shipowner, are still the master. Voyage or
time charter.
b.) Demise or bareboat the charterer mans the vessel with his
own people and becomes the owner pro hac vice. Anything short
of a complete transfer is a contract of affreightment.
Q: When will a situation arise where the shipowner is liable?
A: When there is a defect or unseaworthiness was concealed by
the owner.
Article 658 the validity of the charter party is not affected when
the ship captain did not follow the instructions of the owner.
Q: Can the ship charterer sub charter?
A: Yes. As long as he is not restricted.

Loan on Bottomry/Respondentia
Ordinary Loan
Must have collateral No collateral needed
In writing- private/public Need not be in writing
Must be registered to bind third parties Need not be registered
Loss of collateral extinguishes the loan as a general rule.
It
does not extinguish
The preference is accorded to the last lender The preference is
accorded to the first lender.
Q: Could you secure loan of bottomry/respondentia for any
transaction?
A: No. It must be for the use, repair of ship/cargo.
Art. 731 Code of commerce
Gen. rule: If a vessel/cargo is lost during the voyage the
lender is barred to collect.
Exception: If it is the fault of the borrower, it will not excuse
him of liability. Ie. Barratry of the captain, breach of trust,
contraband.

Loan may be regarded as simple loan when:

Art. 726,727 and 729

726 where the amount of loan is larger than the value of the
object, due to the fraud employed by the borrower liability
survives as to the surplus. Surplus will be repaid as if it were a
simple loan.

727 If the proceeds of the loan have not been used for the
purpose to which the loan was contracted.
729 the property or thing have never been exposed to maritime
risk.
735 such loan should not be used on salaries of the employees
and expected profits due to crew members.
AVERAGE:
includes all damages and expenses which are caused in
order to save the vessel, its cargo, or both at the same time from
a real and known risk.
Kinds:
1.
Simple/ particular the owner of the property who suffers
loss cannot claim reimbursement from others. The owner of the
goods which gave rise to the expense or suffered the damage
shall bear the loss.
2.
General/ gross The one who suffered a loss would have the
right to claim reimbursement/indemnification from those
benefited of the sacrifice made, or from those who are interested
in the success of the voyage.
Requisites:
1.
exposure of ship or cargo to common danger;
2.
for common safety, part of the vessel or of the cargo is
deliberately sacrificed.
3.
sacrifice must be successful.

Art. 813
deliberations made between the captain, crews and other
parties.
There must be a resolution from the captain, if the captain
was in bad faith, the supposed share of the other party will be
borne by the captain.
Article 811: Cases where there is general average:
1.
the redemption of vessel/cargoes from enemies/pirates;
2.
goods jettisoned to lighten the vessel
3.
cables or masts are abandoned
4.
expenses of removing or transferring a portion of cargo to
lighten the vessel.
5.
Damages in opening the vessel to drain her.
6.
expenses of curing and maintaining the members of the
crew.
7.
wages of crews held by the pirates
8.
detention of the vessel to avoid damages.
Q: Does the sacrifice need to be incurred during the voyage?
A: No. Article 817
1.
sinking of vessel is necessary to extinguish a fire in the port.
2.
goods are needed to be transferred because there is a storm
and the same is necessary to facilitate port entry.
COLLISION:
-

impact or sudden contact between 2 moving vessels.

Doctrine of Inscrutable fault:

in a collision, the vessel at fault shall indemnify the damages

sustained or losses incurred and if both vessels were at fault,
each shall suffer its own damages and both shall be solidarily
liable.
Where fault is established but it cannot be determined which
of the 2 vessels were at fault, both shall be presumed to have
been at fault.
Doctrine of last clear chance:
where parties are equally negligent, but one them has the
last clear chance or opportunity to prevent the impending danger,
he, who failed to do so, shall suffer the consequential damages.

CASE: Tiu v. Arriesgado

the doctrine of last clear chance has no application in a
collision of vessels in maritime commerce. It only applies to motor
vehicles, where both vehicles are at fault, and the suit is between
owners of colliding vehicles; and not in suits between passengers
and owners.

3 zones:
1.
first zone time up to the moment when risk of collision
begins.
2.
second zone time between moment when risk of collision
begins up to the moment it becomes practically certain.
3.
third zone time when collision is certain up to the time of
impact.
Doctrine of error in extremis:

if a sudden movement was made by a faultless vessel during

the 3rd zone of collision, with another vessel which is at fault
during the 2nd zone, even if such sudden movement is wrong, no
responsibility is attributable to the faultless vessel.
Arrival under stress:
arrival of the vessel at the nearest and most convenient part,
if during the voyage, the vessel cannot continue the trip to the
port of destination due to:
a.
b.
c.

lack of provisions
well-founded fear of seizure, privateers or pirates and
by reason of any accident of the sea disabling it to navigate.

INSURANCE
any ambiguity will be resolved in the favor of the insured.
Aleatory contracts happening of a contingent event.
Purpose is to compensate the insured for the actual damage
he has incurred.
Contract of indemnity
According to our friend Golum life is my precious
Contract of utmost good faith.
Principle of subrogation
when the insurer pays the insured, the insurer steps in the
shoes of the insured.
Operation of law

contracts of insurance are consensual they are perfected

by the meeting of minds of the insurer and insured.
Cognition principle

the moment the acknowledgment is communicated to the

offeror.
CASE: Enriquez v. Sun Life Insurance
Facts: Application was made to Sun Life. The office was at
Canada. The Canada office accepted it and transmitted it to the
Manila office. Enriquez died before it was communicated to him.
Issue: Whether or not the contract was perfected.
Held: No.
Rationale: The cognition principle teaches us that only upon
communication to the offeror is the contract perfected.
Parties:
Sec. 3. Any contingent or unknown event, whether past or future,
which may damnify a person having an insurable interest, or
create a liability against him, may be insured against, subject to
the provisions of this chapter. The consent of the husband is not
necessary for the validity of an insurance policy taken out by a
married woman on her life or that of her children.
Any minor of the age of eighteen years or more, may,
notwithstanding such minority, contract for life, health and
accident insurance, with any insurance company duly authorized
to do business in the Philippines, provided the insurance is taken
on his own life and the beneficiary appointed is the minor's estate
or the minor's father, mother, husband, wife, child, brother or
sister.The married woman or the minor herein allowed to take out
an insurance policy may exercise all the rights and privileges of
an owner under a policy.
All rights, title and interest in the policy of insurance taken out by
an original owner on the life or health of a minor shall

automatically vest in the minor upon the death of the original

owner, unless otherwise provided for in the policy.
Insurable interest: connection with the thing insured that he
derives pecuniary benefit from it being preserved or from the
happening of event.

if insurable interest is not required, then the order in this

world would be destruction.
Life and Property insurance:
Property Life
Must exist at the time of the happening of the lost. Must exist at
the time the policy is taken.
Exception: creditor insures the life of the debtor .
Exception to the exception: the debt must not yet be
extinguished.
Extent of the damage to the property.
Incapable of pecuniary
estimation.
Exception: creditor limit is the amount of the obligation.
Anyone who has insurable interest in the property. Anyone may
be a beneficiary subject to Art. 2012 of the civil code; another life
is insured.
Art. 2012. Any person who is forbidden from receiving any
donation under Article 739 cannot be named beneficiary of a life
insurance policy by the person who cannot make any donation to
him, according to said article. Civil code
Art. 739. The following donations shall be void:
(1) Those made between persons who were guilty of adultery or
concubinage at the time of the donation;
(2) Those made between persons found guilty of the same
criminal offense, in consideration thereof;

(3) Those made to a public officer or his wife, descedants and

ascendants, by reason of his office.
In the case referred to in No. 1, the action for declaration of nullity
may be brought by the spouse of the donor or donee; and the
guilt of the donor and donee may be proved by preponderance of
evidence in the same action.(civil code)
Property Insurance:
ABfire policy (1yr repurchase)

L_____________________________I
Policy was
event of loss
Taken
Exceptions:
1.
2.
a.
b.

life insurance
the transfer to a co-owner of an undivided interest
if stranger fire policy is partially suspended.
If co-owner no suspension

3.

transfer by will or succession.

A owns the warehouse. He transferred the policy to B. A died and

one of his heirs is B. B now owns the warehouse. The policy is not
suspended.
4.
5.

divisible in character.
sec. 57

Sec. 57. A policy may be so framed that it will inure to the benefit
of whomsoever, during the continuance of the risk, may become
the owner of the interest insured.

Mortgage:

Amortgagor 2M
Bmortgagee 1M
Separate and distinct policies.
Exception: if mortgagor procures a policy then designates a
mortgagee a beneficiary.
If at the time of the loss, the obligation has been paid, B cannot
recover because he has no insurable interest.
Q: Who gets the proceeds?
A: Mortgagee because he did not cease to become a party to
the contract.
if mortgagor fails to pay the premium, he remains to be a
party.
Relativity principle:
Art. 1311. Contracts take effect only between the parties, their
assigns and heirs, except in case where the rights and obligations
arising from the contract are not transmissible by their nature, or
by stipulation or by provision of law. The heir is not liable beyond
the value of the property he received from the decedent.
If a contract should contain some stipulation in favor of a third
person, he may demand its fulfillment provided he communicated
his acceptance to the obligor before its revocation. A mere
incidental benefit or interest of a person is not sufficient. The
contracting parties must have clearly and deliberately conferred a
favor upon a third person. (1257a)(civil code)

Effect of insurance attained by mortgage:

1.
mortgagee can collect the proceeds.
2.
mortgagor has no right to collect the balance of the
proceeds.
Eg. 500k he got 1M. Who gets the 500k extra? None
3.
4.
5.
loan

Insurer pays the insured mortgagee.

Insurer as a subrogee, may pursue the mortgagor.
payment by the insurer does not relieve the mortgagor of his
obligation.

Concept of MRI: Mortgage Redemption Insurance

Life insurance procured by the mortgage or designating the
mortgagee as beneficiary up to the extent of the mortgage
indebtedness it protects both parties, when the mortgagor dies,
the policy pays the mortgagee, hence relieving his heirs from
liability.

Devices to control risk and loss:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

concealment consent
representation consent
warranty
exclusions/exceptions excluded from the coverage.
conditions usually procedural measures.

Concealment neglect to communicate vital information.

Representation wrong information

Sec. 31. Materiality is to be determined not by the event, but

solely by the probable and reasonable influence of the facts upon
the party to whom the communication is due, in forming his
estimate of the disadvantages of the proposed contract, or in
making his inquiries.
the concealment must not be contributory to the death or
illness. The same is true with representation.
You may change representation when the policy is not
issued. Exception: Waiver fault of the insurer.
Remedies:
Misrepresentation/Concealment Recission; when an action to the
policy is commenced. Insured files a complaint for payment of
insurance proceeds. As he may raise misrepresentation or
concealment as an answer.
Exception: Statutory incontestability clause:
the
-

applicable only to life insurance payable upon the death of

insured.
They cannot contest after two years.
His death has already sealed his lips.

Warranties:
has something to do with the contract.
Matters that would affect the actual performance of the
obligation.
Policy:

There is no requisite that it be put into writing.

Sec. 51. A policy of insurance must specify:
(a) The parties between whom the contract is made;
(b) The amount to be insured except in the cases of open or
running policies;
(c) The premium, or if the insurance is of a character where the
exact premium is only determinable upon the termination of the
contract, a statement of the basis and rates upon which the final
premium is to be determined;
(d) The property or life insured;
(e) The interest of the insured in property insured, if he is not the
absolute owner thereof;
(f) The risks insured against; and
(g) The period during which the insurance is to continue.
1.
Open determined at the time of loss; maximum
recoverable.
2.
valued there is valuation; from the start, there was already
an amount.
3.
running automatic adjustment; to avoid over or under
insurance.
Cover notes:
the
-

insurance policies that provide temporary protection pending

issuance of the main policy.
Preliminary protection.
Automatically superseded when the main policy is issued.

CASE: Pacific Timber v. CA

no need to pay separate premium; the policy is already
binding; the validity is for 60 days whether or not premium has
already been paid.

a policy being a written contract must be included in the

pleading.

10 year period exception: they may stipulate as long as it

is more than one year.

Premium:
Sec. 77. An insurer is entitled to payment of the premium as soon
as the thing insured is exposed to the peril insured against.
Notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary, no policy or
contract of insurance issued by an insurance company is valid
and binding unless and until the premium thereof has been paid,
except in the case of a life or an industrial life policy whenever
the grace period provision applies.
Cash and carry rule
no policy of insurance is binding upon the insurer.
There is perfected contract of insurance; until such time that
the insured has performed the prestation, the insurer will not
perform its premium.
Exceptions:
1.
life and industrial life whenever the grace period applies and
at the time of loss, the grace period is not yet over.

2.
Sec. 78 whenever in the policy itself there is an express
acknowledgment by the insurer in the policy that premiums have
already been paid.
3.
Makati Tuscany case installment.
4.
CASE: UCPB v. Masagana
Masagana used to insure from UCPB fire insurance policies.
When the deadline of the payment came, the premium was not
paid. A fire broke out.
SC ruled on sec. 77
Masagana file MR
SC ruled that the 60-90 day credit term is already a practice.
The fire occurred during the 60-90 days. Masagana relied in good
faith. The SC reversed due to estoppel.

Sec. 78. An acknowledgment in a policy or contract of insurance

or the receipt of premium is conclusive evidence of its payment,
so far as to make the policy binding, notwithstanding any
stipulation therein that it shall not be binding until the premium is
actually paid.
Sec. 79. A person insured is entitled to a return of premium, as
follows:
(a) To the whole premium if no part of his interest in the thing
insured be exposed to any of the perils insured against;
(b) Where the insurance is made for a definite period of time
and the insured surrenders his policy, to such portion of the
premium as corresponds with the unexpired time, at a pro rata
rate, unless a short period rate has been agreed upon and
appears on the face of the policy, after deducting from the whole
premium any claim for loss or damage under the policy which has

previously accrued; Provided, That no holder of a life insurance

policy may avail himself of the privileges of this paragraph
without sufficient cause as otherwise provided by law.
Sec. 80. If a peril insured against has existed, and the insurer has
been liable for any period, however short, the insured is not
entitled to return of premiums, so far as that particular risk is
concerned.
Sec. 81. A person insured is entitled to return of the premium
when the contract is voidable, on account of fraud or
misrepresentation of the insurer, or of his agent, or on account of
facts, the existence of which the insured was ignorant without his
fault; or when by any default of the insured other than actual
fraud, the insurer never incurred any liability under the policy.
Sec. 82. In case of an over-insurance by several insurers, the
insured is entitled to a ratable return of the premium,
proportioned to the amount by which the aggregate sum insured
in all the policies exceeds the insurable value of the thing at risk.
Beneficiaries:
Q: Can the beneficiary sue the insurer if he is not paid?
A: Yes

when you insure the life of a person and you are a

beneficiary, you must have insurable interest.
Sec. 10. Every person has an insurable interest in the life and
health:
(a) Of himself, of his spouse and of his children;
(b) Of any person on whom he depends wholly or in part for
education or support, or in whom he has a pecuniary interest;

(c) Of any person under a legal obligation to him for the payment
of money, or respecting property or services, of which death or
illness might delay or prevent the performance; and
(d) Of any person upon whose life any estate or interest vested in
him depends.
Q: Whenever a beneficiary is designated, may it be revoked?
A: Gen. rule: Yes, except if it is expressly stated that it is
irrevocable.
Exception to the exception:
Art. 43 Family code of the Philippines.
Art. 43. The termination of the subsequent marriage referred to in
the preceding Article shall produce the following effects:
(4) The innocent spouse may revoke the designation of the other
spouse who acted in bad faith as beneficiary in any insurance
policy, even if such designation be stipulated as irrevocable; and

when you insure your life, you may designate as a

beneficiary anyone you want.

Exception:
Art. 2012. Any person who is forbidden from receiving any
donation under Article 739 cannot be named beneficiary of a life
insurance policy by the person who cannot make any donation to
him, according to said article. Civil code
Art. 739. The following donations shall be void:
(1) Those made between persons who were guilty of adultery or
concubinage at the time of the donation;
(2) Those made between persons found guilty of the same
criminal offense, in consideration thereof;

(3) Those made to a public officer or his wife, descedants and

ascendants, by reason of his office.
In the case referred to in No. 1, the action for declaration of nullity
may be brought by the spouse of the donor or donee; and the
guilt of the donor and donee may be proved by preponderance of
evidence in the same action.(civil code)
Article 1236 beneficiary may continue to pay premiums.
Exception interested in the fulfillment of the obligation.
Art. 1236. The creditor is not bound to accept payment or
performance by a third person who has no interest in the
fulfillment of the obligation, unless there is a stipulation to the
contrary.
Whoever pays for another may demand from the debtor what he
has paid, except that if he paid without the knowledge or against
the will of the debtor, he can recover only insofar as the payment
has been beneficial to the debtor. (1158a)
March 1, 2008
Q: When is there reinsurance?
A: When a person is insured by several insurers. The insurer
becomes the insured.
Q: Is there a risk?
A: Yes. The insurer becomes the insured by another insurer;
therefore the new insurer has liability.
Q: Is it the same as double insurance?
A: No. they have different insurable interests.

Q: Is there a privity of contract between original insured and

reinsurer?
A: None. Article 1311 of the civil code is the general rule.
Art. 1311. Contracts take effect only between the parties, their
assigns and heirs, except in case where the rights and obligations
arising from the contract are not transmissible by their nature, or
by stipulation or by provision of law. The heir is not liable beyond
the value of the property he received from the decedent. If a
contract should contain some stipulation in favor of a third
person, he may demand its fulfillment provided he communicated
his acceptance to the obligor before its revocation.
A mere incidental benefit or interest of a person is not sufficient.
The contracting parties must have clearly and deliberately
conferred a favor upon a third person
Q: In case of loss, who will the original insured go after?
A: The original insurer.

look at secs. 215, 275 of the ICP

whenever the risk exceeds 20% of the net worth.

Foreign insurers are required to post their primary liabilities
for Philippine residents.
Sec. 215. No insurance company other than life, whether foreign
or domestic, shall retain any risk on any one subject of insurance
in an amount exceeding twenty per centum of its net worth. For
purposes of this section, the term "subject of insurance" shall
include all properties or risks insured by the same insurer that
customarily are considered by non-life company underwriters to
be subject to loss or damage from the same occurrence of any
hazard insured against.

Reinsurance ceded as authorized under the succeeding title shall

be deducted in determining the risk retained. As to surety risk,
deduction shall also be made of the amount assumed by any
other company authorized to transact surety business and the
value of any security mortgage, pledged, or held subject to the
surety's control and for the surety's protection.
Sec. 275. Every foreign insurance company desiring to withdraw
from the Philippines shall, prior to such withdrawal, discharge its
liabilities to policyholders and creditors in this country. In case of
its policies insuring residents of the Philippines, it shall cause the
primary liabilities under such policies to be reinsured and
assumed by another insurance company authorized to transact
business in the Philippines. In the case of such policies as are
subject to cancellation by the withdrawing company, it may
cancel such policies pursuant to the terms thereof in lieu of such
reinsurance and assumption of liabilities.
Q: What is the scope of marine insurance?
A: Maritime risks. Notice that the objects are those which are
mobile.
Sec. 99. Marine Insurance includes:
(1) Insurance against loss of or damage to:
(a) Vessels, craft, aircraft, vehicles, goods, freights, cargoes,
merchandise, effects, disbursements, profits, moneys, securities,
choses in action, evidences of debts, valuable papers, bottomry,
and respondentia interests and all other kinds of property and
interests therein, in respect to, appertaining to or in connection
with any and all risks or perils of navigation, transit or
transportation, or while being assembled, packed, crated, baled,
compressed or similarly prepared for shipment or while awaiting
shipment, or during any delays, storage, transhipment, or

reshipment incident thereto, including war risks, marine builder's

risks, and all personal property floater risks;
(b) Person or property in connection with or appertaining to a
marine, inland marine, transit or transportation insurance,
including liability for loss of or damage arising out of or in
connection with the construction, repair, operation, maintenance
or use of the subject matter of such insurance (but not including
life insurance or surety bonds nor insurance against loss by
reason of bodily injury to any person arising out of ownership,
maintenance, or use of automobiles);
(c) Precious stones, jewels, jewelry, precious metals, whether in
course of transportation or otherwise;
(c) Bridges, tunnels and other instrumentalities of transportation
and communication (excluding buildings, their furniture and
furnishings, fixed contents and supplies held in storage); piers,
wharves, docks and slips, and other aids to navigation and
transportation, including dry docks and marine railways, dams
and appurtenant facilities for the control of waterways.
Q: Who are those who are interested?
A: Shipowners, cargo owners, charterers.
Sec. 100. The owner of a ship has in all cases an insurable
interest in it, even when it has been chartered by one who
covenants to pay him its value in case of loss: Provided, That in
this case the insurer shall be liable for only that part of the loss
which the insured cannot recover from the charterer.
M/V Quitain
Shipowner insurable interest is full value of 5M.

Q: If there is a mortgage, how much may he insure?

A: Still P5M
Q: Let us assume that the account of the bottomry loan is P2M.
Would that affect his insurable interest in the vessel?
A: It will extinguish. Principle of indemnity.

the actual potential damage is only up to 3M. (sec. 101)

Sec. 14 any inchoate interest, expected right may be

insured for unexpected perils.
Sec. 101. The insurable interest of the owner of the ship
hypothecated by bottomry is only the excess of its value over the
amount secured by bottomry.
Sec. 14. An insurable interest in property may consist in:
(a) An existing interest;
(b) An inchoate interest founded on an existing interest; or
(c) An expectancy, coupled with an existing interest in that out of
which the expectancy arises.
Q: How do you differentiate concealment from marine and general
insurance?
A: the applicability of the opinions of 3rd persons.
Q: What is more strict?
A: Marine. Because 3rd persons opinions are considered.
Q: What are the warranties?
A: Sea worthiness, documents of neutrality, improper deviation
etc
Sec. 113 warranty applies upon anything that is potentially
covered by marine policy.

Sec. 113. In every marine insurance upon a ship or freight, or

freightage, or upon any thing which is the subject of marine
insurance, a warranty is implied that the ship is seaworthy.
CASE: Roque v. IAC
It is the obligation of the cargo owner to look for a common
carrier which keeps its vessel in seaworthy condition. The shipper
of the cargo may not have control over the vessel, but it has full
control of the common carrier it will choose to transport its goods.
General Rule:
the seaworthiness starts from the commencement of the
voyage or the commencement of the risk.
Exceptions:
1.
Time Policy the commencement of each voyage the vessel
must be seaworthy. (sec. 115)
2.
Cargo Policy transshipment 2 vessels (sec.115). At the
commencement of each segment, pertaining to each vessel must
be seaworthy.
3.
Voyage Policy no transshipment.Commencement of each
stage, the ship must be seaworthy.
Sec. 115. An implied warranty of seaworthiness is complied with if
the ship be seaworthy at the time of the of commencement of the
risk, except in the following cases:
(a) When the insurance is made for a specified length of time, the
implied warranty is not complied with unless the ship be
seaworthy at the commencement of every voyage it undertakes
during that time;

(b) When the insurance is upon the cargo which, by the terms of
the policy, description of the voyage, or established custom of the
trade, is to be transhipped at an intermediate port, the implied
warranty is not complied with unless each vessel upon which the
cargo is shipped, or transhipped, be seaworthy at the
commencement of each particular voyage
Deviation:
Q: When proper?
A: Sec. 124
Sec. 124. A deviation is proper:
(a) When caused by circumstances over which neither the master
nor the owner of the ship has any control;
(b) When necessary to comply with a warranty, or to avoid a peril,
whether or not the peril is insured against;
(c) When made in good faith, and upon reasonable grounds of
belief in its necessity to avoid a peril; or
(d) When made in good faith, for the purpose of saving human life
or relieving another vessel in distress.
Q: When may you claim to the insurer?
A: Upon Loss.
Q: 10,000 mungo, half of it became togue. May he claim for the
total amount?
A: No. Only 50%
Q: Actual or total loss?
A: Sec. 130
Sec. 130. An actual total loss is cause by:
(a) A total destruction of the thing insured;
(b) The irretrievable loss of the thing by sinking, or by being
broken up;

(c) Any damage to the thing which renders it valueless to the

owner for the purpose for which he held it; or
(d) Any other event which effectively deprives the owner of the
possession, at the port of destination, of the thing insured.

Constructive total loss:

Sec. 131. A constructive total loss is one which gives to a person
insured a right to abandon, under Section one hundred thirtynine.
Sec. 139. A person insured by a contract of marine insurance may
abandon the thing insured, or any particular portion thereof
separately valued by the policy, or otherwise separately insured,
and recover for a total loss thereof, when the cause of the loss is
a peril insured against:
(a) If more than three-fourths thereof in value is actually lost, or
would have to be expended to recover it from the peril;
(b) If it is injured to such an extent as to reduce its value more
than three-fourths;
(c) If the thing insured is a ship, and the contemplated voyage
cannot be lawfully performed without incurring either an expense
to the insured of more than three-fourths the value of the thing
abandoned or a risk which a prudent man would not take under
the circumstances; or
(d) If the thing insured, being cargo or freightage, and the voyage
cannot be performed, nor another ship procured by the master,
within a reasonable time and with reasonable diligence, to
forward the cargo, without incurring the like expense or risk
mentioned in the preceding sub-paragraph. But freightage cannot
in any case be abandoned unless the ship is also abandoned.
Requisites of valid abandonment:

Sec. 138. Abandonment, in marine insurance, is the act of the

insured by which, after a constructive total loss, he declares the
relinquishment to the insurer of his interest in the thing insured.
Sec. 139. A person insured by a contract of marine insurance may
abandon the thing insured, or any particular portion thereof
separately valued by the policy, or otherwise separately insured,
and recover for a total loss thereof, when the cause of the loss is
a peril insured against:
(a) If more than three-fourths thereof in value is actually lost, or
would have to be expended to recover it from the peril;
(b) If it is injured to such an extent as to reduce its value more
than three-fourths;
(c) If the thing insured is a ship, and the contemplated voyage
cannot be lawfully performed without incurring either an expense
to the insured of more than three-fourths the value of the thing
abandoned or a risk which a prudent man would not take under
the circumstances; or
(d) If the thing insured, being cargo or freightage, and the voyage
cannot be performed, nor another ship procured by the master,
within a reasonable time and with reasonable diligence, to
forward the cargo, without incurring the like expense or risk
mentioned in the preceding sub-paragraph. But freightage cannot
in any case be abandoned unless the ship is also abandoned.
Sec. 140. An abandonment must be neither partial nor
conditional.
Sec. 141. An abandonment must be made within a reasonable
time after receipt of reliable information of the loss, but where the
information is of a doubtful character, the insured is entitled to a
reasonable time to make inquiry.
Sec. 142. Where the information upon which an abandonment has
been made proves incorrect, or the thing insured was so far
restored when the abandonment was made that there was then in
fact no total loss, the abandonment becomes ineffectual.

Sec. 143. Abandonment is made by giving notice thereof to the

insurer, which may be done orally, or in writing; Provided, That if
the notice be done orally, a written notice of such abandonment
shall be submitted within seven days from such oral notice.
Sec. 144. A notice of abandonment must be explicit, and must
specify the particular cause of the abandonment, but need state
only enough to show that there is probable cause therefor, and
need not be accompanied with proof of interest or of loss.

CTL + abandonment = actual total loss

General Average:
Article 812; 859; 732 code of commerce
Requisites:
1.
there must be common danger
2.
part of the vessel or cargo was sacrificed deliberately.
3.
the sacrifice must be for the common safety or for the
benefit of all.
4.
it must be made by the master upon his authority.
5.
it must be successful.
6.
it must be necessary.
Those who have insurable interest:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

shipowner
charterer
other cargo owners
lenders in respondentia and bottomry (732)
Insurer

Partial Average:
Sec. 157. A marine insurer is liable upon a partial loss, only for
such proportion of the amount insured by him as the loss bears to
the value of the whole interest of the insured in the property
insured.
Fire Insurance:
Q: What kind of fire?
A: Hostile fire
Q: How many kinds of fire do we have?
A: Hostile and friendly.
Warranty: Alteration
Co insurance:
Requirements:
1.
2.

under insured
partial loss was suffered

amount of insurance => 300,000

amount of loss => 300,000
amount of insurance (300,000) x amt of loss
amount of loss (300,000)
= 180,000

Q: What about the 120,000?

A: bahala na!
Q: What is casualty insurance?
A: arising from accident or immoral acts.
Life insurance:
-

valued policy

Q: suicide?
A: If committed 2 years after the policy, the insurer is liable.
Q: May they shorten the period of 2 years?
A: Yes. But they cannot extend.
Exception to the 2 year period: insanity.
ZVC: Mr. Quitain!
Q: What is the compulsory motor vehicle liability insurance?
A: sec. 374
Sec. 374. It shall be unlawful for any land transportation operator
or owner of a motor vehicle to operate the same in the public
highways unless there is in force in relation thereto a policy of
insurance or guaranty in cash or surety bond issued in accordance
with the provisions of this chapter to indemnify the death, bodily
injury, and/or damage to property of a third-party or passenger,
as the case may be, arising from the use thereof. (As amended by
Presidential Decree No. 1455 and 1814).

Q: What is the purpose?

A: to give immediate financial assistance to the victim.

Q: Is the victim required to prove if the owner is at fault before

claiming insurance?
A: Not anymore. This is automatic.
No fault clause:
Sec. 378. Any claim for death or injury to any passenger or third
party pursuant to the provisions of this chapter shall be paid
without the necessity of proving fault or negligence of any kind;
Provided, That for purposes of this section:
(i) The total indemnity in respect of any person shall not exceed
five thousand pesos;
(ii) The following proofs of loss, when submitted under oath, shall
be sufficient evidence to substantiate the claim:
(a) Police report of accident; and
(b) Death certificate and evidence sufficient to establish the
proper payee; or
(c) Medical report and evidence of medical or hospital
disbursement in respect of which refund is claimed;
(iii) Claim may be made against one motor vehicle only. In the
case of an occupant of a vehicle, claim shall lie against the insurer
of the vehicle in which the occupant is riding, mounting or
dismounting from. In any other case, claim shall lie against the
insurer of the directly offending vehicle. In all cases, the right of
the party paying the claim to recover against the owner of the
vehicle responsible for the accident shall be maintained.
Periods:
Sec. 241. (1) No insurance company doing business in the
Philippines shall refuse, without just cause, to pay or settle claims
arising under coverages provided by its policies, nor shall any
such company engage in unfair claim settlement practices. Any of
the following acts by an insurance company, if committed without

just cause and performed with such frequency as to indicate a

general business practice, shall constitute unfair claim settlement
practices:
(a) knowingly misrepresenting to claimants pertinent facts or
policy provisions relating to coverage at issue;
(b) failing to acknowledge with reasonable promptness pertinent
communications with respect to claims arising under its policies;
(c) failing to adopt and implement reasonable standards for the
prompt investigation of claims arising under its policies;
(d) not attempting in good faith to effectuate prompt, fair and
equitable settlement of claims submitted in which liability has
become reasonably clear; or
(e) compelling policyholders to institute suits to recover amounts
due under its policies by offering without justifiable reason
substantially less than the amounts ultimately recovered in suits
brought by them.
(2) Evidence as to numbers and types of valid and justifiable
complaints to the Commissioner against an insurance company,
and the Commissioner's complaint experience with other
insurance companies writing similar lines of insurance shall be
admissible in evidence in an administrative or judicial proceeding
brought under this section.
(3) If it is found, after notice and an opportunity to be heard, that
an insurance company has violated this section, each instance of
non-compliance with paragraph (1) may be treated as a separate
violation of this section and shall be considered sufficient cause
for the suspension or revocation of the company's certificate of
authority.
Sec. 242. The proceeds of a life insurance policy shall be paid
immediately upon maturity of the policy, unless such proceeds
are made payable in installments or as an annuity, in which case
the installments, or annuities shall be paid as they become due:
Provided, however, That in the case of a policy maturing by the
death of the insured, the proceeds thereof shall be paid within

sixty days after presentation of the claim and filing of the proof of
the death of the insured. Refusal or failure to pay the claim within
the time prescribed herein will entitle the beneficiary to collect
interest on the proceeds of the policy for the duration of the delay
at the rate of twice the ceiling prescribed by the Monetary Board,
unless such failure or refusal to pay is based on the ground that
the claim is fraudulent.
The proceeds of the policy maturing by the death of the insured
payable to the beneficiary shall include the discounted value of all
premiums paid in advance of their due dates, but are not due and
payable at maturity.
Sec. 243. The amount of any loss or damage for which an insurer
may be liable, under any policy other than life insurance policy,
shall be paid within thirty days after proof loss is received by the
insurer and ascertainment of the loss or damage is made either
by agreement between the insured and the insurer or by
arbitration; but if such ascertainment is not had or made within
sixty days after such receipt by the insurer of the proof of loss,
then the loss or damage shall be paid within ninety days after
such receipt. Refusal or failure to pay the loss or damage within
the time prescribed herein will entitle the assured to collect
interest on the proceeds of the policy for the duration of the delay
at the rate of twice the ceiling prescribed by the Monetary Board,
unless such failure or refusal to pay is based on the ground that
the claim is fraudulent.
Sec. 244. In case of any litigation for the enforcement of any
policy or contract of insurance, it shall be the duty of the
Commissioner or the Court, as the case may be, to make a finding
as to whether the payment of the claim of the insured has been
unreasonably denied or withheld; and in the affirmative case, the
insurance company shall be adjudged to pay damages which shall
consist of attorney's fees and other expenses incurred by the
insured person by reason of such unreasonable denial or
withholding of payment plus interest of twice the ceiling

prescribed by the Monetary Board of the amount of the claim due

the insured, from the date following the time prescribed in section
two hundred forty-two or in section two hundred forty-three, as
the case may be, until the claim is fully satisfied; Provided, That
the failure to pay any such claim within the time prescribed in
said sections shall be considered prima facie evidence of
unreasonable delay in payment.

Assignment:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Banking Laws
Truth in Lending act
PDIC
Anti money laundering
Secrecy
FCDA
DOSRI

March 8, 2008
BANKING LAWS
Banks
3.1. "Banks" shall refer to entities engaged in the lending of
funds obtained in the form of deposits.

the

engaged in the lending of funds obtained from the public in

form of deposits.
Entities created for safekeeping.
Active instruments for business and commerce.


Extraordinary diligence.

Entities imbued with public interest the state may always

interfere.
Sec. 22. GBL
in case of strike and lockout
Sec. 22. Strikes and Lockouts. - The banking industry is hereby
declared as indispensable to the national interest and,
notwithstanding the provisions of any law to the contrary, any
strike or lockout involving banks, if unsettled after seven (7)
calendar days shall be reported by the Bangko Sentral to the
Secretary of Labor who may assume jurisdiction over the dispute
or decide it or certify the same to the National Labor Relations
Commission for compulsory arbitration. However, the President of
the Philippines may at any time intervene and assume jurisdiction
over such labor dispute in order to settle or terminate the same.
Sec. 17 of the corporation code
before a bank may be allowed to operate, registration with the
SEC, and favorable recommendation of the Central Bank is
needed.
Sec. 17. Grounds when articles of incorporation or amendment
may be rejected or disapproved. - The Securities and Exchange
Commission may reject the articles of incorporation or disapprove
any amendment thereto if the same is not in compliance with the
requirements of this Code: Provided, That the Commission shall
give the incorporators a reasonable time within which to correct
or modify the objectionable portions of the articles or
amendment. The following are grounds for such rejection or
disapproval:

1. That the articles of incorporation or any amendment thereto is

not substantially in accordance with the form prescribed herein;
2. That the purpose or purposes of the corporation are patently
unconstitutional, illegal, immoral, or contrary to government rules
and regulations;
3. That the Treasurer's Affidavit concerning the amount of capital
stock subscribed and/or paid if false;
4. That the percentage of ownership of the capital stock to be
owned by citizens of the Philippines has not been complied with
as required by existing laws or the Constitution.
No articles of incorporation or amendment to articles of
incorporation of banks, banking and quasi-banking institutions,
building and loan associations, trust companies and other
financial intermediaries, insurance companies, public utilities,
educational institutions, and other corporations governed by
special laws shall be accepted or approved by the Commission
unless accompanied by a favorable recommendation of the
appropriate government agency to the effect that such articles or
amendment is in accordance with law.
Sec. 64 GBL
no institution or entity if not engaged in the banking business
may not use the word bank.
Sec. 64. Unauthorized Advertisement or Business Representation.
No person, association, or corporation unless duly authorized to
engage in the business of a bank, quasi-bank, trust entity, or
savings and loan association as defined in this Act, or other
banking laws, shall advertise or hold itself out as being engaged
in the business of such bank, quasi-bank, trust entity, or
association, or use in connection with its business title, the word
or words bank, banking, banker, quasi-bank, quasibanking, quasi-banker, savings and loan association, trust

corporation, trust company or words of similar import or

transact in any manner the business of any such bank,
corporation or association.
-

banks are not allowed to be closed corporations.

Different classifications:
As to capitalization:
1.

Universal Banks

broader powers
investment house selling securities
underwriting guaranteeing securities.
Engaged in non allied activities:
a.
productive activities in agriculture.
b.
Mining, quarrying
c.
Manufacturing
d.
Other activities which may be allowed by the Monetary
Board.
service of investment house accept demand deposit.
2.

Commercial Banks

general powers of banks.

Accept demand deposits (checking accounts)
Deposit substitutes or foreign exchange.

3.

Cooperative Banks

RA 6938 for an entity to be considered a cooperative bank,

majority of the shares may be owned or controlled by
cooperatives.
Section 100. Definition, Classification and Functions. - A
cooperative bank is one organized by the majority shares of which
is owned and controlled by cooperatives primarily to provide
financial and credit services to cooperatives. The term
"cooperative bank" shall include cooperative rural banks. A
cooperative bank may perform the following functions;
(1) To carry on banking and credit services for the cooperatives;
(2) To receive financial aid or loans from the Government and the
Central Bank of the Philippines for and in behalf of the
cooperative banks and primary cooperatives and their federations
engaged in business and to supervise the lending and collection
of loans;
(3) To mobilize savings of its members for the benefit of the
cooperative movement;
(4) To act as a balancing medium for the surplus funds of
cooperatives and their federations;
(5) To discount bills and promissory notes issued and drawn by
cooperatives;
(6) To issue negotiable instruments to facilitate the activities of
cooperatives;
(7) To issue debentures subject to the approval of and under
conditions and guarantees to be prescribed by the Government;

(8) To borrow money from banks and other financial institutions

within the limit to be prescribed by the Central Bank; and
(9) To carry out all other functions as may be prescribed by the
Authority: Provided, That the performance of any banking function
shall be subject to prior approval by the Central Bank of the
Philippines.
4.

Rural Banks:

to meet the normal monetary requirements of those

fishermen, farmers in the province.
Wholly nationalized.
5.

Thrift Banks

those who need short term capital

in order to meet the requirement credit for Filipino
entrepreneurs.
2 Important functions of a bank:
1.
2.

deposit
loan

I.

Deposit

voluntary creditor- debtor relationship.

There is passing of ownership.
Contractual in character (the party must be capacitated)

Exception: PD 734 minors, at least 7 years of age, are qualified

in their own right but only with savings and time deposits.

receive interest
demand deposits may only be availed if youre capacitated
it is actually a simple loan (mutuum)
may be used as a ground for estafa because of creditordebtor relationship.
Compensate debts by application of deposits.
Corporations

minimum capitalization requirements.

Upon SEC approval of AI

Gen. Rule: Central Bank does not permit anonymous accounts or
the use of fictitious names.
Exception:
1.
2.

foreign currency deposits

and/or account (look at mem aid)

Pay implications withdrawals from account of decedent are

permitted as long as its for hospitalization and funeral expense.
(5% or P200,000.00)
Joint accounts

survivorship agreement

joint depositors permit each other to withdraw the full

amount during their lifetime; upon the death of the other, the
survivor gets the whole amount.
CASE: Vitug v. CA
Facts: Challenged that the survivorship agreement runs counter to
the prohibition of the family code regarding donations.

Issue: Whether or not it violates the family code

Held: No
Rationale: Family Code only pertains to inter vivos donations.
Survivorship agreement refers to mortis causa.

our laws consider these deposits very important thats why it

must be treated with utmost diligence thats why we have the
bank secrecy law.
BANK SECRECY LAWS
any officer may not disclose the deposits. It is beyond
examination and scrutiny.
Exceptions:
1.
necessary to dispose of an impeachment case.
2.
court order bribery; dereliction of duty case involving
public officials.
3.
subject matter of the litigation.
4.
written permission of the depositor.
5.
garnishment proceedings.
6.
unclaimed balances act. dormant accounts 10 years or
more the state may file escheat proceedings.
7.
Anti Graft and Corrupt Practices Act.
8.
in determining the gross estate NIRC

foreign currency deposit act sec. 3

when there is a written permission
this is beyond garnishment.
However:
CASE: Salvacion v. DBP

Facts: Petitioner was a minor. She was repeatedly abused by a

foreigner named Bartelli. Karen Salvacion won. The sheriff tried to
locate assets of Bartelli. He found a deposit at China Bank. China
Bank refused because of FCDA.
Issue: Whether or not it may be garnished.
Held: Yes
Rationale: They went to the intrinsic and extrinsic validity of the
law. It was found out that it was meant for foreign lenders and
foreign investors. They concluded that these are the only ones
protected by the act. Bartelli is neither a lender nor an investor.
This would create great injustice to Karen Salvacion. The SC cited
Art. 10 of the Civil code.
AMLA is also an exception:
To conclude there are two exceptions:
1.
2.

written permission
AMLA

ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING ACT

governed by AML council
when there is already an order coming from the competent
court that there is an AML case.
Illegitimate sources
a.
ransom money
b.
robbery invested in insurance company.
Gen. Rule: The council needs court order.
Exceptions:

1.
2.
3.
4.

kidnapping
violations of the dangerous drugs act
destructive arson
murder

Q: Are there measures that would prevent money laundering?

A: Reportorial requirements of companies. (Insurance, Investment
houses, banks)
Transaction in cash
involving a total amount of more than 500thousand pesos
within a single banking date.
Safe harbour provision no administration proceeding or
criminal proceeding shall lie.
Even if it doesnt reach 500k when the transaction is
suspicious.
Conclusion:
-

no court order in predicate crime

transaction in cash 500k or the withdrawal is suspicious.

PHILIPPINE DEPOSIT INSURANCE COMMISSION

Mandatory for banks to insure all kinds of deposit.
Pay premiums to the PDIC
Closure and insolvency problem
Fire is not covered
Notwithstanding nonpayment of premiums, the PDIC cannot
deny compensation; but its subject to threshold of 250k
All types of deposit are to be added.
Insurable amount is not of the obligation.

Deposit 300k
Loan 200k
100 k PDIC
Eg.
X Bank
A- depositor
Savings deposit 200k
Time deposit 500k
Demand deposit 300k
1,100,000.00

out of 1.1M only 250 k may be covered.

Q: What will happen to 850 k?

A: He may collect it from the liquidator or receiver.
Q: What if the deposits are maintained by A in several branches?
A: Still the same. The branches dont enjoy separate personality.
Q: What if there are deposits held by A for the benefit of another
person?
A: It will not be included from the personal account.
Joint account = A and B
A= 300k + 300k = 600k

only 250k will be covered by the PDIC

A and B = 500k

only 250k will be covered by the PDIC

A = 125k B = 125k

Q: What if B is a corporation?
A: Presumption is the corporation.

if the account is held by a juridical person and a natural

person, the insured deposit is assumed to belong to the juridical
person.

Failure to claim for 2 years to the PDIC bars the claim. But
you may still recover from the liquidators.
II. Loan Function of Banks:
lending of funds to the public
grant loans and credits only for the time the operations are
being financed.
Sec. 39, 40, 52, 55.2 of the GBL
Terms and conditions are subject to BSP regulations.
Sec. 39. Grant and Purpose of Loans and Other Credit
Accommodations. - A bank shall grant loans and other credit
accommodations only in amounts and for the periods of time
essential for the effective completion of the operations to be
financed. Such grant of loans and other credit accommodations
shall be consistent with safe and sound banking practices.
The purpose of all loans and other credit accommodations shall
be stated in the application and in the contract between the bank
and the borrower. If the bank finds that the proceeds of the loan
or other credit accommodation have been employed, without its
approval, for purposes other than those agreed upon with the
bank, it shall have the right to terminate the loan or other credit
accommodation and demand immediate repayment of the
obligation. .
Sec. 40. Requirement for Grant Of Loans or 0ther Credit
Accommodations. - Before granting a loan or other credit

accommodation, a bank must ascertain that the debtor is capable

of fulfilling his commitments to the bank.
Toward this end, a bank may demand from its credit applicants a
statement of their assets and liabilities and of their income and
expenditures and such information as may be prescribed by law
or by rules and regulations of the Monetary Board to enable the
bank to properly evaluate the credit application which includes
the corresponding financial statements submitted for taxation
purposes to the Bureau of Internal Revenue. Should such
statements prove to be false or incorrect in any material detail,
the bank may terminate any loan or other credit accommodation
granted on the basis of said statements and shall have the right
to demand immediate repayment or liquidation of the obligation.
In formulating rules and regulations under this Section, the
Monetary Board shall recognize the peculiar characteristics of
micro financing, such as cash flow-based lending to the basic
sectors that are not covered.
Sec. 52. Acquisition of Real Estate by Way of Satisfaction of
Claims. Notwithstanding the limitations of the preceding
Section, a bank may acquire, hold or convey real property under
the following circumstances:
52.1. Such as shall be mortgaged to it in good faith by way of
security for debts;
52.2. Such as shall be conveyed to it in satisfaction of debts
previously contracted in the course of its dealings; or
52.3. Such as it shall purchase at sales under judgments, decrees,
mortgages, or trust deeds held by it and such as it shall purchase
to secure debts due it.
Any real property acquired or held under the circumstances
enumerated in the above paragraph shall be disposed of by the
bank within a period of five (5) years or as may be prescribed by
the Monetary Board: Provided, however, That the bank may, after

said period, continue to hold the property for its own use, subject
to the limitations of the preceding Section.
Sec. 55.2. No borrower of a bank shall (a) Fraudulently overvalue property offered as security for a loan
or other credit accommodation from the bank;
(b) Furnish false or make misrepresentation or suppression of
material facts for the purpose of obtaining, renewing, or
increasing a loan or other credit accommodation or extending the
period thereof;
(c) Attempt to defraud the said bank in the event of a court action
to recover a loan or other credit accommodation; or
(d) Offer any director, officer, employee or agent of a bank any
gift, fee, commission, or any other form of compensation in order
to influence such persons into approving a loan or other credit
accommodation
DOSRI
directors, officers, stockholders and related interests.
The restrictions are meant to protect the public from the
DOSRI.
Requisites:
1.
2.
3.
4.
-

Written approval of the majority of all the directors.

Approval must be entered into the records of the bank.
copy of the entry must be furnished to the Central Bank.
the terms should not be less favorable to the bank.
it should be at par to those extended to the borrowers.
Unencumbered deposit (arms length rule)

Restrictions apply if:

1.
2.
3.

DOSRI borrower
DOSRI guarantor
DOSRI advances salary or increases indebtedness.

Related interests

sec. 36 GBL

the power to define Related interests rest with the Monetary

Board.

Circular no. 423-2004 of the Central Bank.

Sec. 36. Restriction on Bank Exposure to Directors, Officers,
Stockholders and Their Related Interests. - No director or officer of
any bank shall, directly or indirectly, for himself or as the
representative or agent of others, borrow from such bank nor shall
he become a guarantor, endorser or surety for loans from such
bank to others, or in any manner be an obligor or incur any
contractual liability to the bank except with the written approval
of the majority of all the directors of the bank, excluding the
director concerned: Provided, That such written approval shall not
be required for loans, other credit accommodations and advances
granted to officers under a fringe benefit plan approved by the
Bangko Sentral. The required approval shall be entered upon the
records of the bank and a copy of such entry shall be transmitted
forthwith to the appropriate supervising and examining
department of the Bangko Sentral.
Dealings of a bank with any of its directors, officers or
stockholders and their related interests shall be upon terms not
less favorable to the bank than those offered to others.
After due notice to the board of directors of the bank, the office of
any bank director or officer who violates the provisions of this

Section may be declared vacant and the director or officer shall

be subject to the penal provisions of the New Central Bank Act.
The Monetary Board may regulate the amount of loans, credit
accommodations and guarantees that may be extended, directly
or indirectly, by a bank to its directors, officers, stockholders and
their related interests, as well as investments of such bank in
enterprises owned or controlled by said directors, officers,
stockholders and their related interests. However, the
outstanding loans, credit accommodations and guarantees which
a bank may extend to each of its stockholders, directors, or
officers and their related interests, shall be limited to an amount
equivalent to their respective unencumbered deposits and book
value of their paid-in capital contribution in the bank: Provided,
however, That loans, credit accommodations and guarantees
secured by assets considered as non-risk by the Monetary Board
shall be excluded from such limit: Provided, further, That loans,
credit accommodations and advances to officers in the form of
fringe benefits granted in accordance with rules as may be
prescribed by the Monetary Board shall not be subject to the
individual limit.
The Monetary Board shall define the term related interests.
The limit on loans, credit accommodations and guarantees
prescribed herein shall not apply to loans, credit accommodations
and guarantees extended by a cooperative bank to its
cooperative shareholders.
1.
Spouse/ Relative within the 1st degree (consanguinity or
affinity) adoption is included.
2.
Collateral
3.
Interlocking directors
4.
Stockholder of more than 30% of a corporation.
TRUTH IN LENDING ACT

the creditor must fully disclose all details regarding the

transaction.
Eg. Interest charges; processing fee.
Cash price, amount to be credited as down payment, total
amount to be financed.
CASE: Arcilla v. DBP
the failure of the person to reveal, it does not make the
contract unenforceable, it only forbids the creditor from claiming
the added charges.
The loan amount would depend on the collateral:
If real property

75%

In addition, 60% for improvements made.

If chattel
75%
Sec. 37. Loans and Other Credit Accommodations Against Real
Estate. Except as the Monetary Board may otherwise prescribe,
loans and other credit accommodations against real estate shall
not exceed seventy-five percent (75%) of the appraised value of
the respective real estate security, plus sixty percent (60%) of the
appraised value of the insured improvements, and such loans
may be made to the owner of the real estate or to his assignees.
Sec. 38. Loans And Other Credit Accommodations on Security of
Chattels and Intangible Properties. - Except as the Monetary
Board may otherwise prescribe, loans and other credit
accommodations on security of chattels and intangible properties
such as, but not limited to, patents, trademarks, trade names,
and copyrights shall not exceed seventy-five percent (75%) of the

appraised value of the security, an such loans and other credit

accommodation may be made to the title-holder of the chattels
and intangible properties.

Single borrowers limit rule:

Gen. rule: the total amount should not exceed 20% of the net
worth of the bank threshold is now 25%.
Exception: Emergency for the general public.
35.1. Except as the Monetary Board may otherwise prescribe for
reasons of national interest, the total amount of loans, credit
accommodations and guarantees as may be defined by the
Monetary Board that may be extended by a bank to any person,
partnership, association, corporation or other entity shall at no
time exceed twenty percent (20%) of the net worth of such bank.
The basis for determining compliance with single borrower limit is
the total credit
Foreclosure of mortgage (Sec. 47, GBL)
1.
Redemption period for natural persons the mortgagor or
debtor, who is a natural person, whose real property has been
sold for the full or partial payment of his obligation shall have the
right within one year after the sale of the real estate, to redeem
the property. The one- year redemption period should be counted
from the date of the registration of the certificate of sale with the
Register of Deeds.
2.
Redemption period for judicial persons a juridical person
whose property has been sold pursuant to an extra-judicial
foreclosure, shall have the right to redeem the property but not
after the registration of the certificate of foreclosure sale with the

proper Register of Deeds which in no case shall be more that

three (3) months after foreclosure whichever is earlier.
Sec. 47. Foreclosure of Real Estate Mortgage. - In the event of
foreclosure, whether judicially or extra-judicially, of any mortgage
on real estate which is security for any loan or other credit
accommodation granted, the mortgagor or debtor whose real
property has been sold for the full or partial payment of his
obligation shall have the right within one year after the sale of the
real estate, to redeem the property by paying the amount due
under the mortgage deed, with interest thereon at rate specified
in the mortgage, and all the costs and expenses incurred by the
bank or institution from the sale and custody of said property less
the income derived therefrom. However, the purchaser at the
auction sale concerned whether in a judicial or extra-judicial
foreclosure shall have the right to enter upon and take possession
of such property immediately after the date of the confirmation of
the auction sale and administer the same in accordance with law.
Any petition in court to enjoin or restrain the conduct of
foreclosure proceedings instituted pursuant to this provision shall
be given due course only upon the filing by the petitioner of a
bond in an amount fixed by the court conditioned that he will pay
all the damages which the bank may suffer by the enjoining or the
restraint of the foreclosure proceeding.
Bank regulations:
thru examination consistent to the regulations as long as it
operates in a safe and sound manner.
Purpose: to enable for the CB to determine if the bank is still
competent.
Liquidity Problems:

1.
Granting the bank concern an emergency loan not
exceeding 50% (sec. 50 NCBA)
2.
Conservatorship (Sec. 29 NCBA) period is 1 year.
a.
b.
c.
d.

reorganization of management
collect all monies and debts
all act is necessary to restore its viability.
Previous management acts are note yet perfected.

CASE: First Philippine International Bank

-

the power to revoke does not extend to perfected contracts.

Q: When terminated?
A: When the monetary board does it proper upon report of the
conservator.
3.

Receivership (Sec. 30 NCBA)

if conservatorship is a failure.
It attempts to make the bank viable again.
There is no requirement to undergo conservatorship first.
The statutory receiver is the PDIC.

SECTION 50. Exclusive Issue Power. The Bangko Sentral shall

have the sole power and
authority to issue currency, within the territory of the Philippines.
No other person or entity, public or
private, may put into circulation notes, coins or any other object
or document which, in the opinion of the
Monetary Board, might circulate as currency, nor reproduce or
imitate the facsimiles of Bangko Sentral
notes without prior authority from the Bangko Sentral.

The Monetary Board may issue such regulations as it may deem

advisable in order to prevent
the circulation of foreign currency or of currency substitutes as
well as to prevent the reproduction of
facsimiles of Bangko Sentral notes.
The Bangko Sentral shall have the authority to investigate, make
arrests, conduct searches and
seizures in accordance with law, for the purpose of maintaining
the integrity of the currency.
Violation of this provision or any regulation issued by the Bangko
Sentral pursuant thereto shall
constitute an offense punishable by imprisonment of not less than
five (5) years but not more than ten
(10) years. In case the Revised Penal Code provides for a greater
penalty, then that penalty shall be
imposed.
SECTION 29. Appointment of Conservator. Whenever, on the
basis of a report submitted
by the appropriate supervising or examining department, the
Monetary Board finds that a bank or a
quasi-bank is in a state of continuing inability or unwillingness to
maintain a condition of liquidity
deemed adequate to protect the interest of depositors and
creditors, the Monetary Board may appoint a
conservator with such powers as the Monetary Board shall deem
necessary to take charge of the
assets, liabilities, and the management thereof, reorganize the
management, collect all monies and
debts due said institution, and exercise all powers necessary to
restore its viability. The conservator
shall report and be responsible to the Monetary Board and shall
have the power to overrule or revoke

the actions of the previous management and board of directors of

the bank or quasi-bank.
The conservator should be competent and knowledgeable in bank
operations and management.
The conservatorship shall not exceed one (1) year.
The conservator shall receive remuneration to be fixed by the
Monetary Board in an amount not
to exceed two-thirds (2/3) of the salary of the president of the
institution in one (1) year, payable in
twelve (12) equal monthly payments: Provided, That, if at any
time within one-year period, the
conservatorship is terminated on the ground that the institution
can operate on its own, the conservator
shall receive the balance of the remuneration which he would
have received up to the end of the year;
but if the conservatorship is terminated on other grounds, the
conservator shall not be entitled to such
remaining balance. The Monetary Board may appoint a
conservator connected with the Bangko
Sentral, in which case he shall not be entitled to receive any
remuneration or emolument from the
Bangko Sentral during the conservatorship. The expenses
attendant to the conservatorship shall be
borne by the bank or quasi-bank concerned.
The Monetary Board shall terminate the conservatorship when it
is satisfied that the institution
can continue to operate on its own and the conservatorship is no
longer necessary. The
conservatorship shall likewise be terminated should the Monetary
Board, on the basis of the report of
the conservator or of its own findings, determine that the
continuance in business of the institution would
involve probable loss to its depositors or creditors, in which case
the provisions of Section 30 shall

apply.
SECTION 30. Proceedings in Receivership and Liquidation.
Whenever, upon report of
the head of the supervising or examining department, the
Monetary Board finds that a bank or quasibank:
(a) is unable to pay its liabilities as they become due in the
ordinary course of business: Provided,
That this shall not include inability to pay caused by extraordinary
demands induced by
financial panic in the banking community;
(b) by the Bangko Sentral, to meet its liabilities; or
(c) cannot continue in business without involving probable losses
to its depositors or creditors; or
(d) has willfully violated a cease and desist order under Section
37 that has become final, involving
acts or transactions which amount to fraud or a dissipation of the
assets of the institution; in
which cases, the Monetary Board may summarily and without
need for prior hearing forbid the
institution from doing business in the Philippines and designate
the Philippine Deposit
Insurance Corporation as receiver of the banking institution.
For a quasi-bank, any person of recognized competence in
banking or finance may be designed
as receiver.
The receiver shall immediately gather and take charge of all the
assets and liabilities of the
institution, administer the same for the benefit of its creditors,
and exercise the general powers of a
receiver under the Revised Rules of Court but shall not, with the
exception of administrative
expenditures, pay or commit any act that will involve the transfer
or disposition of any asset of the

institution: Provided, That the receiver may deposit or place the

funds of the institution in nonspeculative
investments. The receiver shall determine as soon as possible,
but not later than ninety
(90) days from take over, whether the institution may be
rehabilitated or otherwise placed in such a
condition so that it may be permitted to resume business with
safety to its depositors and creditors and
the general public: Provided, That any determination for the
resumption of business of the institution
shall be subject to prior approval of the Monetary Board.
If the receiver determines that the institution cannot be
rehabilitated or permitted to resume
business in accordance with the next preceding paragraph, the
Monetary Board shall notify in writing
the board of directors of its findings and direct the receiver to
proceed with the liquidation of the
institution. The receiver shall:
1. file ex parte with the proper regional trial court, and without
requirement of prior notice or any
other action, a petition for assistance in the liquidation of the
institution pursuant to a
liquidation plan adopted by the Philippine Deposit Insurance
Corporation for general
application to all closed banks. In case of quasi-banks, the
liquidation plan shall be adopted
by the Monetary Board. Upon acquiring jurisdiction, the court
shall, upon motion by the
receiver after due notice, adjudicate disputed claims against the
institution, assist the
enforcement of individual liabilities of the stockholders, directors
and officers, and decide on
other issues as may be material to implement the liquidation plan
adopted. The receiver shall

pay the cost of the proceedings from the assets of the institution.
2. convert the assets of the institutions to money, dispose of the
same to creditors and other
parties, for the purpose of paying the debts of such institution in
accordance with the rules on
concurrence and preference of credit under the Civil Code of the
Philippines and he may, in
the name of the institution, and with the assistance of counsel as
he may retain, institute such
actions as may be necessary to collect and recover accounts and
assets of, or defend any
action against, the institution. The assets of an institution under
receivership or liquidation
shall be deemed in custodia legis in the hands of the receiver and
shall, from the moment the
institution was placed under such receivership or liquidation, be
exempt from any order of
garnishment, levy, attachment, or execution.
The actions of the Monetary Board taken under this section or
under Section 29 of this Act shall
be final and executory, and may not be restrained or set aside by
the court except on petition for
certiorari on the ground that the action taken was in excess of
jurisdiction or with such grave abuse of
discretion as to amount to lack or excess of jurisdiction. The
petition for certiorari may only be filed by
the stockholders of record representing the majority of the capital
stock within ten (10) days from receipt
by the board of directors of the institution of the order directing
receivership, liquidation or
conservatorship. The designation of a conservator under Section
29 of this Act or the appointment of a
receiver under this section shall be vested exclusively with the
Monetary Board. Furthermore, the

designation of a conservator is not a precondition to the

designation of a receiver.

CLOSE NOW HEAR LATER!

CASE: Rural Bank of Lucena v. Arca/ Central Bank v. CA
No prior hearing is necessary in appointing a receiver and in
closing the bank. It is enough that subsequent judicial review is
provided for. Indeed, to require such previous hearing would not
only be impractical but would tend to defeat the very purpose of
the law when it invested the Monetary Board with such authority.
Consequences of closure:
1.
2.

stoppage of business
exemption of assets from garnishment, levy or attachment.

CASE: Lipana v. DBP

Sec. 30 of the new central bank act provides that the assets
of an institution under receivership or liguidation shall be deemed
in custodia legis in the hands of the receiver and shall, from the
moment the institution was placed under such receivership or
liquidation, be exempt from any order of garnishment, levy
attachment or execution.
3.

no preference over claims.

CASE: Fidelity Savings and Mortgage Bank v. Cenzon

an insolvent bank that was closed by the BSP is not liable to

pay interests on deposits.
4.

exempt from paying interests.

CENTRAL BANK:
not only insolvency but also the status of its directors. (fit
and proper rule they may disqualify those who are unfit)
Police power public interest
Government officers disqualification takes place whether
you are full time or part time.
Teleconferencing now allowed. submit to guidelines of the
SEC.
Independent director not an officer of the bank or its
affiliates or subsidiaries.
In subsidiary up to 50%
In equity 40%
Sec.11. Foreign Stockholdings Foreign individuals and non-bank
corporations may own or control up to forty percent (40%) of the
voting stock of a domestic bank. This rule shall apply to Filipinos
and domestic non-bank corporations.
The percentage of foreign-owned voting stocks in a bank shall be
determined by the citizenship of the individual stockholders in
that bank. The citizenship of the corporation which is a
stockholder in a bank shall follow the citizenship of the controlling
stockholders of the corporation, irrespective of the place of
incorporation.
Eg.
1, 000,000 voting shares

400k Filipinos
400k foreign
200k Y corp ( 60% Filipino and 40% foreign therefore it is a
Filipino corp.)

there is a special law in banks; do not confuse this with the

corporation code.

The citizenship of the bank depends on the citizenship of the

controlling stockholder.
Eg.
1, 000,000 voting shares
200k foreign
800k Filipino (400k ang kay Dax the pogi Maliwat and 400k sa
Y corp where Dax owns 50% of the stocks.)

No single stockholder may own more than 50% of the voting

shares. In this case Dax owns at least 60%.
Banko Sentral ng Pilipinas:
THE BANGKO SENTRAL
SECTION 1. Declaration of Policy. The State shall maintain a
central monetary authority
that shall function and operate as an independent and
accountable body corporate in the discharge of
its mandated responsibilities concerning money, banking and
credit. In line with this policy, and
considering its unique functions and responsibilities, the central
monetary authority established under
this Act, while being a government-owned corporation, shall enjoy
fiscal and administrative autonomy.

SECTION 2. Creation of the Bangko Sentral. There is hereby

established an independent
central monetary authority, which shall be a body corporate
known as the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas,
hereafter referred to as the Bangko Sentral.
The capital of the Bangko Sentral shall be Fifty billion pesos
(P50,000,000,000), to be fully
subscribed by the Government of the Republic, hereafter referred
to as the Government, Ten billion
pesos (P10,000,000,000) of which shall be fully paid for by the
Government upon the effectivity of this
Act and the balance to be paid for within a period of two (2) years
from the effectivity of this Act in such
manner and form as the Government, through the Secretary of
Finance and the Secretary of Budget
and Management, may thereafter determine.
SECTION 3. Responsibility and Primary Objective. The Bangko
Sentral shall provide
policy directions in the areas of money, banking, and credit. It
shall have supervision over the
operations of banks and exercise such regulatory powers as
provided in this Act and other pertinent
laws over the operations of finance companies and non-bank
financial institutions performing quasibanking
functions, hereafter referred to as quasi-banks, and institutions
performing similar functions.
The primary objective of the Bangko Sentral is to maintain price
stability conducive to a
balanced and sustainable growth of the economy. It shall also
promote and maintain monetary stability
and the convertibility of the peso.
SECTION 4. Place of Business. The Bangko Sentral shall have its
principal place of

business in Metro Manila, but may maintain branches, agencies

and correspondents in such other
places as the proper conduct of its business may require.
SECTION 5. Corporate Powers. The Bangko Sentral is hereby
authorized to adopt, alter,
and use a corporate seal which shall be judicially noticed; to enter
into contracts; to lease or own real
and personal property, and to sell or otherwise dispose of the
same; to sue and be sued; and otherwise
to do and perform any and all things that may be necessary or
proper to carry out the purposes of this
Act.
The Bangko Sentral may acquire and hold such assets and incur
such liabilities in connection
with its operations authorized by the provisions of this Act, or as
are essential to the proper conduct of
such operations.
The Bangko Sentral may compromise, condone or release, in
whole or in part, any claim of or
settled liability to the Bangko Sentral, regardless of the amount
involved, under such terms and
conditions as may be prescribed by the Monetary Board to protect
the interests of the Bangko Sentral.
ARTICLE II. THE MONETARY BOARD
SECTION 6. Composition of the Monetary Board. The powers
and functions of the
Bangko Sentral shall be exercised by the Bangko Sentral Monetary
Board, hereafter referred to as the
Monetary Board, composed of seven (7) members appointed by
the President of the Philippines for a
term of six (6) years.
The seven (7) members are:
(a) the Governor of the Bangko Sentral, who shall be the
Chairman of the Monetary Board. The

Governor of the Bangko Sentral shall be head of a department

and his appointment shall be
subject to confirmation by the Commission on Appointments.
Whenever the Governor is
unable to attend a meeting of the Board, he shall designate a
Deputy Governor to act as his
alternate: Provided, That in such event, the Monetary Board shall
designate one of its
members as acting Chairman;
(b) a member of the Cabinet to be designated by the President of
the Philippines. Whenever the
designated Cabinet Member is unable to attend a meeting of the
Board, he shall designate
an Undersecretary in his Department to attend as his alternate;
and
(c) five (5) members who shall come from the private sector, all of
whom shall serve full-time:
Provided, however, That of the members first appointed under the
provisions of this
subsection, three (3) shall have a term of six (6) years, and the
other two (2), three (3) years.
No member of the Monetary Board may be reappointed more than
once.
SECTION 7. Vacancies. Any vacancy in the Monetary Board
created by the death,
resignation, or removal of any member shall be filled by the
appointment of a new member to complete
the unexpired period of the term of the member concerned.
SECTION 8. Qualifications. The members of the Monetary Board
must be natural-born
citizens of the Philippines, at least thirty-five (35) years of age,
with the exception of the Governor who
should at least be forty (40) years of age, of good moral
character, of unquestionable integrity, of known

probity and patriotism, and with recognized competence in social

and economic disciplines.
SECTION 9. Disqualifications. In addition to the disqualifications
imposed by Republic Act
No. 6713, a member of the Monetary Board is disqualified from
being a director, officer, employee,
consultant, lawyer, agent or stockholder of any bank, quasi-bank
or any other institution which is subject
to supervision or examination by the Bangko Sentral, in which
case such member shall resign from, and
divest himself of any and all interests in such institution before
assumption of office as member of the
Monetary Board.
The members of the Monetary Board coming from the private
sector shall not hold any other
public office or public employment during their tenure.
No person shall be a member of the Monetary Board if he has
been connected directly with any
multilateral banking or financial institution or has a substantial
interest in any private bank in the
Philippines, within one (1) year prior to his appointment; likewise,
no member of the Monetary Board
shall be employed in any such institution within two (2) years
after the expiration of his term except
when he serves as an official representative of the Philippine
Government to such institution.
SECTION 10. Removal. The President may remove any member
of the Monetary Board for
any of the following reasons:
(a) If the member is subsequently disqualified under the
provisions of Section 8 of this Act; or
(b) If he is physically or mentally incapacitated that he cannot
properly discharge his duties and

responsibilities and such incapacity has lasted for more than six
(6) months; or
(c) If the member is guilty of acts or operations which are of
fraudulent or illegal character or
which are manifestly opposed to the aims and interests of the
Bangko Sentral; or
(d) If the member no longer possesses the qualifications specified
in Section 8 of this
SECTION 11. Meetings. The Monetary Board shall meet at least
once a week. The Board
may be called to a meeting by the Governor of the Bangko Sentral
or by two (2) other members of the
Board.
The presence of four (4) members shall constitute a quorum:
Provided, That in all cases the
Governor or his duly designated alternate shall be among the four
(4).
Unless otherwise provided in this Act, all decisions of the
Monetary Board shall require the
concurrence of at least four (4) members.
The Bangko Sentral shall maintain and preserve a complete
record of the proceedings and
deliberations of the Monetary Board, including the tapes and
transcripts of the stenographic notes,
either in their original form or in microfilm.
SECTION 12. Attendance of the Deputy Governors. The Deputy
Governors may attend
the meetings of the Monetary Board with the right to be heard.
SECTION 13. Salary. The salary of the Governor and the
members of the Monetary Board
from the private sector shall be fixed by the President of the
Philippines at a sum commensurate to the
importance and responsibility attached to the position.

SECTION 14. Withdrawal of Persons Having a Personal Interest.

In addition to the
requirements of Republic Act No. 6713, any member of the
Monetary Board with personal or pecuniary
interest in any matter in the agenda of the Monetary Board shall
disclose his interest to the Board and
shall retire from the meeting when the matter is taken up. The
decision taken on the matter shall be
made public. The minutes shall reflect the disclosure made and
the retirement of the member
concerned from the meeting.
SECTION 15. Exercise of Authority. In the exercise of its
authority, the Monetary Board
shall:
(a) issue rules and regulations it considers necessary for the
effective discharge of the
responsibilities and exercise of the powers vested upon the
Monetary Board and the Bangko
Sentral. The rules and regulations issued shall be reported to the
President and the
Congress within fifteen (15) days from the date of their issuance;
(b) direct the management, operations, and administration of the
Bangko Sentral, reorganize its
personnel, and issue such rules and regulations as it may deem
necessary or convenient for
this purpose. The legal units of the Bangko Sentral shall be under
the exclusive supervision
and control of the Monetary Board;
(c) establish a human resource management system which shall
govern the selection, hiring,
appointment, transfer, promotion, or dismissal of all personnel.
Such system shall aim to
establish professionalism and excellence at all levels of the
Bangko Sentral in accordance

with sound principles of management.

A compensation structure, based on job evaluation studies and
wage surveys and
subject to the Board's approval, shall be instituted as an integral
component of the Bangko
Sentral's human resource development program: Provided, That
the Monetary Board shall
make its own system conform as closely as possible with the
principles provided for under
Republic Act No. 6758: Provided, however, That compensation
and wage structure of
employees whose positions fall under salary grade 19 and below
shall be in accordance with
the rates prescribed under Republic Act No. 6758.
On the recommendation of the Governor, appoint, fix the
remunerations and other
emoluments, and remove personnel of the Bangko Sentral,
subject to pertinent civil service
laws: Provided, That the Monetary Board shall have exclusive and
final authority to promote,
transfer, assign, or reassign personnel of the Bangko Sentral and
these personnel actions are
deemed made in the interest of the service and not disciplinary:
Provided, further, That the
Monetary Board may delegate such authority to the Governor
under such guidelines as it may
determine.
(d) adopt an annual budget for and authorize such expenditures
by the Bangko Sentral as are in
the interest of the effective administration and operations of
(e) the Bangko Sentral in accordance with applicable laws and
regulations; and
(f) indemnify its members and other officials of the Bangko
Sentral, including personnel of the

departments performing supervision and examination functions

against all costs and
expenses reasonably incurred by such persons in connection with
any civil or criminal action,
suit or proceedings to which he may be, or is, made a party by
reason of the performance of
his functions or duties, unless he is finally adjudged in such action
or proceeding to be liable
for negligence or misconduct.
In the event of a settlement or compromise, indemnification shall
be provided only in
connection with such matters covered by the settlement as to
which the Bangko Sentral is
advised by external counsel that the person to be indemnified did
not commit any negligence
or misconduct.
The costs and expenses incurred in defending the aforementioned
action, suit or
proceeding may be paid by the Bangko Sentral in advance of the
final disposition of such
action, suit or proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by or on
behalf of the member,
officer, or employee to repay the amount advanced should it
ultimately be determined by the
Monetary Board that he is not entitled to be indemnified as
provided in this subsection.
SECTION 16. Responsibility. Members of the Monetary Board,
officials, examiners, and
employees of the Bangko Sentral who willfully violate this Act or
who are guilty of negligence, abuses or
acts of malfeasance or misfeasance or fail to exercise
extraordinary diligence in the performance of his
duties shall be held liable for any loss or injury suffered by the
Bangko Sentral or other banking

institutions as a result of such violation, negligence, abuse,

malfeasance, misfeasance or failure to
exercise extraordinary diligence.
Similar responsibility shall apply to members, officers, and
employees of the Bangko Sentral for:
(1) the disclosure of any information of a confidential nature, or
any information on the discussions or
resolutions of the Monetary Board, or about the confidential
operations of the Bangko Sentral, unless
the disclosure is in connection with the performance of official
functions with the Bangko Sentral, or is
with prior authorization of the Monetary Board or the Governor; or
(2) the use of such information for
personal gain or to the detriment of the Government, the Bangko
Sentral or third parties: Provided,
however, That any data or information required to be submitted
to the President and/or the Congress, or
to be published under the provisions of this Act shall not be
considered confidential.
ARTICLE III. THE GOVERNOR AND DEPUTY GOVERNORS OF THE
BANGKO
SENTRAL
SECTION 17. Powers and Duties of the Governor. The Governor
shall be the chief
executive officer of the Bangko Sentral. His powers and duties
shall be to:
(a) prepare the agenda for the meetings of the Monetary Board
and to submit for the
consideration of the Board the policies and measures which he
believes to be necessary to
carry out the purposes and provisions of this Act;
(b) execute and administer the policies and measures approved
by the Monetary Board;

(c) direct and supervise the operations and internal administration

of the Bangko Sentral. The
Governor may delegate certain of his administrative
responsibilities to other officers or may
assign specific tasks or responsibilities to any full-time member of
the Monetary Board
without additional remuneration or allowance whenever he may
deem fit or subject to such
rules and regulations as the Monetary Board may prescribe;
(d) appoint and fix the remunerations and other emoluments of
personnel below the rank of a
department head in accordance with the position and
compensation plans approved by the
Monetary Board, as well as to impose disciplinary measures upon
personnel of the Bangko
Sentral, subject to the provisions of Section 15(c) of this Act:
Provided, That removal of
personnel shall be with the approval of the Monetary Board;
(e) render opinions, decisions, or rulings, which shall be final and
executory until reversed or
modified by the Monetary Board, on matters regarding application
or enforcement of laws
pertaining to institutions supervised by the Bangko Sentral and
laws pertaining to quasibanks,
as well as regulations, policies or instructions issued by the
Monetary Board, and the
implementation thereof; and
(f) exercise such other powers as may be vested in him by the
Monetary Board.
SECTION 18. Representation of the Monetary Board and the
Bangko Sentral. The
Governor of the Bangko Sentral shall be the principal
representative of the Monetary Board and of the

Bangko Sentral and, in such capacity and in accordance with the

instructions of the Monetary Board, he
shall be empowered to:
(a) represent the Monetary Board and the Bangko Sentral in all
dealings with other offices,
agencies and instrumentalities of the Government and all other
persons or entities, public or
private, whether domestic, foreign or international;
(b) sign contracts entered into by the Bangko Sentral, notes and
securities issued by the Bangko
Sentral, all reports, balance sheets, profit and loss statements,
correspondence and other
documents of the Bangko Sentral.
The signature of the Governor may be in facsimile whenever
appropriate;
(c) represent the Bangko Sentral, either personally or through
counsel, including private counsel,
as may be authorized by the Monetary Board, in any legal
proceedings, action or specialized
legal studies; and
(d) delegate his power to represent the Bangko Sentral, as
provided in subsections (a), (b) and
(c) of this section, to other officers upon his own responsibility:
Provided, however, That in
order to preserve the integrity and the prestige of his office, the
Governor of the Bangko
Sentral may choose not to participate in preliminary discussions
with any multilateral banking
or financial institution on any negotiations for the Government
within or outside the
Philippines. During the negotiations, he may instead be
represented by a permanent
negotiator.

SECTION 19. Authority of the Governor in Emergencies. In case

of emergencies where
time is sufficient to call a meeting of the Monetary Board, the
Governor of the Bangko Sentral, with the
concurrence of two (2) other members of the Monetary Board,
may decide any matter or take any action
within the authority of the Board.
The Governor shall submit a report to the President and Congress
within seventy-two (72)
hours after the action has been taken.
At the soonest possible time, the Governor shall call a meeting of
the Monetary Board to submit
his action for ratification.
SECTION 20. Outside Interests of the Governor and the Full-time
Members of the Board.
The Governor of the Bangko Sentral and the full-time members
of the Board shall limit their
professional activities to those pertaining directly to their
positions with the Bangko Sentral.
Accordingly, they may not accept any other employment, whether
public or private, remunerated or ad
honorem, with the exception of positions in eleemosynary, civic,
cultural or religious organizations or
whenever, by designation of the President, the Governor or the
full-time member is tasked to represent
the interest of the Government or other government agencies in
matters connected with or affecting the
economy or the financial system of the country.
SECTION 21. Deputy Governors. The Governor of the Bangko
Sentral, with the approval of
the Monetary Board, shall appoint not more than three (3) Deputy
Governors who shall perform duties
as may be assigned to them by the Governor and the Board.

In the absence of the Governor, a Deputy Governor designated by

the Governor shall act as
chief executive of the Bangko Sentral and shall exercise the
powers and perform the duties of the
Governor. Whenever the Government is unable to attend
meetings of government boards or councils in
which he is an ex officio member pursuant to provisions of special
laws, a Deputy Governor as may be
designated by the Governor shall be vested with authority to
participate and exercise the right to vote in
such meetings.
Assignment:
Chattel Mortgage Law
Bulk Sales Law
Law on Intellectual Property
Act 3135
Securities Regulations Code
Insolvency
Special class Sunday, March 9 (1:00pm)
Schedule:
1.
Special class: March 17, Monday (6-9pm)
2.
Final exam: March 25, 6pm
Lets have a look back at banking laws:
2 important points:
1.
40% foreign equity is applicable only to the aggregate
shares in:
a.
foreign individuals

b.

foreign non bank institutions.

Foreign banks may do business:

1.
acquisition of stocks in domestic banks not greater than
60%.
the 40% does not apply to foreign banks.
They may acquire 60% of voting stocks of an existing bank.
60% subsidiary
7 years from effectivity date of the GBL they may acquire
up to 100% but they have to secure permission from Monetary
Board and it must be from an existing bank. (only one bank).
2.

Joint accounts

if you have several joint accounts, with different people, the

accounts will be added. PDIC may only give you up to 250k, as
stated in the new law.
CHATTEL MORTGAGE
accessory contract
cannot stand by itself without a principal obligation.
Payment of a loan; security of an obligation.
Movable property.
Pledge
Chattel Mortgage
Real contract not perfected until delivery
Accessory contract
The property is taken by the pledge.
The property is retained
by the mortgagor.
In case of death, the pledge closes the pledge and no deficiency
is recovered. Deficiency recovery is permitted. Exception is
RECTO LAW.

Art. 1484. In a contract of sale of personal property the price of

which is payable in installments, the vendor may exercise any of
the following remedies:
(1) Exact fulfillment of the obligation, should the vendee fail to
pay;
(2) Cancel the sale, should the vendee's failure to pay cover two
or more installments;
(3) Foreclose the chattel mortgage on the thing sold, if one has
been constituted, should the vendee's failure to pay cover two or
more installments. In this case, he shall have no further action
against the purchaser to recover any unpaid balance of the price.
Any agreement to the contrary shall be void. (1454-A-a)

CASE: Cruz v. Phil. Investment

-

Recto law may also apply to secured mortgage.

Apply to surety, guarantor etc..

Q: May a mortgaged property be mortgaged again?

A: Yes. Because it is an act of dominion on the part of the
mortgagee.
Q: What is the subject of a chattel mortgage?
A: personal property: shares of stocks, growing crops, even real
property treated as personal property but not binding to third
persons.
Affidavit of good faith
AFFIDAVIT OF GOOD FAITH
We, the undersigned MORTGAGOR AND MORTGAGEE hereby
jointly and severally swear that we executed the foregoing Chattel

Mortgage in order to secure the indebtedness therein and for no

other purpose or purposes contrary to law.

intended to secure the obligation therein.

Registration is important to bind third persons: if vessels

inscript to the Phil. Coastguard. If motorvehicle to the LTO, if
shares of stocks Register of deeds where the principal office of
the corporation is located.
Q: What if the mortgage was not registered but 3rd party knows
about it? May he honor the mortgage?
A: He should. Because the purpose of registration is to make him
aware.
BULK SALES LAW (ACT 3952)
Protect the creditors affecting sale, mortgage which is in
bulk.
Purpose is to prevent merchants from escaping from their
creditors by selling their assets in bulk.
The one making the sale here is mandated to make
disclosures to the portion.
Transactions covered:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

sales
transfer
all or substantially all of the equipments in a business.
mortgage
chattels which merchants use
assignments

Q: What are you obliged to do if youre the one selling?

A: You must prepare a sworn statement. A list of all your debts.

Q: What are the cases when the formalities do not apply?

A:
1.
The creditor waives.
2.
ordinary course of business.
3.
sales effected by executors/administrators receivers.

the fact that the claim is immaterial, you dont need to

disclose.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE

1.
2.

Subject matter is intellectual property

Incorporeal property; intangible property.
Patents inventions
Copyright artistic and literary works
Trademarks signs which are visible.
Intellectual property office sec. 5
transfer technology
inventions and investments.

Sec. 5. Functions of the Intellectual Property Office (IPO). 5.1. To administer and implement the State policies declared in
this Act, there is hereby created the Intellectual Property Office
(IPO) which shall have the following functions:
[a] Examine applications for grant of letters patent for inventions
and register utility models and industrial designs;
[b] Examine applications for the registration of marks,
geographic indication, integrated circuits;
[c] Register technology transfer arrangements and settle
disputes involving technology transfer payments covered by the
provisions of Part II, Chapter IX on Voluntary Licensing and

develop and implement strategies to promote and facilitate

technology transfer;
[d] Promote the use of patent information as a tool for technology
development;
[e] Publish regularly in its own publication the patents, marks,
utility models and industrial designs, issued and approved, and
the technology transfer arrangements registered;
[f] Administratively adjudicate contested proceedings affecting
intellectual property rights; and
[g] Coordinate with other government agencies and the private
sector efforts to formulate and implement plans and policies to
strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights in the
country.
5.2. The Office shall have custody of all records, books, drawings,
specifications, documents, and other papers and things relating to
intellectual property rights applications filed with the Office.

Notice: nothing is written about copyright.

COPYRIGHTS
Why? Sec. 172.1
original compositions, the moment they are created the
copyright belongs to the owner. No need to register.
172.1 Literary and artistic works, hereinafter referred to as
"works", are original intellectual creations in the literary and
artistic domain protected from the moment of their creation and
shall include in particular:
(a) Books, pamphlets, articles and other writings;
(b) Periodicals and newspapers;

(c) Lectures, sermons, addresses, dissertations prepared for oral

delivery, whether or not reduced in writing or other material form;
(d) Letters;
(e) Dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions; choreographic
works or entertainment in dumb shows;
(f) Musical compositions, with or without words;
(g) Works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving,
lithography or other works of art; models or designs for works of
art;
(h) Original ornamental designs or models for articles of
manufacture, whether or not registrable as an industrial design,
and other works of applied art;
(i) Illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, charts and threedimensional works relative to geography, topography,
architecture or science;
(j) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character;
(k) Photographic works including works produced by a process
analogous to photography; lantern slides;
(l) Audiovisual works and cinematographic works and works
produced by a process analogous to cinematography or any
process for making audio-visual recordings;
(m) Pictorial illustrations and advertisements;
(n) Computer programs; and
(o) Other literary, scholarly, scientific and artistic works.
172.2. Works are protected by the sole fact of their creation,
irrespective of their mode or form of expression, as well as of their
content, quality and purpose. (Sec. 2, P. D. No. 49a)
Follow the requirements of sec. 191 2 copies of your work to the
National Library or Supreme Court Library.
Sec. 191. Registration and Deposit with National Library and the
Supreme Court Library.- After the first public dissemination of
performance by authority of the copyright owner of a work falling
under Subsections 172.1, 172.2 and 172.3 of this Act, there shall,

for the purpose of completing the records of the National Library

and the Supreme Court Library, within three (3) weeks, be
registered and deposited with it, by personal delivery or by
registered mail, two (2) complete copies or reproductions of the
work in such form as the directors of said libraries may prescribe.
A certificate of deposit shall be issued for which the prescribed
fee shall be collected and the copyright owner shall be exempt
from making additional deposit of the works with the National
Library and the Supreme Court Library under other laws. If, within
three (3) weeks after receipt by the copyright owner of a written
demand from the directors for such deposit, the required copies
or reproductions are not delivered and the fee is not paid, the
copyright owner shall be liable to pay a fine equivalent to the
required fee per month of delay and to pay to the National Library
and the Supreme Court Library the amount of the retail price of
the best edition of the work. Only the above mentioned classes of
work shall be accepted for deposit by the National Library and the
Supreme Court Library. (Sec. 26, P. D. No. 49a)

Q: What is the scope of copyright?

A: Literary and artistic works. It also includes derivative works.
Q: Who enjoys the protection?
A: the author.
Q: Pag namatay?
A: Heirs and assignees.
Duration: lifetime of the author and up to 50 years thereafter.
(sec. 213 and 214)
Sec. 213. Term of Protection. - 213.1. Subject to the provisions of
Subsections 213.2 to 213.5, the copyright in works under Sections
172 and 173 shall be protected during the life of the author and

for fifty (50 years after his death. This rule also applies to
posthumous works. (Sec. 21, First Sentence, P. D. No. 49a)
213.2. In case of works of joint authorship, the economic rights
shall be protected during the life of the last surviving author and
for fifty (50) years after his death. (Sec. 21, Second Sentence, P.D.
No. 49)
213.3. In case of anonymous or pseudonymous works, the
copyright shall be protected for fifty (50) years from the date on
which the work was first lawfully published: Provided, That where,
before the expiration of the said period, the author's identity is
revealed or is no longer in doubt, the provisions of Subsections
213.1 and 213.2 shall apply, as the case may be: Provided,
further, That such works if not published before shall be protected
for fifty (50) years counted from the making of the work. (Sec. 23,
P. D. No. 49)
213.4. In case of works of applied art the protection shall be for a
period of twenty-five (25) years from the date of making. (Sec.
24(B), P. D. No. 49a)
213.5. In case of photographic works, the protection shall be for
fifty (50) years from publication of the work and, if unpublished,
fifty (50) years from the making. (Sec. 24(C), P. D. 49a)
213.6. In case of audio-visual works including those produced by
process analogous to photography or any process for making
audio-visual recordings, the term shall be fifty (50) years from
date of publication and, if unpublished, from the date of making.
(Sec. 24(C), P. D. No. 49a)
Sec. 214. Calculation of Term. - The term of protection subsequent
to the death of the author provided in the preceding Section shall
run from the date of his death or of publication, but such terms
shall always be deemed to begin on the first day of January of the
year following the event which gave rise to them. (Sec. 25, P. D.
No. 49)
Q: What rule do we apply on dual authorship?

A: Rule on co-ownership

if the work is divisible in character; authors are already

identified.
In the course of employment:
1.
2.

if it forms part of his duties the publisher has the copyright.

if outside the copyright belongs to the author.

Commissioned work:
Eg. Painting
the painting belongs to the one who commissioned but the
copyright belongs to the painter unless there is a contrary
stipulation.
Scripts:
-

copyright belongs to the scriptwriter.

Private communications
letters belong to the addressee but the copyright belongs to
the author.
Psuedonyms and anonymous
Sec. 178. Rules on Copyright Ownership. - Copyright ownership
shall be governed by the following rules:
178.1. Subject to the provisions of this section, in the case of
original literary and artistic works, copyright shall belong to the
author of the work;

178.2. In the case of works of joint authorship, the co-authors

shall be the original owners of the copyright and in the absence of
agreement, their rights shall be governed by the rules on coownership. If, however, a work of joint authorship consists of parts
that can be used separately and the author of each part can be
identified, the author of each part shall be the original owner of
the copyright in the part that he has created;
178.3. In the case of work created by an author during and in the
course of his employment, the copyright shall belong to:
(a) The employee, if the creation of the object of copyright is not
a part of his regular duties even if the employee uses the time,
facilities and materials of the employer.
(b) The employer, if the work is the result of the performance of
his regularly-assigned duties, unless there is an agreement,
express or implied, to the contrary.
178.4. In the case of a work-commissioned by a person other than
an employer of the author and who pays for it and the work is
made in pursuance of the commission, the person who so
commissioned the work shall have ownership of work, but the
copyright thereto shall remain with the creator, unless there is a
written stipulation to the contrary;
178.5. In the case of audiovisual work, the copyright shall belong
to the producer, the author of the scenario, the composer of the
music, the film director, and the author of the work so adapted.
However, subject to contrary or other stipulations among the
creators, the producers shall exercise the copyright to an extent
required for the exhibition of the work in any manner, except for
the right to collect performing license fees for the performance of
musical compositions, with or without words, which are
incorporated into the work; and
178.6. In respect of letters, the copyright shall belong to the
writer subject to the provisions of Article 723 of the Civil Code.
(Sec. 6, P. D. No. 49a)

Sec. 179. Anonymous and Pseudonymous Works. - For purposes of

this Act, the publishers shall be deemed to represent the authors
of articles and other writings published without the names of the
authors or under pseudonyms, unless the contrary appears, or the
pseudonyms or adopted name leaves no doubts as to the authors
identity, or if the author of the anonymous works discloses his
identity. (Sec. 7, P. D. 49)
the work to be protected must be expressed in a tangible
medium.
If youre the copyright holder, you have rights:
1.
2.

economic
moral

I.

Economic rights

Rental:
with
-

in the nature of audio visual or cinematographic movies.

Irrespective of the transfer of ownership, rental rights remain
the author.
For profit making purposes
Exists where the lending takes place.
Public display exception works of art sec. 184 C
Public performance

II.

Moral rights

Works that may be protected by copyright.

Sec. 172. Literary and Artistic Works. -

172.1 Literary and artistic works, hereinafter referred to as

"works", are original intellectual creations in the literary and
artistic domain protected from the moment of their creation and
shall include in particular:
(a) Books, pamphlets, articles and other writings;
(b) Periodicals and newspapers;
(c) Lectures, sermons, addresses, dissertations prepared for oral
delivery, whether or not reduced in writing or other material form;
(d) Letters;
(e) Dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions; choreographic
works or entertainment in dumb shows;
(f) Musical compositions, with or without words;
(g) Works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, engraving,
lithography or other works of art; models or designs for works of
art;
(h) Original ornamental designs or models for articles of
manufacture, whether or not registrable as an industrial design,
and other works of applied art;
(i) Illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, charts and threedimensional works relative to geography, topography,
architecture or science;
(j) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character;
(k) Photographic works including works produced by a process
analogous to photography; lantern slides;
(l) Audiovisual works and cinematographic works and works
produced by a process analogous to cinematography or any
process for making audio-visual recordings;
(m) Pictorial illustrations and advertisements;
(n) Computer programs; and
(o) Other literary, scholarly, scientific and artistic works.
172.2. Works are protected by the sole fact of their creation,
irrespective of their mode or form of expression, as well as of their
content, quality and purpose. (Sec. 2, P. D. No. 49a)
Sec. 173. Derivative Works. -

173.1. The following derivative works shall also be protected by

copyright:
(a) Dramatizations, translations, adaptations, abridgments,
arrangements, and other alterations of literary or artistic works;
and
(b) Collections of literary, scholarly or artistic works, and
compilations of data and other materials which are original by
reason of the selection or coordination or arrangement of their
contents. (Sec. 2, [P] and [Q], P. D. No. 49)
173.2. The works referred to in paragraphs (a) and (b) of
Subsection 173.1 shall be protected as a new works: Provided
however, That such new work shall not affect the force of any
subsisting copyright upon the original works employed or any part
thereof, or be construed to imply any right to such use of the
original works, or to secure or extend copyright in such original
works. (Sec. 8, P. D. 49; Art. 10, TRIPS)
Sec. 184. Limitations on Copyright. 184.1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Chapter V, the following
acts shall not constitute infringement of copyright:
(a) the recitation or performance of a work, once it has been
lawfully made accessible to the public, if done privately and free
of charge or if made strictly for a charitable or religious institution
or society; (Sec. 10(1), P. D. No. 49)
(b) The making of quotations from a published work if they are
compatible with fair use and only to the extent justified for the
purpose, including quotations from newspaper articles and
periodicals in the form of press summaries: Provided, That the
source and the name of the author, if appearing on the work, are
mentioned; (Sec. 11, Third Par., P. D. No. 49)
(c) The reproduction or communication to the public by mass
media of articles on current political, social, economic, scientific
or religious topic, lectures, addresses and other works of the same
nature, which are delivered in public if such use is for information

purposes and has not been expressly reserved: Provided, That the
source is clearly indicated; (Sec. 11, P. D. No. 49)
(d) The reproduction and communication to the public of literary,
scientific or artistic works as part of reports of current events by
means of photography, cinematography or broadcasting to the
extent necessary for the purpose; (Sec. 12, P. D. No. 49)
(e) The inclusion of a work in a publication, broadcast, or other
communication to the public, sound recording or film, if such
inclusion is made by way of illustration for teaching purposes and
is compatible with fair use: Provided, That the source and of the
name of the author, if appearing in the work, are mentioned;
(f) The recording made in schools, universities, or educational
institutions of a work included in a broadcast for the use of such
schools, universities or educational institutions: Provided, That
such recording must be deleted within a reasonable period after
they were first broadcast: Provided, further, That such recording
may not be made from audiovisual works which are part of the
general cinema repertoire of feature films except for brief
excerpts of the work;
(g) The making of ephemeral recordings by a broadcasting
organization by means of its own facilities and for use in its own
broadcast;
(h) The use made of a work by or under the direction or control of
the Government, by the National Library or by educational,
scientific or professional institutions where such use is in the
public interest and is compatible with fair use;
(i) The public performance or the communication to the public of
a work, in a place where no admission fee is charged in respect of
such public performance or communication, by a club or
institution for charitable or educational purpose only, whose aim
is not profit making, subject to such other limitations as may be
provided in the Regulations; (n)
(j) Public display of the original or a copy of the work not made by
means of a film, slide, television image or otherwise on screen or

by means of any other device or process: Provided, That either

the work has been published, or, that original or the copy
displayed has been sold, given away or otherwise transferred to
another person by the author or his successor in title; and
(k) Any use made of a work for the purpose of any judicial
proceedings or for the giving of professional advice by a legal
practitioner.
184.2. The provisions of this section shall be interpreted in such a
way as to allow the work to be used in a manner which does not
conflict with the normal exploitation of the work and does not
unreasonably prejudice the right holder's legitimate interest.
Sec. 175 work which are beyond copyright.
Sec. 175. Unprotected Subject Matter. - Notwithstanding the
provisions of Sections 172 and 173, no protection shall extend,
under this law, to any idea, procedure, system method or
operation, concept, principle, discovery or mere data as such,
even if they are expressed, explained, illustrated or embodied in a
work; news of the day and other miscellaneous facts having the
character of mere items of press information; or any official text
of a legislative, administrative or legal nature, as well as any
official translation thereof. (n)
CASE: Joaquin v. Drilon
the game procedure of the show Its a Date may not be
copyrighted.
Sec. 194: Breach of contract
specific performance will not lie against an author under a
contract to produce a work.

Sec. 194. Breach of Contract. - An author cannot be compelled to

perform his contract to create a work or for the publication of his
work already in existence. However, he may be held liable for
damages for breach of such contract. (Sec. 35, P. D. No. 49)
CASE: Habana v. Robles July 19, 1999
subject matter is a college textbook.
They found that there is substantial reproduction.
SC does not require reproduction of the entire work but if so
much is taken, that the value of the original work has been
diminished, there are injurious effects to the author.
TEST: Whether to an injurious effect the original work is
impaired.
TRADEMARKS
product or service
any visible sign that is capable of distinguishing the goods or
services of an enterprise.
Visible 121.1 no trademark which is sound and odor.
121.1. "Mark" means any visible sign capable of distinguishing the
goods (trademark) or services (service mark) of an enterprise and
shall include a stamped or marked container of goods; (Sec. 38, R.
A. No. 166a)
Collective mark

use to indicate the origin or quality of goods or services of an

enterprise with a common mark.
Basic functions:
1.
2.

distinguishing function
origin or source

3.

advertising

Trademark requires registration (122, IPC)

Prior use is not a requirement.

Subsequent use is an essential requirement within 3 years

from filing date you must declare that the registered trademark
has been used. (151)

Within 1 year from the 5th anniversary date. (145)

Mark that cannot be registered:
123.1. A mark cannot be registered if it:
(a) Consists of immoral, deceptive or scandalous matter, or
matter which may disparage or falsely suggest a connection with
persons, living or dead, institutions, beliefs, or national symbols,
or bring them into contempt or disrepute;
(b) Consists of the flag or coat of arms or other insignia of the
Philippines or any of its political subdivisions, or of any foreign
nation, or any simulation thereof;
(c) Consists of a name, portrait or signature identifying a
particular living individual except by his written consent, or the
name, signature, or portrait of a deceased President of the
Philippines, during the life of his widow, if any, except by written
consent of the widow;
(d) Is identical with a registered mark belonging to a different
proprietor or a mark with an earlier filing or priority date, in
respect of:
(i) The same goods or services, or
(ii) Closely related goods or services, or
(iii) If it nearly resembles such a mark as to be likely to deceive or
cause confusion;
(e) Is identical with, or confusingly similar to, or constitutes a
translation of a mark which is considered by the competent
authority of the Philippines to be well-known internationally and in

the Philippines, whether or not it is registered here, as being

already the mark of a person other than the applicant for
registration, and used for identical or similar goods or services:
Provided, That in determining whether a mark is well-known,
account shall be taken of the knowledge of the relevant sector of
the public, rather than of the public at large, including knowledge
in the Philippines which has been obtained as a result of the
promotion of the mark;
(f) Is identical with, or confusingly similar to, or constitutes a
translation of a mark considered well-known in accordance with
the preceding paragraph, which is registered in the Philippines
with respect to goods or services which are not similar to those
with respect to which registration is applied for: Provided, That
use of the mark in relation to those goods or services would
indicate a connection between those goods or services, and the
owner of the registered mark: Provided further, That the interests
of the owner of the registered mark are likely to be damaged by
such use;
(g) Is likely to mislead the public, particularly as to the nature,
quality, characteristics or geographical origin of the goods or
services;
(h) Consists exclusively of signs that are generic for the goods or
services that they seek to identify;
(i) Consists exclusively of signs or of indications that have become
customary or usual to designate the goods or services in
everyday language or in bona fide and established trade practice;
(j) Consists exclusively of signs or of indications that may serve in
trade to designate the kind, quality, quantity, intended purpose,
value, geographical origin, time or production of the goods or
rendering of the services, or other characteristics of the goods or
services;
(k) Consists of shapes that may be necessitated by technical
factors or by the nature of the goods themselves or factors that
affect their intrinsic value;

(l) Consists of color alone, unless defined by a given form; or

(m) Is contrary to public order or morality.
123.2. As regards signs or devices mentioned in paragraphs (j),
(k), and (l), nothing shall prevent the registration of any such sign
or device which has become distinctive in relation to the goods for
which registration is requested as a result of the use that have
been made of it in commerce in the Philippines. The Office may
accept as prima facie evidence that the mark has become
distinctive, as used in connection with the applicants goods or
services in commerce, proof of substantially exclusive and
continuous use thereof by the applicant in commerce in the
Philippines for five (5) years before the date on which the claim of
distinctiveness is made.
123.3. The nature of the goods to which the mark is applied will
not constitute an obstacle to registration. (Sec. 4, R. A. No. 166a)
CASE: Mighty Corporation and La Campana v. ENJ Galleon
Corporation
Facts: ENJ was distributing wine with a Galleon mark. Mighty, on
the other hand, was distributing matches and cigarettes with a
galleon as a symbol.
Issue: Whether or not there was infringement
Held: No
Rationale: The wine had additional trees while the cigarette has a
large rooster. The packaging is also different.
CASE: McDonalds Corp. v. LC Big Mak
Facts: Both corporations were engaged in the business of fast
food. Mcdonalds has a double decker sandwich called BIG Mac. LC
also has a double decker sandwich called BIG Mak.

Issue: Whether or not there was infringement

Held: Yes
Rationale: There was already a colorable imitation on LCs part.
Dominancy Test:
155.1. Use in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or
colorable imitation of a registered mark or the same container or
a dominant feature thereof in connection with the sale, offering
for sale, distribution, advertising of any goods or services
including other preparatory steps necessary to carry out the sale
of any goods or services on or in connection with which such use
is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive; or

Note: for injunction purposes, the petitioner need not prove that
there is confusion.
Doctrine of Dilution:
there is a likelihood that the superior product may be
tarnished by the junior user; the good will and reputation may be
tarnished.
Generic terms cannot be registered. Exception: doctrine of
secondary meaning.
Infringement
-

actual use is not necessary.

155.1. Use in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or

colorable imitation of a registered mark or the same container or

a dominant feature thereof in connection with the sale, offering

for sale, distribution, advertising of any goods or services
including other preparatory steps necessary to carry out the sale
of any goods or services on or in connection with which such use
is likely to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive; or
155.2. Reproduce, counterfeit, copy or colorably imitate a
registered mark or a dominant feature thereof and apply such
reproduction, counterfeit, copy or colorable imitation to labels,
signs, prints, packages, wrappers, receptacles or advertisements
intended to be used in commerce upon or in connection with the
sale, offering for sale, distribution, or advertising of goods or
services on or in connection with which such use is likely to cause
confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive, shall be liable in a
civil action for infringement by the registrant for the remedies
hereinafter set forth: Provided, That the infringement takes place
at the moment any of the acts stated in Subsection 155.1 or this
subsection are committed regardless of whether there is actual
sale of goods or services using the infringing material. (Sec. 22, R.
A. No 166a)

Remedies:
1.
2.
3.

injunction
criminal action
throw the goods

Assignment:
Next meeting is on March 17, 6pm.
patents
Securities Regulations Code
Extrajudicial foreclosure of Real Estate Mortgage

Insolvency

Special class 6-9 pm March 17, 2008

PATENTS
Requirements:
1.
new novelty not part of any prior act
2.
industrially applicable
3.
technical solution to any problem in any field of human
activity.

Sec. 32 IPC
code does not strictly require that if the invention is a
machine, you dont need to bring it to the IPO. Description is
sufficient.
The patent is with the inventor;
if he dies, his heirs, or his assignees may secure patent
protection.
Sec. 32. The Application. 32.1. The patent application shall be in Filipino or English and
shall contain the following:
(a) A request for the grant of a patent;
(b) A description of the invention;
(c) Drawings necessary for the understanding of the invention;
(d) One or more claims; and
(e) An abstract.

32.2. No patent may be granted unless the application identifies

the inventor. If the applicant is not the inventor, the Office may
require him to submit said authority. (Sec. 13, R. A. No. 165a)
Sec. 29
when 2 or more individuals (inventors) separately,
independently of each other, the first to file shall have the patent.
After 20 years, you invention is now for public use. (sec.54)
Sec. 29. First to File Rule. - If two (2) or more persons have made
the invention separately and independently of each other, the
right to the patent shall belong to the person who filed an
application for such invention, or where two or more applications
are filed for the same invention, to the applicant who has the
earliest filing date or, the earliest priority date. (3rd Sentence,
Sec. 10, R. A. No. 165a.)
Sec. 54. Term of Patent. - The term of a patent shall be twenty
(20) years from the filing date of the application. (Sec. 21, R. A.
No. 165a)
1.

Novelty

not locally or internationally available.

Exception: sec. 25 doctrine of non prejudicial disclosure

Sec. 25. Non-Prejudicial Disclosure. 25.1. The disclosure of information contained in the application
during the twelve (12) months preceding the filing date or the
priority date of the application shall not prejudice the applicant on
the ground of lack of novelty if such disclosure was made by:
(a) The inventor;
(b) A patent office and the information was contained (a) in
another application filed by the inventor and should not have

been disclosed by the office, or (b) in an application filed without

the knowledge or consent of the inventor by a third party which
obtained the information directly or indirectly from the inventor;
or
(c) A third party which obtained the information directly or
indirectly from the inventor.
25.2. For the purposes of Subsection 25.1, "inventor" also means
any person who, at the filing date of application, had the right to
the patent. (n)

Rights

you may restrain, prohibit or prevent, from using,

manufacturing, selling your invention by any person.

You may transfer, or assign the rights of your patent.

Sec. 46
even if the application is pending, you already have the
rights which are protected the moment it is filed.
Due to sec. 76
If a persona has actual knowledge that there is pending
application, he uses the invention, he may be sued for
infringement.
What gives the protection is the actual knowledge.
Sec. 46. Rights Conferred by a Patent Application After
Publication. - The applicant shall have all the rights of a patentee
under Section 76 against any person who, without his
authorization, exercised any of the rights conferred under Section
71 of this Act in relation to the invention claimed in the published

patent application, as if a patent had been granted for that

invention: Provided, That the said person had:
46.1. Actual knowledge that the invention that he was using was
the subject matter of a published application; or
46.2. Received written notice that the invention that he was using
was the subject matter of a published application being identified
in the said notice by its serial number: Provided, That the action
may not be filed until after the grant of a patent on the published
application and within four (4) years from the commission of the
acts complained of. (n)
Sec. 72
limitation for infringements
acts which do not constitute infringement of patent.
The moment the product is sold in the market, you cannot
prevent anyone from buying it.
Use is for experimental purposes.
Sec. 72. Limitations of Patent Rights. - The owner of a patent has
no right to prevent third parties from performing, without his
authorization, the acts referred to in Section 71 hereof in the
following circumstances:
72.1 Using a patented product which has been put on the market
in the Philippines by the owner of the product, or with his express
consent, insofar as such use is performed after that product has
been so put on the said market;
72.2. Where the act is done privately and on a non-commercial
scale or for a non-commercial purpose: Provided, That it does not
significantly prejudice the economic interests of the owner of the
patent;
72.3. Where the act consists of making or using exclusively for
the purpose of experiments that relate to the subject matter of
the patented invention;

72.4. Where the act consists of the preparation for individual

cases, in a pharmacy or by a medical professional, of a medicine
in accordance with a medical prescription or acts concerning the
medicine so prepared;
72.5. Where the invention is used in any ship, vessel, aircraft, or
land vehicle of any other country entering the territory of the
Philippines temporarily or accidentally: Provided, That such
invention is used exclusively for the needs of the ship, vessel,
aircraft, or land vehicle and not used for the manufacturing of
anything to be sold within the Philippines. (Secs. 38 and 39, R. A.
No. 165a)

Sec. 22
those that are beyond patent protections.
Any method for the treatment of human and animal body is
beyond patent.
Sec. 22. Non-Patentable Inventions. - The following shall be
excluded from patent protection:
22.1. Discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods;
22.2. Schemes, rules and methods of performing mental acts,
playing games or doing business, and programs for computers;
22.3 Methods for treatment of the human or animal body by
surgery or therapy and diagnostic methods practiced on the
human or animal body. This provision shall not apply to products
and composition for use in any of these methods;
22.4. Plant varieties or animal breeds or essentially biological
process for the production of plants or animals. This provision
shall not apply to micro-organisms and non-biological and
microbiological processes.
Provisions under this subsection shall not preclude Congress to
consider the enactment of a law providing sui generis protection

of plant varieties and animal breeds and a system of community

intellectual rights protection:
22.5. Aesthetic creations; and
22.6. Anything which is contrary to public order or morality. (Sec.
8, R. A. No. 165a)

Sec. 76 what consists infringement?

Sec. 76. Civil Action for Infringement. 76.1. The making, using, offering for sale, selling, or importing a
patented product or a product obtained directly or indirectly from
a patented process, or the use of a patented process without the
authorization of the patentee constitutes patent infringement.
76.2. Any patentee, or anyone possessing any right, title or
interest in and to the patented invention, whose rights have been
infringed, may bring a civil action before a court of competent
jurisdiction, to recover from the infringer such damages sustained
thereby, plus attorneys fees and other expenses of litigation, and
to secure an injunction for the protection of his rights.
76.3. If the damages are inadequate or cannot be readily
ascertained with reasonable certainty, the court may award by
way of damages a sum equivalent to reasonable royalty.
76.4. The court may, according to the circumstances of the case,
award damages in a sum above the amount found as actual
damages sustained: Provided, That the award does not exceed
three (3) times the amount of such actual damages.
76.5. The court may, in its discretion, order that the infringing
goods, materials and implements predominantly used in the
infringement be disposed of outside the channels of commerce or
destroyed, without compensation.
76.6. Anyone who actively induces the infringement of a patent or
provides the infringer with a component of a patented product or
of a product produced because of a patented process knowing it

to be especially adopted for infringing the patented invention and

not suitable for substantial non-infringing use shall be liable as a
contributory infringer and shall be jointly and severally liable with
the infringer. (Sec. 42, R. A. No. 165a)

Doctrine of equivalents
A legal concept which allows a patent owner to claim
infringement, even if the Claims of said patent are not literally
infringed, due to the very similar nature of the infringing behavior.
Requisites:
1.
2.
3.

the owners are not the same.

the product must be substantially the same.
it must produce substantially the same results.

CASE: Smith Kline and Beckmen Corp v. CA

Facts: Smith Kline had earlier secured a patent for an invention
regarding methyl 5 which is an active ingredient fighting gastro
intestinal disease in animals. Smithkline filed a case against
TempoPharma because it only substituted Methyl 5 with
embethezole.
Issue: WON the doctrine of equivalents is applicable
Held: No
Rationale: The requisites are it must be substantially the same,
and will yield substantially the same results. It was not proven by
petitioner that Methyl 5 is the same with embethazole.
Q: How can ones invention be exploited?

A: Voluntary and involuntary.

Involuntary/Compulsory government patents it.
Voluntary inventor files it.
Compulsory:
1.
2.
3.
4.

national emergency
public interest
anti competitive
non commercial use is not satisfied.

Exception: sec. 100

Sec. 100. Terms and Conditions of Compulsory License. - The
basic terms and conditions including the rate of royalties of a
compulsory license shall be fixed by the Director of Legal Affairs
subject to the following conditions:
100.1. The scope and duration of such license shall be limited to
the purpose for which it was authorized;
100.2. The license shall be non-exclusive;
100.3. The license shall be non-assignable, except with that part
of the enterprise or business with which the invention is being
exploited;
100.4. Use of the subject matter of the license shall be devoted
predominantly for the supply of the Philippine market: Provided,
That this limitation shall not apply where the grant of the license
is based on the ground that the patentees manner of exploiting
the patent is determined by judicial or administrative process, to
be anti-competitive.
100.5. The license may be terminated upon proper showing that
circumstances which led to its grant have ceased to exist and are
unlikely to recur: Provided, That adequate protection shall be
afforded to the legitimate interest of the licensee; and

100.6. The patentee shall be paid adequate remuneration taking

into account the economic value of the grant or authorization,
except that in cases where the license was granted to remedy a
practice which was determined after judicial or administrative
process, to be anti-competitive, the need to correct the anticompetitive practice may be taken into account in fixing the
amount of remuneration. (Sec. 35-B, R. A. No. 165a)
In case of voluntary licensing sec. 88
transfer technology arrangements or contracts
Philippine laws will govern
The licensee should be allowed continued access for
improvements.
If arbitration is stipulated, the governing law is the Philippine
Arbitration law.
The licensor pays for the process.
Sec. 88. Mandatory Provisions. - The following provisions shall be
included in voluntary license contracts:
88.1. That the laws of the Philippines shall govern the
interpretation of the same and in the event of litigation, the venue
shall be the proper court in the place where the licensee has its
principal office;
88.2. Continued access to improvements in techniques and
processes related to the technology shall be made available
during the period of the technology transfer arrangement;
88.3. In the event the technology transfer arrangement shall
provide for arbitration, the Procedure of Arbitration of the
Arbitration Law of the Philippines or the Arbitration Rules of the
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
(UNCITRAL) or the Rules of Conciliation and Arbitration of the
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) shall apply and the

venue of arbitration shall be the Philippines or any neutral

country; and
88.4. The Philippine taxes on all payments relating to the
technology transfer arrangement shall be borne by the licensor.
(n)

REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE (REPUBLIC ACT 3135)

REM
-

special law which allows extrajudicial foreclosure of REM

there is a stipulation in the REM or a SPA is attached in the
contract for the act to be valid.
Apply to the office of the COC.
Basic requirement: posting of notices:

1.
2.

3 public places where the property is located.

if 2 areas, either of the areas.

Period of foreclosure
the mortgagor may bid in the foreclosure unless he is
restricted.

Period of redemption 1 year

1 year from or after the date of registration.
Exception: if the mortgagee is a juridical person and the
mortgagor is a bank, the redemption period is in no case more
than 3 months.
the fact that the price is inadequate would not be valid to its
validity.
-

Posting of notice is jurisdictional requirements.

CASE:
the certificate of posting may be dispensed with if the sheriff
himself would testify that he has already posted it.
During redemption, the highest bidder does not
automatically come into possession until the redemption period is
through.
No discretion is left to the trial court regarding any question
to the validity of the writ shall be determined in another case.
(sec. 8; Act 3135)
INSOLVENCY LAW OF 1956
Divided to two major parts:
1.
2.

Suspension of payments
Insolvency proceedings

Suspension of Payments Insolvency Proceedings

1. sufficient assets but he foresees the impossibility of meeting
his debts as they fall due.
1. Neither cash nor property os
sufficient value.
2. purpose is to delay.
2. purpose is to pay (discharge)
3. at the end of the proceedings the amount is the same.
3.
possible for some creditors to receive less.

RTC where the natural person has resided for the past 6
months.

RTC where the juridical person is located.

Action in Rem publication is mandatory.

Inventory of assets and property.

Suspension of payments

If the court may find that there is sufficiency court may

issue a stay order.
Vote necessary for the debtors proposal schedule 2/3 of
the creditors who represent 3/5 of the liabilities.
Q: Who will be binded?
A: all the creditors mentioned in the schedule and duly
summoned.

Petitions of this nature may be filed with the RTC where the
juridical person is located.
Insolvency proceedings
Voluntary Involuntary
1. debtor applies
1. creditor applies
2. number of creditors does not matter. 2. number of creditors
at least 3
3. acts of insolvency is not necessary.
3. acts of insolvency is
necessary to preserve the property.
Acts of insolvency:
1.
2.
3.
4.

concealing
absconding
absence
selling property

just like suspension of payments, the court may issue stay

order.
Discharge:

certain cases where discharge is not applicable sec. 68

and sec. 59
additional: corporate debts

SECURITIES REGULATION CODE

Be familiar with the definitions and concepts:
SEC. 3. Definition of Terms.
3.1. Securities are shares, participation or interests in a
corporation or in a commercial enterprise or profit-making
venture and evidenced by a certificate, contract, instrument,
whether written or electronic in character. It includes:
(a) Shares of stock, bonds, debentures, notes, evidences of
indebtedness, asset-backed securities;
(b) Investment contracts, certificates of interest or participation in
a profit sharing agreement, certificates of deposit for a future
subscription;
(c) Fractional undivided interests in oil, gas or other mineral
rights;
(d) Derivatives like option and warrants;
(e) Certificates of assignments, certificates of participation, trust
certificates, voting trust certificates or similar instruments;
(f) Proprietary or non proprietary membership certificates
incorporations; and
(g) Other instruments as may in the future be determined by the
Commission.
3.2 Issuer is the originator, maker, obligor, or creator of the
security.

3.3 Broker is a person engaged in the business of buying and

selling securities for the account of others. chan robles virtual law
library
3.4 Dealer means any person who buys and sells securities for
his/her own account in the ordinary course of business.
3.5. Associated person of a broker or dealer is an employee
thereof who, directly exercises control of supervisory authority,
but does not include a salesman, or an agent or a person whose
functions are solely clerical or ministerial.
3.6. Clearing Agency is any person who acts as intermediary in
making deliveries upon payment to effect settlement in securities
transactions.
3.7. Exchange is an organized marketplace or facility that brings
together buyers and sellers and executes trades of securities
and/or commodities.
3.8. Insider means: (a) the issuer; (b) a director or officer (or
person performing similar functions) of, or a person controlling
the issuer; (c) a person whose relationship or former relationship
to the issuer gives or gave him access to material information
about the issuer or the security that is not generally available to
the public; (d) a government employee, or director, or officer of
an exchange, clearing agency and/or self-regulatory organization
who has access to material information about an issuer or a
security that is not generally available to the public; or (e) a
person who learns such information by a communication from any
of the foregoing insiders.
3.9. Pre-Need Plans are contracts which provide for the
performance of future services or the payment of future monetary
considerations at the time of actual need, for which planholders
pay in cash or installment at stated prices, with or without

interest or insurance coverage and includes life, pension,

education, interment, and other plans which the Commission may
from time to time approve.
3.10. Promoter is a person who, acting alone or with others,
takes initiative in founding and organizing the business or
enterprise of the issuer and receives consideration therefor.
3.11. Prospectus is the document made by or on behalf of an
issuer, underwriter or dealer to sell or offer securities for sale to
the public through a registration statement filed with the
Commission.
3.12. Registration statement is the application for the
registration of securities required to be filed with the Commission.
3.13. Salesman is a natural person, employed as such or as an
agent, by a dealer, issuer or broker to buy and sell securities.
3.14. Uncertificated security is a security evidenced by
electronic or similar records.
3.15. Underwriter is a person who guarantees on a firm
commitment and/or declared best effort basis the distribution and
sale of securities of any kind by another company.

Transfer of jurisdiction:
SEC. 5. Powers and Functions of the Commission.- 5.1. The
Commission shall act with transparency and shall have the
powers and functions provided by this Code, Presidential Decree
No. 902-A, the Corporation Code, the Investment Houses Law, the
Financing Company Act and other existing laws. Pursuant thereto
the Commission shall have, among others, the following powers
and functions:

(a) Have jurisdiction and supervision over all corporations,

partnerships or associations who are the grantees of primary
franchises and/or a license or permit issued by the Government;
chan robles virtual law library
(b) Formulate policies and recommendations on issues concerning
the securities market, advise Congress and other government
agencies on all aspects of the securities market and propose
legislation and amendments thereto;
(c) Approve, reject, suspend, revoke or require amendments to
registration statements, and registration and licensing
applications;
(d) Regulate, investigate or supervise the activities of persons to
ensure compliance;
(e) Supervise, monitor, suspend or take over the activities of
exchanges, clearing agencies and other SROs;
(f) Impose sanctions for the violation of laws and the rules,
regulations and orders issued pursuant thereto;
(g) Prepare, approve, amend or repeal rules, regulations and
orders, and issue opinions and provide guidance on and supervise
compliance with such rules, regulations and orders;
(h) Enlist the aid and support of and/or deputize any and all
enforcement agencies of the Government, civil or military as well
as any private institution, corporation, firm, association or person
in the implementation of its powers and functions under this
Code;
(i) Issue cease and desist orders to prevent fraud or injury to the
investing public;

(j) Punish for contempt of the Commission, both direct and

indirect, in accordance with the pertinent provisions of and
penalties prescribed by the Rules of Court;
(k) Compel the officers of any registered corporation or
association to call meetings of stockholders or members thereof
under its supervision;
(l) Issue subpoena duces tecum and summon witnesses to appear
in any proceedings of the Commission and in appropriate cases,
order the examination, search and seizure of all documents,
papers, files and records, tax returns, and books of accounts of
any entity or person under investigation as may be necessary for
the proper disposition of the cases before it, subject to the
provisions of existing laws;
(m) Suspend, or revoke, after proper notice and hearing the
franchise or certificate of registration of corporations,
partnerships or associations, upon any of the grounds provided by
law; and
(n) Exercise such other powers as may be provided by law as well
as those which may be implied from, or which are necessary or
incidental to the carrying out of, the express powers granted the
Commission to achieve the objectives and purposes of these laws.
5.2. The Commissions jurisdiction over all cases enumerated
under Section 5 of Presidential Decree No. 902-A is hereby
transferred to the Courts of general jurisdiction or the appropriate
Regional Trial Court: Provided, that the Supreme Court in the
exercise of its authority may designate the Regional Trial Court
branches that shall exercise jurisdiction over these cases. The
Commission shall retain jurisdiction over pending cases involving
intra-corporate disputes submitted for final resolution which
should be resolved within one (1) year from the enactment of this
Code. The Commission shall retain jurisdiction over pending

suspension of payments/rehabilitation cases filed as of 30 June

2000 until finally disposed.
CASE: Yuhico v. Quiambao
Facts: The respondent sought nullification of the election of their
officers. They went to the RTC. Their main prayer is the
nullification of the present election, if granted, they requested the
court to order a special SH meeting. The court granted.
Issue: WON the RTC has jurisdiction to order the special SH
meeting.
Held: Yes.
Rationale: The RTC has power to grant reliefs incidental to the
main relief. This includes the authority to issue orders incidental
to carry out the expressed powers granted to it.
the moment the case becomes adversarial, this is the
moment the RTC exercises jurisdiction and grant reliefs.
Take note: full disclosure of information affecting securities
transaction.
CASE: Baviera v. Paglinawan
-

foreign securities solicited and distributed.

Facts: Standard Charter Bank solicited from the residents Global

mutual funds (securities) which were not registered with the SEC.
All remittances were directly diverted to SCB Hongkong. Petitioner
filed a complaint directly with the DOJ.
Issue: WON, it is the proper procedure.
Held: No

Rationale: The proper procedure under the SRC is to file a criminal

complaint with the SEC. If the SEC finds that there is probable
cause, the SEC refers it to the DOJ which in turn refers it to the
regular courts. (DOCTRINE OF PRIMARY JURISDICTION)
-

Registration is the policy.

Watch out sa Finals!

SEC. 9. Exempt Securities. 9.1. The requirement of registration under Subsection 8.1 shall
not as a general rule apply to any of the following classes of
securities:
(a) Any security issued or guaranteed by the Government of the
Philippines, or by any political subdivision or agency thereof, or by
any person controlled or supervised by, and acting as an
instrumentality of said Government.
(b) Any security issued or guaranteed by the government of any
country with which the Philippines maintains diplomatic relations,
or by any state, province or political subdivision thereof on the
basis of reciprocity: Provided, That the Commission may require
compliance with the form and content of disclosures the
Commission may prescribe.
(c) Certificates issued by a receiver or by a trustee in bankruptcy
duly approved by the proper adjudicatory body.
(d) Any security or its derivatives the sale or transfer of which, by
law, is under the supervision and regulation of the Office of the
Insurance Commission, Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board,
or the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
(e) Any security issued by a bank except its own shares of stock.

9.2. The Commission may, by rule or regulation after public

hearing, add to the foregoing any class of securities if it finds that
the enforcement of this Code with respect to such securities is not
necessary in the public interest and for the protection of
investors.
common denominator the issuer is someone whom the
public could trust.
SEC. 10. Exempt Transactions. - 10.1. The requirement of
registration under Subsection 8.1. shall not apply to the sale of
any security in any of the following transactions:
(a) At any judicial sale, or sale by an executor, administrator,
guardian or receiver or trustee in insolvency or bankruptcy.
(b) By or for the account of a pledge holder, or mortgagee or any
other similar lien holder selling or offering for sale or delivery in
the ordinary course of business and not for the purpose of
avoiding the provisions of this Code, to liquidate a bona fide debt,
a security pledged in good faith as security for such debt.
(c) An isolated transaction in which any security is sold, offered
for sale, subscription or delivery by the owner thereof, or by his
representative for the owners account, such sale or offer for sale,
subscription or delivery not being made in the course of repeated
and successive transactions of a like character by such owner, or
on his account by such representative and such owner or
representative not being the underwriter of such security.
(d) The distribution by a corporation, actively engaged in the
business authorized by its articles of incorporation, of securities to
its stockholders or other security holders as a stock dividend or
other distribution out of surplus.
(e) The sale of capital stock of a corporation to its own
stockholders exclusively, where no commission or other

remuneration is paid or given directly or indirectly in connection

with the sale of such capital stock.
(f) The issuance of bonds or notes secured by mortgage upon real
estate or tangible personal property, where the entire mortgage
together with all the bonds or notes secured thereby are sold to a
single purchaser at a single sale.
(g) The issue and delivery of any security in exchange for any
other security of the same issuer pursuant to a right of conversion
entitling the holder of the security surrendered in exchange to
make such conversion: Provided, That the security so surrendered
has been registered under this Code or was, when sold, exempt
from the provisions of this Code, and that the security issued and
delivered in exchange, if sold at the conversion price, would at
the time of such conversion fall within the class of securities
entitled to registration under this Code. Upon such conversion
the par value of the security surrendered in such exchange shall
be deemed the price at which the securities issued and delivered
in such exchange are sold.
(h) Brokers transactions, executed upon customers orders, on
any registered Exchange or other trading market.
(i) Subscriptions for shares of the capital stock of a corporation
prior to the incorporation thereof or in pursuance of an increase in
its authorized capital stock under the Corporation Code, when no
expense is incurred, or no commission, compensation or
remuneration is paid or given in connection with the sale or
disposition of such securities, and only when the purpose for
soliciting, giving or taking of such subscriptions is to comply with
the requirements of such law as to the percentage of the capital
stock of a corporation which should be subscribed before it can be
registered and duly incorporated, or its authorized capital
increased.

(j) The exchange of securities by the issuer with its existing

security holders exclusively, where no commission or other
remuneration is paid or given directly or indirectly for soliciting
such exchange.
(k) The sale of securities by an issuer to fewer than twenty (20)
persons in the Philippines during any twelve-month period.
(l) The sale of securities to any number of the following qualified
buyers:
(i) Bank; chan robles virtual law library
(ii) Registered investment house;
(iii) Insurance company;
(iv) Pension fund or retirement plan maintained by the
Government of the Philippines or any political subdivision thereof
or managed by a bank or other persons authorized by the Bangko
Sentral to engage in trust functions;
(v) Investment company; or
(vi) Such other person as the Commission may by rule determine
as qualified buyers, on the basis of such factors as financial
sophistication, net worth, knowledge, and experience in financial
and business matters, or amount of assets under management.
10.2. The Commission may exempt other transactions, if it finds
that the requirements of registration under this Code is not
necessary in the public interest or for the protection of the
investors such as by reason of the small amount involved or the
limited character of the public offering.

10.3. Any person applying for an exemption under this Section,

shall file with the Commission a notice identifying the exemption
relied upon on such form and at such time as the Commission by
rule may prescribe and with such notice shall pay to the
Commission a fee equivalent to one-tenth (1/10) of one percent
(1%) of the maximum aggregate price or issued value of the
securities.
securities themselves are not exempt but the transaction
makes registration unnecessary.
Qualified buyers: (BRIPIS)
The sale of securities to any number of the following qualified
buyers:
(i) Bank; chan robles virtual law library
(ii) Registered investment house;
(iii) Insurance company;
(iv) Pension fund or retirement plan maintained by the
Government of the Philippines or any political subdivision thereof
or managed by a bank or other persons authorized by the Bangko
Sentral to engage in trust functions;
(v) Investment company; or
(vi) Such other person as the Commission may by rule determine
as qualified buyers, on the basis of such factors as financial
sophistication, net worth, knowledge, and experience in financial
and business matters, or amount of assets under management.
Q: What is an insider?
A:

3.8. Insider means: (a) the issuer; (b) a director or officer (or
person performing similar functions) of, or a person controlling
the issuer; (c) a person whose relationship or former relationship
to the issuer gives or gave him access to material information
about the issuer or the security that is not generally available to
the public; (d) a government employee, or director, or officer of
an exchange, clearing agency and/or self-regulatory organization
who has access to material information about an issuer or a
security that is not generally available to the public; or (e) a
person who learns such information by a communication from any
of the foregoing insiders.

Q: What is insider trading?

A:
SEC. 27. Insiders Duty to Disclose When Trading. - 27.1. It shall
be unlawful for an insider to sell or buy a security of the issuer,
while in possession of material information with respect to the
issuer or the security that is not generally available to the public,
unless: (a) The insider proves that the information was not gained
from such relationship; or (b) If the other party selling to or buying
from the insider (or his agent) is identified, the insider proves: (i)
that he disclosed the information to the other party, or (ii) that he
had reason to believe that the other party otherwise is also in
possession of the information. A purchase or sale of a security of
the issuer made by an insider defined in Subsection 3.8, or such
insiders spouse or relatives by affinity or consanguinity within the
second degree, legitimate or common-law, shall be presumed to
have been effected while in possession of material non-public
information if transacted after such information came into
existence but prior to dissemination of such information to the
public and the lapse of a reasonable time for the market to absorb
such information: Provided, however, That this presumption shall
be rebutted upon a showing by the purchaser or seller that he

was not aware of the material non-public information at the time

of the purchase or sale.
Tender offer:
27.4. (a) It shall be unlawful where a tender offer has commenced
or is about to commence for:
(i) Any person (other than the tender offeror) who is in possession
of material non-public information relating to such tender offer, to
buy or sell the securities of the issuer that are sought or to be
sought by such tender offer if such person knows or has reason to
believe that the information is non-public and has been acquired
directly or indirectly from the tender offeror, those acting on its
behalf, the issuer of the securities sought or to be sought by such
tender offer, or any insider of such issuer; and
(ii) Any tender offeror, those acting on its behalf, the issuer of the
securities sought or to be sought by such tender offer, and any
insider of such issuer to communicate material non-public
information relating to the tender offer to any other person where
such communication is likely to result in a violation of Subsection
27.4 (a)(i).
In relation with section 19:
SEC. 19. Tender Offers. 19.1. (a) Any person or group of persons
acting in concert who intends to acquire at least fifteen per cent
(15%) of any class of any equity security of a listed corporation or
of any class of any equity security of a corporation with assets of
at least Fifty Million Pesos (P50,000,000.00) and having two
hundred (200) or more stockholders with at least one hundred
(100) shares each or who intends to acquire at least thirty per
cent (30%) of such equity over a period of twelve (12) months
shall make a tender offer to stockholders by filing with the
Commission a declaration to that effect; and furnish the issuer, a

statement containing such of the information required in Section

17 of this Code as the Commission may prescribe. Such person or
group of persons shall publish all requests or invitations for
tender, or materials making a tender offer or requesting or
inviting letters of such a security. Copies of any additional
material soliciting or requesting such tender offers subsequent to
the initial solicitation or request shall contain such information as
the Commission may prescribe, and shall be filed with the
Commission and sent to the issuer not later than the time copies
of such materials are first published or sent or given to security
holders.
(b) Any solicitation or recommendation to the holders of such a
security to accept or reject a tender offer or request or invitation
for tenders shall be made in accordance with such rules and
regulations as the Commission may prescribe.
(c) Securities deposited pursuant to a tender offer or request or
invitation for tenders may be withdrawn by or on behalf of the
depositor at any time throughout the period that the tender offer
remains open and if the securities deposited have not been
previously accepted for payment, and at any time after sixty (60)
days from the date of the original tender offer or request or
invitation, except as the Commission may otherwise prescribe.
(d) Where the securities offered exceed that which a person or
group of persons is bound or willing to take up and pay for, the
securities that are subject of the tender offer shall be taken up as
nearly as may be pro rata, disregarding fractions, according to the
number of securities deposited by each depositor. The provisions
of this subsection shall also apply to securities deposited within
ten (10) days after notice of an increase in the consideration
offered to security holders, as described in paragraph (e) of this
subsection, is first published or sent or given to security holders.

(e) Where any person varies the terms of a tender offer or request
or invitation for tenders before the expiration thereof by
increasing the consideration offered to holders of such securities,
such person shall pay the increased consideration to each
security holder whose securities are taken up and paid for
whether or not such securities have been taken up by such
person before the variation of the tender offer or request or
invitation.
19.2. It shall be unlawful for any person to make any untrue
statement of a material fact or omit to state any material fact
necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of
the circumstances under which they are made, not misleading, or
to engage in any fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative acts or
practices, in connection with any tender offer or request or
invitation for tenders, or any solicitation of security holders in
opposition to or in favor of any such offer, request, or invitation.
The Commission shall, for the purposes of this subsection, define
and prescribe means reasonably designed to prevent, such acts
and practices as are fraudulent, deceptive, or manipulative.
protection of minority shareholders the opportunity to sell
their shares at the same price as the majority stockholder.
Mandatory tender offer applies even in cases of indirect
transactions SEC has jurisdiction.
CASE: CEMCO Holdings v. National Life Insurance Company (2007
case) this may be asked in the bar.
Facts: UCC controls both UCHC and CEMCO. CEMCO bought the
two controlling shares of UCHC. As a result, CEMCO is now the
lone shareholder of UCC.
Issue: Who has jurisdiction?

Held: SEC
Issue no. 2: WON mandatory tender offer applies
Held: Yes
Rationale: MTO regulates activities of unlisted companies
whatever methods for a public company may be obtained, either
directly or indirectly, MTO applies.
Coverage for final exams (March 25, 2008, 6-9pm): Checks SRC