Role of Coblation In otolaryngology

1. Coblation the Physics behind it Pages 1 5

2. Coblation an overview Pages 6-11
3. Kashima's posterior cordectomy using coblation Our experience Pages 12 20
4. Coblation Tonsillectomy our experience Pages 21 29
5. Coblation Wands Pages 30 37
6. Coblation adenoidectomy our experience 38 - 43

ISSN: 2250-0359

Volume 4 Issue 1.5 2014

Coblation the physcis behind it

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Stanley Medical College

Introduction:
The technology of using plasma to ablate biological tissue was first described by Woloszko and
Gilbride 1. By their pioneering work in this field they proved that radio frequency current could be
passed through local regions of the body without discharge taking place. Radio frequency
technology for medical use (for cutting, coagulation and tissue dessication) was popularized by
Cushing and Bovie 2. Cushing an eminent neurosurgeon found this technology excellent for his
neurosurgical procedures. First use of this technology inside the operating room took place on
october 1st 1926 at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. It was Dr Cushing who
removed a troublesome intracranial tumor using this equipment.
Coblation is non-thermal volumetric tissue removal through molecular dissociation. This action is
more or less similar to that of Excimer lasers. This technology uses the principle that when electric
current is passed through a conducting fluid, a charged layer of particles known as the plasma is
released. These charged particles has a tendency to accelerate through plasma, and gains energy to
break the molecular bonds within the cells. This ultimately causes disintegration of cells molecule
by molecule causing volumetric reduction of tissue.
Medical effects of plasma has spurred a evolution of new science Plasma Medicine. It is now
evidently clear that Plasma not only has physical effects (cutting and coagulation) on the tissues but
also other beneficial therapeutic effects too. Plasma not only coagulates blood vessels but also
decontaminates surgical wound thereby facilitating better wound healing. Therapeutic application
of plasma assumes that plasma discharges are ignited at atmospheric pressure.
Plasma Medicine:
This field of medicine can be subdivided into:
1. Plasma assisted modification of biorelevant surfaces

2. Plasma based decontamination and sterilization

3. Direct therapeutic application

Plasma assisted modification of biorelevant surfaces:

This technique is used to optimize the biofunctionality of implants, or to qualify polymer surfaces
for cell culturing and tissue engineering. For this purpose gases that do not fragment into
polymerisable intermediaries upon excitation should be used. Gases that do not fragment include
air, nitrogen, argon, oxygen, nitrous oxide and helium. Exposure to such plasma leads to new
chemical functionalities.
Plasma based decontamination and sterilization:
Not all surgical instruments can be effectively sterilized using currently available technologies.
This is due to the fact that plastics cannot be effectively be sterilized by conventional means as it
could get degraded on exposure to steam and heat. Plasma discharges have been found to be really
useful in this scenario because of its low temperature action. The nature of plasma actions on
bacteria extends from sublethan to lethal effects. Sublethal effects cause bacteriostatic changes,
while lethal effects cause bacteriocidal changes.
Direct therapeutic application:
This is purely surgical application both in otolaryngology and orthopaedic surgeries. Plasma is used
to ablate tissue with minimal bleeding.
A broad spectrum of plasma sources dedicated for biomedical applications have been developed.
These include:
1. Plasma needle 3
2. Atmospheric pressure plasma plume
3. Floating electrode dielectric barrier discharge
4. Atmospheric pressure glow discharge torch
5. Helium plasma jets
6. Dielectric barrier discharge
7. Nano second plasma gun

Figure showing plasma needle. The glow is cold enough to be touched

Dielectric barrier discharge:

This is the technology used in therapeutic coblators. This is characterised by the presence of atleast
one isolating layer in the discharge gap 4 .

Image showing coblator wand with three electrodes separated by ceramic

For effective use of this technology for surgical procedures the plasma generated by the wand /
electrode should be uniform.5 The uniformity of plasma can be ensured by:
1. Increasing preionization of the gas thus ensuring generation of more avalanches
2. Shortening of voltage rise time
Therapeutic applications of plasma:
Plasma treatment is known to cause coagulation of large bleeding areas without inducing additional
collateral tissue necrosis. Other methods causing coagulation act thermally producing a necrotic
zone around the treated spot. Non thermal coagulation is caused due to release of Na and OH ions
which causes release of thrombin.
Coblation technology is widely used in the field of otolaryngology for performing:
1. Tonsillectomy
2. Adenoidectomy
3. UPPP
4. Tongue base reduction
5. Turbinate reduction
6. Kashima procedure for bilateral abductor paralysis
7. Papilloma vocal cords

References:
1. J. Woloszko et al., Lasers in Surgery: Advanced Characterization, Therapeutics, and Systems X, R. R. Anderson et al., Eds. Bellingham, WA:
SPIE, 2000, vol. 3907, pp. 306316
2. H. Cushing and W. T. Bovie, Electrosurgery as an aid to the removal of
intracranial tumors, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., vol. 47, pp. 751784, 1928.
3. M. Laroussi and X. Lu, "Room-temperature atmospheric pressure plasma plume for
biomedical applications," Applied Physics Letters 87 (11) (2005).
4. Ulrich Kogelschatz, "Dielectric-Barrier Discharges: Their History, Discharge Physics,
and Industrial Applications," Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 23 (1), 1-46
(2003)

5. B. Qi, Ren C., Wang D., Li SZ., Wang K., and Zhang Y., "Uniform glowlike plasma
source assisted by preionization of spark in ambient air at atmospheric pressure," Applied
Physics Letters 89, 131503 (2006).

ISSN: 2250-0359

Volume 4 Issue 1.5 2014

Coblation an overview
Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Stanley Medical College

Abstract:
The term coblation is derived from Controlled ablation. This procedure involves non-heat driven
process of soft tissue dissolution using bipolar radiofrequency energy under a conductive medium
like normal saline. When current from radiofrequency probe pass through saline medium it breaks
saline into sodium and chloride ions. These highly energized ions form a plasma field which is
sufficiently strong to break organic molecular bonds within soft tissue causing its dissolution. This
article attempts to provide a broad overview of the technology and its uses in the field of
otolaryngology.
Introduction:
Coblation (Controlled ablation) was first discovered by Hira V. Thapliyal and Philip E. Eggers.
This was actually a fortuitous discovery in their quest for unblocking coronary arteries using
electrosurgical energy. In order to market this emerging technology these two started an upstart
company ArthroCare. Coblation wands were exhibited in arthroscopy trade show during 1996.
Initially coblation technology was used in arthroscopic surgeries immensely benefiting injured
athelets.
Technology overview:
Coblation technology is based on non heat driven process of soft tissue dissolution which makes use
of bipolar radio frequency energy 1. This energy is made to flow through a conductive medium like
normal saline. When current from radiofrequency probe passes through saline medium it breaks
saline into sodium and chloride ions. These highly energized ions form a plasma field strong
enough to break organic molecular bonds within soft tissue causing its dissolution. Since 1950's
high frequency electrosurgical apparatus have been in use. In conventional high frequency
apparatus heat is made use of to cause tissue ablation and coagulation. The heat generated happens
to be a double edged weapon causing collateral damage to normal tissues. Coblation is acutally a
benefical offshoot of high frequency radio frequency energy. The excellent conductivity of saline is
made use of in this technology. This conductivity is responsible for high energy plasma generation.
Stages of plasma generation:

First stage (Vapour gas piston formation):

This is characterised by transition from bubble to film boiling. This decreases heat emission and
causes increase in surface temperature.
Second stage Stage of vapour film pulsation:
Tissue ablation occurs during this stage.
Third stage Reduction of amplitude of current across the electrodes.
Fourth stage : Dissipation of electron energy at the metal electrod surface
Fifth stage (stage of thermal dissipation of energy): This stage is essentially due to recombination
of plasma ions, active atoms and molecules.
These stages explain why coblation is effective if applied intermittently. This ensures constant
presence of stage of vapour film pulsation which is important for tissue ablation.
Effect of plasma on tissue:
The effect of plasma on tissue is purely chemical and not thermal. Plasma generates H and OH
ions. It is these ions that make plasma destructive. OH radical causes protein degradation. When
coblation is being used to perform surgery the interface between plasma and dissected tissue acts as
a gate for charged particles.
In nutshell coblation causes low temperature molecular disintegration. This causes volumetric
removal of tissue with minimal damage to adjacent tissue 2. (Collateral damage is low).

Differences between coblation and conventional electro surgical devices

Coblation Devices

Conventional Electro surgical

Devices

Temperatures

40 C 70 C

400 C 600 C

Thermal penetration

Minimal

Deep

Effects on Target tissue

Gentle removal / Dissolution

Rapid heating, charring,

burning and cutting

Effects on surrounding tissue

Minimal dissolution

Inadvertant charring / burning

Components of Coblation system:

1. RF generator

2. Foot pedal control

3. Irrigation system
4. Wand

Figure showing various components of coblator

RF generator:
This generator generates RF signals. It is controlled by microprocessor. This generator is capable
of adjusting the settings as per the type of wand inserted. It automatically senses the type of the
wand and adjusts settings accordingly. Manual override of the preset settings is also possible. Two
settings are set i.e. coblation and cauterization. For a tonsil wand the recommended settings would
be :
Coblation 7 (plasma setting)
Cauterization 3 (Non plasma setting)
Similarly the foot pedal has two color coded pedals. Yellow one is for coblation and the blue one is
for RF cautery. This device also emits different sounds when these pedals are pressed indicating to
the surgeon which mode is getting activated.
Even though coblation is a type of electro surgical procedure, it does not require current flow
through the tissue to act. Only a small amount of current passes through the tissue during coblation.
Tissue ablation is made possible by the chemical etching effect of plasma generated by wand. The
thickenss of plasma is only 100-200 m thick around the active electrode.
Otolaryngological surgeries where coblation technology has been found tobe useful include:

1. Adenotonsillectomy
2. Tongue base reduction
3. Tongue channeling
4. Uvulo palato pharyngoplasty
5. Cordectomy
6. Removal of benign lesions of larynx including papilloma
7. Kashima's procedure for bilateral abductor paralysis
8. Turbinate reduction
9. Nasal polypectomy
There are different types of wands 3 available to perform coblation procedure optimally.
Tonsil and adenoid wand is the commonly used wand for all oropharyngeal surgeries. This wand
will have to be bent slightly to reach the adenoid.
Laryngeal wand is of two types. Normal laryngeal wand which is used for ablating laryngeal mass
lesions. Mini laryngeal wand is used to remove small polyps from vocal folds. The main
advantage of mini laryngeal wand is its ability to reach up to the subglottic area.
Nasal wand and nasal tunelling wands are commonly used for turbinate reduction.
Seperate tunelling wands are available for tongue base reduction.
Equipment specification:
1. Modes of operation Dissection, ablation, and coagulation
2. Operating frequency 100 khz
3. Power consumption 110/240 v, 50/60 Khz

Diagramatic representation of coblation wand

Coblation wand has two electrodes i.e. Base electrode and active electrode. These electrodes are
separated by ceramic. Saline flows between these two electrodes. Current generated flows between
these two electodes via the saline medium. Saline gets broken down into ions thereby forming
active plasma which ablates tissue.

Efficiency of ablation can be improved by:

1. Intermittent application of ablation mode
2. Copious irrigation of normal saline
3. By using cold saline plasma generated becomes more efficient in ablating tissue. Cold saline can
be prepared by placing the saline pack in a refrigerator over night.
Coblation is a smokelessa procedure. If smoke is seen to be generated during the procedure it
indicates the presence of ablated tissue in the wand between the electrodes. Hence a smoking wand
should be flushed using a syringe to remove soft tissue ablated particles between the electrodes.
The generated frequency from coblator should atleast be 200 kHz since frequencies lower than 100
kHz can cause neuromuscular excitation when the wand accidentally comes into contact with
neuromuscular tissue.
Conclusion:
Author wishes to conclue that coblation is a promising technology in otolaryngology. Of course as
with any other technology it has the cost factor built into it. The cost of wand which is meant for
single use is rather high. This equipment is very useful for ablating laryngeal lesions. As far as
adenotonsillectomy is concerned it adds to the cost of the surgical procedure. Performing
tonsillectomy using coblation helps the surgeon to cross the learning curve rather easily. This
technology has a learning curve to surmount. After getting over the curve a surgeon can efficiently
handle laryngeal lesions and obstructive sleep apnoea with ease.

References:
1. J.Woloszko and C.Gilbride,Coblation Technology:Plasma Meditation Ablation for
Otolaryngology Applications,Rep.Arthro Care Corp.,Sunnyvale(2001),pp102114.
2. S.V Belov, Use of High-Frequency Cold Plasma Ablation Technology for Electrosurgery
with Minimized Invasiveness,Biomedical Engineering,Vol38,no2,2004,pp80-85.
3. V.N Sergeev, S.V.Belov Coblation Technology:a New Method for High Frequency
Electrosurgery,Biomedical Engineering,Vol37,No 1,2003,pp22-25.

ISSN: 2250-0359

Volume 4 Issue 1.5 2014

Kashima's Posterior cordectomy using coablator our experience.

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan Vrinda Balakrishnan Nair
Stanley Medical College

Abstract:
Aim:
To study the effectiveness of coblation technology in performing Kashima's procedure for bilateral
abductor vocal fold paralysis.
Methodology:
Managing patients with bilateral vocal fold abductor paralysis is rather tricky one. It calls for
delicate balance between airway and phonation. Various endolaryngeal techniques have been used
to manage this problem. Here the authors describe their experience with posterior cordectomy
using coablator. This study includes 10 patients who presented with stridor following bilateral
abductor paralysis. All our patients were on tracheostomy tubes. They were very anxious with the
tube and wanted decannulation done. All of these patients were operated by the same senior
surgeon. These patients were managed with posterior cordotomy using coablation. Laryngeal
wands were used in all these patients. These patients underwent spiggoting of their tracheostomy
tube on the first post operative day. Decannulation was completed on the third post operative day.
Early decannulation was made possible because there was negligible soft tissue oedema as these
patients underwent coblation procedure.
Observation:
On discharge all of them had a good voice and adequate airway.
These patients were able to climb two flights of stairs without discomfort.

Although the causes of bilateral abductor paralysis of vocal cords are multifactorial post traumatic
paralysis formed a large majority of our patients ( 8 who developed bilateral vocal fold paralysis
following total thyroidectomy).

Introduction:
Bilateral vocal fold immobility is a rather common bilateral vocal fold immobility syndrome. This
is commonly caused due to damage to both recurrent laryngeal nerves. Embryology has made the
course of recurrent laryngeal nerves (nerve of the 6th branchial arch) rather complicated and highly
varible.
Causes of bilateral abductor vocal fold paralysis include 1:
1. Surgical (Commonly following post thyroidectomy) close to 59% in some studies.
2. Intubation about 25%
3. Trauma 2%
4. Neurological disorders 15%
5. Extra laryngeal malignancies 5-17% 2
Clincial features of bilateral abductor paralysis of vocal folds:
1. Stridor due to airway compromise
2. Near normal voice
Dyspnoea may be varying in degree depending on 3:
1. Amount of glottic chink
2. Arytenoid body mass
3. Presence / absence of comorbidity
4. Physical activity
10% of these patients need no intervention. Some of them could decompensate making them
dyspnoeic 4.
For centuries tracheostomy has been the gold standard in the management of bilateral abductor
vocal fold paralysis. All the procedures are compared with trachestomy to ascertain their efficacy.
Introduction of Kleinsasser suspension laryngoscope revolutionised endolaryngeal surgical
procedures and treatment of bilateral abductor vocal fold paralysis.

Results:
Total number of patients taken up for study = 10
Female = 7
Male = 3

Figure showing sex distribution among patients with bilateral abductor vocal fold paralysis

Figure showing age distribution of patients with bilateral abductor paralysis

Majority of our patients were in the 4th decade of life.

Figure showing the various etiological factors that caused bilateral abductor paralysis in our study
group

Iatrogenic causes of bilateral abductor vocal fold paralysis was common in our study group. Almost
all of these patients underwent total thyroidectomy.
Patients in this study were on tracheostomy for periods ranging from 2 10 years. None of them
tolerated spigotting of the tracheostomy tube. Decanulation procedure was attempted in all of these
patients but failed.
Procedure:
The surgical procedure introduced by Dennis and Kashima in 1989 revolutionised the management
of bilateral abductor vocal fold paralysis. This technique is based on resection of soft tissues and
transection of conus elasticus. A C Shaped wedge of posterior vocal fold is excised begining
from the free border and extending to about 4mm laterally. Basic rationale in this procedure is the
release of tension of the glottic sphincter rather than actual removal of glottic tissue. If airway is
not adequate then the same procedure can be carried out on the opposite side also. Reker and
Rudert modified the original Kashima procedure which involved complementary resection in the
body of lateral thyroarytenoid muscle anteriorly from the initial triangular incision. This produced
a larger airway with good voice. 9 of our patients underwent the classic Kashima procedure while
one patient underwent Reker's procedure 6.

Diagram showing the site of resection in Kashima's procedure

Figure showing Recker's modification of Kashima's procedure

Since all our patients were on tracheostomy, the same stoma was used for intubation for anesthesia
purposes. Under general anesthesia Kleinsasser laryngoscope is used to expose the laryngeal inlet.
Cobalator was used for this procedure. Laryngeal wand was used to resect the posterior portion of
the vocal fold.

Figure showing Kashima's surgery using laryngeal wand

Figure showing Kashima's surgery after completion of the procedure

Figure showing Reker's modification of kashima's procedure

Conclusion:
Performing Kashima's procedure using coblation technology is really promising. Advantages of
this procedure include:
1. Blood less ablation
2. Precise ablation of tissue
3. No collateral damage to adjacent tissue
4. No oedema of tissues around larynx
5. Early decanulation is possible

References:
1. Benninger MS, Gillen JB, Altman JS (1998) Changing etiology of vocal fold immobility.
Laryngoscope 108:13461350
2. Leon X, Venegas MP, Orus C, Quer M, Maranillo E, Sanudo JR (2001) Inmovilidad glotica:
estudo retrospectivo de 299 casos. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 52:486492
3. Kleinsasser O, Nolte E (1981) Endolaryngeale Arytaenoidektomie und submukse partielle
Chordektomie bei bilateralen Stimmlippenlhmungen. Laryngorhinootologie 60:397401
4. Sessions DG, Ogura JH, Heeneman H (1976) Surgical management of bilateral vocal cord
paralysis. Laryngoscope 86:559566
5. Dennis DP, Kashima H. Carvon dioxide laser posterior cordotomy for treatment of bilateral vocal
cord paralysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1989, 98:930-934.
6. Reker U, Rudert H (1998) Die modiWzierte posteriore Chordectomie nach Dennis und Kashima
bei der Behandlung beidseitiger Rekurrensparesen. Laryngorhinootologie 77:213218

ISSN 2250-0359

Volume 4 Issue 1.5 2014

Coblation Tonsillectomy our experience

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Stanley Medical College

Abstract:
Tonsillectomy happens to be the commonly performed surgery these days. Like any other surgical
procedure this surgical procedure has also undergone tremendous technological changes. One such
evolving change happens to be coblation tonsillectomy. Coblation technology is actually an
offshoot of radiofrequency surgery. This technique involves passing radiofrequency energy through
a conductive medium like isotonic sodium chloride or potassium chloride solution. This produces a
plasma field which is composed of sodium and hydroxyl ions which ablates tissue. This tissue
ablation takes place at (60-70 C) which is much lower than that achieved during other electro
surgical techniques (400 600 C). This article attempts to discuss the use of this technology to
perform tonsillectomy with special emphasis on sharing our experience with the system. This study
involves critical appraisal of 25 coblation tonsillectomy surgeries performed at Stanley Medical
college during the year 2013.
Introduction:
Tonsillectomy still remains the commonly performed surgical procedure. Surgical technique of
tonsillectomy has undergone rapid evolution since the time of Celsus 30 BC who is credited with
the first documented tonsillectomy procedure. Hook and knife method 1 performed by Aetius of
Amida during 6th century shoud be considered as the first scientific attempt at removing tonsils.
Paul of Aegina used forceps to completely extripate tonsils. This laid the foundation for tonsil
guillotine. George Earnest Waugh of England was the first to use careful dissection method to
remove the tonsil. He is also credited with the design of Waugh's tenaculum forceps which he used
to dissect tonsil out of its bed (1909). Innovations that took place like the use of diathermy,
harmonic scalpel, debrider were meant to reduce the operating time and bleeding during the
procedure.
Currently coblation is being attempted to remove tonsillar tissue. This process was invented by
Philip E Eggers and Hira V Thapliyal in 1999. Coblation tonsillectomy received FDA approval in
2001. 3

Advantages of coblation tonsillectomy:

1. Less bleeding
2. Preservation of capsule is possible if done under magnification. If capsule is preserved there is
less post operative pain
3. Tonsillar reduction surgeries can be performed in young children without compromising the
immunological function of the lymphoid tissue

The technology:
Coblation involves passing a radiofrequency bipolar electrical current at a much lower frequency
than that of standard bipolar diathermy, through a medium of normal saline which results in the
production of plasma field of sodium ions. These ions breaksdown intercellular bands and in effect
vaporize tissue at a temperature of only 60degrees c. The presence of saline helps to limit the
amount of heat delivered to the surrounding structures and hence reduces collateral tissue damage
and causes less post op pain. This is truely a bipolar system and does not need earth pad.
Methadology:
This study involves 25 patients who underwent coblation tonsillectomy. They were compared with
patients who underwent cold steel tonsillectomy. This is a retrospective study involving 25 patients
who underwent coblation tonsillectomy by a single surgeon (the author). The results were
compared with that of cold steel tonsillectomy surgery performed by the same surgeon.
Selection criteria:
1. Random selection of patients by draw of lots
2. Children of the age group between 5-10 constituted the subjects of study
3. This study involved 50 patients out of whom 25 underwent coblation tonsillectomy while the rest
underwent conventional cold steel tonsillectomy.
Data taken for analysis include:
1. Age
2. Amount of blood loss
3. Pain score
4. Post operative bleeding
Follow up was preformed by a second surgeon who did not know what procedure was followed
during tonsillectomy. Each of these patients were asked to fill up a questionaire which cotained
specific questions relating to the time taken for them to return back to normal life.

Statistical tools were not used to analyze the data because the study number was small.

Results:
Total number of cases taken up for study = 50
Number of patients who underwent coblation tonsillectomy = 25
Number of patients who underwent conventional cold steel tonsillectomy = 25
Average Age distribution of patients who underwent coblation tonsillectomy was = 7.16
Average Age distribution of patients who underwent conventional cold steel tonsillectomy = 7.2
Age distribution between the two study categories were more or less similar.

Figure showing age distribution between two study groups

Assessment of blood loss during these two procedures:

Cotton balls and gauze planned to be used during surgery should be carefully weighed before
autoclaving. Used cotton and gauze should be weighed and the difference in weight is an
assessment of blood contained in them. The difference in weight can be converted into milliliters
by dividing the difference in weight by specific gravity (1.055). 4
Saline taken in the bowl is measured and kept at 150 ml. This volume is used to keep the suction
tube unclogged. This volume should be subtracted from the volume of blood inside the suction
bottle. This volume added to the volume of blood loss estimated from cotton and gauze gives the
volume of blood loss during the procedure.
All patients were premedicated with injection atropine which helped in reducing normal salivary
secretions. Oral cavities of these patients were cleaned dry using gauze before the start of
procedure.
Average blood loss of these patients was:
Coblation tonsillectomy = 86 ml
Cold steel tonsillectomy = 90 ml
These values indicate that there was no appreciable difference in blood loss between these two
groups.

Figure showing comparison of blood loss between coblation and cold steel tonsillectomy groups

Pain score:
Pain score was calculated using Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating scale. One child of age 3 who
underwent tonsillectomy was excluded from the study since the response was unreliable.
The child is shown image containing 6 faces and is asked to choose which best describes his / her
current feeling.

Coblation tonsillectomy group:

1. 6 patients choose image 2
2. 10 patients choose image 3
3. 8 patients choose image 4
1 patient was excluded since the child was 3 years old
Cold steel tonsillectomy group:
1. 10 patients choose image 5
2. 4 patients choose image 4

3. 2 patients choose image 3

4. 9 patients choose image 6

Pain score in coblation group

Pain score in cold steel tonsillectomy group

Pain scores were found to be rather high in patients who under went cold steel tonsillectomy. This
could be attributed to the extracapsular dissection which is done in coblation. Leaving behind
tonsillar capsule has been postulated to reduce pain because there is less muscle exposure and
irritation. Pain due to tonsillectomy has been attributed due to pharyngeal muscle spasm which is
commonly seen when the muscle fibers are exposed.
Post operative bleeding:
Our study did not show any post operative bleeding in the cold steel tonsillectomy group. One
patient belonging to coblation group developed secondary bleeding on the 8th day following surgery.
Patient recovered on being treated with antibiotics 5. Noon et al in their study have reported a
greater incidence of post op bleeding in patients who have undergone coblation tonsillectomy. 6
They attributed this to the formation of healthy granulation tissue in the tonsillar fossa which had a
tendency to bleed even on trivial trauma.
Discussion:
Coblation tonsillectomy is a recent innovation. It has evoked a lot of curiosity among
otolaryngologists. Tonsillectomy has been performed commonly worldwide. 7
Experience with coblation is quite recent. More and more literature is being generated world wide
by people using this technology. Even though this study is limited by the number of patients
studied, it gives a clear pointer to one aspect i.e. coblation tonsillectomy causes less post operative
pain when compared to conventional cold steel procedure. This is due to the fact that tonsillectomy

using this procedure is extracapsular. Debulking of enlarged tonsils can also be performed
preserving the immunological functions of the tonsils. This study showed no evidence of lesser
post operative bleeding between the two groups under study.
Conclusion:
Coblation is a promising technology for otolaryngological use. Major advantage the author noticed
while performing tonsillectomy is reduced post operative pain scores. Patients started eating with
very little discomfort following surgery. A more comprehesive study would throw more light on
this technology.

Figure showing coblation tonsillectomy being performed

References:
1. Curten JM: The history of tonsil and adenoid surgery. Otology Clinics North America
1987;20:415.
2. Kaempel JA. On the origin of tonsillectomy and dissection method, Laryngoscope 2002 ;
112:1583-1586.
3. Temple RH, Timms MS. Paediatric coblation tonsillectomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2001;
61(3): 195-8.
4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3227830/
5. Lee KC, Altenau MM, Barnes DR, Bernstein JM, Bi khazi NB, Brettscheider FA, et al. Incidence
of complications for subtotal ionized field ablation of the tonsils. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
2002; 127(6): 531-8.
6. Noon AP, Hargreaves S. Increased post-operative haemorrhage seen in adult coblation tonsil
lectomy. J Laryngol Otol 2003; 117(9): 704-6.

7. Mann DG, St GC, Scheiner E, Granoff D, Imber P, Mlynarczyk FA. Tonsillectomy--some like it
hot. Laryngoscope 1984; 94(5 Pt 1): 677-9.

ISSN 2250-0359

Issue 4 Volume 1.5 2014

Coblation wands

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Stanley Medical College

Abstract:
This article discusses the architecture of coblation wands used in otolaryngological surgeries.
Wand happens to be the most important consumable of the coblation system. These wands
are also expensive and meant only for single use. Hence this technology has a built in recurring
cost factor.

Introduction:
There are different wands available for different surgical procedures. These wands include:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Tonsil wand
Laryngeal wand
Microlaryngeal wand
Nasal wand
Needle wands for tongue base reduction and turbinate reduction

Tonsil wand:
This wand is also known as Evac 70 wand. It has a triple wire molybdenum electrode. This
triple wire electrode is very useful for tissue ablation. Its bipolar configuration suits efficient
hemostasis. The shaft is malleable and hence can be bent to suit various anatomical
configurations of oral cavity. It can also be bent so much that adenoids can be reached via the

oral cavity route under the soft palate. It has integrated suction and irrigation facility. Normal
saline is used for irrigation purposes. Normal saline acts as a medium through which Radio
frequency current passes causing release of plasma. This integrated irrigation and suction
facility obviates the necessity of separate suction during surgical procedures.

Figure showing Tonsil wand

Tonsil wand happens to be the work horse of the entire system. It is also the most commonly
used wand. The basic advantages of tonsil wand are:

1. Plasma generated by the electrodes are optimized for adequate tissue ablation
2. The depth of injury is very less and hence there is no collateral tissue damage

3. The temperature generated between the electrodes is 40-70 C. This temperature does
not cause airway fire and it is hence safe to use.
4. The presence of multiple electrodes ensures quick and stable establishment of plasma
layer, maintains the stability of the plasma layer and also maximizes the plasma layer.

Figure showing tonsillar wand in action

Microlaryngeal wand:

This wand is designed for precise and controlled ablation of laryngo tracheal lesions. Its shaft is
thin and long. It provides ablation, coagulation, suction and irrigation in the same set up. Its
increased length facilitates tissue ablation from the anterior commissure of larynx and upper
trachea. It also does not obstruct vision of the surgeon.

Figure showing Microlaryngeal wand

Laryngeal wands:
This wand is very useful for controlled ablation of bulky or sessile laryngeal lesions. It has built
in ablation, irrigation, coagulation and suction capabilities. The length of this wand is suitable
for ablating lesions from larynx and anterior commissure areas. Its curvature does not obstruct
vision. It does not have the risk of air way fires which is possible with conventional electro
surgical equipment.1

Figure showing laryngeal wand in action

Turbinate reduction wand:

This wand is a needle type wand. Saline should be infiltrated into the turbinate tissue before
performing the actual procedure. This wand does not have an irrigation portal hence the tissue
needs to be infiltrated with a mixture of 2% xylocaine with I in 100,000 units adrenaline
admixed with normal saline. These wands are also known as Reflex Ultra wands. These wands
are designed to perform minimally invasive procedures. Sub mucosal channeling procedures
can be performed using this wand 2. Reflex Ultra 45 is used for turbinate reduction 3.

Tongue base reduction wand:

Reflex Ultra 55 wand is used for tongue base reduction and soft palate reduction. This is
usually performed to treat snoring.

Figure showing Reflex Ultra wand

All these reflex ultra channeling wands have depth limiters. This helps in limiting the depth of
sub mucosal penetration.

Figure showing Reflex ultra wand with depth limiter

Coblation wands can work in two settings:

1. Non plasma power setting
2. Plasma power setting

Differences between Non plasma and Plasma power settings:

Non Plasma power setting 1-5

No plasma layer is formed
Tissue not removed
Deeper depth of penetration
Lower voltages used
Temperature generated is more
Cellular vibration / oscillation

Plasma power setting 6-9

Plasma layer is formed
Tissue removed
Shallow depth of penetration
Higher voltages used
Temperature generated is less
Molecular dissociation

The color of Plasma glow generated at the tip of the wand varies depending on the medium
used for irrigation. The tip of the wand glows yellow if sodium chloride is used as irrigation
medium and orange if the irrigation medium happens to be potassium chloride solution.

Tips:
1. Copious irrigation with normal saline is a must
2. Colder the irrigating fluid better is the result (overnight refrigeration of saline packs is
preferable)
3. Plasma power setting should be used for best results
4. Wand should not dig into the tissue
5. Wands are meant for single use only. Multiple uses not only fails to generate plasma
but also causes increased incidence of wound infection
6. Wands should be handled with extreme care to make it last till the end of the case

References:
1. Matt BH, Cottee LA. Reducing risk of fire in the operating room using Coblation
technology. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010 Sept;143(3):454-5
2. Bhattacharyya N, Kepnes LJ. Clinical effectiveness of Coblation inferior turbinate
reduction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surgery. 2003;129:365-371.
3. Bck LJJ, Hytnen ML, Malmberg HO, Ylikoski JS. Submucosal bipolar radiofrequency
thermal ablation of inferior turbinates: A long-term follow-up with subjective and
objective assessment. The Laryngoscope, 2002; 112: 1806-1812.

ISSN: 2250-0359

Volume 4 Issue 1.5 2014

Coblation adenoidectomy our experience

Balasubramanian Thiagarajan Vrinda Balakrishnan Nair

Stanley Medical College

Abstract:
Aim of our study is to compare the efficacy and safety of coblation adenoidectomy versus
conventional cold steel adenoidectomy. The study design included 40 children between age
groups 4 8. Twenty of these children underwent coblation adenoidectomy while the other
group of 20 underwent conventional cold steel adenoidectomy. The parameters taken into
consideration for comparison included Post operative pain, operating time, intraoperative
bleeding and presence of residual adenoid tissue 6 weeks after surgery.
In this study the coblation group demonstrated less post operative pain, less intraoperative
bleeding and more complete removal of adenoid tissue. Operative time was found to be
significantly higher in coblation group when compared to conventional cold steel
adenoidectomy group.

Introduction:
Adenoid is the lymphoid aggregation seen in the nasopharyx. This tissue is a component of
inner waldayers ring. This tissue undergoes hypertrophy till the child reaches the age of 4 after
which the proportional increase of the size of nasopharyx makes it appear reduced in size which

is followed by a reduction of symptoms. Adenoidectomy is the commonly performed surgery in

children. As with any other surgical procedure there are complications associated with
adenoidectomy. These complications are fortunately rare 2.
Various methods of performing adenoidectomy include:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Conventional cold steel technique using curette

Bipolar coagulation under endoscopic vision
Adenoidectomy using microdebrider 3
Coblation adenoidectomy

For purposes of classification and management adenoid hypertrophy has been graded
according to the size of the tissue taking into consideration the relationship of the
hypertrophied tissue with vomer, soft palate and torus tubaris 4.

Grade
Grade I
Grade II
Grade III
Grade IV

Anatomical structure in contact with adenoid

tissue
None
Torus tubaris
Torus tubaris, Vomer
Torus tubaris, Vomer and soft palate at rest

Materials and methods:

Pediatric patients of age group ranging between 4 and 8 were included in the study. Parents of
the children taken up for study were not aware of the procedure followed during surgery.
Patients were chosen randomly for the procedure by an intern by draw of lots. This random
choice averted surgeon bias 5 6. All the surgical procedures were performed by the same
surgeon. Children with co morbid conditions like anemia, upper and lower respiratory
infections were excluded from the study.
The size of adenoid tissue was graded using the grading system discussed above. Size of
adenoid is assessed by performing diagnostic nasal endoscopic examination under topical
anesthesia.

Age distribution of patients who underwent coblation adenoidectomy

Age distribution of patients who underwent cold steel adenoidectomy

Procedure:
Cold steel adenoidectomy was performed in a classic manner using conventional instruments.
Blood loss is calculated by weighing the gauze pre operatively and post operatively. Gauze
should be weighed before sending them for autoclaving.
Coblation adenoidectomy was performed by putting the patient in head up position. Soft
palate is retracted by passing a soft rubber catheter via the nasal cavity. Adenoid tissue is
visualized by passing a 0 degree 2.7 mm nasal endoscope. Oral cavity is kept open by using a
Boyles Davis mouth gag. Tonsillectomy wand is bent in such a way that it could be passed
under the soft palate. Coblation of adenoid tissue is performed under visualization. Adenoid is
ablated till the prevertebral fascia becomes visible. Adenoid tissue behind the tubal orifice can
also be ablated.

Image showing ablation of adenoid tissue using coblation

Result:

Bleeding after conventional adenoidectomy was higher than that of bleeding after coblation
tonsillectomy. On an average blood loss following conventional adenoidectomy was 50 ml
while it was 20 ml for coblation adenoidectomy.
Operating time of coblation adenoidectomy was significantly higher than that of conventional
adenoidectomy. On an average it took 20 minutes to perform coblation adenoidectomy while
it took just 5 7 minutes to perform conventional adenoidectomy.
Amount of residual adenoid tissue was assessed in both categories of patients by performing
nasal endoscopy using 2.7 mm 0 degree nasal endoscope in all these patients. The amount of
residual adenoid tissue was significantly higher in conventional adenoidectomy when compared
to that of coblation technique.

Conclusion:
Coblation technique ensures complete removal of adenoid tissue with minimal bleeding. This
helps in early resolution of secretary otitis media. Adenoid tissue present behind the tubal
tonsil can also be removed safely using coblation technique. Coblation technique does not exert
undue pressure over atlanto occipital joint because the patient is not put in Rose position and
the wand also does not exert pressure over the area. Incidence of Grisel syndrome in both
these groups will make an interesting study provided it includes a large study group.

References:
1. Gallagher TQ, Wilcox L, McGuire E, et al. Analyzing factors associated with major
complications after adenotonsillectomy in 4776 patients: comparing three tonsillectomy
techniques. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010;142:886-92
2. Regmi D, Mathur NN, Bhattarai M. Rigid endoscopic evaluation of conventional
curettage adenoidectomy. J Laryngol Otol 2011;125:53-8
3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3266095/
4. Validation of a new grading system for endoscopic examination of adenoid hypertrophy
Sanjay R. Parikh, MD, Mark Coronel, MD, James J. Lee, MD, and Seth M. Brown, MD,
New York, New York OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery (2006) 135, 684-687
5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650626
6. Horwitz RI, McFarlane MJ, Brennan TA, et al. The role of susceptibility bias in epidemiologic
research. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145:909-912.