WON The Allegiance of Filipino Citizens To The Philippines Was Suspended During The Japanese Occupation? (NO)

Laurel vs Misa
Prepared by: Cheena Tan
FACTS:
1. This is a resolution on the petition for habeas corpus filed by

Anastacio Laurel.
2. Petitioner argues that that a Filipino citizen who adhered to the
enemy giving the latter aid and comfort during the Japanese
occupation cannot be prosecuted for the crime of treason, because of
two reasons:
(1)the sovereignty of the legitimate government in the Philippines

and, consequently, the correlative allegiance of Filipino citizens
thereto was then suspended; and
(2)there was a change of sovereignty over these Islands upon the
proclamation of the Philippine Republic
ISSUES AND RATIO:

WON the allegiance of Filipino citizens to the Philippines was
suspended during the Japanese occupation? (NO)
1. A citizen owes an absolute and permanent allegiance, which

consists in the obligation of fidelity and obedience to his
government or sovereign.
This is different from a temporary allegiance which a foreigner

owes to the government or sovereign of the territory wherein he
resides, so long as he remains there, in return for the protection
he receives
2. The sovereignty of the government or sovereign de jure is not

transferred to the occupier. And if it is not transferred to the
occupant, it must necessarily remain vested in the legitimate
government. However, what may be suspended and transferred
is the exercise of the rights of sovereignty.
This is the ruling in the cases of Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez Tan
Keh and of Peralta vs. Director of Prisons.
What may be suspended is the exercise of the rights of
sovereignty with the control and government of the territory
occupied by the enemy passes temporarily to the occupant.
3. The relationship then of the inhabitant of a territory to the

occupying military force is the same as a foreigner in a
different country to his sovereign.
A foreign sovereign owes temporary allegiance to the territory
where he resided in exchange for the protection he receives.
However, a foreigner may still be convicted of treason by his
sovereign even if he is abroad.
THUS if a foreigner may be convicted so can an inhabitant in an
occupied territory be convicted by his legitimate government if
he adheres and gives aid by giving aid and comfort.
4. There is no reason why the preservation of allegiance and
obligation for fidelity must not be upheld given the fact that it
does not demand positive action but only passive attitude from
adhering to the enemy.
Moreover if the enemy forces one to commit treason he is
excused by reason of force by the enemy.
5. Rules of international law also imply that sovereignty itself is

not suspended during the enemy occupation.
Articles 23, 44, 45, and 52 of Hague Regulation
Hague Convention of 1907: military occupation of an enemy
territory does not transfer the sovereignty
6. To adopt the theory of suspended allegiance would lead to
disastrous consequences and would sanction invaders action
for forcing people of a free sovereign country to be a party in
the nefarious task of depriving themselves of their own
freedom and independence and repressing the exercise by them
of their own sovereignty.
This means that it will be easier to use the locals for wars
against their own freedoms because under this suspended
allegiance there would be no sanction for treason.
7. Hence, there is no such thing as suspended allegiance.
WON treason may be committed against the Philippines whos

sovereignty was conditinal? (YES)
1. The change in the form of government from Commonwealth to
Republic does not affect the prosecution of those charged with
treason during the former because it is an offense against the
same government and same sovereign people.

What happened was as a mere change of name of government,
from Commonwealth to the Republic of the Philippines.
Article XVIII of our Constitution provides that 'The government
established by this Constitution shall be known as the
Commonwealth of the Philippines. Upon the final and complete
withdrawal of the sovereignty of the United States and the
proclamation of Philippine independence, the Commonwealth of
the Philippines shall thenceforth be known as the Republic of
the Philippines'.
2. In parallel treason committed at that time could be committed
against both the Philippines AND the United states in the same
way that treason may be committed against each federal state.
DISSENT: J. PARAS
1. During the long period of Japanese occupation, all the political laws of
the Philippines were suspended
This is in full harmony with the generally accepted principles of
international law adopted by our Constitution (Article II, section
3) as a part of the law of the Nation.
Accordingly, we have on more than one occasion already stated
that "laws of a political nature or affecting political relations, * *
* are considered as suspended or in abeyance during the
military occupation".
The rule "that laws of political nature or affecting political
relations are considered suspended or in abeyance during the
military occupation, is intended for the governing of the civil
inhabitants of the occupied territory." (Ruffy vs. Chief of Staff,
Philippine Army, 75, Phil., 875,881.)
2. Regarding the change of sovereignty, it is true that the Philippines
wasnt sovereign at the time of the Commonwealth since it was under
the United States. Hence, the acts of treason done cannot carry over
to the new Republic where the Philippines is now indeed sovereign.
3. Thus, treason under the Revised Penal Code cannot be punishable
where the laws of the land are momentarily halted.
Nor may this penal provision be applied upon its revival at the
time of the reoccupation of the Philippines by virtue of the
principle of postliminium, because of the constitutional
inhibition against any ex post facto law and because, under
article 22 of the Revised Penal Code, criminal laws shall have a
retroactive effect only in so far as they favor the accused.

WON The Allegiance of Filipino Citizens To The Philippines Was Suspended During The Japanese Occupation? (NO)

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Laurel vs Misa

Prepared by: Cheena Tan

1. This is a resolution on the petition for habeas corpus filed by

(1)the sovereignty of the legitimate government in the Philippines

ISSUES AND RATIO:

1. A citizen owes an absolute and permanent allegiance, which

This is different from a temporary allegiance which a foreigner

2. The sovereignty of the government or sovereign de jure is not

3. The relationship then of the inhabitant of a territory to the

5. Rules of international law also imply that sovereignty itself is

7. Hence, there is no such thing as suspended allegiance.

WON treason may be committed against the Philippines whos

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