Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet

by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

About

1.1 Scalars and Strings (cont)

1.2 Arrays and Lists (cont)

This is version 2 of the perl reference card.

e(E)

scientific notation

reverse(@a);

reverse @a

(cl) 2008 Michael Goerz <goerz@physik.fu-

decimal floating point

@a = sort{$ela <=>

sort numerically

berlin.de>.
http://www.physik.fu-berlin.de/~goerz/

g, G

shorter %e or %f /

Information taken liberally from the perl

$elb}(@a);

%E or %f

@a = split(/-/,$s);

split string into @a

$s = join(, @c);

join @a elements

documentation and various other sources.

signed octal

You may freely distribute this document.

string of chars

u, x, X

unsigned decimal int /

@a2 = @a[1,2,6..9];

array slice

hex int / hex int in

@a2 = grep(!/^#/, @a);

remove comments

1 Variable Types

into string

caps
1.1 Scalars and Strings

address pointer

chomp($str);

discard trailing \n

nothing printed

$v = chop($str);

$v becomes trailing

modifiers: h,l,L

arg is short int / long

eq, ne, lt, gt, le, ge,

char

int, double/ long

string comparison

double

cmp

Perl image

More:

$str = 0 x 4;

$str is now 0000

chr, crypt, hex, lc,

q/STRING/,

$v = index($str, $x);

find index of $x in $str,

lcfirst, length, oct, ord,

qq/STRING/, reverse,

$v = rindex($str, $x);

starting from left or right

pack

uc, ucfirst

$v = substr($str,

extract substring

$strt, $len);
$cnt = $sky =~ tr/0-

count the digits in $sky

9//;
$str =~ tr/a-zA-Z/

change non-alphas to

/cs;

space

$v = sprintf(%10s

format string

1.2 Arrays and Lists

@a = (1..5);

array initialization

$i = @a;

number of elements in
@a

($a, $b) = ($b,

swap $a and $b

$a);
$x = $a[1];

access to index 1

%[flags][0]

$i = $#a;

last index in @a

[width][.precision][mod]ty

push(@a, $s);

appends $s to @a

$a = pop(@a);

removes last element

chop(@a);

remove last char (per el.)

$a = shift(@a);

removes first element

%08d,$s,$n);
Format String:

from @a

pe
types:
c

character

d(i)

signed decimal int

1.3 Hashes
%h=(k1 => val1,k2

hash initialization

=> 3);
$val = $map{k1};

recall value

@a = %h;

array of keys and

values

%h = @a;

create hash from array

foreach $k

iterate over list of keys

(keys(%h)){..}
foreach $v

iterate over list of

(vals(%h)){..}

values

while (($k,$v)=each

iterate over key-

%h){..}

value-pairs

delete $h{k1};

delete key

exists $h{k1}

does key exist?

defined $h{k1}

is key defined?

By Nikolay Mishin (mishin)

Published 2nd June, 2012.

Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com

cheatography.com/mishin/

Last updated 5th June, 2014.

Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!

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Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet

by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

3 References and Data Structures

3 References and Data Structures (cont)

2 Basic Syntax (cont)

$aref = \@a;

reference to

sub createcnt{ my $c=shift;

closure, $c

eval {$a=$a/$b; }; warn $@

exception

array

return sub { print "$c++"; }; }

persists

if $@;

handling

$aref = [1,"foo",undef,13];

anonymous array

*foo{THING}

foo-syntax for

$el = $aref->[0]; $el =

access element

@{$aref}[0];

of array

$aref2 = [@{$aref1}];

copy array

$href = \%h;

reference to

$href ={APR => 4,AUG =>

($var =~ /re/),

Link to perl cheat

perlcheat

m/pattern/igmsox

anonymous hash

sheets/perlcheat/

qr/pattern/imsox

store regex in variable

perl-reference-card

s/pattern/replace

search and replace

access element
of hash

$href2 = {%{$href1}};

copy hash

if (ref($r) eq "HASH") {}

checks if $r
points to hash
2-dim array

http://www.cheatography.com/mishin/cheatsheets/perl-reference-card/
20-killer-perl-programming-tips
http://www.cheatography.com/mishin/cheat-

ment/igmsoxe
Modifiers:
i case-

o compile once

insensitive

sheets/20-killer-perl-programming-tips-

g global

x extended

for-beginners/

s as single line (.

e evaluate replacement

matches \n)

access 2-dim
array

2 Basic Syntax

hash of arrays

($a, $b) =

read command line

escape

shift(@ARGV);

params

any single char

sub p{my $var =

define subroutine

start of line

end of line

,?

0 or more times (greedy /

["h","m"]);
$name = $HoA{sp}[1];

matching pattern

http://www.cheatography.com/mishin/cheat-

%{$href}{APR};

%HoA=(fs=>["f","b"], sp=>

matches / does not match

($var !~ /re/)

hash

$el = $href->{APR}; $el =

$i = $a[0][1];

6 Regular Expressions

8};

@a = ([1, 2],[3, 4]);

creating refs

access to hash
of arrays

$fh = *STDIN

globref

$coderef = \&fnc;

code ref (e.g.

callback)

Syntax:

shift; ...}
p(bla);

execute subroutine

if(expr){} elsif {}

conditional

else {}

$coderef =sub{print "bla"};

anon subroutine

unless (expr){}

negative conditional

&$coderef();

calling anon

while (expr){}

while-loop

until (expr){}

until-loop

do {} until (expr)

postcheck until-loop

for($i=1; $i<=10;

for-loop

subroutine

$i++){}

nongreedy)
+, +?

1 or more times (greedy /

nongreedy)

?, ??

0 or 1 times (greedy /
nongreedy)

\b, \B

word boundary ( \w - \W) /

match except at w.b.

\A

string start (with /m)

foreach $i (@list){}

foreach-loop

\Z

string end (before \n)

last, next, redo

end loop, skip to next,

\z

absolute string end

jump to top
By Nikolay Mishin (mishin)

Published 2nd June, 2012.

Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com

cheatography.com/mishin/

Last updated 5th June, 2014.

Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!

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Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet

by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

6 Regular Expressions (cont)

6 Regular Expressions (cont)

6 Regular Expressions (cont)

\G

\w, \W

word char [a-zA-Z0-9_] / non-word

(?<=..), (?

char

<!..)

continue from previous

m//g

positive / negative look-behind

[...]

character set

\s, \S

whitepace [ \t\n\r\f] / non-space

(?>...)

prohibit backtracking

(...)

group, capture to $1, $2

\C

match a byte

(?{ code

embedded code

(?:...)

group without capturing

\pP, \PP

match p-named unicode / non-

})

{n,m} , {n,m}?

at least n times, at most

p-named-unicode

(??{ code

dynamic regex

})

m times

\p{...},

match long-named unicode / non-

{n,} , {n,}?

at least n times

\P{...}

named-unicode

(?

condition corresponding to

{n} , {n}?

exactly n times

\X

match extended unicode

(cond)yes|

captured parentheses

or

Posix:

\1, \2

text from nth group ($1,

[:alnum:]

alphanumeric

...)

[:alpha:]

alphabetic

[:ascii:]

any ASCII char

Escape Sequences:
\a alarm (beep)

\e escape

[:blank:]

whitespace [ \t]

\f formfeed

\n newline

[:cntrl:]

control characters

\r carriage return

\t tab

[:digit:]

digits

\cx control-x

\l lowercase next char

[:graph:]

alphanum + punctuation

\L lowercase until \E

\U uppercase until \E

[:lower:]

lowercase chars

\Q diable metachars

\E end case

[:print:]

alphanum, punct, space

until \E

modifications

[:punct:]

punctuation

[:space:]

whitespace [\s\ck]

Character Classes:
[amy]

'a', 'm', or 'y'

[:upper:]

uppercase chars

[f-j.-]

range f-j, dot, and dash

[:word:]

alphanum + '_'

[^f-j]

everything except range

[:xdigit:]

hex digit

[:^digit:]

non-digit

f-j
\d, \D

digit [0-9] / non-digit

no)
(?

condition corresponding to look-

(cond)yes)

around

Variables
$&

entire matched string

$`

everything prior to matched string

$'

everything after matched string

$1, $2 ...

n-th captured expression

$+

last parenthesis pattern match

$^N

most recently closed capt.

$^R

result of last (?{...})

@-, @+

offsets of starts / ends of groups

http://perldoc.perl.org/perlrequick.html
http://habrahabr.ru/post/17126/

Extended Constructs
(?#text)

comment

(?imxs-

enable or disable option

imsx:...)
(?=...),

positive / negative look-ahead

(?!...)
By Nikolay Mishin (mishin)

Published 2nd June, 2012.

Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com

cheatography.com/mishin/

Last updated 5th June, 2014.

Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!

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Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet

by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

Debugging regexp

4 System Interaction (cont)

5 Input/Output (cont)

use re 'taint';

File Tests:

open(PRC,"caesar <$file

read from

|");

process

open(EXTRACT, "|sort

write to process

# Contents of $match are tainted if $dirty was

also tainted.
($match) = ($dirty =~ /^(.*)$/s);
# Allow code interpolation:
use re 'eval';
$pat = '(?{ $var = 1 })'; # embedded code
execution
/alpha${pat}omega/; # won't fail unless under -T
# and $pat is tainted

-r, -w

readable, writeable

-x

executable

-e

exists

-f, -d, -l

is file, directory,
symlink

-T, -B

text file, binary file

-M, -A

mod/access age in
days

use re 'debug'; # like "perl -Dr"

/^(.*)$/s; # output debugging info during
# compile time and run time
use re 'debugcolor'; # same as 'debug',
# but with colored output
4 System Interaction
system(cat $f|sort -

system call

u>$f.s);
@a = readpipe(lsmod);

catch output

$today = Today: .date;

catch output

better: use IPC::Open3 'open3';!

chroot(/home/user/);

change root

while (<*.c>) {}

operate on all cfiles

unlink(/tmp/file);

delete file

if (-f file.txt){...}

file test

@stats =

13-element list with

stat(filename);

status

File Tests in Perl

http://www.devshed.co

$line = <INFILE>;

get next line

@lines = <INFILE>;

slurp infile

foreach $line

loop of lines from

(<STDIN>){...}

STDIN

print STDERR "Warning

print to STDERR

1.\n";
close INFILE;

close filehandle

More:

m/c/a/Perl/File-Tests-

binmode, dbmopen,

select, syscall,

in-Perl/

dbmclose, fileno, flock,

sysreed, sysseek,

format, getc, read, readdir,

tell,

readline, rewinddir, seek,

telldir,truncate,

seekdir

pack, unpack,

More:
chmod, chown,

opendir, readlink,

chroot, fcntl, glob,

rename, rmdir,

ioctl, link, lstat, mkdir,

symlink, umask, utime

vec
7 Object-Oriented Perl and Modules

5 Input/Output
open(INFILE,"in.txt") or

>Tmp$$");

open file for input

die;

Defining a new class:

package Person;
use strict;

open(INFILE,"<:utf8","fil

open file with

my $Census;

e");

encoding

sub new { #constructor, any name is fine

open(TMP, "+>",

open anonymous

my $class = shift;

undef);

temp file

open(MEMORY,'>',

open in-memory-file

\$var);
open(OUT,">out.txt") or

open output file

die;
open(LOG,">>my.log")

my $self = {};
$self->{NAME} = undef; # field
$self->{"_CENSUS"} = \$Census; # class data
++ ${ $self->{"_CENSUS"} };
bless ($self, $class);
return $self;

open file for append

or die;

sub name { #method

By Nikolay Mishin (mishin)

Published 2nd June, 2012.

Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com

cheatography.com/mishin/

Last updated 5th June, 2014.

Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!

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my $self = shift;

Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet

by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

7 Object-Oriented Perl and Modules (cont)

8 One-Liners (cont)

8 One-Liners (cont)

if (@_) { $self->{NAME} = shift }

-p

-l

return $self->{NAME};
}
sub DESTROY { #destructor
my $self = shift; -- ${$self->{"_CENSUS"} };}

Interactive

http://szabgab.com/using-the-

prints any warning messages.

repl.html

-e

indicates that the following string

debugger

/perl-debugger/

printf "There's someone named %s.\n", $him-

The Perl

http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/perl/pro

Debugger

g3/ch20_01.htm

-T

enables taint checking, which

instructs perl to keep track of data

http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/3152/Perl-

from the user and avoid doing

Object-Oriented-Programming

anything insecure with it. Here this

http://ynonperek.com/course/perl/oo.html

option is used to avoid taking the

commands).
http://perldoc.perl.org/perlrun.html
Perl flags -

perl -e '$x = "Hello world!n"; print

pe, -pi, -p,

$x;'

-w, -d, -i, t? perldoc

perlrun
perl -MO=Deparse -p -e 1
perl -MO=Deparse -p -i -e 1

available .pm files from the

perl -MO=Deparse -p -i.bak -e 1

directory recursively.

https://twitter.com/#!/perloneliner

8 One-Liners
(zero) specify the input record separator

Examples:

1. just lines 15 to 17, efficiently

split data into an array named @F

perl -ne 'print if $. >= 15; exit if $. >= 17;'

a
-

script (i.e., sequence of

@INC variable and listing the

perl -MCPAN -e shell;

is to be interpreted as a perl

current directory name from the

Installing Modules:

each line.
-w

$him->name("Jason");

debug

separator (\n) added at the end of

built-in-debugger-of-perl-ashttp://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/05

use Data::Dumper; print Dumper($him); #

statements will have the new line

perl -de1;use Term::ReadKey;

perl-

>name;

processing in the output. Print

Mode:

Using the class:

$him = Person->new();

enables automatic line-ending

contents of $_

1; # so the require or use succeeds

use Person;

same as -n, but will also print the

2. just lines NOT between line 10 and 20

specify pattern for -a to use when splitting

perl -ne 'print unless 10 .. 20'

-i

edit files in place

run through all the @ARGV arguments as

files, using <>

By Nikolay Mishin (mishin)

Published 2nd June, 2012.

Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com

cheatography.com/mishin/

Last updated 5th June, 2014.

Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!

mishin.narod.ru

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Perl Reference Card Cheat Sheet

by Nikolay Mishin (mishin) via cheatography.com/1008/cs/399/

Examples: (cont)

Examples: (cont)

3. lines between START and END

14. If you had installed any modules from

perl -ne 'print if /START$/ .. / END$/'

4. in-place edit of *.c files changing all foo to
bar
perl -pi.bak -e 's/\bfoo\b/bar/g' *.c
5. delete first 10 lines
perl -i.old -ne 'print unless 1 .. 10' foo.txt
6. change all the isolated oldvar occurrences to
newvar

CPAN, then you will need to re-install all of

them. (Naveed Massjouni)
perl -E 'say for grep /site_perl/,@INC'| xargs
find | perl -Fsite_perl/ -lane 'print $F[1] if
/\.pm$/' | cpanm --reinstall
15. Give executable rights to all perl file in dir
find /home/client0/public_html -type f -name
'*.pl' -print0 | xargs -0 chmod 0755
16. Find files matching name-pattern

perl -i.old -pe 's{\boldvar\b}{newvar}g' *.[chy]

7. printing each line in reverse order
perl -e 'print reverse <>' file1 file2 file3 ....

https://gist.github.com/563679
perl -MFile::Find -le 'find(sub{print
$File::Find::name if /\b[a-z]{2}_[A-Z]
{2}/},"/usr")'

8. find palindromes in the /usr/dict/words

dictionary file
perl -lne '$_ = lc $_; print if $_ eq reverse'
/usr/dict/words
9. command-line that reverses all the bytes in a
file
perl -0777e 'print scalar reverse <>' f1 f2 f3
10. word wrap between 50 and 72 chars
perl -p000e 'tr/ \t\n\r/ /; s/(.
{50,72})\s/$1\n/g;$_.="\n"x2'
11. strip and remove double spaces
perl -pe '$_ = " $_ "; tr/ \t/ /s; $_ =
substr($_,1,-1)'
12. move '.txt.out' to '.out'
perl -e '($n = $_) =~ s/\.txt(\.out)$/$1/ and
not -e $n and rename $_, $n for @ARGV' *
13. write a hash slice, which we have come as
a reference to a hash
perl -E'my $h={1..8}; say for @{$h}{1,3,5,7}'

By Nikolay Mishin (mishin)

Published 2nd June, 2012.

Sponsored by CrosswordCheats.com

cheatography.com/mishin/

Last updated 5th June, 2014.

Learn to solve cryptic crosswords!

mishin.narod.ru

Page 6 of 6.

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