Rules of Unified English Braille 2013 PDF

The Rules of
Unified English Braille
Second Edition 2013
Edited by
Christine Simpson
Published by
International Council on English Braille

Rules of Unified English Braille ii
Copyright: Second Edition 2013 (original 2010), Round Table on

Information Access for People with Print Disabilities Inc. and International
Council on English Braille.
This publication is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-

Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.5 Australia Licence. To view a copy of
this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/au/
or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300,
San Francisco, California 94105, USA.
ISBN: 978-0-9807064-6-8
CONTACT:
International Council on English Braille
ueb@iceb.org
www.iceb.org
Round Table on Information Access for People with Print Disabilities Inc.
PO Box 229, Lindisfarne, Tasmania 7015 Australia
admin@printdisability.org
www.printdisability.org
The official version of The Rules of Unified English Braille is held as a PDF file
on the ICEB website. Print and braille versions of the Rulebook may be
downloaded from there.
Associated Document:
Unified English Braille Guidelines for Technical Material (available for
download from the ICEB website)
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Rules of Unified English Braille iii
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ..............................................................................iii
Foreword to the First Edition .............................................................xi
Foreword to the Second Edition ...................................................... xiii
Preface to the First Edition ............................................................... xv
Preface to the Second Edition.......................................................... xix
Acknowledgements ......................................................................... xxi
About This Book............................................................................. xxiii
Section 1: Introduction..................................................................... 1
1.1 Definition of braille ..................................................................... 1
1.2 Principles of Unified English Braille ............................................... 2
1.3 Basic signs found in other forms of English braille ......................... 3
Contractions ........................................................................................ 3
Punctuation ......................................................................................... 4
Composition signs (indicators) .............................................................. 4
General symbols................................................................................... 4
Technical subjects ................................................................................ 5
Section 2: Terminology and General Rules ........................................ 7
2.1 Terminology ............................................................................... 7
2.2 Contractions summary ................................................................ 9
2.3 Following print.......................................................................... 10
2.4 Indicators and modes ............................................................... 11
2.5 Grades of braille ....................................................................... 13
Uncontracted (grade 1) braille ............................................................ 13
Contracted (grade 2) braille ................................................................ 14
Other grades of braille ........................................................................ 15
2.6 Standing alone ......................................................................... 15
Section 3: General Symbols and Indicators .................................... 19
3.1 Ampersand @& ......................................................................... 21
3.2 Arrows \ \o \% \[ \+ ..................................................... 21
3.3 Asterisk "9 dagger @,? and double dagger @,] ..................... 21
3.4 Braille grouping indicators < > ................................................. 23
3.5 Bullet _4 ................................................................................. 24
3.6 Caret @5.................................................................................. 24
3.7 Commercial at sign @a ............................................................. 25
3.8 Copyright ^c registered ^r and trademark ^t signs ................. 25
3.9 Crosses @,? ;x ;,x "8 .................................................... 25
3.10 Currency signs @c @e @f @l @n @s @y ........................ 26
3.11 Degrees ^j minutes 7 ' and seconds 77 ,7 ........................ 27
3.12 Ditto mark "1 .......................................................................... 28
3.13 Dot locator for "mention" .= .................................................... 28
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3.14 Dot locator for "use" ""= ........................................................ 29
3.15 Feet 7 ' and inches 77 ,7 .................................................. 30
3.16 Female (Venus) ^x and male (Mars) ^y signs .......................... 30
3.17 Mathematical signs: plus "6 equals "7 multiplication "8
division "/ minus "- ratio 3 proportion 33 less-than @< and
greater-than @>....................................................................... 31
3.18 Music accidentals: natural #* flat #< sharp #% ....................... 32
3.19 Number sign (crosshatch, hash, pound sign) _? ........................ 33
3.20 Paragraph ^p and section ^s signs .......................................... 33
3.21 Percent sign .0 ....................................................................... 33
3.22 Shapes $ ................................................................................. 34
3.23 Space ...................................................................................... 35
3.24 Subscript 5 and superscript 9 indicators.................................... 36
3.25 Tilde (swung dash) @9 ............................................................. 36
3.26 Transcriber-defined symbols ? #? @#? ^#? _#? "#?
.#?........................................................................................ 37
3.27 Transcriber's note indicators @.< @.> ................................... 39
Section 4: Letters and Their Modifiers ............................................ 41
4.1 English alphabet....................................................................... 41
4.2 Modifiers.................................................................................. 42
4.3 Ligatured letters ....................................................................... 46
4.4 Eng and schwa......................................................................... 47
4.5 Greek letters ............................................................................ 48
Section 5: Grade 1 Mode ................................................................. 51
5.1 Mode indicators ........................................................................ 51
5.2 Grade 1 symbol indicator ;....................................................... 51
5.3 Grade 1 word indicator ;; ....................................................... 52
5.4 Grade 1 passage indicator ;;; ................................................ 52
5.5 Grade 1 terminator ;' ............................................................. 53
5.6 Numeric indicator #.................................................................. 53
5.7 Grade 1 mode avoids confusion with contractions ...................... 54
5.8 Grade 1 indicators and capitalisation ......................................... 55
5.9 Choice of indicators .................................................................. 56
5.10 Optional use of the grade 1 indicator ......................................... 57
5.11 Use of grade 1 indicators in grade 1 text ................................... 57
Section 6: Numeric Mode ................................................................. 59
6.1 Numeric indicators #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i
#j #1 #4............................................................................ 59
6.2 Numeric mode symbols............................................................. 60
6.3 Termination of numeric mode ................................................... 61
6.4 Placement of numeric prefix with full stop (period) ..................... 61
6.5 Numeric indicators set grade 1 mode........................................ 62
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6.6 The numeric space "a "b "c "d "e "f "g "h "i
"j .......................................................................................... 63
6.7 Treatment of dates, time, coinage, etc. ...................................... 64
6.8 Spaced numeric indicator # ....................................................... 65
6.9 Numeric passage indicator ## and numeric terminator #' ......... 66
6.10 Division of a number between lines............................................ 66
Section 7: Punctuation ................................................................... 69
7.1 General .................................................................................... 70
7.2 Dash, low line (underscore), long dash and hyphen ,- .-
",- - ................................................................................... 72
Hyphen(s) used as dash ..................................................................... 73
7.3 Ellipsis 444 ............................................................................. 74
7.4 Solidus (forward slash) _/ ........................................................ 74
7.5 Question mark 8 ...................................................................... 75
7.6 Quotation marks 8 0 ^8 ^0 ,8 ,0 _8 _0
,7 ' ................................................................................. 76
7.7 Multi-line brackets ,"< ,"> ,.< ,.> ,_< ,_> .. 78
Section 8: Capitalisation ................................................................. 79
8.1 Use of capitals .......................................................................... 79
8.2 Extent of capitals mode ............................................................. 79
8.3 Defining a capital letter ............................................................. 79
8.4 Capitalised word indicator ,, ................................................... 80
8.5 Capitalised passage indicator ,,, ............................................ 83
8.6 Capitals terminator ,' ............................................................. 86
8.7 Placement of indicators ............................................................. 87
8.8 Choice of capitalised indicators .................................................. 87
8.9 Accented letters in fully capitalised words................................... 89
Section 9: Typeforms ...................................................................... 91
9.1 Deciding when to use typeform indicators .................................. 92
9.2 Typeform symbol indicators .2 ^2 _2 @2 @#2 ................. 93
9.3 Typeform word indicators .1 ^1 _1 @1 @#1 .................... 94
9.4 Typeform passage indicators and terminators .7 .'
^7 ^' _7 _' @7 @' @#7 @#'..................... 96
9.5 Transcriber-defined typeform indicators @#2 @#1 @#7
@#' ........................................................................................ 97
9.6 Small capitals ........................................................................... 98
9.7 Placement of typeform symbols with punctuation ....................... 99
9.8 Multiple typeform indicators for the same text .......................... 101
9.9 Typeform passages extending across consecutive same text
elements ................................................................................ 101
Section 10: Contractions .............................................................. 103
10.1 Alphabetic wordsigns .............................................................. 103
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10.2 Strong wordsigns ....................................................................106
10.3 Strong contractions .................................................................108
10.4 Strong groupsigns ...................................................................109
ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st .........................................................................111
ing ...................................................................................................112
10.5 Lower wordsigns .....................................................................112
be, were, his, was.............................................................................113
enough ............................................................................................114
in .....................................................................................................114
Lower sign rule .................................................................................116
10.6 Lower groupsigns ....................................................................116
be, con, dis ......................................................................................116
ea, bb, cc, ff, gg ...............................................................................119
ea ....................................................................................................121
en, in ...............................................................................................122
Lower sign rule .................................................................................123
10.7 Initial-letter contractions ..........................................................124
Dots 45 ............................................................................................124
Dots 456 ..........................................................................................124
Dot 5 ...............................................................................................124
upon, these, those, whose, there .......................................................127
had ..................................................................................................128
ever .................................................................................................128
here, name.......................................................................................129
one ..................................................................................................130
some ...............................................................................................131
time .................................................................................................131
under ...............................................................................................132
10.8 Final-letter groupsigns .............................................................132
Dots 46 ............................................................................................132
Dots 56 ............................................................................................132
ity ....................................................................................................135
ness .................................................................................................135
10.9 Shortforms..............................................................................135
Shortforms as words .........................................................................136
Shortforms as parts of longer words ..................................................137
Words not appearing on the Shortforms List .......................................139
Avoiding confusion with shortforms....................................................140
10.10 Preference ..............................................................................142
Lower sign rule .................................................................................145
10.11 Bridging ..................................................................................146
Compound words..............................................................................146
Aspirated "h" ....................................................................................146
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Prefixes ........................................................................................... 147
Suffixes ........................................................................................... 150
Diphthongs ...................................................................................... 151
10.12 Miscellaneous............................................................................ 152
Abbreviations and acronyms ............................................................. 152
Computer material ........................................................................... 155
Dialect ............................................................................................. 156
Fragments of words ......................................................................... 156
Guidelines when pronunciation or syllabification is unknown ............... 157
Lisping............................................................................................. 158
Medial punctuation and indicators ..................................................... 158
Omitted letters ................................................................................. 160
Speech hesitation, slurred words, vocal sounds .................................. 160
Spelling ........................................................................................... 160
Stammering ..................................................................................... 161
Syllabified words .............................................................................. 162
10.13 Word division ......................................................................... 162
Hyphenated words ........................................................................... 163
Alphabetic wordsigns and strong wordsigns ....................................... 164
ing .................................................................................................. 165
Lower sign rule ................................................................................ 165
Dash ............................................................................................... 165
be, con, dis ...................................................................................... 166
ea, bb, cc, ff, gg .............................................................................. 167
Final-letter groupsigns ...................................................................... 167
Shortforms....................................................................................... 167
Section 11: Technical Material....................................................... 169
11.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 169
11.2 Signs of operation and comparison .......................................... 169
Some common operation signs ......................................................... 169
Some common comparison signs ...................................................... 169
Spacing of operation and comparison signs in non-technical material .. 169
Spacing of operation and comparison signs in technical material ......... 170
11.3 Fractions ................................................................................ 170
Simple numeric fractions................................................................... 170
Mixed numbers ................................................................................ 171
Fractions written in linear form in print .............................................. 171
General fraction indicators ................................................................ 171
11.4 Superscripts and subscripts ..................................................... 172
Definition of an item ......................................................................... 172
Superscripts and subscripts within literary text ................................... 172
Algebraic expressions involving superscripts ...................................... 173
11.5 Square roots and other radicals ............................................... 173
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Square roots.....................................................................................174
Cube roots etc ..................................................................................174
11.6 Arrows....................................................................................174
Simple arrows...................................................................................174
Arrows with non-standard shafts .......................................................175
Arrows with non-standard tips ...........................................................175
Less common arrows ........................................................................176
11.7 Shape symbols ........................................................................176
Use of the shape termination indicator ...............................................176
Transcriber-defined shapes ...............................................................176
Physical enclosure indicator [ ...........................................................177
11.8 Matrices and vectors................................................................177
Placement of multi-line grouping symbols...........................................177
11.9 Chemistry ...............................................................................178
Use of capital indicators and terminators ............................................178
11.10 Computer notation ..................................................................178
Definition of computer notation .........................................................178
Grade of braille in computer notation .................................................178
Section 12: Early Forms of English................................................ 181
Section 13: Foreign Language ...................................................... 185
Foreign code signs used in this section (non-UEB symbols) .................185
13.1 Determining what is foreign .....................................................185
13.2 Using UEB contractions ............................................................188
13.3 Guidelines for contracting anglicised words derived from
specific languages ...................................................................190
13.4 Representing accented letters ..................................................190
13.5 Using UEB signs ......................................................................190
13.6 Using foreign code signs ..........................................................192
13.7 Code switch indicators .............................................................195
13.8 Mixed-language literature ........................................................196
Section 14: Code Switching .......................................................... 199
Code switching indicators ..................................................................199
Code switching indicators for IPA Braille .............................................199
Code switching indicators for music braille .........................................199
Code switching indicators for Nemeth Code ........................................199
Non-UEB symbols used in this section ................................................200
14.1 Purpose of code switching .......................................................201
14.2 When to use code switching indicators .....................................202
14.3 How to use code switching indicators .......................................203
14.4 IPA Braille within UEB text .......................................................207
14.5 Music braille within UEB text ....................................................208
14.6 Nemeth Code within UEB text ..................................................209
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Section 15: Scansion, Stress and Tone ......................................... 211
15.1 Scansion, Line Marking............................................................ 211
15.2 Stress .................................................................................... 212
15.3 Tone ...................................................................................... 214
15.4 Phonetic scansion, stress and tone .......................................... 215
Section 16: Line Mode, Guide Dots ............................................... 217
16.1 When to use line mode ........................................................... 217
16.2 Horizontal line mode ............................................................... 217
16.3 Diagonal and vertical lines ....................................................... 221
16.4 Combining lines ...................................................................... 223
16.5 Guide dots ............................................................................. 227
Appendix 1: Shortforms List ......................................................... 229
The list ............................................................................................. 229
Added "s" and apostrophe "s" ........................................................... 229
Rules for list construction ..................................................................... 239
Shortforms as words ........................................................................ 239
Shortforms as parts of longer words .................................................. 239
after, blind and friend ....................................................................... 240
be and con shortforms...................................................................... 240
Appendix 2: Word List .................................................................. 241
Appendix 3: Symbols List.............................................................. 275
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Rules of Unified English Braille xi
Foreword to the First Edition

It is a great pleasure for me to write the Foreword to The Rules of Unified English
Braille and to chart the course of the development of Unified English Braille (UEB)
over almost 20 years.
It has been an incredible journey! one that began in 1991 when the Braille Authority
of North America (BANA) embarked on a research project to determine the
feasibility of unifying its literary and technical codes. In 1993 the
internationalisation of the project became a reality when the International Council
on English Braille (ICEB) accepted the BANA proposal at its first executive meeting
in Sydney, Australia. UEB was on the super highway! The destination remained
unchanged but much of the journey had to be repeated over uncertain terrain.
The research and development to harmonise English Braille across codes and
between countries has been based on six core principles:
1. use a 6 dot braille cell;
2. encompass Grade I and Grade II braille without making any major changes to
the contractions of Grade II braille;
3. be usable by both beginning and advanced braille readers;
4. be computable to the greatest degree possible, without detriment to
readability, from print to braille to print and employing an unambiguous braille
representation of each print symbol;
5. embed textbook, mathematics, computer and other technical codes (excluding
the music code); and
6. consider all submitted English braille codes in its formulation.
Braille experts from each of the participating countries of Australia, Canada, New
Zealand, Nigeria, South Africa, United Kingdom and United States have from time to
time re-examined previous decisionsalthough the core principles underpinning UEB
have remained unchangedin their painstaking analysis to assign symbols and
codify the details of UEB. Each of these experts brought their own perspectives as
code developers, educators, transcribers, proofreaders, and braille readerswho
were always in the majority. These amazing participants were sustained by faith in
their ability to compromise and the soul-searching necessary to leave behind the
differences in English braille codes to realize the dream of a unified code for the
future.
Recent social and technological changes have had major impacts on the lives of
braille readers. Integration at school, at work, and into society in general requires
braille that is compatible with print. Rules of the braille codes that served context-
based braille in the past became a roadblock to todays automated production
methods because of their huge reliance on human intervention. Technology offers
accessibility to material produced electronically. UEB, by adhering to its six
underlying principles, has provided the braille code for today and tomorrow.
Along the way, the journey involved countless email discussions. There were also
face-to-face meetings of the Contractions, Formats, Math and Rules Committees
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Rules of Unified English Braille xii
which devoted several days to resolve many months of electronic debate. Such
things as:
What to do about contraction usage and bridging syllables? The Contractions
Committee was occupied for several years with these challenges.
What were the best ways to use the new UEB symbols to express technical
materials? The Math Committee published the Guidelines for Technical Material
in 2008.
Should shortform words be governed by rules, by a list, or by a combination of
both? The approach to shortforms was rendered in March, 2010.
What to do about accents in words? Finally it was decided that the accent would
precede the affected letter, and that all accents would be shown.
One of UEBs main roadmaps gives the details for symbol construction. These guide
the creation of future symbols and ensure that a symbols beginning and ending are
always identifiableso important because many braille symbols are more than one
cell.
Now, in June 2010, the UEB Rulebook is being published. Those involved in the
project did not anticipate the length and complexity of their journey in the
intervening years; but they soon discovered that having the principles, although the
most important step, was only the first of many. Another factor was that all of the
participants in the UEB project did so as volunteers with support obtained by their
braille authorities. This truly was the project of a lifetime for them and worthy of the
thousands of hours they gave to advancing UEB to its completion.
While this journey is complete, another one has begun as braille authorities in
Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Nigeria and South Africa have adopted UEB and
implementation has commenced. Many people are excited about UEBs refreshment
of the braille code supporting the integration of blind people into the multi-faceted
information society.
The UEB Rulebook will give great assistance to all who are currently working with
UEB as well as those who will do so in the future. I congratulate the Australian
Braille Authority for undertaking this very worthwhile and necessary project and all
those who have assisted with its completion in such a short time.
I also extend my very best wishes to all those who will be taking part in the journey
of the future of Unified English Braille.
Darleen Bogart
Chair, UEB Project Committee
19912010
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Rules of Unified English Braille xiii
Foreword to the Second Edition

Unified English Braille continues to expand its reach. As this second edition is
published, the braille authorities of the United Kingdom and the United States have
adopted UEB and are planning its implementation. The Irish National Braille and
Alternative Format Association (INBAF) joined ICEB in December 2012, increasing
our membership to eight. They will also be implementing UEB.
We are all indebted to Phyllis Landon for the diligent manner in which she has led
the continued development of the UEB Rulebook. Her ability to cogently present the
precise details of rules and examples is a huge asset to ICEB and I congratulate her
and the Code Maintenance Committee on achieving a landmark publication for the
ICEB.
Peter Osborne
President, International Council on English Braille
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Rules of Unified English Braille xiv
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Rules of Unified English Braille xv
Preface to the First Edition

Unified English Braille (UEB) was adopted as Australias official braille code on May
14 2005 during the Annual Meeting of the Australian Braille Authority (ABA). At the
time, there were few teaching and learning resources available for UEB, and
although the UEB Primer developed by Josie Howse in 2006 continues to be
invaluable for anyone learning the basics of UEB, there was clearly a need for an
authoritative and complete elaboration of the rules of the new code that could be
used by braille educators, producers, and readers.
After preliminary discussion with several organisations involved in the teaching and
production of braille, a project brief was adopted by the ABA Executive in August
2007 for the development of what has come to be known as the UEB Rulebook. The
proposal included a specification of the work that would be required, as well as a
budget for the project. There was discussion by the Executive of the Round Table on
Information Access for People with Print Disabilities Inc. (of which the ABA is a
subcommittee), and also at the General Assembly of the International Council on
English Braille (ICEB) in April 2008. Following some fine-tuning of the original
proposal, sponsorship was sought for the project in June 2008, and five
organisations contributed funds to allow the project to commence in August 2008.
Christine Simpson was engaged by the Round Table to edit and compile the
Rulebook based on the core formulation of the rules of UEB that was being done by
the committees of the ICEB responsible for developing UEB. Christine is an
experienced teacher of braille to adults, a leading producer of braille materials in
Australia, and a lifelong user of braille in all aspects of her personal and professional
life. Under the guidance of the ABA Executive, the UEB Rulebook development was
supported by a Project Advisory Committee comprising representatives from the ABA
Executive, the sponsoring organisations, and ICEB. This Committee has met
regularly during the past two years, and has provided invaluable advice on all
aspects of the books development. The members of the Committee were:
Bruce Maguire (Chair, Australian Braille Authority, and Chair of the Project
Advisory Committee)
Leona Holloway (Vision Australia)
Josie Howse (Editor UEB Primer, ABA Executive Committee member)
Bill Jolley (Australias ICEB Representative)
Phyllis Landon (Chair, UEB Rules Committee ICEB)
Janet Reynolds (Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind)
Stefan Slucki (Royal Society for the Blind, South Australia)
Maria Stevens (Braille Authority of New Zealand)
Nicola Stowe/Tristan Clare (Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children)
RNIB chose not to appoint a member to the Committee. Christine Simpson provided
secretarial support for the Committee.
As the UEB Rulebook nears completion, it is invigorating to reflect on the factors
that have combined to nourish the project and ensure its success. I have identified
three: collaboration, commitment, and convergence.
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Rules of Unified English Braille xvi
The development of UEB itself has been a triumph of collaborative endeavour, and it
is not an exaggeration to say that with the Rulebook, collaboration has reached its
apotheosis. Collaboration between organisations, collaboration between individuals,
and collaboration among countries has all been integral to the success of the
Rulebook. While some of this collaborative work took place through telephone
meetings and face-to-face discussion, much of it was made possible by technologies
such as the Internet, computer software, and refreshable braille displays. It is hard
to imagine, for example, how the Rulebook could have been developed in such a
comparatively short time without email, sophisticated word-processing software, and
the Duxbury Braille Translator. Braille and emerging technologies are sometimes
portrayed as competitors, especially by those who do not understand, and who thus
feel threatened by, the liberating empowerment that braille offers. UEB seeks to
equip braille (which, ironically, is one of the first digital technologies in every sense
of that word) with the flexibility to evolve synergistically with other technologies.
Indeed, the Internet and much computer software have evolved at the same time as
UEB itself has been developed, and the Rulebook embodies a true technological
harmony. We have been able to collaborate much more effectively, and reach a
much wider group of braille users for feedback and comment, than would have been
possible when the UEB project was begun. The result is that the Rulebook is truly an
example of democracy in action, and it is responsive to the needs of a broad
spectrum of braille users.
The Rulebook could not have been developed without the commitment of many
people and groups. The organisations who provided financial sponsorship of the
project have demonstrated their commitment to UEB and the aims and objectives of
the Rulebook. The sponsors are:
Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children (Australia)
Royal National Institute of Blind People (UK)
Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind
Royal Society for the Blind, South Australia
Vision Australia.
In addition to providing financial support, the sponsors have been generous with
staff time for attending meetings of the Project Advisory Committee and reviewing
drafts as the Rulebook has progressed.
The ICEB has been strongly committed to the UEB Rulebook project since the
earliest stages of planning, and has expedited the work of the UEB Rules Committee
and the UEB Project Committee to help ensure that the Rulebook could be
completed on time and within budget. The ICEB has been represented on the
Project Advisory Committee, and ICEB members have provided valuable feedback on
the various drafts that have been circulated for comment.
The members of the Project Advisory Committee have all shown a personal
commitment to the Rulebook project, and the result reflects their valuable input,
advice, and feedback. The Committee met 14 times by teleconference, and all
meetings were well-attended, and characterised by enthusiastic and thoughtful
discussion.
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Rules of Unified English Braille xvii
The Executive of the Round Table, led by Brian Conway in his role of Round Table
President, has been committed to the UEB Rulebook Project through the
management of its financial aspects, as well as assisting with the design of the
Rulebook cover, and arranging for printing.
The Round Table provides a forum for organisations in Australia and New Zealand
with an interest in print disability to collaborate on matters of common concern,
such as the development of standards and guidelines. The Round Table was
successful in obtaining Government funding for UEB workshops that were held
throughout Australia in the mid-1990s. The input and feedback provided by these
workshops helped to shape the development of UEB in various ways and, ultimately,
have influenced the content and structure of the Rulebook.
Many people have worked hard, often behind the scenes, to support and promote
the development of the UEB Rulebook. In this sense, the Rulebook has been
enriched by the commitment of the braille community, acting individually and
together, to renew and consolidate the work that Louis Braille began almost 200
years ago.
In todays world of digital media, the term convergence is generally used to refer
to a coming-together or blending of previously separate technologies. So we can
say that over the past two decades there has been a growing convergence of
telecommunications, computing and publishing, to the point where individuals can
now create content using their computers, and then publish it on various websites
using their mobile phones. However, in the context of the UEB Rulebook, I am using
the term convergence to refer to a felicitous coming-together of personal
attributes, capacities and qualities that have formed a sure foundation for the
project. Everyone involved in one way or another with the project bears witness to
the notion that ordinary people can accomplish extraordinary things, but three
people stand out.
Phyllis Landon has provided constant enthusiasm, leadership and wisdom as she has
chaired the UEB Rules Committee, drafted the various rules, and provided a never-
ending source of ingenious examples that will, I am sure, enlighten generations of
UEB students. Phylliss contribution is imprinted on every page of the Rulebook
(even this one), and it has been a privilege to work with her.
Darleen Bogart is almost as synonymous with UEB as Louis Braille is with braille.
Darleen has been the Chair of the UEB project initiative since it was internationalised
in 1993, and for two years before that she was Chair of the committee established
by the Braille Authority of North America (BANA) to investigate the feasibility of
creating a unified braille code. In 1993 the expectation was that the development of
UEB would be completed within three years. We may have initially under-estimated
the magnitude of the task, but during the past 17 years, Darleen has never
waivered in her passionate belief that braille deserves the best that we can bring to
it, and then some more. She has occasionally cajoled, sometimes persuaded, often
encouraged, but always inspired us by her commitment, diplomacy, insight, and
focus. Darleen has been an enthusiastic supporter of the UEB Rulebook project from
the beginning, and she has nurtured it at every step along the way.
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Rules of Unified English Braille xviii
Christine Simpson was always the obvious choice as the editor and compiler of the
Rulebook. As a braille teacher, she has an in-depth knowledge of UEB itself, and she
knows how to communicate that knowledge in ways that lead to effective learning;
as a producer of braille, Christine has an unsurpassed knowledge of the intricacies
of braille translation and formatting; and as a user of braille, she has the dedication
and passion to flow over, under, and around any obstacles and overcome any
challenges. The development of the Rulebook has certainly presented some
technical challenges. To allow drafts of the Rulebooks individual sections to be
produced and updated effectively and efficiently in both print and braille, Christine
developed an innovative approach that combined use of Microsoft Words Styles and
Template features with some of the advanced capabilities of the Duxbury Braille
Translator. These techniques that Christine pioneered will be of value to anyone
who needs to produce complex documents in print and braille through multiple
revisions, and they certainly made it possible to provide much greater opportunities
for feedback than would have otherwise been the case.
Christine has devoted almost two years of her working life to the development of
the UEB Rulebook, and the result is a work of outstanding quality, accuracy, clarity,
and value. It is a rich and lasting testimony to Christines personal dedication to
braille, her ability to harmonise different and sometimes quite divergent perspectives
into a consensus, and her capacity to think creatively about the teaching, learning
and use of braille.
The UEB Rulebook is the culmination of a journey that celebrates the contemporary
relevance and vitality of braille. There will, of course, be future editions of the
Rulebook as UEB continues to evolve and we gain more experience of using UEB in
a variety of situations. No doubt each subsequent edition will have its own particular
style in response to particular needs and challenges. This first edition, though, is
one-of-a-kind (as first editions are apt to be): it sets a benchmark and establishes
expectations of excellence that can only be good for braille and UEB.
We hope that the UEB Rulebook will be a valued resource for anyone who teaches
braille, produces braille, or reads and writes braille. It is a book to be used and kept
close at hand rather than left to languish on a shelf.
Above all, we hope that the UEB Rulebook will help strengthen braille as the primary
literacy medium of people who are blind, and in so doing enable braille users to
participate fully in all aspects of life.
Bruce Maguire
Chair, UEB Rulebook Project Advisory Committee
20082010
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille xix
Preface to the Second Edition

At the meeting of its Executive in July 2010, responsibility for the maintenance of
Unified English Braille was assumed by the International Council on English Braille.
At that time, the Code Maintenance Committee (CMC) was established "to ensure
that the ongoing work associated with the maintenance of UEB be carried out
efficiently, effectively, and with appropriate stakeholder representation."
The members of the CMC since its formation have been:

Sheila Armstrong (United Kingdom) to December 2012
Antonnette Botha (South Africa)
James Bowden (United Kingdom) from January 2013
Christo de Klerk (South Africa)
Leona Holloway (Australia) from December 2010
Phyllis Landon, Chair (Canada)
Stuart Lawlor (Ireland) from April 2013
Bruce Maguire (Australia) to November 2010
Jean Obi (Nigeria)
Christine Simpson (Australia)
Maria Stevens (New Zealand)
Joe Sullivan (United States)
The work of the CMC has resulted in this second edition of the Rulebook. All major
additions and substantive changes have been approved by the ICEB Executive.
The following sections of the Rulebook are new:

Section 14: Code Switching
Section 15: Scansion, Stress and Tone
Section 16: Line Mode, Guide Dots
This edition includes two new appendices which are:

Appendix 2: Word List
Appendix 3: Symbols List
Also new to this edition are:

UEB signs for the music accidentals (3.18)
Nemeth Code indicator (14.6)
Other changes have been made to correct errors in the first edition (of which there
were very few) and to clarify issues. Refer, in particular, to:
2.3.1 and 2.3.2 (capitalization is not considered ornamentation);
2.4.7 (UEB modes may not extend through a switch to another code);
3.2 (the basic arrow signs);
4.2 (print representations of the modifiers are now included);
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Rules of Unified English Braille xx
5.6.2 and 6.5.1 (the grade 1 terminator may be inserted to terminate grade 1
mode when established by the numeric indicator).
The completion of this second edition is thanks to the efforts of many accomplished
people. Christine Simpson once again did an outstanding job of editing the print
edition and ensuring a consistent appearance. Leona Holloway produced the
symbols list and developed a method to provide an accurate representation of the
letter modifiers for print readers. The braille edition was produced by CNIB
volunteer transcribers. Mary Hughes and Jill Cooter are to be commended for their
timely, accurate, and thorough transcription and proofreading. All members of the
Code Maintenance Committee at some point contributed to this edition, whether
through examples, suggestions, ideas or commentary. We have been fortunate to
have the benefit of their time, experience, knowledge and wisdom.
I would like to thank Mary Schnackenberg for her assistance and encouragement,
particularly when the Committee was first starting out. Pete Osborne has ensured
that all matters brought to the ICEB Executive were dealt with quickly and
efficiently.
This second edition reflects the unity of purpose and sense of cooperation within the
English braille world. On behalf of the Code Maintenance Committee, I trust the
Rulebook will be a valued reference tool which will contribute to a uniform standard
and the increased exchange of materials for the readers of English braille.
Phyllis Landon
Chair, ICEB Code Maintenance Committee
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille xxi
Acknowledgements
Publication of this second edition of The Rules of Unified English Braille is the result
of work undertaken by many people over an extended period of time.
Editing and production of the first edition of this Rulebook was sponsored by the
following organisations. I acknowledge and thank:
Royal National Institute of Blind People (UK)
Royal Institute for Deaf and Blind Children (Australia)
Vision Australia
Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind
Royal Society for the Blind of South Australia
During the process of compiling and editing this publication I have greatly
appreciated the hard work and dedication of the many people who have provided
source material and feedback. Formulation of the braille rules and compilation of
many of the examples was originally undertaken by members of the UEB Rules
Committee most capably lead by Phyllis Landon.
Phyllis has continued to lead the process of documenting and refining the UEB Rules
and has spent countless hours drafting and wordsmithing text. Now, as Chair of the
ICEB Code Maintenance Committee, she, along with her Committee, continues to
give valuable hours of support and guidance to the development of this publication.
My thanks also go to members of the Rulebook Project Advisory Committee. Lead by
Bruce Maguire, they provided me with invaluable guidance, encouragement and
feedback for the production of our first edition and have sustained their support for
the project in more recent times.
In particular I acknowledge with true appreciation the constant feedback, careful
proofing and advice given to me by Phyllis Landon, Leona Holloway, Bill Jolley and
Kathy Riessen. Without their careful review of wording, their numerous
suggestions, additions and corrections, this Rulebook would not serve as the
invaluable reference tool that readers have come to know and rely upon.
And finally, a special thank you to my husband John, whose thoughtful assistance
with the print layout has been truly appreciated. His many suggestions to refine the
visual look of this document have helped to make a complex set of rules and
examples appear clear, uncluttered and easily manageable.
Christine Simpson
Editor
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille xxii
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille xxiii
About This Book

The Rules of Unified English Braille is primarily intended for use by braille
transcribers, although it is hoped that it will also serve as a key reference for braille
translation software developers and other braille experts.
This publication is not a manual for learning braille. It is a reference that a
transcriber may use often and a reader of braille may use occasionally for
clarification. Topics are not in an order which allows the reader to learn the braille
code. Good braille knowledge is essential for effective use of this publication.
The statement of each braille rule is followed by useage examples. Cross-
references and notes are also included. The words Refer to:" indicate text directing
the reader to related material and the word Note: indicates text that serves to
clarify a point, or to remind the reader of something important.
Text in square brackets should be considered as an "editorial note; included for the
purpose of helping the reader better understand an example or a point being
illustrated. Text in round brackets is usually part of an example.
The print version has been prepared using SimBraille font for all braille examples, so
it does not show the dot locator preceding the symbols under discussion. However,
in the braille version the dot locator has been added where required.
Examples in the print version show the text in regular font and then in SimBraille.
Examples are shown just once in the braille version. Where more than one example
is placed on the same line, multiple spaces have been inserted for separation. In
some instances a Transcriber Note has been added to the braille text to ensure that
the point being illustrated is clear to the braille reader.
Under the heading Examples: readers will see instances of where a particular
symbols-sequence or contraction is used, followed under the heading But: by a
listing of instances where such symbols-sequences or contractions may not be used.
Lists of symbols are mostly in braille order (see Section 1.1.2, Introduction).
Section 11: Technical Material summarises information in Unified English Braille
Guidelines for Technical Material that constitutes rules rather than guidelines. It is
presented in a slightly different style from the rest of the Rulebook. Print and braille
versions of The Guidelines document can be downloaded from http://www.iceb.org.
Appendix 1 presents the shortforms in alphabetic order, together with their
associated wordlists. Each shortform wordlist is in two parts: firstly listing words
which begin with the shortform, and then listing words where the shortform follows
another syllable or syllables.
Appendix 2 provides an alphabetic list of all example words used in Section 10 to
show contraction use.
Appendix 3 is the complete list of UEB symbols in braille order. It shows, where
applicable: UEB symbol, print symbol (print edition only), unicode value, symbol
name, usage and reference.
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Rules of Unified English Braille xxiv
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Rules of Unified English Braille 1: Introduction 1
Section 1: Introduction
1.1 Definition of braille
1.1.1 Braille is a tactile method of reading and writing for blind people
developed by Louis Braille (18091852), a blind Frenchman. The
braille system uses six raised dots in a systematic arrangement with
two columns of three dots, known as a braille cell. By convention,
the dots in the left column are numbered 1, 2 and 3 from top to
bottom and the dots in the right column are numbered 4, 5 and 6
from top to bottom.
1 4
2 5
3 6
1.1.2 The six dots of the braille cell are configured in 64 possible
combinations (including the space which has no dots present). The
63 braille characters with dots are grouped in a table of seven lines.
This table is used to establish "braille order" for listing braille signs.
Line 1: a b c d e f g h i j
Line 2: k l m n o p q r s t
Line 3: u v x y z & = ( ! )
Line 4: * < % ? : $ ] \ [ w
Line 5: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Line 6: / + # > ' -
Line 7: @ ^ _ " . ; ,
Line 1 is formed with characters in the upper part of the cell, using
dots 1, 2, 4 and 5.
Line 2 adds dot 3 to each of the characters in Line 1.
Line 3 adds dots 3 and 6 to each of the characters in Line 1.
Line 4 adds dot 6 to each of the characters in Line 1.
Line 5 repeats the dot configurations of Line 1 in the lower part of the
cell, using dots 2, 3, 5 and 6.
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Line 6 is formed with characters using dots 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Line 7 is formed with characters in the right column of the cell, using
dots 4, 5 and 6.
1.1.3 An individual may write braille by hand either using a slate and stylus
to push dots out from the back of the paper working from right to left
or using a mechanical device called a brailler. A person may also use
an embosser to reproduce an electronic braille file. These methods
all produce embossed braille on hardcopy paper.
1.1.4 A person may read an electronic braille file by using a refreshable
braille display attached to his/her computer. This employs pins which
raise and lower to form the braille characters.
1.1.5 Originally developed to represent the French language, braille has
been adapted for English and many other languages.
1.1.6 Braille is used to represent all subject matter, including literature,
mathematics, science and technology. Louis Braille developed the
system which is used worldwide today for representing music.
1.2 Principles of Unified English Braille

1.2.1 Unified English Braille (UEB) is a system of English braille which
represents all subjects except music.
1.2.2 The purpose of UEB is to allow the reader to understand without
ambiguity what symbols are being expressed by a given braille text.
1.2.3 The primary transcribing rule is to produce braille that, when read,
yields exactly the original print text (apart from purely ornamental
aspects).
1.2.4 A print symbol has one braille equivalent in UEB. Use the braille sign
for that print symbol regardless of the subject area.
1.2.5 In UEB the 64 braille characters including the space are designated as
being either a prefix or a root. There are 8 prefixes: # plus the
braille characters formed from the dots in the right column of the cell,
that is the characters from Line 7 of the table in section 1.1.2 above.
The other 56 braille characters are roots. The UEB prefixes are:
# @ ^ _ " . ; ,
1.2.6 The last two braille characters in the table ; and , are special
prefixes. A special prefix may be used in combination with another
special prefix to form a braille sign. Such braille signs are used only
as indicators.
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Example:
The passage indicators ;;; and ,,,
1.2.7 Any other braille sign in UEB is constructed from a root or from a root
plus one or more prefixes.
Examples:
s "s .s @.< ,^/ @#?
1.3 Basic signs found in other forms of English braille

Note: In the following sections, only braille signs found in both
English Braille American Edition and British Braille are listed.
Contractions
1.3.1 Other forms of English braille write the wordsigns for "a", "and",
"for", "of", "the" and "with" unspaced from one another.
1.3.2 Other forms of English braille use the following contractions which
are not used in UEB:
o'c o'clock (shortform)
4 dd (groupsign between letters)
6 to (wordsign unspaced from following word)
96 into (wordsign unspaced from following word)
0 by (wordsign unspaced from following word)
# ble (groupsign following other letters)
- com (groupsign at beginning of word)
,n ation (groupsign following other letters)
,y ally (groupsign following other letters)
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Punctuation
1.3.3 Other forms of English braille use the following punctuation signs
which are not used in UEB:
7 opening and closing parentheses (round brackets)
7' closing square bracket
0' closing single quotation mark (inverted commas)
''' ellipsis
-- dash (short dash)
---- double dash (long dash)
,7 opening square bracket
Composition signs (indicators)

1.3.4 Other forms of English braille use the following composition signs
(indicators) which are not used in UEB:
1 non-Latin (non-Roman) letter indicator
@ accent sign (nonspecific)
@ print symbol indicator
. italic sign (for a word)
.. double italic sign (for a passage)
General symbols
1.3.5 Other forms of English braille use the following general symbols
which are not used in UEB:
l pound sign (pound sterling)
p> paragraph sign
s' section sign
4 dollar sign
99 asterisk
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- end of foot
-- caesura
^ short or unstressed syllable
_ long or stressed syllable
Technical subjects
1.3.6 Other forms of English braille use special codes to represent
mathematics and science, computer notation and other technical or
specialised subjects.
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Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 2: Terminology and General Rules 7
Section 2: Terminology and General Rules

2.1 Terminology
alphabetic: designating letters of the alphabet, including modified letters,
ligatured letters and contractions, which stand for letters
alphabetic wordsign: any one of the wordsigns in which a letter represents
a word
braille cell: the physical area which is occupied by a braille character
braille character: any one of the 64 distinct patterns of six dots, including
the space, which can be expressed in braille
braille sign: one or more consecutive braille characters comprising a unit,
consisting of a root on its own or a root preceded by one or more
prefixes (also referred to as braille symbol)
braille space: a blank cell, or the blank margin at the beginning and end of
a braille line
braille symbol: used interchangeably with braille sign
contracted: transcribed using contractions (also referred to as grade 2
braille)
contraction: a braille sign which represents a word or a group of letters
final-letter groupsign: a two-cell braille sign formed by dots 46 or dots 56
followed by the final letter of the group
grade 1: the meaning assigned to a braille sign which would otherwise be
read as a contraction or as a numeral (Meanings assigned under
special modes such as arrows are not considered grade 1.)
grade 1 braille: used interchangeably with uncontracted
grade 2 braille: used interchangeably with contracted
graphic sign: a braille sign that stands for a single print symbol
groupsign: a contraction which represents a group of letters
indicator: a braille sign that does not directly represent a print symbol but
that indicates how subsequent braille sign(s) are to be interpreted
initial-letter contraction: a two-cell braille sign formed by dot 5, dots 45
or dots 456 followed by the first letter or groupsign of the word
item: any one of a precisely-defined grouping of braille signs used primarily
in technical material to establish the extent of certain indicators, such
as indices
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letters-sequence: an unbroken string of alphabetic signs preceded and
followed by non-alphabetic signs, including space
lower: containing neither dot 1 nor dot 4
mode: a condition initiated by an indicator and describing the effect of the
indicator on subsequent braille signs
modifier: a diacritical mark (such as an accent) normally used in
combination with a letter
nesting: the practice of closing indicators in the reverse order of opening
non-alphabetic: designating any print or braille symbol, including the
space, which is not a letter, modified letter, ligatured letter or
contraction
passage: three or more symbols-sequences
passage indicator: initiates a mode which persists indefinitely until an
explicit terminator is encountered
prefix: any one of the seven braille characters having only right-hand dots
(@ ^ _ " . ; ,) or the braille character #
print symbol: a single letter, digit, punctuation mark or other print sign
customarily used as an elementary unit of text
root: any one of the 56 braille characters, including the space, which is not
a prefix
shortform: a contraction consisting of a word specially abbreviated in braille
standing alone: condition of being unaccompanied by additional letters,
symbols or punctuation except as specified in 2.6, the "standing
alone" rule; used to determine when a braille sign is read as a
contraction
strong: designating contractions (other than alphabetic wordsigns)
containing dots in both the top and bottom rows and in both the left
and right columns of the braille cell
strong character: designating a braille character containing dots in both the
top and bottom rows and in both the left and right columns of the
braille cell, which therefore is physically unambiguous
symbols-sequence: an unbroken string of braille signs, whether alphabetic
or non-alphabetic, preceded and followed by space (also referred to
as symbols-word)
terminator: a braille sign which marks the end of a mode
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text element: a section of text normally read as a unit (a single paragraph,
a single heading at any level, a single item in a list or outline, a
stanza of a poem, or other comparable unit), but not "pages" or
"lines" in the physical sense that are created simply as an accident of
print formatting
uncontracted: transcribed without contractions (also referred to as grade 1
braille)
upper: including dot 1 and/or dot 4
word indicator: initiates a mode which extends over the next letters-
sequence in the case of the capitals indicator or over the next
symbols-sequence in the case of other indicators
wordsign: a contraction which represents a complete word
2.2 Contractions summary

alphabetic wordsigns:
but can do every from go have just
knowledge like more not people quite rather
so that us very will it you as
strong wordsigns:
child shall this which out still
strong contractions: may be used as groupsigns and as wordsigns.
and for of the with
strong groupsigns:
ch gh sh th wh ed er ou
ow st ing ar
lower wordsigns:
be enough were his in was
lower groupsigns:
ea be bb con cc dis en ff
gg in
initial-letter contractions: may be used as groupsigns and as wordsigns.
beginning with dots 45;
upon these those whose word
cannot had many spirit their world
beginning with dot 5;
day ever father here know lord mother
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name one part question right some
time under young there character through
where ought work
final-letter groupsigns:
ound ance sion less ount
ence ong ful tion ness ment ity
shortforms:
about above according across
after afternoon afterward again
against also almost already
altogether although always blind
braille could declare declaring
deceive deceiving either friend
first good great him
himself herself immediate little
letter myself much must
necessary neither paid perceive
perceiving perhaps quick receive
receiving rejoice rejoicing said
such today together tomorrow
tonight itself its your
yourself yourselves themselves children
should thyself ourselves would
because before behind below
beneath beside between beyond
conceive conceiving oneself
2.3 Following print

2.3.1 Follow print when transcribing into braille, including accents,
punctuation and capitalisation.
Note: This provision does not apply to print ornamentation as
provided for in 2.3.2 below, or to parts of the braille text which are
added by the transcriber, e.g. preliminary pages, page information
lines, or transcriber's notes.
2.3.2 When transcribing, it is preferable to ignore print ornamentation
which is present only to enhance the appearance of the publication
Second Edition 2013

and does not impart any useful information.
Examples of print ornamentation include:
different typefaces or fonts for headings
the lowercase of letters with accents in a fully capitalised word
coloured type used for all example words
italics used for all variables in a text
small capitals font used for all Roman numerals
2.3.3 When a facsimile transcription is required, reproduce all aspects of
print as fully as possible including ornamentation.
Examples of circumstances when a facsimile transcription may be
requested are:
when the reader is responsible for editing the text
when the reader is studying typography
when the reader is studying original manuscripts
2.3.4 In general, do not correct print errors.
2.4 Indicators and modes

2.4.1 The purpose of indicators is to change the meaning of the following
braille characters or to change an aspect of the following text (e.g. to
indicate capitals or a special typeface).
2.4.2 Many braille signs have more than one meaning.
Examples:
f the letter "f"; in numeric mode digit "6"; contracted (grade 2)
meaning the alphabetic wordsign "from"
\ in grade 1 mode arrow indicator; contracted (grade 2)
meanings the strong groupsign "ou" and the strong wordsign
"out"
8 question mark; opening nonspecific quotation mark; contracted
(grade 2) meaning the lower wordsign "his"
_ vertical solid line segment; line indicator, as in poetry
"d in numeric mode numeric space followed by digit "4";
contracted (grade 2) meaning the initial-letter contraction
"day"
.s Greek letter sigma; contracted (grade 2) meaning the final-
letter groupsign "less"
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2.4.3 The reader determines the meaning of a braille sign in several ways:
by its spacing (e.g. the vertical solid line segment)
by applying the Standing Alone rule (e.g. alphabetic wordsigns)
by its position in relation to other signs (e.g. opening nonspecific
quotation mark, line indicator, final-letter groupsigns)
by the mode in effect (e.g. digits, arrow indicator)
2.4.4 Use an indicator to establish the mode which determines the meaning
of the braille signs which follow.
Note: The list below gives the basic indicators and the modes which
they set. It does not include indicators for extended modes (e.g.
grade 1 word indicator and grade 1 passage indicator), indicators for
variations (e.g. bold arrow indicator), subsidiary indicators (e.g.
superposition indicator used in shape mode) or terminators.
$ sets shape mode: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 14,
Shape Symbols and Composite Symbols
\ sets arrow mode: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 13,
Arrows
# sets numeric mode and grade 1 mode: Section 6, Numeric
Mode
"3 opens and sets horizontal line mode: Section 16, Line Mode,
Guide Dots
; sets grade 1 mode: Section 5, Grade 1 Mode
2.4.5 Use an indicator to change an aspect of the text which follows.
Note: The list below gives the basic indicators of this type.
5 subscript indicator: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 7,
Superscripts and Subscripts
9 superscript indicator: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 7,
Superscripts and Subscripts
@2 script symbol indicator: Section 9, Typeforms
^2 bold symbol indicator: Section 9, Typeforms
^6 ligature indicator: Section 4, Letters and Their Modifiers
_2 underlined symbol indicator: Section 9, Typeforms
.2 italic symbol indicator: Section 9, Typeforms
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,, capitals word indicator: Section 8, Capitalisation
2.4.6 The list below gives other indicators.
= cursor indicator: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 17,
Computer Notation
( ) general fraction open and close indicators: Guidelines for
Technical Material, Part 6, Fractions
< > braille grouping opening and closing indicators: Section 3,
General Symbols
@.< @.> transcriber's note opening and closing indicators:
Section 3, General Symbols
^( non-UEB word indicator: Section 14, Code Switching
_ line indicator: Section 15, Scansion, Stress and Tone
" line continuation indicator: Section 6, Numeric Mode
""= dot locator for "use": Section 3, General Symbols
.= dot locator for "mention": Section 3, General Symbols
2.4.7 A mode established by a UEB indicator may not extend through a

switch to another braille code.
Examples:
SCHWA // OR MID-CENTRAL VOWEL
,,s*wa "^/5^/ ,,,or mid-c5tral
v{el,'
He cried in despair, je suis vraiment dsol, and fell to his knees.
.7,he cri$ 9 despair1.' "('3_je
suis vraiment _d=sol=1,") .7&
fell to 8 knees4.'
2.5 Grades of braille

Uncontracted (grade 1) braille
2.5.1 The use of contractions is disallowed by certain rules. These include:
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Section 4, Letters and Their Modifiers no contractions following a
modifier, no contractions before or after a ligature indicator
Section 5, Grade 1 Mode no contractions within grade 1 mode
Section 6, Numeric Mode no contractions within grade 1 mode
when set by a numeric indicator
Section 12, Early Forms of English no contractions in Old English.
In technical material these include: [See Guidelines for Technical
Material:]
Part 1, General Principles no contractions in strings of fully
capitalised letters.
Part 14, Shape Symbols and Composite Symbols no contractions
in the description of a transcriber-defined shape.
Part 16, Chemistry no contractions in letters representing
chemical elements.
Part 17, Computer Notation no contractions in a displayed
computer program.
2.5.2 Uncontracted (grade 1) braille is different from grade 1 mode.
2.5.3 Grade 1 mode exists only when introduced by a grade 1 indicator or
by a numeric indicator.
2.5.4 Uncontracted (grade 1) braille is a transcription option which may be
selected for any number of reasons, including:
when the pronunciation or recognition of a word would be
hindered: Section 10, Contractions
in Middle English: Section 12, Early Forms of English
in foreign words: Section 13, Foreign Language
in texts for readers who have not learned contracted braille
when the spelling of a word is featured, as in dictionary entries
Note: Braille authorities and production agencies may establish
policies for the guidance of transcribers in the use of uncontracted
(grade 1) braille.
2.5.5 Although contractions are not used in grade 1 mode, uncontracted
(grade 1) braille may be employed without the use of grade 1
indicators.
Contracted (grade 2) braille

Note: The use of the contractions in contracted (grade 2) braille is
covered in Section 10, Contractions.
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Note: UEB contracted braille differs slightly from other forms of
English contracted braille. See Section 1.3, Introduction, for basic
signs found in other forms of English braille.
Other grades of braille

Note: Other grades of braille have been developed. One of these is
grade 3 braille which contains several hundred contractions and is
primarily for personal use. Another is grade 1 braille. Employing
only 44 one-cell contractions, this was the official code of the United
States from 1918 to 1932.
2.6 Standing alone

2.6.1 A letter or letters-sequence is considered to be "standing alone" if it is
preceded and followed by a space, a hyphen or a dash. The dash
may be of any length, i.e. the dash or the long dash.
Examples:
x ;x it x which : was 0 al ;al also al
e-x-u-d-e ;;e-x-u-d-e do-it-yourself d-x-yrf
out-and-out \-&-\
5-yrf-678 #e-;yrf-#fgh
I like xit works. ,i l ;x,-x "ws4
his childthis one 8 *,-? "o
my friendFr John my fr,-;,fr ,john
th--r th--;r
Mme. M ,mme4 ;,m",-
s ,-;s st ",-st
2.6.2 A letter or letters-sequence is considered to be "standing alone" when

the following common punctuation and indicator symbols intervene
between the letter or letters-sequence and the preceding space,
hyphen or dash:
opening parenthesis (round bracket), opening square bracket or
opening curly bracket (brace bracket)
opening quotation mark of any kind
Second Edition 2013
nondirectional quotation mark of any kind
apostrophe [also see Section 2.6.4]
opening typeform indicator of any kind
capitals indicator of any kind
opening transcriber's note indicator
or any combination of these.
Examples:
(c "<;c [can .<c
{af _<;af (after ,-"<af
do 8d your ,8yr
"yr-123 ,7;yr-#abc
'e 'as ';e 'Z p .2;p
people ^1p enough _15
child-safe .1*-safe N ;,n
Not Like That ,n ,l ,t LITTLE CHILD ,,ll ,,*
GREAT ,-,,grt
OUT OF TOWN ,,,\ ( t[n,'
[open TN]every @.<e [open TN]In @.<,9
[Be true.] ,-8.<,2 true4.>0
But:
<x, y> @<x1 y@> this/that ?is_/?at
*from "9from &c @&c
Apt. #B ,apt4 _?,b d ^pd
^/e @-u
~s @9s ~st @9/
2.6.3 A letter or letters-sequence is considered to be "standing alone" when

the following common punctuation and indicator symbols intervene
between the letter or letters-sequence and the following space,
hyphen or dash:
Second Edition 2013

comma, semicolon, colon, full stop (period), ellipsis, exclamation
mark or question mark
closing parenthesis (round bracket), closing square bracket or
closing curly bracket (brace bracket)
closing quotation mark of any kind
nondirectional quotation mark of any kind
apostrophe [also see Section 2.6.4]
typeform terminator of any kind
capitals mode terminator
closing transcriber's note indicator
or any combination of these.
Examples:
very, very still; rather good. v1 v /2 r gd4
d: ;d3 this... ?444
rejoice! rjc6 (q, r) "<;q1 ;r">
[quite, rather] .<q1 r.> {k-p} _<;k-;p_>
"Which go-between?" 8,: g-2t80
children. *n40 t' have ;t' h,-
friends' numbers frs' numb]s
Himself or herself?Neither!
.7,hmf or h]f8,-,nei6.'
ALWAYS BE YOURSELF ,,,alw 2 yrf,'
[open TN]His choice was D.[close TN]
@.<,8 *oice 0 ;,d4@.>
But:
t'night t'ni<t word(s) ^w"<s">
ab/cd ab_/cd could/should c\ld_/%\ld
section B2 sec;n ,b;9#b
knowledge.3 "kl$ge4;9#c
this.)* ?is4">"9
Second Edition 2013

<J.Child@children.net>
@<,j4,*ild@a*ildr54net@>
just_for_good.org ju/.-=.-good4org
l_ _f l.-.-f ch...f *444f
a:b :: x:y a;3b 33 x;3y
X% ,x.0 Braillex ,braillex^r
Braille4All ,braille#d,all
2.6.4 A word with an interior apostrophe is considered to be "standing

alone" under the specific provisions of Section 10, Contractions,
10.1.2 (alphabetic wordsigns), 10.2.2 (strong wordsigns) and 10.9
(shortforms).
Examples:
It'll ,8,x'll [X'll .<;,x'll
YOU'RE .1,,y',,re child's?) *'s8">
p's and q's 8;p's & ;q's0
That's Mr. Little's! 8,t's ,mr4 .1,ll's60
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 3: General Symbols and Indicators 19
Section 3: General Symbols and Indicators

space (see 3.23)
< opening braille grouping indicator (see 3.4)
? first transcriber-defined print symbol (see 3.26)
$ shape indicator (see 3.22)
\ arrow indicator (see 3.2)
\o simple right pointing arrow (east) (see 3.2)
\% simple down pointing arrow (south) (see 3.2)
\[ simple left pointing arrow (west) (see 3.2)
\+ simple up pointing arrow (north) (see 3.2)
3 ratio (see 3.17)
33 proportion (see 3.17)
5 subscript indicator (see 3.24)
7 prime (see 3.11 and 3.15)
77 double prime (see 3.11 and 3.15)
9 superscript indicator (see 3.24)
#* natural (see 3.18)
#< flat (see 3.18)
#% sharp (see 3.18)
#? second transcriber-defined print symbol
(see 3.26)
> closing braille grouping indicator (see 3.4)
@a @ commercial at sign (see 3.7)
@c cent sign (see 3.10)
@e euro sign (see 3.10)
@f French franc sign (see 3.10)
@l pound sign (pound sterling) (see 3.10)
@n naira sign (see 3.10)
@s $ dollar sign (see 3.10)
@y yen sign (yuan sign) (see 3.10)
@& & ampersand (see 3.1)
@< < less-than sign (see 3.17)
@5 ^ caret (see 3.6)
Second Edition 2013

@9 ~ tilde (swung dash) (see 3.25)
@#? third transcriber-defined print symbol (see 3.26)
@> > greater-than sign (see 3.17)
@.< opening transcriber's note indicator (see 3.27)
@.> closing transcriber's note indicator (see 3.27)
@,? dagger (see 3.3)
@,] double dagger (see 3.3)
^c copyright sign (see 3.8)
^j degree sign (see 3.11)
^p paragraph sign (see 3.20)
^r registered sign (see 3.8)
^s section sign (see 3.20)
^t trademark sign (see 3.8)
^x female sign (Venus) (see 3.16)
^y male sign (Mars) (see 3.16)
^#? fourth transcriber-defined print symbol (see 3.26)
_? # number sign (crosshatch, hash, pound sign)
(see 3.19)
_4 bullet (see 3.5)
_#? fifth transcriber-defined print symbol (see 3.26)
"1 ditto mark (see 3.12)
"6 + plus sign (see 3.17)
"7 = equals sign (see 3.17)
"8 multiplication sign (see 3.17)
"9 * asterisk (star) (see 3.3)
"/ division sign (see 3.17)
"#? sixth transcriber-defined print symbol (see 3.26)
"- minus sign (see 3.17)
""= dot locator for "use" (see 3.14)
.= dot locator for "mention" (see 3.13)
.0 % percent sign (see 3.21)
.#? seventh transcriber-defined print symbol
(see 3.26)
Second Edition 2013

3.1 Ampersand @&
3.1.1 Follow print for the use of the ampersand.
Examples:
Marks & Spencer ,m>ks @& ,sp;er
AT&T ,,at@&,T B&B ,b@&,b
&c (etc) @&c "<etc">
3.2 Arrows \ \o \% \[ \+
3.2.1 Follow print for the use of arrows. In non-technical material, list the
complete arrow symbol (without any grade 1 indicator) and its
meaning on the symbols page or in a transcriber's note.
Note: The grade 1 indicator may be required before the arrow
symbol to avoid it being misread.
Refer to: Section 11.6, Technical Material, and Guidelines for
Technical Material, Part 13, for further information on arrows.
Examples:
Road signs of and mark detours.
,road signs ( ;\o & ;\[ m>k
det\rs4
Put a on the map to indicate north.
,put a ;\+ on ! map to 9dicate
nor?4
Arrow used in the following example:
\4% down arrow with sharp turn right
The ENTER key is the one with on it.

,! ,,5t] key is ! "o ) ;\4% on x4
3.3 Asterisk "9 dagger @,? and double dagger @,]

3.3.1 Follow print for the use of the asterisk, dagger and double dagger,
regardless of meaning.
Second Edition 2013

Note: For example, the dagger may be used as a reference mark, or
as the Latin or Christian cross to signify death or a member of the
clergy.
Note: Usually the asterisk and sometimes the dagger and double
dagger appear raised from the baseline in print. This is not
considered the superscript position.
Examples:
M*A*S*H ,m"9,a"9,s"9,h
Spelling words marked with an * have a silent letter.
,spell+ ^ws m>k$ ) an "9 h a
sil5t lr4
To access your voicemail, strike *98 on your telephone.
,to a3ess yr voicemail1 /rike
"9#ih on yr teleph"o4
Speed * time = distance.
,spe$ "9 "t "7 4t.e4
showing *emphasis* in email messages
%[+ "9emphasis"9 9 email messages
Irene V*** ,ir5e ,v"9"9"9
foul language such as *#*$!* or with omitted letters as in D***
f\l language s* z "9_?"9@s6"9 or
) omitt$ lrs z 9 ,d"9"9"9
New World Hotel ****
,new ,_w ,hotel "9"9"9"9
brothers Jed* and Ben** Chan
*born in Hong Kong
**born in Canada
bro!rs ,j$"9 & ,b5"9"9 ,*an
"9born 9 ,h;g ,k;g
"9"9born 9 ,canada
Second Edition 2013

Authors: Roy Brown, Shirley Jones, Walter Smith, Douglas White
,au?ors3 ,roy ,br[n1@,? ,%irley
,j"os1 ,walt] ,smi?1@,? ,d\glas
,:ite
The painter included daisies,* white roses and ivy in the portrait.
*symbolizing innocence
symbolizing virtue
symbolizing fidelity
,! pa9t] 9clud$ daisies1"9 :ite
roses@,? & ivy@,] 9 ! portrait4
"9symboliz+ 9noc;e
@,?symboliz+ virtue
@,]symboliz+ fidel;y
dash*or parentheses (round brackets)
,-da%"9,-or p>5!ses "<r.d
brackets@,?">
Rev. Robert Lowin
,rev4 ,rob]t ,l[9@,?
* * *
"9 "9 "9
3.4 Braille grouping indicators < >

3.4.1 Use braille grouping indicators when necessary to ensure that the
preceding braille symbol or indicator applies to all the symbols
enclosed by the braille grouping indicators rather than just to the
symbol immediately following.
Note: This includes a modifier which applies to more than one letter
and a subscript or superscript indicator which applies to more than
one "item".
Refer to: Section 4.2.5, Letters and Their Modifiers and Section 11.4,
Technical Material.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
spoon sp@-<oo>n
masssun mass;;5<sun>
3.5 Bullet _4
3.5.1 Follow print for the use of the bullet.
Note: At times, other symbols may be used for a similar purpose.
Refer to: 3.22 for shapes and 3.26 for transcriber-defined symbols.
Example:
Nutritional considerations include:
carbohydrates
protein
fat
cholesterol
fiber
sodium
,nutri;nal 3sid]a;ns 9clude3
_4 c>bohydrates
_4 prote9
_4 fat
_4 *ole/]ol
_4 fib]
_4 sodium
3.6 Caret @5
3.6.1 Follow print for the use of the caret.
Refer to: Section 4.2, Letters and Their Modifiers, for the circumflex
accent above a letter.
Example:
[caret used as an editing mark to show omissions:]
My favourite pets are my dog^ my cat ^ my hamster. My job ^ to feed them.
Second Edition 2013

@7,my fav\rite pets >e my dog@5
my cat @5 my ham/]4 ,my job @5
to fe$ !m4@'
3.7 Commercial at sign @a

3.7.1 Follow print for the use of the commercial at sign.
Examples:
FLASH@lightning.net ,,fla%@ali<tn+4net
Sell the candies @ 10 each.
,sell ! c&ies @a #aj@c ea*4
3.8 Copyright ^c registered ^r and trademark ^t signs

3.8.1 Follow print for the use of the copyright, registered and trademark
signs. Usually the trademark sign appears raised from the baseline in
print. This is not considered the superscript position.
Examples:
Copyright 2009 ,copy"r ^c #bjji
2009 ^c#bjji
QuickTax from Intuit Canada Limited
,quick,tax^t f ,9tuit^r ,Canada
,limit$
3.9 Crosses @,? ;x ;,x "8

3.9.1 Print uses crosses for a variety of purposes. Select the appropriate
braille symbol based on the purpose of the cross.
Note: Use the letter "x" or "X" only when the cross has no
mathematical or scientific meaning; for example: to represent a kiss.
Refer to: 3.3 for use of the dagger as a Latin or Christian cross (e.g.
to signify death or a member of the clergy); and to 3.17 for the
multiplication sign which is used to show dimensions, degree of
magnification, and crosses between breeds of animals or between
varieties of plants.
Second Edition 2013
Examples:
With love, XXOO ,) love1 ,,xxoo
Sealed with a X ,s1l$ ) a ;,x
Illiterate people usually signed their name with an X.
,illit]ate p usually sign$ _! "n
) an ;,x4
a 4x4 vehicle a #dx#d vehicle
a 24 board a #b"8#d bo>d
151520 cm #ae"8#ae"8#bj cm
The room is 12 ft. 16 ft.
,! room is #ab ft4 "8 #af ft4
a 10 lens a #aj"8 l5s
Labrador Poodle ,labrador "8 ,Poodle
3.10 Currency signs @c @e @f @l @n @s @y

3.10.1 Follow print for the use of currency signs.
Note: Some currencies are indicated by a letter or letters (e.g. "DM"
for Deutsche Mark, "p" for pence, "R" for Rand).
Refer to: 3.26, for transcriber-defined symbols to represent currency
signs with no UEB symbols.
Examples:
10 #aj@c 99c #ii;c
DM8 ,,dm#h $6 @s#f
A$40 ,a@s#dj $19.95 @s#ai4ie
$23,783,200 @s#bc1ghc1bjj
$2bn (2 billion dollars)
@s#b;bn "<#b billion doll>s">
US$ ,,us@s $X @s,x
The $ rose. ,! @s rose4
Second Edition 2013
$hop for $aving$ @shop = @sav+@s
20$00 (20 escudos)
#bj@s#jj "<#bj escudos">
75 @e#ge 30,00 #cj1jj@e
and accepted @e & @l a3ept$
650 #f@e#ej 1 @f#a
1 = 6.55957 #a @e "7 #f4eeieg@f
5F coin #e,f co9
0.20 = 20 kobo @n#j4bj "7 #bj kobo
24 @l#bd Ir ,ir@l
3m (3 million pounds)
@l#cm "<#c million p.ds">
the rose ! @l rose X @l,x
7 8s 9d @l#g #hs #i;d
7/8/9 @l#g_/#h_/#i 7-8-9 @l#g-#h-#i
2p coin #bp co9 R25 ,r#be
R5,70 ,r#e1gj 360 @y#cfj
3.11 Degrees ^j minutes 7 ' and seconds 77 ,7

3.11.1 Follow print for use of the degree sign and the prime signs.
Note: The minute may be shown in print by an apostrophe and the
second by a nondirectional double quote. This usage can be followed
in braille.
Examples:
60 #fj ^j 21C #ba^j,c
70 F #gj^j ;,f C ^j,c
X ,x^j
Second Edition 2013

250, 350, or 450?
#bej^j1 #cej^j1 or #dej^j8
335135.9S #cc^j#ea7#ce4i77,s
151 12' 40" E #aea^j #ab' #dj,7 ;,e
3.12 Ditto mark "1

3.12.1 Follow print for the number used and the approximate placement of
the ditto mark, that is, under the item that it refers to on the line
above.
Examples:
living room: pioneer blue
dining room:
kitchen: yellow
liv+ room3 pione] blue
d9+ room3 "1 "1
kit*53 "1 yell[
Mon 10-12 study 2-4 Eng pt1
Tues pt2
Wed Science Art
,mon #aj-#ab /udy #b-#d ,5g pt#a
,tues "1 "1 "1 "1 pt#b
,w$ "1 ,Sci;e "1 ,>t
Anne village girl
Joan
,anne ,- village girl

,joan ,- "1 "1
3.13 Dot locator for "mention" .=

3.13.1 Use a dot locator for "mention" to set apart a braille symbol which is
under discussion, as in a symbols list, a transcriber's note or in a
publication about braille such as this one. Place the dot locator for
"mention" before the braille symbol and unspaced from it.
Second Edition 2013

When a dot locator for "mention" is used, do not list the dot numbers
of the braille symbol.
Note: A braille symbol, e.g. a typeform indicator or a grade 1
indicator, preceded by the dot locator for "mention" does not have its
normal effect on the following text.
Examples:
[The dot locator is not shown in the print copy in these examples.]
[a symbols list:]
$#d square
@7 script passage indicator
^/ acute accent over following letter
.=$#d squ>e
.=@7 script passage 9dicator
.=^/ acute a35t ov] foll[+ lr
[a transcriber's note:]
[tn open]In the dictionary example below, @- is a macron over the
@+ is a breve over the following letter.[tn close]
following letter and
@.<,9 ! dic;n>y example 2l1 .=@-
is a macron ov] ! foll[+ lr &
.=@+ is a breve ov] ! foll[+
lr4@.>
[from a manual for braille transcribers:]
The capitals passage indicator ,,, sets capitals mode until it is
,' which is the capitals terminator.
terminated by
,! capitals passage 9dicator
.=,,, sets capitals mode until
x is t]m9at$ by .=,' : is !
capitals t]m9ator4
3.14 Dot locator for "use" ""=

3.14.1 Use a dot locator for "use" unspaced before a braille symbol to assure
that it will be physically recognizable. A braille symbol which has
only lower dots and which is isolated from other text may otherwise
Second Edition 2013

be misread. A braille symbol preceded by a dot locator for "use"
retains its normal effect on text.
Examples:
[headings of a table about punctuation marks:]
, ; :
""=1 ""=2 ""=3

"333333 "333333 "333333
[a grid of letters:]
I D E A
T O R N
S T A T
""=;;;,,,
i d e a
t o r n
s t a t
""=,';'
3.15 Feet 7 ' and inches 77 ,7

3.15.1 Follow print for the use of the prime sign.
Note: The foot may be shown in print by an apostrophe and the inch
by a nondirectional double quote. This can be followed in braille.
Examples:
6 #f7 9 #i77
510 #e7#aj77 4' 11" #d' #aa,7
X long ,x77 l;g
3.16 Female (Venus) ^x and male (Mars) ^y signs

3.16.1 Follow print for the use of the female (Venus) and male (Mars) signs.
Second Edition 2013

Example:
[from a genealogy:]
Amy Florence SAMPSON 1881-1956
Carlyle Kennedy SAMPSON 1885-1975
,amy ,flor;e ,,sampson ^x #ahha-
#aief
,c>lyle ,k5n$y ,,sampson ^y
#ahhe-#aige
3.17 Mathematical signs: plus "6 equals "7

multiplication "8 division "/ minus "- ratio 3
proportion 33 less-than @< and greater-than @>
3.17.1 Follow print spacing for use of the plus, equals, multiplication,
division, minus, ratio, proportion, less-than and greater-than signs
when used in non-technical material.
Examples:
as easy as 2 + 2 = 4
z easy z #b "6 #b "7 #d
corn c + b = born
corn "- ;c "6 ;b "7 born
5 is 25% of 20 (5 20 100)
#e is #be.0 ( #bj "<#e "/ #bj "8
#ajj">
positron < posi(tive) + (elec)tron
positron @< posi"<tive"> "6
"<elec">tron
+44 1234 567890 (UK phone number)
"6#dd"abcd"efghij "<,,UK ph"o
numb]">
a frame with an opening 7W5H
a frame ) an op5+ #g77,W"8#e77,H
Second Edition 2013

a map with a scale of 1:500,000
a map ) a scale ( #a3#ejj1jjj
hand : arm :: foot : leg
h& 3 >m 33 foot 3 leg
3.18 Music accidentals: natural #* flat #< sharp #%

3.18.1 Follow print for the transcription of the natural, flat and sharp signs
within UEB text.
Examples:
B trumpet ,b#< trumpet
The C pavilion is named for Cecil Sharp.
,! ,c#% pavilion is "nd = ,cecil
,%>p4
The scale of G major includes the note F.
,! scale ( ;,g major 9cludes !
note ,f#%4
A jazz 2-5-1 progression in C minor could be Dm75 - G79 - Cm7.
,a jazz #b-#e-#a progres.n 9 ;,c
m9or cd 2 ,dm#g#<#e - ,g#g#%#i
- ,cm#g4
The sign on a note cancels the effect of any or in the key
signature.
,! #* sign on a note c.els !
e6ect ( any #% or #< 9 ! key
signature4
the dominant chord g-b-d
! dom9ant *ord ;g-b#*-;d
... we obtain the somewhat more transparent relation
() = ,
Second Edition 2013

for all vectors X and Y.
444 we obta9 ! "s:at m transp>5t
rela;n
,x;9#<"<,y"> "7 @<,x1 ,y@>
= all vectors ;,x & ;,y4
3.18.2 When the natural, flat and sharp signs are found within musical
notation, use the provisions of the New International Manual of
Braille Music Notation for their transcription.
3.19 Number sign (crosshatch, hash, pound sign) _?

3.19.1 Follow print for use of the number sign.
Examples:
#4 _?#d Apt. #D ,apt4 _?,d
20# bag of flour #bj_? bag ( fl\r
Press the # key on the telephone.
,press ! _? key on ! teleph"O4
3.20 Paragraph ^p and section ^s signs

3.20.1 Follow print for use of the paragraph and section signs.
Examples:
3 ^p#c C ^p,c g ^pg
Click on the icon on the toolbar.
,click on ! ^p icon on ! toolb>4
5 ^s#e K ^s,k
d ^sd 5-15 ^s^s #e-#ae
3.21 Percent sign .0

3.21.1 Follow print for use of the percent sign.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
5% #e.0 95 % #ie .0
a 50% increase a #ej.0 9cr1se
% of population .0 ( popula;n
3.22 Shapes $
3.22.1 In non-technical material, list the complete shape symbol (without
any grade 1 indicator) and its meaning on the symbols page or in a
transcriber's note.
Note: A grade 1 indicator may need to be added before the symbol
in the text of the document being transcribed.
Technical Material, Part 14, for further information on shapes; and
3.26 for transcriber-defined symbols.
Examples:
[a multi-level organisation chart using bullets, squares and circles:]
Vice-President Client Services
Director Library Services
o Manager Braille Production
o Manager Audio Production
Director Rehabilitation Services
_4 ,vice-,Presid5t ,cli5t
,s]vices
;$#d ,director ,libr>y ,s]vices
;$= ,manag] ,brl ,produc;n
;$= ,manag] ,audio ,produc;n
;$#d ,director ,rehabilita;n
,s]vices
[A student textbook uses the following icons (as explained in the
text) before certain material: pencilWrite an essay; pointing finger
Remember; question mark in a circleResearch.]
Second Edition 2013

Recycling at my house.
Steps to test acidity.
Recycling in my town.
@$pencil ,recycl+ at my h\se4
@$point ,/eps to te/ acid;y4
;$=[8 ,recycl+ 9 my t[n4
3.23 Space
3.23.1 A space is a blank area separating words, letters, numbers and
punctuation. Whenever there is some amount of space in print,
including at the end of a line, there is a space in braille. If there is
doubt as to whether a space is present in print, presume one is
present. The amount of space present is not considered important.
Note: In print, formatting and other techniques can leave varying
amounts of space. In braille, formatting rules may also require
varying amounts of space, for example two spaces at the beginning
of a paragraph and aligning text in a table.
Refer to: Section 6.6, Numeric Mode, for the special case of a space
used as a separator within a number and to Section 11.2.2, Technical
Material, for spacing in mathematics.
Examples:
Using a proportional font and setting the paragraph margins to
align at the left and the right, produces varying amounts of white
space between words in print. This variation is ignored in braille.
,us+ a propor;nal font & sett+ !
p>agraph m>g9s to align at !
left & ! "r1 produces v>y+
am.ts ( :ite space 2t ^ws 9
pr9t4 ,? v>ia;n is ignor$ 9
brl4
Some nouns have the same spelling for the singular and the plural:
deer sheep salmon species Chinese
Second Edition 2013

,"s n\ns h ! same spell+ = !
s+ul> & ! plural3 de] %eep
salmon species ,*9ese
[Example words are widely spaced in print.]
3.24 Subscript 5 and superscript 9 indicators

3.24.1 Indicate the subscript or superscript position when used in print. In
grade 2 braille, use grade 1 mode for the subscript and the
superscript indicators.
Refer to: Section 11.4, Technical Material, for superscripts and
subscripts and to 3.4, for braille grouping indicators.
Examples:
Wm ,w;9m H 2O ,h;5#b,o
3 yd3 #c yd;9#c 4m2 #dm9#b
vitamin B12 vitam9 ,b;5#ab
born in 1682.3 born 9 #afhb49#c
born in 1982.c born 9 #aihb49c
America3 (America Cubedname of a sailing ship)
,am]ica;9#c "<,Am]ica ,cub$,-"n (
a sail+ %ip">
an earthquake measuring 6.5MW
an e>?quake m1sur+ #f4e,m5,w
the clarion1 horn
1
clarion: loud and clear
! cl>ion;9#a horn
;9#a cl>ion3 l\d & cle>
3.25 Tilde (swung dash) @9

3.25.1 Follow print for use of the tilde.
Second Edition 2013

Refer to: Section 4.2, Letters and Their Modifiers, for the tilde accent
above a letter.
Examples:
[from a dictionary:]
head n. the top part of the body ... by a ~ by the length of the
animal's head, as in horse racing ~ over heels tumbling as in
a somersault
~ vt. to be in charge of ...
h1d ;n4 ! top "p ( ! body 444
,-^7by a @9^' by ! l5g? ( !
animal's h1d1 z 9 horse rac+
,-^7@9 ov] heels^' tumbl+ z 9 a
som]sault
@9 vt4 to 2 9 *>ge ( 444
An economist would write x ~ y to indicate that a consumer is
indifferent between the goods x and y.
,an economi/ wd write ;x @9 ;y to
9dicate t a 3sum] is 9di6]5t 2t
! gds ;x & ;y4
http://www.business.com/~yourname
http3_/_/www4busi;s4com_/@9y\r"n
Some people use the tilde around words to indicate an inflected tone
of voice or singing as in ~Happy birthday to you~
,"s p use ! tilde >.d ^ws to
9dicate an 9flect$ t"o ( voice
or s++ z 9 @9,happy bir?"d to
y\@9
3.26 Transcriber-defined symbols ? #? @#? ^#?

_#? "#? .#?
3.26.1 Use a transcriber-defined symbol for any print symbol which has no
UEB equivalent and which occurs so frequently in the text that the
use of a transcriber-defined shape or composite symbol would be
Second Edition 2013
impractical. List each transcriber-defined symbol used and its
meaning on the symbols page or in a transcriber's note.
Note: In grade 2 braille, use grade 1 mode for the first transcriber-
defined print symbol.
Refer to: Section 4.2, Letters and Their Modifiers, for transcriber-
defined modifiers and Section 9.5, Typeforms, for transcriber-defined
typeform indicators.
Examples:
Symbols used in the following examples:
? per mille sign, like a percent sign but with two zeros in
the denominator
#? Thai Baht currency sign, B with vertical stroke through it
@#? flower symbol
The average salinity of seawater is 35.

,! av]age sal9;y ( s1wat] is
#ce?4
The baht was floated and halved in value, reaching its lowest rate of
56 to the dollar in January 1998.
,! baht 0 float$ & halv$ 9 value1
r1*+ xs l[e/ rate ( #?#ef to !
doll> 9 ,janu>y #aiih4
A list of items in which those that can be recycled are marked with a
flower symbol:
aerosol cans
balloons
books, magazines
cans
ceramics
,a li/ ( items 9 : ^? t c 2
recycl$ >e m>k$ ) a fl[]
symbol3
a]osol cans @#?
balloons
Second Edition 2013

books1 magaz9es @#?
cans @#?
c]amics
3.27 Transcriber's note indicators @.< @.>
3.27.1 Use the opening and closing transcriber's note indicators as unspaced
enclosures around words of explanation added by the transcriber and
embedded within the text. However, do not use transcriber's note
indicators for notes on a separate preliminary page set up specifically
to list general transcriber's notes.
Examples:
an examination of the tabular information will
[open tn]Text continues on page 78.[close tn]
an exam9a;n ( ! tabul> 9=ma;n w
@.<,text 3t9ues on page #gh4@.>
[In a workbook the transcriber gives a number instead of listing the
blanks shown in print and explains it as follows:]
[open tn]The number after each question gives the number of
answers needed.[close tn]
@.<,! numb] af ea* "q gives !
numb] ( answ]s ne$$4@.>
[In an elementary workbook, the transcriber decides not to use
typeface indicators and inserts the following note:]
[open tn]All the punctuation marks are underlined in the paragraph
below.[close tn]
@.<,all ! punctua;n m>ks >e "ul9$
9 ! p>agraph 2l4@.>
[open tn]The following three tables appear side by side in the
print.[close tn]
@.<,! foll[+ ?ree tables appe>
side by side 9 ! pr9t4@.>
[open tn]Braille symbols used on the following page are ^n for eng
and _5 for schwa.[close tn]
Second Edition 2013

@.<,brl symbols us$ on ! foll[+
page >e .=^n = 5g & .=_5 =
s*wa4@.>
[open tn]In the table below, the column headings are abbreviated as
follows:
emp inc: Employment Income
payable: Approximate Tax Payable
aver: Average Tax Rate
marg: Marginal Tax Rate[close tn]
@.<,9 ! table 2l1 ! column h1d+s
>e a2reviat$ z foll[s3
emp 9c3 ,employ;t ,9come
payable3 ,approximate ,tax
,payable
av]3 ,av]age ,tax ,rate
m>g3 ,m>g9al ,tax ,rate@.>
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 4. Letters and their Modifiers 41
Section 4: Letters and Their Modifiers

4.1 English alphabet
a letter a ,a capital letter A
b letter b ,b capital letter B
c letter c ,c capital letter C
d letter d ,d capital letter D
e letter e ,e capital letter E
f letter f ,f capital letter F
g letter g ,g capital letter G
h letter h ,h capital letter H
i letter i ,i capital letter I
j letter j ,j capital letter J
k letter k ,k capital letter K
l letter l ,l capital letter L
m letter m ,m capital letter M
n letter n ,n capital letter N
o letter o ,o capital letter O
p letter p ,p capital letter P
q letter q ,q capital letter Q
r letter r ,r capital letter R
s letter s ,s capital letter S
t letter t ,t capital letter T
u letter u ,u capital letter U
v letter v ,v capital letter V
w letter w ,w capital letter W
x letter x ,x capital letter X
y letter y ,y capital letter Y
z letter z ,z capital letter Z
4.1.1 Follow print for the transcription of letters.

Refer to: Section 2.6, Terminology and General Rules, Section 5,
Grade 1 Mode, Section 8, Capitalisation and Section 10, Contractions
for more information.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
A boy and his dog were on the path.
,a boy & 8 dog 7 on ! pa?4
McMurdo Sound ,mc,murdo ,s.d
O'Flaherty ,o',flah]ty
the A train and the B train
! ,a tra9 & ! ;,b tra9
IBM or Microsoft ,,ibm or ,micros(t
SPOT! GO HOME! ,,,spot6 g home6,'
your CD player but my CDs
yr ;,,cd play] b my ,,cd,'s
ilLOGical il,,log,'ical
OFr (Old French) ,o,fr "<,old ,fr5*">
4.2 Modifiers
@* solidus (forward slash) overlay on following letter
@3 horizontal stroke overlay on following letter
@+ breve above following letter
@- macron above following letter
^& cedilla below following letter
^* grave accent above following letter
^% circumflex above following letter
^$ ring (circle) above following letter
^} tilde above following letter
^3 diaeresis (umlaut) above following letter
^/ acute accent above following letter
^+ caron (hacek, wedge) above following letter
^_1 first transcriber-defined modifier on following letter
^_2 second transcriber-defined modifier on following letter
^_- third transcriber-defined modifier on following letter
Second Edition 2013

,@* solidus (forward slash) overlay on following capital letter
,@3 horizontal stroke overlay on following capital letter
,@+ breve above following capital letter
,@- macron above following capital letter
,^& cedilla below following capital letter
,^* grave accent above following capital letter
,^% circumflex above following capital letter
,^$ ring (circle) above following capital letter
,^] tilde above following capital letter
,^3 diaeresis (umlaut) above following capital letter
,^/ acute accent above following capital letter
,^+ caron (hacek, wedge) above following capital letter
,^_1 first transcriber-defined modifier on following capital
letter
,^_2 second transcriber-defined modifier on following capital
letter
,^_- third transcriber-defined modifier on following capital
letter
4.2.1 Place a modifier before the letter it modifies in braille, irrespective of

whether it appears above, below or overlaying the letter(s) in print.
Whenever a transcriber-defined modifier is used, give the print
symbol it represents in a transcriber's note or on a symbols page.
Examples:
crme brle cr^*eme br^%ul^/ee
caf (Fr.) caf^/e "<;,Fr4">
caff (It.) ca6^*e "<,x4">
un bel d un bel d^*i
Im Frhling ,im ,fr^3uhl+
curao cura^&c^]ao
skl! sk^$al6
matre d'htel ma^%itre d'h^%otel
Second Edition 2013

tienne ,^/eti5ne hek h^/a^+cek
Bjrnstjerne Bjrnson
,Bj@*orn/j]ne ,Bj@*ornson
Biaka River ,bia@*lka ,riv]
resund Bridge ,^3oresund ,bridge
Shh Jahn built the Tj Mahal.
,%@-ah ,jah@-an built ! ,t@-aj
,mahal4
Spna, Romania
,s@+ap^%an^_1ta1 ,romania
[In this example, the first transcriber-defined modifier represents
a comma under the following letter.]
aar Qim in Malta
,@3ha^_2g> ,qim 9 ,malta
[In this example, the second transcriber-defined modifier
represents a dot above the following letter.]
4.2.2 If an indicator is required immediately before a modified letter, place

the indicator before the modifier.
Examples:
diar, Slovakia ^1,^+zdi>1 ^1,slovakia
LA CARTE MENU ,,,^*a la c>te m5u,'
4.2.3 Modifiers on letters do not terminate capitalised word mode.
Example:
AOT ,,ao^%ut
4.2.4 A modified letter may not form part of a contraction.
Examples:
blessd b.s^*ed
Gnral de Gaulle ,g^/en^/eral de ,gaulle
Second Edition 2013
Promthe enchan
,prom^/e?^/ee 5*a^%in^/e
beau idal b1u id^/eal
thtre ?^/e^%atre
Lwenthal ,l^3ow5?al seor se^]nor
Mrchen ,m^3ar*5 Hndel ,h^3andel
Note: In words such as thtre where the contraction for the is not
used, the contraction for th can be used.
4.2.5 If a single modifier applies to more than one letter, enclose the
modified letters in braille grouping indicators. Grade 1 indicators are
not required for the braille grouping indicators since the modifier can
not be followed by a contraction.
Example:
oo as in tool @-<oo> z 9 tool
4.2.6 Where a modifier is shown in print without an associated letter, as in
a dictionary entry or in instructional material, follow print.
Refer to: Sections 3.6 and 3.25, General Symbols and Indicators,
for the caret and the tilde (swung dash); and Section 7.1,
punctuation, for the solidus (forward slash) when these are separate
characters rather than modifiers.
Example:
the acute () and grave (`) accents
! acute "<^/"> & grave "<^*">
a35ts
4.2.7 Use the modifiers listed above only in foreign language words and
phrases in English context intended primarily for leisure reading, in
English words or in anglicised words and phrases.
Where a significant knowledge of a foreign language is presupposed
or is being taught, use signs from the indigenous foreign language
braille code.
Refer to: Section 13, Foreign Language, for more guidance.
Second Edition 2013

4.2.8 Use the modifiers in this section for linguistic accents and diacritics
only and not for modifiers in mathematics or for symbols in computer
programming even if their appearance is visually similar in print.
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material.
4.3 Ligatured letters

^6 ligature indicator
,^6 ligature indicator where only following letter is capitalised
4.3.1 Place the ligature indicator between two letters which are joined to
each other in print. Various methods are used in print to join letters,
including but not limited to cross bars between the letters, tie bars or
slurs over or under the letters, and letters joined together and printed
as one symbol. Describe the method used in a transcriber's note or
on the symbols page.
Examples:
Cur de Lion ,co^6eur de ,lion
help the man fiend the roed
help t^6he man fi^6end t^6he
ro^6ed [an experimental alphabet]
4.3.2 The ligature indicator is considered a modifier. It does not terminate

capitalised word mode and a letter joined to another by a ligature
may not form part of a contraction.
Example:
DIPUS ,,o^6edipus
4.3.3 An indicator before the first letter joined to another by a ligature

applies only to the first letter. When an indicator is required for the
second letter, place the indicator before the ligature indicator.
Examples:
tna ,a,^6etna
th as in the .1t^6h z 9 !
Second Edition 2013

Thssalnan ,t^6h@+essal@-on@+ian
4.3.4 When a modifier is required for a letter joined to another by a

ligature, place the modifier immediately before the letter to which it
applies. When a single modifier applies to both letters, use braille
grouping indicators.
Examples:
e or a? @-a^6e or a^6@-e8
Hwr ,hw@-<a^6e>r [Old English]
4.3.5 Do not use the ligature indicator for the ae and oe diphthongs unless
the letters are joined as ligatures in print.
Examples:
aegis aegis amoeba amoeba
4.3.6 Use the ligature indicator only when the ligature has meaning and not
when it is merely an aspect of the print font being used.
Example:
In some fonts the letters appear joined.
,9 "s fonts ! lrs appe> jo9$4
4.4 Eng and schwa

^n eng ,^n capital eng
_5 schwa ,_5 capital schwa
4.4.1 Follow print for the transcription of these pronunciation symbols.
Example:
meningococcus (m ni g kk s)
m5+oco3us "<m_5 ni^n^.2 g@-o

k^3ak^.b _5s">
Second Edition 2013

4.4.2 The eng and schwa are also symbols in the International Phonetic
Alphabet. When the symbols appear in phonetic material, use IPA
Braille to transcribe the phonetic text.
4.5 Greek letters

.a Greek alpha
.b Greek beta
.g Greek gamma
.d Greek delta
.e Greek epsilon
.z Greek zeta
.: Greek eta
.? Greek theta
.i Greek iota
.k Greek kappa
.l Greek lambda
.m Greek mu
.n Greek nu
.x Greek xi
.o Greek omicron
.p Greek pi
.r Greek rho
.s or Greek sigma
.t Greek tau
.u Greek upsilon
.f Greek phi
.& Greek chi
.y Greek psi
.w Greek omega
,.a capital Greek alpha

,.b capital Greek beta
,.g capital Greek gamma
,.d capital Greek delta
Second Edition 2013

,.e capital Greek epsilon
,.z capital Greek zeta
,.: capital Greek eta
,.? capital Greek theta
,.i capital Greek iota
,.k capital Greek kappa
,.l capital Greek lambda
,.m capital Greek mu
,.n capital Greek nu
,.x capital Greek xi
,.o capital Greek omicron
,.p capital Greek pi
,.r capital Greek rho
,.s capital Greek sigma
,.t capital Greek tau
,.u capital Greek upsilon
,.f capital Greek phi
,.& capital Greek chi
,.y capital Greek psi
,.w capital Greek omega
4.5.1 Follow print for the transcription of Greek letters. Use the Greek
letters listed above in English contexts or English technical materials.
Examples:
Use in the equation. ,use .p 9 ! equa;n4
For read sum. ,= ,.s r1d sum4
stands for micromicron.
.m.m /&s = micromicron4
She is a member of .
,%e is a memb] ( ,,.f.b.k4
the and the ! ,.a & ! ,.w
THE AND THE ,,,! .a & ! .w,'
Second Edition 2013
4.5.2 Use signs from the Greek foreign language braille code for passages
where a significant knowledge of Greek is presupposed or where the
Greek language is being taught.
Refer to: Section 13, Foreign Language, for more guidance.
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 5: Grade 1 Mode 51
Section 5: Grade 1 Mode

; grade 1 symbol indicator
;; grade 1 word indicator
;;; grade 1 passage indicator
;' grade 1 terminator
5.1 Mode indicators

Note: A braille symbol may have both a grade 1 meaning and a
contraction (grade 2) meaning. Some symbols may also have a
numeric meaning.
5.1.1 A grade 1 indicator is used to set grade 1 mode when the grade 1
meaning of a symbol could be misread as a contraction meaning or a
numeric meaning.
5.1.2 The extent of grade 1 mode is determined by the grade 1 indicator in
use.
5.2 Grade 1 symbol indicator ;

5.2.1 The grade 1 symbol indicator sets grade 1 mode for the next symbol.
Note: A grade 1 symbol indicator is not required before the letters a,
i and o, because they do not have a contraction meaning when they
stand alone.
Examples:
the vowels are: a, e, i, o and u
! v[els >e3 a1 ;e1 i1 o & ;u
Mrs X and Mr O ,mrs ;,x & ,mr ,o
J. S. Bach ;,j4 ;,s4 ,ba*
22b 22B 22p #bb;b #bb,b #bbp
adagio e cantabile adagio ;e cantabile
Add either ? or ! to each sentence.
,add ei ;8 or 6 to ea* s5t;e4
[question mark and exclamation mark]
Second Edition 2013

In Smith56 we find
,9 ,smi?;9#ef we f9d 444
jim@take2.com jim@atake#b4;com
5.3 Grade 1 word indicator ;;

5.3.1 The grade 1 word indicator sets grade 1 mode for the next symbols-
sequence or the remainder of the current symbols-sequence.
5.3.2 The effect of a grade 1 word indicator is terminated by a space or a
grade 1 terminator.
Refer to: 5.5, for the Grade 1 Terminator.
Examples:
I spell it u-n-t-i-d-y.
,i spell x ;;u-n-t-i-d-y4
replace I with E
R
replace ,i ) ;;(,e./,r)
5.4 Grade 1 passage indicator ;;;

5.4.1 The grade 1 passage indicator sets grade 1 mode for the next
passage.
5.4.2 A grade 1 passage is terminated by the grade 1 terminator.
Examples:
He spelt H-o C-h-i M-i-n-h City.
,he spelt ;;;,h-o ,c-h-i
,m-i-n-h;' ,c;y4
Factorise: y = x24; y = x22x; y = xx2.
,factorise3 ;;;y "7 x9#b"-#d2
y "7 x9#b"-#bx2 y "7 x"-x9#b4;'
5.4.3 To preserve the natural line-by-line arrangement of the text, e.g. in a

computer program or a set of equations in mathematics, place the
grade 1 passage indicator on a separate line above the grade 1 text
Second Edition 2013

and the grade 1 terminator on a separate line below the text. When
this method is used, precede each indicator by the dot locator for
"use" ""=.
Refer to: Section 3.14, General Symbols and Indicators, for the dot
locator for "use".
5.5 Grade 1 terminator ;'

5.5.1 The grade 1 terminator usually follows immediately after the last
affected symbols-sequence of a grade 1 passage.
5.5.2 Use the grade 1 terminator when it is necessary to terminate grade 1
mode before the end of a symbols-sequence.
Example:
p-p-p-p-p-p-p-perishing
;;p-p-p-p-p-p-p-;'p]i%+
5.6 Numeric indicator #

5.6.1 Grade 1 mode is also set by the numeric indicator.
Examples:
1st #ast
shopping4you %opp+#dyou
4starhotel@webnet.com
#dstarhotel@awebnet4com
5.6.2 When grade 1 mode is set by the numeric indicator it is terminated

by a space, hyphen, dash or grade 1 terminator.
Refer to: Section 6.5, Numeric Mode.
Examples:
I'll go 3rdyou go 4th.
,i'll g #crd,-y g #dth4
3-D #c-;,d
Second Edition 2013

3-dimensional #c-dim5.nal
5-CD set #e-;,,cd set
c:\personal\2009finances
C3_*p]sonal_*#bjji;'f9.es
5.7 Grade 1 mode avoids confusion with contractions

5.7.1 Grade 1 mode is required to prevent a letter from being misread as
an alphabetic wordsign.
Refer to: Section 10.1, Contractions.
Examples:
be ;b,-;e b-1 ;b-#a
B-team ;,b-t1m
ev-er-y-which-way ev-]-;y-:-way
ending in s or es 5d+ 9 ,-;s or ,-es
VVII ;,v,-,,vii viii-x viii-;x
What have you d ,:at h y ;d,-
What have you d ,:at h y ;d444
p. 7 ;p4 #g p.7 p4#g
p7 p#g
the letters "a" to "g" ! lrs 8a0 to 8;g0
Sections (h) and (i).
,sec;ns "<;h"> & "<i">4
Did 'e 'n' Ma get to 't?
,did ';e ';n' ,ma get to ';t8
c/o matre d' c_/o ma^%itre ;d'
the people's right ! p's "r
p's and q's. ;p's & ;q's4
letter d lr .2;d
Second Edition 2013
"X marks the spot." .78;,x m>ks ! spot40.'
Dr J. F. Smith, M.D.
,dr ;,j4 ;,f4 ,smi?1 ,m4,d4
s-p-e-l-l-i-n-g ;;s-p-e-l-l-i-n-g
5.7.2 Grade 1 mode is required to prevent a letters-sequence from being

misread as a shortform or as containing a shortform.
Refer to: Section 10.9, Contractions.
Examples:
CD-ROM ;,,cd-,,rom
"Hm!" he mused. 8;,hm60 he mus$4
Could you buy a CD/DVD?
,cd y buy a
,,cd_/,,dvd8
My friends are Fr Ted and Sr Ann.
,my frs >e ;,fr ,t$ & ,Sr ,Ann4
the Imm family ! ;,imm family
al dente ;al d5te
Use the ALT key. ,use ! ;,,alt key4
NEC (National Executive Committee)
;,,nec "<,na;nal ,executive
,committee">
ozbrl (Australian listserve)
;;ozbrl "<,au/ralian li/s]ve">
5.8 Grade 1 indicators and capitalisation

5.8.1 A grade 1 indicator precedes a capitalisation indicator.
Example:
T-SHIRTS FOR SALE ;,,,t-%irts = sale,'
Second Edition 2013

5.9 Choice of indicators
Note: An extended grade 1 mode, i.e. grade 1 word or grade 1
passage mode, may be used for non-literary expressions. This is
especially useful in mathematics and computer programming texts.
However, keeping in mind the general principle that the resulting
braille should be as easy to read as possible, it is often appropriate to
use contracted braille with a grade 1 indicator for just those symbols
that can be misread as contractions. It is recommended that
contracted braille is used for email addresses, filenames and web
addresses.
5.9.1 As words are most easily recognised when presented in their familiar
contracted form, minimise the number of switches between grades,
the number of indicators required and the number of cells used.
Examples:
un-e-mo-tion-al ;;un-e-mo-tion-al
[rather than] un-;e-mo-tion-;al
c-h-e-e-s-e ;;c-h-e-e-s-e
br-r-r-r ;;br-r-r-r
d-dont ;d-don't
d-d-d-dont ;;d-d-d-don't
about-f-f-f-face ab-;;f-f-f-face
d-d-d-dictionary ;d-;d-;d-dic;n>y
[rather than] ;;d-d-d-;'dic;n>y
p-p-please ;p-;p-pl1se
[rather than] ;;p-p-please
s-s-s-s-super-st-stition
;;s-s-s-s-;'sup]-st-/i;n
5.9.2 Reduce the indicators within equations. When reading mathematical

expressions, passage indicators are less intrusive than interior
indicators.
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 1.7.
Second Edition 2013

Example:
a
x by =x ;;;x9(a./b)y "7 x;'
[or] ;;x9(a./b)y "7 ;x
[rather than] x;9;(a./b;)y "7 ;x
5.10 Optional use of the grade 1 indicator

5.10.1 When an expression in grade 1 mode would be equivalent to the
same text in grade 2 mode because no contractions would occur, a
grade 1 indicator may be used although it is not required.
Example:
The engine stuttered rm-m-m-m-m then rm-mm-mm-mm then
settled into r-mmmmmmm.
,! 5g9e /utt]$ ;;rm-m-m-m-m
!n ;;rm-mm-mm-mm !n settl$ 9to
;;r-mmmmmmm4
5.11 Use of grade 1 indicators in grade 1 text

5.11.1 In a work entirely in grade 1 braille (that is, using no contractions),
grade 1 indicators are not used except as required for other reasons,
e.g. for the lowercase letters a-j immediately following digits, and a
question mark in an unusual position.
Examples:
C is for candy. ,c is for candy4
Question 3c ,question #c;c
Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 6: Numeric Mode 59
Section 6: Numeric Mode

#a digit one
#b digit two
#c digit three
#d digit four
#e digit five
#f digit six
#g digit seven
#h digit eight
#i digit nine
#j digit zero
#1 comma (decimal sign)
#4 full stop (period, decimal sign)
a to j digit (in numeric mode only)
"a to "j numeric space plus digit (in numeric mode only)
# spaced numeric indicator (before space)
## numeric passage indicator (before space)
#' numeric passage terminator
" line continuation indicator (at end of line)
"" line continuation indicator with space (at end of
line)
/ simple numeric fraction line (in numeric mode
only)
6.1 Numeric indicators #a #b #c #d #e #f #g

#h #i #j #1 #4
Note: These twelve symbols are the ten digits and the two symbols
which are used as decimal signs. They are also numeric indicators.
6.1.1 Numeric indicators set numeric mode for the remainder of the
symbols-sequence.
Second Edition 2013

6.2 Numeric mode symbols

6.2.1 The following symbols may occur in numeric mode:
the ten digits;
full stop (period);
comma;
the ten numeric space-digit symbols;
simple numeric fraction line; and
the two line continuation indicators.
Refer to: Section 11.3, Technical Material, for the definition of a
simple fraction and the use of general fraction indicators.
Examples:
62 #fb 1959 #aiei
3,500 #c1ejj 8.93 #h4ic
.7 #4g 0.7 #j4g
8,93 #h1ic ,7 #1g
0,7 #j1g par. 4.2.2 p>4 #d4b4b
4 500 000 #d"ejj"jjj [spaces in print]
The temperature of the universe was
100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000C.
,! temp]ature ( ! univ]se 0
#ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1"
jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj^j,c4
[or when print uses spaces:]
100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000C.
,! temp}ature ( ! univ]se 0
#ajj"jjj"jjj"jjj"jjj"jjj""
jjj"jjj"jjj"jjj"jjj^j,c4
#c/h 5 #e#c/h
Second Edition 2013

6.3 Termination of numeric mode
6.3.1 A space or any symbol not listed in 6.2.1 terminates numeric mode.
Examples:
7:30 a.m. #g3#cj a4m4
10:12:2009 #aj3#ab3#bjji
9-10 #i-#aj
191418 #aiad,-#ah
2.5-5 #b4e-#e
8-cab fleet #h-cab fleet
The score was 43 ,! score 0 #d,-#c
75 = 2 #g"-#e "7 #b
2- #b-#a/b
- tsp #a/d-#a/b tsp
66 #f#a/d,-#f#a/b
1/4 cup #a_/#d cup
model 09/52 model #ji_/#eb
on call 24/7 on call #bd_/#g
7(2) #g"<#b">
7(b) #g"<b">
47 #d,-#g
4..7 #d44g
4567 #d_1#ef_'#g
6.4 Placement of numeric prefix with full stop (period)

6.4.1 When a full stop (period) is followed by a number, it precedes the
numeric prefix # unless it is clear that it is a decimal point.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
Piano Sonata No.16 in C major is K.545.
,piano ,sonata ,no4#af 9 ;,c
major is ,k4#ede4
= .375 #c/h "7 #4cge
6.5 Numeric indicators set grade 1 mode

6.5.1 A numeric indicator also sets grade 1 mode. Grade 1 mode, when set
by a numeric indicator, is terminated by a space, hyphen, dash or
grade 1 terminator.
6.5.2 While grade 1 mode is in effect, a grade 1 indicator is not required
unless a lowercase letter aj follows a digit, full stop/period or
comma.
Examples:
32 #cb 3b #c;b
3B #c,b 3m #cm
4.2 #d4b 4.b #d4;b
4.B #d4,b 4.m #d4m
report3.doc report#c4;doc
report3.xls report#c4xls
in the Second World War2 19391945.3
444 9 ! ,second ,_w ,w>;9#b
#aici,-#aide49#c
6.5.3 While grade 1 mode is in effect, contractions may not follow a

number.
Examples:
houses4lease h\ses#dlease
He came 4th in the race.
,he came #dth 9 ! race4
Second Edition 2013

6.5.4 Grade 1 mode is terminated by a hyphen or dash, thus allowing
contractions to be used again. Therefore, a letter or letters that could
read as a contraction will need the grade 1 indicator.
Examples:
If you go 1stwill I go 2nd?
,if y g #ast,-w ,I g #bnd8
I have a 6-CD boxed set.
,I h a #f-;,,cd box$ set4
There are 3 beds in this 4-bed ward.
,"! >e #c b$s 9 ? #d-b$ w>d4
in 1970about March 9 #aigj,-ab ,m>*
3-dimensional #c-dim5.nal
3-D #c-;,d
The 6-can packunder seat 6-c.
,! #f-c pack,-"u s1t #f-;c4
only 4more please only #d,-m pl1se
4-m #d-;m
20-yr period #bj-;yr p]iod
20yr period #bjyr p]iod
6.6 The numeric space "a "b "c "d "e "f "g
"h "i "j
Note: The ten symbols "a to "j have the meaning "space and
following digit" within a number. Spaces should be represented in
this way when they are clearly numeric spaces. For example a single
telephone number would be considered as one number, even though
it includes country, city, and exchange codes as parts. If it is not
clear that a space is a separator in a single number it should be
treated as an ordinary space.
Second Edition 2013

6.6.1 When spaces are used as separators within a single number use the
ten symbols "a to "j to represent the space and its following
digit.
Examples:
population: 3 245 000 popula;n3 #c"bde"jjj
ISBN: 978 1 55468 513 4
,,isbn3 #igh"a"eedfh"eac"d
phone: (61) 3 1234 5678
ph"o3 "<#fa"> #c"abcd"efgh
date: 1947 08 31 date3 #aidg"jh"ca
time: 16 00 "t3 #af"jj
6.7 Treatment of dates, time, coinage, etc.

6.7.1 When transcribing dates, time, coinage, ordinal numbers, postal
codes or telephone numbers: follow print punctuation and order of
symbols.
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 2, for more examples.
Examples:
7/11/59 #g_/#aa_/#ei
7.11.59 #g4aa4ei
1960's #aifj's
'70s and '80s '#gjs & '#hjs
10:30 a.m. #aj3#cj a4m4
10.30 am #aj4cj am
$8.75 @s#h4ge
8.75 @l#h4ge
R8,75 ,r#h1ge
$1,500.00 @s#a1ejj4jj
Second Edition 2013

1.500,00 @e#a4ejj1jj
2nd #bnd
2d #b;d
1er #a;er [premier]
M4G 3E8 ,m#d,g #c,e#h
W1N 9LF ,W#a,n #i,,lf
N12 7BT ,N#ab #g,,bt
(416) 486-2500 "<#daf"> #dhf-#bejj
For a taxi call 13-cabs.
,= a taxi call #ac-cabs4
telephone 1300-vision teleph"o #acjj-vi.n
1-800-SLEEP88 #a-#hjj-,,sleep#hh
ISBN 0-14-300414-X
,,isbn #j-#ad-#cjjdad-;,x
6.8 Spaced numeric indicator #

6.8.1 The spaced numeric indicator allows one or more spaces to intervene
between the numeric prefix and the root that would normally follow
immediately to form a digit or a decimal point or comma.
Example:
$ 4.50 @s# d4ej
10.00 #aj4jj
.50 # 4ej
------ "3333333
$15.00 @s#ae4jj
Second Edition 2013

6.9 Numeric passage indicator ## and numeric
terminator #'
6.9.1 The numeric passage indicator sets numeric mode and grade 1 mode
for all text until the terminator is reached.
6.9.2 The numeric terminator follows immediately after the last affected
symbols-sequence, except as in 6.9.4 below.
6.9.3 Numeric indicators are not used in a numeric passage and any
lowercase letter a-j is preceded by a grade 1 indicator.
6.9.4 To preserve the general format of the enclosed text the numeric
passage indicator may be placed by itself on a line above and the
terminator on a line below the text.
Note: A numeric passage may be useful in cases such as a long
worked example in mathematics, a series of arithmetic exercises, or a
table with mostly numeric content.
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 4, for spatial
arithmetic examples illustrating the use of both the spaced numeric
indicator and the numeric passage indicator.
6.10 Division of a number between lines

6.10.1 Avoid division of a number between lines unless considerable space is
saved. If division is necessary use the appropriate line continuation
indicator and observe the following rules.
6.10.2 When it is necessary to break a long number across lines, place the
break in a logical placeat a numeric space, or after a comma which
is being used as a separatornot between two digits.
6.10.3 When the division occurs after a separating comma, or between two
digits in a number which comprises a large string of digits with no
separators, use the one-cell line continuation indicator " at the end
of the line.
6.10.4 When the division takes place at a numeric space, use the two-cell
line continuation indicator "" at the end of the line.
6.10.5 Since the line continuation indicators do not terminate numeric mode
a numeric indicator is not required in the next line.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000C.
,! temp]ature ( ! univ]se 0
#ajj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1"
jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj^j,c4
[or when print uses spaces:]
100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000C.
,! temp}ature ( ! univ]se 0
#ajj"jjj"jjj"jjj"jjj"jjj""
jjj"jjj"jjj"jjj"jjj^j,c4
Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 7: Punctuation 69
Section 7: Punctuation
1 , comma
2 ; semicolon
3 : colon
4 . full stop (period, dot, decimal point)
444 ... ellipsis
6 ! exclamation mark
8 ? question mark [also]
8 opening one-cell (nonspecific) quotation mark
0 closing one-cell (nonspecific) quotation mark
^8 opening double quotation mark
^0 closing double quotation mark
,8 opening single quotation mark
,0 closing single quotation mark
_8 opening Italian quotation mark (small double
angle brackets)
_0 closing Italian quotation mark (small double
angle brackets)
,7 " nondirectional double quotation mark
' ' apostrophe, nondirectional single quotation mark
"< ( opening parenthesis (round bracket)

"> ) closing parenthesis (round bracket)
.< [ opening square bracket
.> ] closing square bracket
@< < opening angle bracket
@> > closing angle bracket
_< { opening curly bracket (brace bracket)
_> } closing curly bracket (brace bracket)
_/ / solidus (forward slash)

_* \ reverse solidus (backslash)
- hyphen
Second Edition 2013

,- dash (when distinguished from hyphen(s) in
print)
",- long dash
.- _ low line (underscore)
,"< multi-line opening parenthesis (round bracket)

,"> multi-line closing parenthesis (round bracket)
,.< multi-line opening square bracket
,.> multi-line closing square bracket
,_< multi-line opening curly bracket
,_> multi-line closing curly bracket
7.1 General
7.1.1 Follow print for the use of punctuation except for the specific
provisions in the Punctuation rules which follow.
Examples:
U.S.A. ,u4,s4,a4 W..c.ster ,w44c4/]
What ...? ,:at 4448 Why? ,:y8
2.5% #b4e.0 2,5% #b1e.0
Yes, please. ,yes1 pl1se4
No, never! ,no1 n"e6
Shopping list: red, green and yellow peppers; onions; sweet
potatoes (or yams).
,%opp+ li/3 r$1 gre5 & yell[
pepp]s2 onions2 sweet potatoes
"<or yams">4
4:30 #d3#cj STOP!! ,,/op66
don't don't Jones' ,j"os'
It's done. ,x's d"o4 the '90s ! '#ijs
rock 'n' roll rock ';n' roll
"'Tis late." 8',tis late40
Second Edition 2013
(See above.) "<,see abv4">
noun(s) n\n"<s">
in b) and f) 9 ;b"> & ;f">
Balance: ($52.68) ,bal.e3 "<@s#eb4fh">
Plaintiff stated, "[m]y causes is [sic] just."
,pla9tiff /at$1 8.<m.>y causes is
.<.1sic.> j40
Jan Swan <swanj@iafrica.com>
,jan ,swan @<swanj@aiafrica4com@>
primary colours {red, blue, yellow}
prim>y col\rs _<r$1 blue1 yell[_>
he/she he_/%e b/fast b_/fa/
9/11 #i_/#aa Jan/Feb ,jan_/,feb
his Gaza Strip / West Bank tour
8 ,gaza ,/rip _/ ,we/ ,bank t\r
c:\desktop c3_*desktop
self-control self-3trol
tied 1-1 ti$ #a-#a
forty-one or -two =ty-"o or -two
320-foot wingspan #cbj-foot w+span
five- or six-pointed star five- or six-po9t$ />
add -s add -;s add s add ,-;s
Mr J---- ,mr ;,j---- Mr J ,mr ;,j,-
"Ask Ms. , she will know."
8,ask ,ms4 ,-1 %e w "k40
7.1.2 Only one blank cell follows punctuation in braille even when print
uses more space, e.g. at the end of a sentence.
Second Edition 2013

7.1.3 Place a grade 1 symbol indicator before a punctuation mark which
appears in a position where it would be read as a contraction.
Refer to: 7.6.4 for an opening nonspecific quotation mark.
Examples:
Replace . with ? where appropriate.
,Replace 4 ) ;8 ": appropriate4
[full stop (period) with question mark]
lang:uk lang;3uk a:o a;3o
.doc ;4doc
Ai!!ams ,ai;66ams [Khoi-San name for Windhoek in
Namibia "!" represents a letter]
7.1.4 A string of lower punctuation marks may be surrounded by space.
Examples:
" ,-0 ...?" 44480
"... 8444 ":" 830
7.2 Dash, low line (underscore), long dash and hyphen

,- .- ",- -
7.2.1 Follow print spacing of the dash. However, when the spacing in print
is indeterminate or inconsistent, space the dash from adjacent words,
unless it is clear that the dash indicates omission of part of a word.
Examples:
He sees it feels it. ,he sees x ,- feels x4
[print has several spaces around the dash]
He will go when ,he w g :5 ,-
He will go when ,he w g :5,-
He will go wh ,he w g wh,-
We want we need more br
,we want ,- we ne$ ,- m br,-
[print shows the first dash unspaced from the word "want"].
Second Edition 2013

7.2.2 When an unspaced dash indicates an omission, do not separate it
from the remainder of the symbols-sequence. In all other cases, a
dash may be separated from what precedes or follows it at the
beginning or end of a braille line.
7.2.3 Regardless of the length of the character in print, use one low line
(underscore) .- in braille for each print dash below the line of type
which indicates a blank to be filled in.
Refer to: Section 9, Typeforms, for information about underlining.
Examples:
Are you in favor? ____ yes, ____ no.
,>e y 9 favor8 .- yes1 .- no4
We saw _______ and _______ grazing in the field.
,we saw .- & .- graz+ 9 ! field4
Add the missing letters: s_n and d_ _ght_r.
,add ! miss+ lrs3 s.-n &
d.-.-<t.-r4
moons of Mars _____ _____ moons ( ,m>s .- .-
7.2.4 Use a long dash ",- in braille only when print uses both a short
and long dash.
Example:
Mr D visits P regularly you know that.
,mr ;,d",- visits ;,p",-
regul>ly ,- y "k t4
Hyphen(s) used as dash

7.2.5 Represent a spaced hyphen in print with a spaced hyphen in braille.
Example:
I'll be ready by 3:00 - well - maybe 3:10.
,i'll 2 r1dy by #c3#jj - well -
maybe #c3#aj4
Second Edition 2013

7.2.6 When print uses two adjacent hyphens as a substitute for a dash
(e.g. in typing or email), it is permissible to use a dash in braille. Use
two hyphens when it is clear that two hyphens are intended, e.g. to
represent two missing letters in a word. When in doubt, use two
hyphens.
Examples:
an expression--such as this--set apart
an expres.n,-s* z ?,-set a"p
[Two hyphens are used in print.]
rec--ve rec--ve
B-- ;,b-- [print uses hyphens]
7.3 Ellipsis 444

7.3.1 Follow print for the number of dots used in the ellipsis. When
spacing in print is indeterminate or inconsistent, space the ellipsis
from adjacent words, unless it is clear that it indicates the omission of
part of a word.
Examples:
I... I don't think ...."
,i 444 ,i don't ?9k 44440
I don't th...." ,i don't th44440
7.4 Solidus (forward slash) _/

7.4.1 When division at a linebreak is necessary following the solidus
(forward slash), do not insert a hyphen.
Example:
There were several schoolchildren/teachers/parents present.
,"! 7 s"eal s*ool*ildr5_/
t1*]s_/p>5ts pres5t4
Second Edition 2013

7.5 Question mark 8
7.5.1 In the majority of cases, a question mark does not require a grade 1
symbol indicator; however, be mindful of the situations covered in
Rules 7.5.2 to 7.5.4 below.
Examples:
What??? ,:at888 "What?!" 8,:at860
...?" 44480
persons?/people? p]sons8_/people8
7.5.2 Place a grade 1 symbol indicator before a question mark which

appears in a position where it would be read as the wordsign "his" or
where it would be read as an opening one-cell (nonspecific) quotation
mark.
7.5.3 Place a grade 1 symbol indicator before a question mark which is
"standing alone".
Example:
[?] .<;8.>
7.5.4 Place a grade 1 symbol indicator before a question mark which

follows a space, hyphen or dash. Any of the punctuation and
indicator symbols listed in 2.6.2 of Section 2, Terminology and
General Rules, may intervene between the space, hyphen or dash
and the question mark.
Examples:
?-1750 ;8-#agej
(?1750) "<;8,-#agej">
Replace each ? with a letter: ?e??u
,replace ea* ;8 ) a lr3 ;8e88u
Second Edition 2013

7.6 Quotation marks 8 0 ^8 ^0 ,8 ,0
_8 _0 ,7 '
7.6.1 Use one-cell (nonspecific) quotation marks 8 and 0 for the
predominant quotation marks in the text in all instances where the
specific form of the quotation marks ("double", "single", "Italian" or
"nondirectional") has no significance, that is, in the great majority of
cases. Indicate the print form of the nonspecific quotation marks on
the symbols page or in a transcriber's note.
Examples:
[The examples below are taken from different texts, which have
differing predominant quotation marks in print.]
Why is that? he asked. [or] Why is that? he asked.
8,:y is t80 he ask$4
[Two print versions The first has double quotation marks, the
second has single quotation marks.]
the play 'Hamlet' [or] the play "Hamlet"
! play 8,hamlet0
[Two print versions the first has single nondirectional quotation
marks, the second has double nondirectional quotation marks.]
The letters "b" and "c"
,! lrs 8;b0 & 8;c0
[Double nondirectional quotation marks in print.]
the word 'nice' ! ^w 8nice0
[Single nondirectional quotation marks in print.]
yeses and nos 8yes0es & 8no0s
[Double quotation marks in print.]
mother-in-law "m-89-law0
[Single quotation marks in print.]
... in accordance with ...
8444 9 a3ord.e ) 4440
[Italian quotation marks in print.]
7.6.2 For secondary or inner quotation marks (that is those other than the
predominant quotation marks in the text), use the specific two-cell
symbols.
Second Edition 2013
Examples:
She said, Sing Happy Birthday.
,%e sd1 8,s+ ,8,happy ,bir?"d,040
[where double quotation marks are used predominantly in print]
She said, Sing Happy Birthday.
,%e sd1 8,s+ ^8,happy ,bir?"d^040
[where single quotation marks are used predominantly in print]
7.6.3 A pair of opening and closing quotation marks should match. For
example, when a specific opening quotation mark is required, then
the specific closing symbol is also used.
7.6.4 When an opening nonspecific quotation mark would be read as the
wordsign "his", use the appropriate specific quotation mark instead.
Example:
( ... that is the question.)
"<^8 444 t is ! "q4^0">
7.6.5 Use one-cell (nonspecific) quotation marks when apostrophes are

used as the predominant quotation marks in print. Use specific single
quotation marks when apostrophes are used as the secondary or
inner quotation marks in print. However, when in doubt as to
whether a mark is an apostrophe or a single quotation mark, treat it
as an apostrophe.
7.6.6 Use nondirectional double ,7 or single ' quotation marks (that is
quotation marks without any slant or curl to convey "opening" or
"closing") only in the following relatively rare cases:
when such symbols are distinguished from directional symbols (as
in a discourse on typography)
when the symbols are otherwise clearly intended (as in an ASCII
listing)
when there is no way to infer directionality from context.
Otherwise use directional quotation marks.
7.6.7 If the opening one-cell (nonspecific) quotation mark appears in grade

1 mode, it will be read as a question mark. To avoid this, place the
one-cell opening quotation mark before rather than after any grade 1
indicator. If this isn't possible, use the appropriate specific quotation
mark.
Second Edition 2013
Examples:
Spell "W-a-l-k" so the dog stays calm.
,spell 8;;,w-a-l-k0 s ! dog /ays
calm4
note silent letters in n-i-g-h-t
note sil5t lrs 9 ;;n-i-,8g-h,0-t
7.7 Multi-line brackets ,"< ,"> ,.< ,.>

,_< ,_>
7.7.1 Place the appropriate multi-line bracket symbol on each braille line,
aligning the symbols vertically. Generally, material is top justified in
braille even when it is centred vertically in print.
Technical Material, for more information.
Example:
I We
You run fast.
They
,i ,we,_> run fa/4
,y ,_>
,!y ,_>
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 8: Capitalisation 79
Section 8: Capitalisation
,A to ,z capital letters A to Z
,.a to ,.w capital Greek letters [Alpha] to [Omega]
,, capitals word indicator
,,, capitals passage indicator
,' capitals terminator
Refer to: Section 4, Letters and Their Modifiers, for the complete list
of capitalised letters in the English and Greek alphabets.
8.1 Use of capitals

8.1.1 Follow print for the use of capital letters.
Note: The transcriber may reasonably reduce the use of capital
letters in braille when they are used in print as a visual embellishment
such as for words written in capital letters at the beginning of
paragraphs or chapters.
Refer to: Section 9.6, of Typeforms, for how to transcribe small
capital letters when used in print as a distinctive typeform.
8.2 Extent of capitals mode

8.2.1 The extent of capitals mode is determined by the capitals indicator in
use.
8.3 Defining a capital letter

8.3.1 A capital letter is a two-cell symbol which consists of the prefix ,
(dot six) and the lowercase form of the letter.
Examples:
O ,o V ;,v
20B #bj,b B.C. ,b4,c4
Hush. Keep Quiet! ,hu%4 ,keep ,quiet6
C. O. Linkletter ;,c4 ,o4 ,l9klett]
Second Edition 2013

M MacPherson and O O'Hara
;,m ,mac,ph]son & ,o ,o',h>a
'Twas Dr. Hamilton-Hall.
',twas ,dr4 ,hamilton-,hall4
B-E-L-I-E-V-E ;;,b-,e-,l-,I-,e-,v-,e
8.3.2 Place the prefix dot 6 before a contraction when only its first letter is
capitalised.
Examples:
Father Edmond Anderson ,"f ,$mond ,&]son
Today, Mr Will Just visited us.
,td1 ,mr ,w ,j visit$ u4
His name is Thomas. ,8 "n is ,?omas4
8.3.3 Only a modifier or a ligature indicator can be positioned between a

letter and its capitals prefix.
Refer to: Sections 4.2 and 4.3, of Letters and Their Modifiers, for the
list of symbols considered to be modifiers to letters.
Examples:
tude ,^/etude
Voyage Nice ,voyage ,^*a ,nice
8.4 Capitalised word indicator ,,

8.4.1 The capitalised word indicator sets capitals mode for the next letters-
sequence or the remainder of the current letters-sequence.
8.4.2 The effect of a capitalised word indicator is terminated by a space, a
single capital letter, a nonalphabetic symbol, or a capitals terminator,
but not by a modifier or a ligature indicator.
Examples:
PARLIAMENT ,,p>lia;t
Second Edition 2013

FRANOIS ,,fran^&cois
,,.p.b.f
DipTP ,dip,,tp
NEW YORK ,,new ,,york
TVOntario ,,tv,ont>io
"GO quickly and TAKE CARE!"
8,,g qkly & ,,take ,,c>e60
ANGLO-SAXON ,,anglo-,,saxon
McGRAW-HILL ,mc,,graw-,,hill
MERRY-GO-ROUND ,,m]ry-,,g-,,r.d
UPPERCASE-lowercase ,,upp]case-l[]case
LITTLE-RED-RIDING-HOOD-type tales
,,ll-,,r$-,,rid+-,,hood-type
tales
The d'ARTAGNAN Romances
,! d',,>tagnan ,rom.es
O'SULLIVAN ,o',,sullivan
DON'T ,,don',t
THAT'S ,,t',s
SHE'LL ,,%e',,ll
JACK'S FO'C'S'LE
,,jack',s ,,fo',c',s',,le
WELCOME TO McDONALD'S
,,welcome ,,to ,mc,,donald',s
OK'd ,,ok'd
RSVP or R.S.V.P. ,,rsvp or ,r4,s4,v4,p4
HOTELS.COM ,,hotels4,,com
Second Edition 2013

The N.A.S.D.A.Q. News
,! ,n4,a4,s4,d4,a4,q4 ,news
BA(Oxon) ,,ba"<,oxon">
(R)AC "<,r">,,ac
WIND(ward) ,,w9d"<w>d">
I/O ,I_/,o
B&B ,b@&,b
AT&T ,,at@&,t
McDONALD@xyz.com ,mc,,donald@axyz4com
SWIFT & CO. ,,swift @& ,,co4
FREEform ,,free^1=m
EXAMINE ,e.2,,xam9e
8.4.3 A fully-capitalised hyphenated compound word is correctly capitalised

if it is divided at the hyphen, at the end of the braille line.
Note: This means that the new braille line will begin with the
capitalised word indicator (which is already required) following the
hyphen.
Example:
ANGLO-SAXON """""""""""""""" ,,anglo-
,,saxon
8.4.4 A hyphen inserted during transcription to indicate word division at the

end of a braille line does not terminate capitals word mode.
Example:
INTERNATIONAL """"""""""""""""" ,,9t]-
na;nal
Second Edition 2013

8.5 Capitalised passage indicator ,,,
8.5.1 The capitalised passage indicator sets capitals mode for the next
passage.
8.5.2 A passage is three or more symbols-sequences and it may include
non-alphabetic symbols.
8.5.3 A capitalised passage is terminated by the capitals terminator
immediately following the last affected symbols-sequence.
Examples:
CAUTION: WET PAINT! ,,,cau;n3 wet pa9t6,'
Please KEEP OFF THE GRASS in this area.
,pl1se ,,,keep (f ! grass,' 9 ? >ea4
THE BBC AFRICA NEWS
,,,! bbc africa news,'
PROUD TO BE A
,,,pr\d to 2 a .f.b.k,'
FOR SALE: 1975 FIREBIRD
,,,= sale3 #aige firebird,'
A SELF-MADE MAN
,,,a self-made man,'
BUY FAHRENHEIT 9/11 ON E-BAY
,,,buy .1FAHR5HEIT .1#I_/#aa on
;e-bay,'
A.A. (ALAN ALEXANDER) MILNE
,,,a4a4 "<alan alex&]"> milne,'
8.5.4 A capitalised letter or letters-sequence placed adjacent to the

beginning or end of a capitalised passage is not necessarily
considered to be part of the passage, especially if it is separated from
the passage by a space or punctuation.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
"... at 11:00 AM"MARKHAM ECONOMIST AND SUN
8444 at #aa3#jj ,,am0,-,,,m>kham
economi/ & sun,'
STOP RUNNING NOW! It's dangerous.
,,,/op runn+ n[6,' ,x's dang]\s4
(See Attachment A). A CSP (Carriage Service Provider) has
obligations to
444 "<,see ,atta*;t ,a">4 ,a
,,csp "<,c>riage ,s]vice
,provid]"> has obliga;ns to 444
Go to point A. BUT NOT YET!
,g to po9t ,a4 ,,,b n yet6,'
He worked for the ABC. A BBC journalist reported ...
,he "w$ = ! ,,ABC4 ,a ,,bbc
j\rnali/ report$ 444
8.5.5 When transcribing a capitalised passage which extends over more

than one text element (e.g. a series of paragraphs, or a numbered or
bulleted list of points), each text element is preceded by the
capitalised passage indicator and the capitals mode is terminated only
at the end of the final text element.
Example:
"HE'S GETTING AWAY! HE'S OVER THERE, UNDER THE PORCH."
"I SEE HIM. I'LL CUT HIM OFF FROM THE OTHER SIDE."
"JUMP!"
"I CAUGHT HIM. I CAUGHT MY PUPPY!"
8,,,he's gett+ away6 he's ov]
"!1 "u ! por*40
8,,,I see hm4 i'll cut hm (f f
! o!r side40
Second Edition 2013

8,,,jump60
8,,,I cau<t hm4 i cau<t my
puppy60,'
8.5.6 When transcribing a capitalised passage which extends over more

than one text element and where the text elements do not constitute
a continuous passage (e.g.: a series of headings), each text element
is capitalised separately.
Example:
ON HEALTH AND MEDICINE
INDIGENOUS TEAS DELAY AGING

(READER'S DIGEST: August 1998)
Indigenous teas have been linked in recent studies to improved

health and ...
,,,on h1l? & m$ic9e,'
,,,9dig5\s t1s delay ag+,'

"<,,r1d]',s ,,dige/3
,augu/ #aiih">
,9dig5\s t1s h be5 l9k$ 9 rec5t
/udies to improv$ h1l? & 444
8.5.7 A single heading is capitalised as a unit even if it extends over more

than one braille line.
Example:
LIST OF SURVEY RECIPIENTS ORGANISED BY COUNTRY
,,,li/ ( survey recipi5ts
organis$ by c.try,'
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8.6 Capitals terminator ,'
8.6.1 The capitals terminator is placed after the final capitalised letter
either within or following the symbols-sequence.
8.6.2 The capitals terminator may precede or follow punctuation and other
terminators but it is best that indicators and paired characters such
as parentheses, square brackets and quotes be nested. That is, close
punctuation and indicators in reverse order of opening.
Examples:
He shouted "I WILL NOT!"
,he %\t$ 8,,,I w n6,'0
ROMEO AND JULIET
.7,,,romeo & juliet,'.'
IT'S A HOAX! (APRIL FOOL!)
,,,x's a hoax6 "<april fool6">,'
8.6.3 If it is necessary to terminate the capitals mode before the end of a

symbols-sequence, place the capitals terminator after the last
affected letter of either capitals word mode or capitals passage mode.
Examples:
ABCs ,,abc,'s
WASPs ,,wasp,'s
WALKing ,,walk,'+
unSELFish un,,self,'I%
XXIInd ,,xxii,'nd
VIIb ,,vii,'b
INITIALS OF WRITER/initials of secretary
,,,9itials ( writ],'_/9itials (
secret>y
The two CEOs met in our CEO's office.
,! two ,,ceo,'s met 9 \r ,,ceo's
(fice4
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8.7 Placement of indicators
8.7.1 The dot 6 prefix, the capitalised word indicator or the capitalised
passage indicator is placed immediately before the first capitalised
letter or modifier to that letter, such as a cedilla, grave accent or
circumflex. Only a modifier or ligature indicator may come between
the capitals indicator and the letter.
Refer to: Sections 4.2 and 4.3, of Letters and Their Modifiers, for the
list of symbols considered to be modifiers to letters.
Examples:
"So?" 8,s80 (July) "<,july">
B-U-S ;;,b-,u-,s [] .<,.s.>
Voyage Nice .7,voyage ,^*a ,nice.'
'TIS ',,tis CD ;,,cd
"SHHHH!" 8,,%hhh60
Hippity-HOP ,hipp;y-,,hop
RESOLVED ^1,,resolv$
TUDE ,,^/etude
Unified English Braille (UEB)
,unifi$ ,5gli% ,brl "<,,ueb">
AC SMITH ;,,ac ,,smi?
V-NECK SWEATERS FOR SALE!
;,,,v-neck sw1t]s = sale6,'
8.8 Choice of capitalised indicators

Note: While the default treatment for a sequence of capital letters is
capitals word mode, there are situations where the transcriber has a
choice between using either individual capital letters or capitals word
mode. If both choices will render an unambiguous transcription,
interpret the following rules as guidelines.
8.8.1 Choose the method which retains the usual braille form.
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Examples:
XI XIth ,,xi ,,xi,'?
XXXI XXXIst ,,xxxi ,,xxxi,'/
OK OKd ,,ok ,,ok,'d
CD CDs ;,,cd ,,cd,'s
RV: Recreational VehicleLet's go RVing.
,,rv3 ,recr1;nal ,vehicle,-,let's
g ,,rv,'+4
www.BLASTSoundMachine.com
www4,,bla/,s.d,ma*9e4com
www.BLASTsoundmachine.com
www4,,bla/,'s.dma*9e4com
8.8.2 Choose the method which best conveys the meaning. In particular,
choose a method that avoids the need for capital indicators or
terminators within natural subunits of an expression.
Note: In the examples below such subunits are the chemical element
Br in KBr, the abbreviation Sc in BSc or the word Ontario in
TVOntario.
Examples:
KBr (potassium bromide)
,k,br "<potassium bromide">
BSc (Bachelor of Science)
,b,sc "<,Ba*elor ( ,Sci;e">
TVOntario ,,tv,ont>io
preSENT pre,,s5t
PRESent ,,pres,'5t
WoooooooOOOOOOOOooooooo (a ghostly sound)
,Wooooooo,,oooooooo,'ooooooo
"<a <o/ly s.d">
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MHz ,m,hz
ATandT ,a,t&,t
8.8.3 Choose the method which gives consistency throughout a single title.
Examples:
H2O O H OH KCl CH2OH HOCH2
,h;5#b,o ,o ;,h ,o,h
,k,cl ,c,h;5#b,o,h
,h,o,c,h;5#b [chemical formulae from a single title]
8.9 Accented letters in fully capitalised words

8.9.1 When in print an accented letter in a fully capitalised word is shown
in lowercase, the lowercase representation may be ignored in braille,
except when facsimile transcription is required. Such practice should
be explained in a transcriber's note.
Examples:
PREMIRE ,,premi^*ere
ESPAOLA ,,espa^]nola
[The accented letters are lowercase in the printed examples.]
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Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 9: Typeforms 91
Section 9: Typeforms
.2 italic symbol indicator
.1 italic word indicator
.7 italic passage indicator
.' italic terminator
^2 boldface symbol indicator

^1 boldface word indicator
^7 boldface passage indicator
^' boldface terminator
_2 underlined symbol indicator

_1 underlined word indicator
_7 underlined passage indicator
_' underlined terminator
@2 script symbol indicator

@1 script word indicator
@7 script passage indicator
@' script terminator
@#2 first transcriber-defined typeform symbol indicator

@#1 first transcriber-defined typeform word indicator
@#7 first transcriber-defined typeform passage indicator
@#' first transcriber-defined typeform terminator
Note: Typeform indicators consist of two parts: a prefix and a root.

The prefix designates the typeform and the root determines its
extent. Additional transcriber-defined typeforms may be formed
using the following prefixes:
^# prefix for second transcriber-defined typeform
_# prefix for third transcriber-defined typeform
"# prefix for fourth transcriber-defined typeform
.# prefix for fifth transcriber-defined typeform
Second Edition 2013

9.1 Deciding when to use typeform indicators
Refer to: 9.7 for guidance on the placement of typeform indicators
and terminators in relation to opening and closing punctuation.
9.1.1 Despite wide use of different typeforms in print, it is not always
necessary to indicate them when transcribing into braille. For
example, print will commonly use a distinctive typeface for headings.
This usage is generally ignored in braille where formatting will
distinguish the headings from the rest of text. Also the print practice
of italicising all variables in technical material is ignored.
9.1.2 Typeform indicators are considered necessary in braille when the
print change in typeform is significant because it indicates emphasis
or shows distinction, e.g. foreign words in English text, titles within
text, subject headings on paragraphs, silent thought, computer input
distinguished from computer output, or the class of a variable in
mathematics.
9.1.3 When it cannot be determined whether or not a change of typeform
is significant, indicate the change.
Examples:
31l #cal
[The lowercase letter l is in a different font only to distinguish it
from the numeral 1.]
Go to http://www.iceb.org to learn about UEB rules and examples.
,g to http3_/_/www4iceb4org to
le>n ab _7,,ueb rules &
examples_'4
[This example shows two underlined hyperlinks both of which
can be activated in the electronic print file. The first is
considered a print enhancement which need not be shown in
braille. The second marks embedded text and unless shown as
such the braille reader is unaware of the presence of the link.]
Let the vector field v at P be equal to v(P). Then we can form the
scalar product v(P).ds.
,let ! vector field ^2;v at ;,p 2
equal to ^2v"<,p">4 ,!n we c =m
! scal> product ^2v"<,p">4d^2s4
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[The three letter P's are italicised, but all single capital letters in
this text are italicised so it is not considered significant.]
CHAPTER 6
ON TUESDAY, a meeting of portfolio managers was held ....
,,*apt] #f
,on ,tues"d1 a meet+ (
portfolio manag]s 0 held 4444
[The change in typeform for the heading is ignored. The
typeform change at the beginning of the paragraph is an
embellishment used at the beginning of each chapter in the book
and is ignored for this transcription.]
9.2 Typeform symbol indicators .2 ^2 _2 @2 @#2

9.2.1 A typeform symbol indicator sets the designated typeform for the
next letter or symbol.
Examples:
the set of real numbers,
! set ( r1l numb]s1 @2;,r

pneumonia .2pneumonia
8 chickens! .2#h *ick5s6
story stories /or_2y /or_2ies
24 should be 34 #bd %d 2 _2#cd
bright blue ball ^2b"r ^2blue ^2ball
27.9 #bg_24#i
Stop! May I help? ,/op^26 ,may ,I help^28
83% #hc_2.0
It will cost $45 not 45.
,x w co/ ^2@s#de n ^2@e#de4
For help, click the ? icon.
,= help1 click ! ^2;8 icon4
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change y to i *ange .2;y to .2i
55 not 56 #e^2#e n #e^2#f
9.2.2 When a typeform symbol indicator precedes a contraction, only the

first letter is affected.
Examples:
I have enough knowledge.
_2,I _2h _25 _2k4
("Beyond belief!") "<8.2,2y .22lief60">
Which bowl is broken?
^2,:i^2* b^2[l is brok^258
M is for Mother ;,m is = .2,"m
9.2.3 If any letter of a contraction other than the first is to be preceded by

a typeform symbol indicator, the contraction is not used.
Examples:
mother mother mother mother
mo!^2r mo^2!r mo?^2} mot^2h}
[Notice that in a word such as mother, where the contraction for
mother is not used, the contractions for the, th or er may be
used.]
9.3 Typeform word indicators .1 ^1 _1 @1 @#1

9.3.1 A typeform word indicator sets the designated typeform for the next
symbols-sequence or the remainder of the current symbols-sequence.
9.3.2 The effect of the typeform word indicator is terminated by space (but
not by a numeric space or by space at the end of a braille line in a
divided symbols-sequence).
Refer to: 9.4 for more information and examples.
Examples:
Who is for the people? ,:o is _1= ! p8
She was right. ,%e ^10 "r4
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R.S.V.P. .1,r4,s4,v4,p4
l'oeil-de-boeuf (Fr.: bull's eye)
.1l'oeil-de-boeuf "<;,Fr43 bull's
eye">
[or divided at the end of the braille line] .1l'oeil-
de-boeuf
one twothree .1"o .1two,-?ree
1,500,000 1 500 000
_1#a1ejj1jjj _1#a"ejj"jjj
1939-1945 .1#aici-#aide
[or divided at the end of the braille line] .1#aici-
#aide
on the paper was written
on ! pap] 0 writt5 @1#eee"aihb
briefly brief.1ly
daytime "d_1"t
13.86666... #ac4h^1#ffff444
Go to http://www.wikipedia.org for general information.
,g to .1http3_/_/www4wikip$ia4org
= g5]al 9=ma;n4
the ionogenic (ion-forming) form
! .1ionog5ic "<ion-=m+"> .1=m
... referred to as sea waves or (from the Japanese) tsunam i .
444 ref]r$ to z ^1sea ^1waves or
"<f ! ,japanese"> ^1.1tsunami4
HarperCollinsPublishers
,h>p],coll9s.1,publi%]s
Second Edition 2013

N(S ) is called the empty set or null set.
^1,n"<.2,s"> is call$ ! ^1empty
^1set or ^1null ^1set4
9.4 Typeform passage indicators and terminators

.7 .' ^7 ^' _7 _' @7 @' @
#7 @#'
9.4.1 A typeform passage indicator sets the designated typeform for the
next passage.
9.4.2 A passage is three or more symbols-sequences.
9.4.3 A passage is terminated by the designated typeform terminator
following the last affected symbol.
9.4.4 A typeform word indicator may also be terminated within a symbols-
sequence by the designated typeform terminator.
Refer to: 9.7, 9.8 and 9.9.
Examples:
Today's lunchbox note says

,td's lun*box note says @7,y c d
x6@'
Charles Dickens wrote Oliver Twist, Great Expectations and A Tale of
Two Cities.
,*>les ,dick5s wrote .7,oliv]
,twi/1 ,grt ,expecta;ns.' &
.7,a ,tale ( ,two ,cities4.'
Maybe as an adverb is one word: Maybe it will rain tomorrow. May
be as a verb phrase is two words: He may be home soon.
^1,maybe z an adv]b is "o ^w3
.7,maybe x w ra9 tm4.' ^1,may
^12 z a v]b phrase is two ^ws3
.7,he may 2 home soon4.'
Click the Up One Level button.
Second Edition 2013

,click ! ^7,up ,"o ,level^'
button4
When using the typewriter, words were underlined but, when using a
word processor, the italic font is preferred.
,:5 us+ ! typewrit]1 _7^ws 7
"ul9$_' b1 :5 us+ a ^w
processor1 .7! italic font is
pref]r$4.'
In C:\My Documents\letter to dad 041023.doc, the underlined part is
the filename.
,9 ,c3_*,my ,docu;ts_*_7lett]""
to dad #jdajbc_'4doc1 ! "ul9$
"p is ! file"n4
textbook ^1text^'book
and/or _1&_'_/or
syllable emphasis
_1syl_'lable _1em_'phasis
Radar is from radio detecting and ranging.
.1,rad> is f .1ra.'dio .2detect+
.2& .2rang+4
HarperFlamingoCanada
,h>p].1,flam+o.',canada
the Globe's business section
! .1,globe.''s busi;s sec;n
9.5 Transcriber-defined typeform indicators @#2 @#1

@#7 @#'
9.5.1 Use transcriber-defined typeform indicators for significant print
typeform changes other than italics, boldface, underlining or script.
This includes but is not limited to: different-sized type; coloured
type; crossed-out type; sans serif font; and double, dotted,
coloured or wavy underlining. List the transcriber-defined typeform
Second Edition 2013

indicator on the special symbols page or in a transcriber's note giving
the print typeform it represents.
Refer to: 9.6 for discussion and examples of small capitals.
Examples:
In response to the prompt Insert the CD-ROM in drive E:,
you put the compact disk in drive E, and press Enter.
,9 response to ! prompt @#7,9s]t
! ;,,cd-,,rom 9 drive ;,e3@#'1
y put ! compact disk 9 drive
;,e1 & press ,5t]4
[In this case the first transcriber-defined typeform is used to
indicate a change to a Courier New font.]
Your monday is mutch much busier than my is mine.
,yr ^#2mon"d is _#1mut* "#1m*
busi] ?an _#1my _#1is "#1m9e4
[In this case the second transcriber-defined typeform indicates
double underlining, the third indicates crossed-out text and the
fourth indicates dotted underlining.]
9.6 Small capitals

Note: Small capitals are letters formed as capitals but generally
having the same height as lowercase letters such as a, c and e. Print
most commonly uses small capitals in two ways as described below.
9.6.1 Although within a document all abbreviations and/or Roman numerals
may be in small capitals, in braille these are best transcribed as
capitals.
Refer to: Section 8, Capitalisation.
Examples:
King Henry VIII ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii
PT109 ,,pt#aji
9.6.2 Print sometimes uses small capitals for emphasis or distinction.

These can usually be recognized by the use of regular size capitals for
the letters of the small capitals text which are capitalised. When the
Second Edition 2013

change in typeform is significant, use a transcriber-defined typeform
indicator in braille.
Example:
The newspaper headline was EARTHQUAKE KILLS THOUSANDS.
,! newspap] h1dl9e 0 .#7,e>?quake
,kills ,?\s&s4.#'
[In this case the fifth transcriber-defined typeform indicates
small capitals.]
9.7 Placement of typeform symbols with punctuation

Note: In determining the placement of typeform indicators and
terminators in relation to opening and closing punctuation, interpret
the following rules as guidelines.
9.7.1 It is preferred that typeform indicators and terminators and any
paired characters such as parentheses, square brackets and quotes
be nested; that is, close punctuation and indicators in reverse order
of opening.
Examples:
plays (such as Romeo and Juliet)
plays "<s* z .7,romeo &
,juliet.'">
"Venite exultemus Domino!" his father sang.
8^7,venite exultemus ,domino6^'0
8 "f sang4
9.7.2 When it is clear in the print copy that punctuation is not included in a
specific typeform and when a typeform terminator is required for
other reasons, place the typeform terminator at the point where the
typeform changes. When there is doubt, except for the hyphen, dash
and ellipsis, consider the punctuation as being included in the
typeform.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
Hnsel und Gretel, a fairy tale
.7,h^3ansel und ,gretel1.' a
fairy tale
out-of-the-way |-.1(-!.'-way
Brevity is the soul of wit.Shakespeare
.7,brev;y is ! s\l ( wit4.',-
,%akespe>e
Remember Do unto others ...
,rememb] .7,d unto o!rs.' 444
9.7.3 For better readability, ignore a change in typeform for closing

punctuation when a typeform word indicator is used. Similarly,
ignore a change in typeform for incidental punctuation within a
passage. However, do not ignore the change when it is important for
an understanding of the text, such as when typeforms are being
studied.
Examples:
Did you read Hamlet? ,did y r1d _1,hamlet8
[The question mark is not underlined in print.]
"Help! I'm falling."
8.1,help6 ,i'm .1fall+40
[The quotes are not in italics in print.]
The reading list included: Jane Eyre, Measure for Measure, All
Quiet on the Western Front, The New York Sunday Times,
Evangeline, and from Winnipeg, The Beaver.
,! r1d+ li/ 9clud$3 ^7,jane
,eyre1 ,m1sure = ,m1sure1 ,all
,quiet on ! ,we/]n ,front^'1
_7,! ,new ,york ,sun"d ,"ts_'1
^1,evangel9e1 & f ,w9nipeg1
_1,! _1,b1v]4
[All punctuation is in the regular typeface in print.]
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Foreign words (such as buon giorno) are italicized.
,=eign ^ws "<s* z .1buon
.1giorno.'"> >e italiciz$4
[Typeforms are being studied.]
9.8 Multiple typeform indicators for the same text

9.8.1 The order for typeform indicators in braille is not prescribed.
Therefore, when braille requires the use of two (or more) different
typeform indicators for the same text, the indicators and terminators
are best nested meaning that the first typeform to be opened is the
last typeform to be closed.
Examples:
The object of the following sentence is underlined: Lucy Maud
Montgomery wrote Anne of Green Gables.
,! object ( ! foll[+ s5t;e is
"ul9$3 ,lucy ,maud ,montgom]y
wrote .7_7,anne ( ,gre5
,gables4_'.'
the bank's dictum: P ecunia Felicitatibus Honoratur. Money
welcomed gladly.
! bank's dictum3 .7^7,pecunia
,felicitatibus ,honoratur4^'
,m"oy welcom$ gladly4.'
9.9 Typeform passages extending across consecutive

same text elements
9.9.1 When transcribing a typeform passage which extends over more than
one text element (e.g. a series of consecutive paragraphs), each text
element is preceded by the typeform passage indicator and the
typeform is terminated only at the point where the typeform changes.
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Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 10: Contractions 103
Section 10: Contractions

10.1 Alphabetic wordsigns
b but but
c can can
d do do
e every every
f from from
g go go
h have have
j just just
k knowledge knowledge
l like like
m more more
n not not
p people people
q quite quite
r rather rather
s so so
t that that
u us us
v very very
x it it
y you you
z as as
w will will
10.1.1 Use the alphabetic wordsign when the word it represents is "standing
alone".
Refer to: Section 2.6, Terminology and General Rules, for the
definition of "standing alone".
Examples:
When will Will meet us? ,:5 w ,w meet u8
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Every child from here knows Mr More.
,e * f "h "ks ,Mr ,M4
"do re mi fa so" 8d re mi fa s0
That is quite fair and very just.
,t is q fair & v j4
"People, people who need people"
8,p1 p :o ne$ p0
I do not like that watering-can!
,i d n l t wat]+-c6
But, would the people rather do the can-can for us?
,b1 wd ! p r d ! c-c = u8
"You so-and-sogo away!" 8,y s-&-s,-g away60
"I do have somebut I would like more!"
8,i d h "s,-b ,i wd l m60
You can gobut not yetjust wait!
,y c g,-b n yet,-^1j ^1wait6
last will and testament la/ w & te/a;t
a child-like manner a *-l mann]
will-o'-the-wisp w-o'-!-wisp
"Do-It-Yourself" 8,d-,x-,yrf0
come fromnot go to come f,-n g to
(just say so) "<j say s">
As You Like It ,z ,y ,l ,x
Knowledge is power. .7,k is p[]4.'
But:
likes and dislikes likes & 4likes
childlike and likeness *ildlike & like;s
moreover and evermore moreov] & "emore
Second Edition 2013
haves or have-nots? .1haves or h-.1nots8
"must have"s 8m/ have0s
www.doityourself.com www4doity\rself4com
"but, no buts" 8b1 no buts0
peoples peoples
everyday .1"ey.'"d
quite/very quite_/v]y
d'you d'y\ t'do t'do t'have t'have
10.1.2 Use the alphabetic wordsign when the word it represents is followed
by an apostrophe with the following letters: d, ll, re, s, t, ve,
provided the resulting word is standing alone.
Examples:
it'd x'd you'd y'd
it'll x'll that'll t'll
you'll y'll you're y're
people's p's so's s's
you's y's can't c't
you've y've
It's not "its" .7,x's n 8xs0.'
Thomas More's life ,?omas ,m's life
Mr Just's house ,mr ,j's h\se
I canyou can't! ,i c,-y c't6
"You've done it!" 8,y've d"o x60
But:
more'n more'n you'm y\'m
10.1.3 Preferably do not use the alphabetic wordsign when it is known, or

can be determined from the text, or by reference to a standard
Second Edition 2013
dictionary, that the letters the wordsign represents are pronounced
separately as in an acronym or abbreviation.
Examples:
US ,,us [United States]
IT ,,it [Information Technology]
But:
CAN Network ,,c ,net"w
GO Train ,,g ,tra9
[Government of Ontario, pronounced "go"].
10.1.4 Do not use the alphabetic wordsign for a syllable of a word shown in
syllables.
Examples:
but-ton but-ton behave be,-have
dis as ter dis as t]
10.2 Strong wordsigns

* child child
% shall shall
? this this
: which which
| out out
/ still still
10.2.1 Use the strong wordsign when the word it represents is "standing
alone".
Examples:
I shall still find out which child did this!
,i % / f9d \ : ^1* did ?6
Second Edition 2013

Which CHILD-PROOF lock? ,: ,,*-,,pro( lock8
still-life and whiskey-still /-life & :iskey-/
Out-of-the-way .1,\-(-!-way
(This way out!) "<,? way \6">
"Which way out?" 8,: way \80
But:
childish *ildi% grandchild gr&*ild
outcome \tcome without )\t
shallot %allot shallow %all[
shilly-shally %illy-%ally
standstill /&/ill thistle ?i/le
whichever :i*"e this/that ?is_/?at
Stillson wrench ,/illson wr5*
www.universalchildcare.ca
www4univ]sal*ildc>e4ca
10.2.2 Use the strong wordsign when the word it represents is followed by
an apostrophe with the following letters: d, ll, re, s, t, ve,
provided that the resulting word is standing alone.
Examples:
this'd ?'d which'll :'ll
still's /'s which've :'ve
Julia Child's recipe ,julia ,*'s recipe
But:
this'n ?is'n
Second Edition 2013

10.3 Strong contractions

& and and
= for for
( of of
! the the
) with with
10.3.1 Use the strong contraction wherever the letters it represents occur
unless other rules limit its use.
Examples:
andante &ante England ,5gl&
grandad gr&ad grandmother gr&"m
meander me&] merchandise m]*&ise
pandemic p&emic pandowdy p&[dy
afford af=d comfort com=t
forgo =go Fortran ,=tran
Pforzheimer ,p=zheim]
pianoforte piano=te coffee c(fee
Geoffrey ,ge(frey lofty l(ty
often (t5 profane pr(ane
roof ro( sofa s(a
tofu t(u whereof ":(
Athens ,a!ns bathed ba!d
bother bo!r Esther ,es!r
furthest fur!/ Matthew ,mat!w
nevertheless n"e!.s Parthenon ,p>!non
scythe scy! theatre !atre
thee !e Theresa ,!resa
Second Edition 2013
forthwith =?) Swithin ,s)9
withe )e without )\t
with a knowledge of and respect for the rules
) a k ( & respect = ! rules
Thelma's roof will withstand the force of the wind and/or the rain.
,!lma's ro( w )/& ! =ce ( ! w9d
&_/or ! ra94
Andy Vandyke proofread the profile.
,&y ,v&yke pro(r1d ! pr(ile4
out-of-the-way \-(-!-way
But:
chifforobe *i6orobe twofold twofold
insofar 9sof> biofeedback biofe$back
microfilm microfilm apartheid a"pheid
northeast nor?1/ thence ?;e
sweetheart sweethe>t Sontheimer ,sontheim]
10.4 Strong groupsigns

* ch ch
< gh gh
% sh sh
? th th
: wh wh
$ ed ed
] er er
\ ou ou
[ ow ow
/ st st
+ ing ing
> ar ar
Second Edition 2013

10.4.1 Use the strong groupsign wherever the letters it represents occur
Examples:
aerial a]ial aghast a<a/
anteroom ant]oom argh! ><6
bear be> boredom bor$om
brougham br\<am cheddar *$d>
cherished *]i%$ cough c\<
coupon c\pon cringed cr+$
derailed d]ail$ dingy d+y
dough d\< ed. $4
Edith ,$i? e'er e']
er ],- erase ]ase
Erie ,]ie error ]ror
freedom fre$om ginger g+]
gingham g+ham Goering ,go]+
hierarchy hi]>*y laugh lau<
lingerie l+]ie lowdown l[d[n
malediction mal$ic;n meningitis m5+itis
merchandising m]*&is+ meringue m]+ue
mistake mi/ake monowheel mono:eel
nightingale ni<t+ale nth n?
oedema o$ema 'ounds '\nds
"Ow!" 8,[60 (par) "<p>">
predated pr$at$ psst ps/
redistribute r$i/ribute reroute r]\te
riflery rifl]y sheer %e]
Second Edition 2013
Singh ,s+h sou'east s\'ea/
'struth '/ru? Thomas ,?omas
thorough ?or\< thou ?\
toward t[>d trebled trebl$
wharf :>f whistle :i/le
Xth ,x? xxist xxi/
But:
dile a^6edile anthill anthill
blessd b.s^*ed deshabille deshabille
foghorn foghorn kilowatt kilowatt
noway noway painstaking pa9stak+
parenthood p>5thood rawhide rawhide
shanghai %anghai Stalingrad ,/al9grad
viceregal viceregal
ch, sh, th, wh, ou, st

10.4.2 When the use of a strong groupsign for "ch", "sh", "th", "wh", "ou" or
"st" would be misread as a word, braille the letters individually.
Refer to: Section 10.2, for further explanation about using these
signs to represent words.
Examples:
Sh! ,sh6 th' th'
St. ,st4 Wh? ,wh,-;8
St Stephen ,st ,/eph5
ch-ch-chilly ch-ch-*illy
But:
Shhh! ,%hh6 th'n ?'n
Ste Anne ,/e ,anne
Second Edition 2013
ing
10.4.3 Use the strong groupsign for "ing" wherever the letters it represents
occur except at the beginning of a word.
Note: The beginning of a word is defined as the letters-sequence
which follows a space, hyphen or dash and which may be preceded
by the punctuation and indicator symbols listed in Section 2.6.2,
Terminology and General Rules.
Examples:
finger f+] ginger g+]
singe s+e singeing s+e+
sting /+ stinging /++
brown(ing) br{n"<+"> browning br[n.2+
SmithInge ,smi?,+e
Ch'ing Dynasty ,*'+ ,dyna/y
But:
ingot 9got Ingoldsby ,9goldsby
ingredients 9gr$i5ts ingrown 9gr{n
to-ing and fro-ing to-9g & fro-9g
brown-ing br{n-.19g
SmithInge ,smi?,-,9ge
10.5 Lower wordsigns

2 be be
5 enough enough
7 were were
8 his his
9 in in
0 was was
Second Edition 2013

be, were, his, was
Note: These same signs may also represent punctuation signs.
10.5.1 Use the lower wordsign for "be", "were", "his" or "was" when the
word it represents is "standing alone". However, the lower wordsign
is not used when in contact with any punctuation sign, including the
hyphen and dash, that has only lower dots. For the purposes of this
rule, any type of quotation mark which may be present is considered
to have only lower dots. When a capitals indicator or a capitals
terminator is present, it is disregarded in determining whether to use
the lower wordsign.
Examples:
to be to 2 his car 8 c>
Be good. ,2 gd4 HIS DOG ,,8 ,,dog
That was right! ,t .10 "r6
BE ALL THAT YOU CAN BE ,,,2 all t y c 2,'
Be happy. .1,2 .1happy4
to be or not to be .7to 2 or n to 2.'
his hers its ^78 h]s xs^'
"Was that his car?" 8_1,0 t _18 c>80
at my (not his) house at my "<n 8"> h\se
He is [was]; they are [were].
,he is .<0.>2 !y >e .<7.>4
(Were there many?) "<,7 "! _m8">
But:
his/her his_/h]
What will you be? ,:at w y be8
would-be actor wd-be actor
his-and-hers towels his-&-h]s t[els
Second Edition 2013

That wereI mean wasmine.
,t w]e,-,i m1n was,-m9e4
"Be safe." 8,be safe40
"Was that his?" 8,was t .1his80
His mother owns his car.
8,his "m [ns ^8his^0 c>40
enough
10.5.2 Use the lower wordsign for "enough" when the word it represents is
"standing alone". When a capitals indicator or a capitals terminator is
present, it is disregarded in determining whether to use the lower
wordsign. The lower wordsign is also used in the word "enough's".
Examples:
it was enough x 0 5
GIVE MORE THAN ENOUGH ,,,give m ?an 5,'
Buy meat (enough for 2). ,buy m1t "<5 = #b">4
(Did you have enough help? Just enough.)
"<,did y h .15 help8 ,j 54">
Enough's happened. ,5's happ5$4
Mum's had-enough mood ,mum's _h-5 mood
But:
www.enoughforall.org www45\<=all4org
enough/sufficient 5\<_/su6ici5t
in
10.5.3 Use the lower wordsign for "in" wherever the word it represents
occurs provided that any sequence in which it occurs includes a sign
with an upper dot. For the purposes of this rule, any type of
quotation mark which may be present is considered to have only
Second Edition 2013
lower dots. When a capitals indicator or a capitals terminator is
present, it is disregarded in determining whether to use the lower
wordsign.
Examples:
not in here n 9 "h
In or out? ,9 or |8
GO ALL IN ,,,g all 9,'
in't 9't
mother-in-law "m-9-law
listen-in li/5-9
Listen!In this case ,li/56,-,9 ? case 444
"teach-in" 8t1*-90
IN-DEPTH ,,9-,,dep?
("In no way.") "<8,9 no way40">
fade in .1fade .19
-in -.19
In the box .7,9 ! box.'
after before between in ^7af 2f 2t 9^'
[open tn]In the table [close tn]
@.<,9 ! table 444@.>
<in file> @<9 file@>
in/out 9_/\t
But:
Come in, stay in. ,come in1 /ay in4
"In any case" 8,in any case0
Is that in? 8,is t ^8in^080
Second Edition 2013

Lower sign rule
10.5.4 Use the lower wordsigns for "enough" and "in" with any number of
lower punctuation signs provided the sequence includes a sign with
upper dots. For the purposes of this rule, any type of quotation mark
which may be present is considered to have only lower dots. If there
is not a sign with upper dots in the sequence, do not use the final
lower wordsign.
Examples:
It was enoughmore than enough.
,x 0 5,-m ?an 5\<4
We had enough5. ,we _h 5,-#e4
"That's enough!"in a firm voice
8,t's 560,-in a firm voice
Take enough. ,take 5\<4
Is that in?in style, I mean.
8,is t ^89^08,-in /yle1 ,i m1n40
10.6 Lower groupsigns

1 ea ea
2 be be
2 bb bb
3 con con
3 cc cc
4 dis dis
5 en en
6 ff ff
7 gg gg
9 in in
be, con, dis

10.6.1 Use the lower groupsign for "be", "con" or "dis" when the letters it
represents form the first syllable of a word.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
beatitude 2atitude Beatrice ,2atrice
become 2come begonia 2gonia
behemoth 2hemo? being 2+
beneficent 2nefic5t beta 2ta
first-begotten f/-2gott5
air-conditioned air-3di;n$
concept 3cept congress 3gress
control 3trol re-connect re-3nect
disaster 4a/] disco 4co
dishonest 4h"o/ dislike 4like
dissect 4sect distance 4t.e
self-discipline self-4cipl9e
But:
beckon beckon been be5
belligerent bellig]5t benefit b5efit
best be/ bethel be!l
better bett] unbecoming unbecom+
con con conch con*
cone c"o coneys c"oys
inconvenient 9conv5i5t
disc disc dish di%
dishevel di%evel dispirited di_s$
disulphide disulphide indistinct 9di/9ct
10.6.2 Use the lower groupsign for "be", "con" or "dis" only at the beginning
of a word and only when followed by a letter, a contraction, a
modified letter or a ligatured letter.
Second Edition 2013

Note: The beginning of a word is defined as the letters-sequence
which follows a space, hyphen or dash and which may be preceded
by the punctuation and indicator symbols listed in Section 2.6.2,
Terminology and General Rules.
Examples:
"Belinda!" 8,2l9da60
(Contact the districts) "<,3tact ! .14tricts">
'display will minimise' '4play w m9imise'
[extract from computer manual]
But:
concave/convex 3cave_/convex
McConnell ,Mc,connell
O'Connor ,o',connor
MetroDisco ,metro,disco
be'ave be'ave be-stow be-/[
[be]hold .<be.>hold con(vey) con"<vey">
dis'armony dis'>mony disturb dis.1turb
10.6.3 Do not use the lower groupsign for "be", "con", or "dis", when the
letters it represents are followed by a capitals indicator or a capitals
terminator.
Examples:
BeLinda ,be,l9da conCUR con,,cur
DisCORD ,dis,,cord DISlike ,,dis,'like
10.6.4 Use the lower groupsign for "be", "con" or "dis" in an abbreviation
when it is used in the unabbreviated form of the word and when it is
followed by at least one other letter.
Note: If the unabbreviated form is not known and cannot be
determined from the text or by reference to a standard dictionary, it
is permissible to use the lower groupsign.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
Conn. ,3n4 [Connecticut]
cont 3t [continued]
dist. 4t4 [district]
mod cons mod 3s [modern conveniences]
But:
BEd ,b,$ [Bachelor of Education]
Belg ,belg [Belgium]
bet bet [between]
Bev ,bev [billion electron volts]
Con. ,con4 [Consolidated]
ea, bb, cc, ff, gg

10.6.5 Use the lower groupsign for "ea", "bb", "cc", "ff", or "gg" when the
letters it represents are both preceded and followed by a letter, a
contraction, a modified letter or a ligatured letter unless other rules
limit its use.
Note: These signs may also represent punctuation signs.
Examples:
abb a2^/e accept a3ept
account a3.t acreage acr1ge
affirm a6irm aggressive a7ressive
agreeable agre1ble areas >1s
arpeggio >pe7io
baccalaureate ba3alaur1te
beat b1t begging be7+
borealis bor1lis bubble bu2le
bureau bur1u Caribbean ,c>i21n
Second Edition 2013

caveat cav1t create cr1te
creation cr1;n disease 41se
doggone do7"o eggnog e7nog
epicurean epicur1n flaccid fla3id
genealogy g51logy Hanseatic ,hans1tic
head h1d Judaean ,juda1n
likeable lik1ble Liliaceae ,liliac1e
lineage l91ge mecca me3a
Minneapolis ,m9n1polis
Montreal ,montr1l motheaten mo?1t5
muffin mu69 Neapolitan ,n1politan
northeast nor?1/ occupy o3upy
oceanic oc1nic oleaginous ol1g9\s
orgeat org1t paean pa1n
pancreas pancr1s peaceable p1c1ble
peanut p1nut rabbi ra2i
really r1lly rchauff r^/e*au6^/e
Seamus ,s1mus Sean ,s1n
seashore s1%ore Seattle ,s1ttle
Sheffield ,%e6ield sheriffs %]i6s
speakeasy sp1k1sy tableau tabl1u
tobacco toba3o toreador tor1dor
Yeats ,y1ts
But:
afford af=d appear appe>
arccosine >ccos9e bacchanal bac*anal
Second Edition 2013

bear be> beatitude 2atitude
Beatrice ,2atrice cinaste c9^/ea/e
coffee c(fee dumbbell dumbbell
'ead 'ead east ea/
ebb ebb ebb-tide ebb-tide
hideaway hideaway idea(s) idea"<s">
Leander ,le&] limeade limeade
mah-jongg mah-j;gg man-eater man-eat]
pineapple p9eapple robb'd robb'd
saccharine sac*>9e sea-green sea-gre5
sheriff's %]iff's snuff snuff
sou'east s\'ea/ stiffly /iff.1ly
subbasement subbase;t
tea tea theatre !atre
10.6.6 Do not use the lower groupsign for "ea", "bb", "cc", "ff", or "gg"
when the letters it represents are preceded or followed by a capitals
indicator or a capitals terminator.
Examples:
CliffSide ,cliff,side
EggHead ,egg,h1d
MacEACHEN ,mac,,ea*5
SeaWorld ,sea,_w
TEAspoon ,,tea,'spoon
ea
10.6.7 Do not use the lower groupsign for "ea" when the letters "ea" bridge
a prefix and the remainder of the word.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
deactivate deactivate
geanticline geanticl9e
preamble preamble
reaction reac;n
en, in
10.6.8 Use the lower groupsign for "en" or "in" wherever the letters it
represents occur unless other rules limit its use.
Examples:
antinode ant9ode arena >5a
been be5 begin 2g9
be'ind be'9d benefit b5efit
binary b9>y binomial b9omial
Blakeney ,blak5ey Caen ,ca5
casino cas9o china *9a
Chopin ,*op9 citizeness citiz5ess
deafen d1f5 denote d5ote
deny d5y disingenuous 49g5u\s
double-entendre d\ble-5t5dre
e'en e'5 Einstein ,e9/e9
enceinte 5ce9te engine 5g9e
Enid ,5id enormous 5orm\s
equinox equ9ox faint fa9t
feminine fem99e goin' go9'
haven't hav5't henna h5na
Inc. ,9c4 incline 9cl9e
Second Edition 2013

ingot 9got in's 9's
into 9to maenad ma5ad
Montenegro ,mont5egro
phoenix pho5ix p(en) p"<5">
p(in) p"<9"> prenatal pr5atal
queen que5 renew r5ew
self-induced self-9duc$
shut-ins %ut-9s within )9
to-ing to-9g
But:
Athens ,a!ns benign 2nign
business busi;s cringed cr+$
fenced f;ed filename file"n
forenoon =enoon Francene ,fr.ene
lament la;t mnage m^/enage
seor se^]nor toenail toenail
10.6.9 To prevent it from being misread as "enough", do not use the lower
groupsign for "en" when the letters "en" are "standing alone".
Examples:
Aix-en-Provence ,aix-en-,prov;e
Chou En-lai ,*\ ,en-lai
en route en r\te
Lower sign rule

10.6.10 Use any number of lower groupsigns and lower punctuation signs
following one another provided the sequence includes a sign with
Second Edition 2013
upper dots and no other rules limit their use. For the purposes of this
rule, any type of quotation mark which may be present is considered
to have only lower dots. If there is not a sign with upper dots in the
sequence, do not use the final lower groupsign.
Examples:
"Sudden!" 8,sudd560
"Comin'?" 8,com9'80
linen l95444
bein' .129' (bein') "<29'">
bein' 2in' bein' ^82in'^0
10.7 Initial-letter contractions

Dots 45
û upon upon
^! these these
^? those those
^: whose whose
^w word word
Dots 456
_c cannot cannot
_h had had
_m many many
_s spirit spirit
_! their their
_w world world
Dot 5
"d day day
"e ever ever
"f father father
"h here here
"k know know
Second Edition 2013

"l lord lord
"m mother mother
"n name name
"o one one
"p part part
"q question question
"r right right
"s some some
"t time time
"u under under
"y young young
"! there there
"* character character
"? through through
": where where
"\ ought ought
"w work work
10.7.1 Use the initial-letter contraction as a wordsign and wherever the

letters it represents occur; except for the specific provisions given
below; and unless other rules limit its use.
Examples:
foreword =e^w misworded mis^w$
sword s^w word-for-word ^w-=-^w
Wordsworth ,^wswor?
cannot _c
Germany ,g]_m many-sided _m-sid$
dispirited di_s$ spirits _ss
spiritual _sual
theirs _!s
SeaWorld ,sea,_w underworld "u_w
Second Edition 2013

world-wide _w-wide worldly _wly
day-by-day "d-by-"d Dayton ,"dton
Friday ,fri"d G'day ,g'"d
father-in-law "f-9-law fatherless "f.s
grandfather gr&"f
acknowledge ac"kl$ge knowing "k+
Knowles ,"kles well-known well-"kn
Gaylord ,gay"l lordosis "losis
lordship "l%ip m'lord m'"l
godmother god"m
mother-of-pearl "m-(-pe>l
motherly "mly smother s"m
apartheid a"pheid Bonaparte ,bona"pe
impartial im"pial part-time "p-"t
partake "pake parterre "p]re
party "py
passe-partout passe-"p\t
Spartan ,s"pan
questionnaire "qnaire unquestionable un"qable
affrighted a6"r$ aright a"r
brighten b"r5 millwright millw"r
right-handed "r-h&$ righteous "re\s
youngest "ye/ Youngstown ,"yst{n
characteristic "*i/ic characterise "*ise
throughout "?\t
elsewhere else": somewhere "s":
Second Edition 2013

whereby ":by wherein ":9
drought dr"\ fought f"\
Houghton ,H"\on oughtn't "\n't
thoughtful ?"\;l
coworker co"w] fireworks fire"ws
stonework /"o"w unworkable un"wable
workday "w"d working "w+
But:
Dayan ,dayan Sanday ,s&ay
today td Lucknow ,luckn{
chlordane *lordane chemotherapy *emo!rapy
Parthenon ,P>!non where'er :]e']
wherever :]"e Dworkin ,dwork9
upon, these, those, whose, there

10.7.2 Use the initial-letter contraction for "upon", "these", "those", "whose"
or "there" when its meaning as a whole word is retained.
Examples:
upon these shores û ^! %ores
Whose are those? ,^: >e ^?8
hereupon "hû whereupon ":û
whosesoever ^:so"e
thereby "!by therefore "!=e
therein "!9 thereupon "!û
But:
coupon c\pon Dupont ,dupont
hypotheses hypo!ses Theseus ,!seus
Second Edition 2013

spathose spa?ose Thoseby ,?oseby
bothered bo!r$ ethereal e!r1l
isothere iso!re smithereens smi!re5s
Theresa ,!resa withered )]$
had
10.7.3 Use the initial-letter contraction for "had" when the "a" is short,
Examples:
Galahad ,gala_h haddock _hdock
Haddon ,_hdon hadji _hji
Hadley ,_hley hadn't _hn't
But:
Chad ,*ad Hades ,hades
Hadrian ,hadrian menhaden m5had5
shadow %ad[ Thaddeus ,?addeus
ever
10.7.4 Use the initial-letter contraction for "ever" when the stress is on the
first "e" and when the letters are not preceded by "e" or "i".
Examples:
asseverate ass"eate beverage b"eage
Everest ,"ee/ everything "ey?+
fever f"e irreverence irr"e;e
nevertheless n"e!.s reverend r"e5d
several s"eal Severn ,s"en
Unilever ,unil"e
Second Edition 2013

But:
believer 2liev] eversion ev].n
Guinevere ,gu9ev]e McKeever ,mc,keev]
Monteverdi ,montev]di persevere p]sev]e
reverberate rev]b]ate revere rev]e
reverify rev]ify severity sev];y
thievery ?iev]y
here, name
10.7.5 Use the initial-letter contraction for "here" or "name" when the letters
it represents are pronounced as one syllable unless other rules limit
its use.
Examples:
adhere ad"h atmosphere atmosp"h
cohere co"h hereabout "hab
herewith "h) sphere sp"h
filename file"n nameable "nable
renamed re"nd surname sur"n
But:
adhered adh]$ bothered bo!r$
coherence coh];e elsewhere else":
ethereal e!r1l heredity h]$;y
Hereford (City) ,h]e=d "<,c;y">
enamel 5amel ornament orna;t
unamended unam5d$
Vietnamese ,vietnamese
Second Edition 2013

one
10.7.6 Use the initial-letter contraction for "one" when the letters it
represents are pronounced as one syllable, or are in a word ending
with the letters "oney", or are in the words "honest" or "monetary"
and their derivatives. However, do not use the contraction when the
letters "one" are preceded by the letter "o" or when other rules limit
its use.
Examples:
acetone acet"o atonement at"o;t
baloney bal"oy bygone byg"o
cone c"o demonetise dem"otise
dishonesty 4h"o/y done d"o
everyone "ey"o honey h"oy
Jones ,j"os lonesome l"o"s
Mulroney ,mulr"oy one-sided "o-sid$
oneness "o;s phone ph"o
scone sc"o stonework /"o"w
stoney /"oy
But:
anemone anemone baroness b>o;s
baronet b>onet Boone ,boone
Cantonese ,cantonese colonel colonel
Conestoga ,3e/oga crooner croon]
cushioned cu%ion$ Donegal ,donegal
erroneous ]rone\s Hermione ,h]mione
Indonesia ,9donesia krone krone
Monet ,monet onerous on]\s
phonetic phonetic pioneer pione]
poisoned poison$ Rhne ,rh^%one
Second Edition 2013
Rooney ,rooney sooner soon]
stoned /on$
some
10.7.7 Use the initial-letter contraction for "some" when the letters it
represents form a syllable of the basic word.
Examples:
blithesome bli!"s chromosome *romo"s
fearsome fe>"s handsome h&"s
handsomer H&"sr lonesomest l"o"s/
somebody "sbody somesuch "ss*
somewhere "s": twosome two"s
But:
blossomed (blossom) blossom$ "<blossom">
gasometer gasomet]
isometric isometric
ransomed (ransom) ransom$ "<ransom">
somersault som]sault
Somerset ,som]set
time
10.7.8 Use the initial-letter contraction for "time" when the letters it
represents are pronounced the same as the word "time".
Examples:
daytime "d"t maritime m>i"t
mistimed mis"td pastime pas"t
sometimes "s"ts springtime spr+"t
timeously "t\sly Timex ,"tx
Second Edition 2013

untimely un"tly
But:
altimeter altimet] centime c5time
centimeter c5timet] Mortimer ,mortim]
multimedia multim$ia sentiment s5ti;t
under
10.7.9 Use the initial-letter contraction for "under" except when the letters it
represents are preceded by the vowels "a" or "o" and when the
letters "un" form a prefix.
Examples:
blunder bl"u misunderstand mis"u/&
thundered ?"u$ undergo "ugo
underpaid "upd Wunderhorn ,w"uhorn
But:
flounder fl.d] laundering laund]+
Saunders ,saund]s underived und]iv$
underogatory und]ogatory
10.8 Final-letter groupsigns

Dots 46
.d ound ound
.e ance ance
.n sion sion
.s less less
.t ount ount
Dots 56
;e ence ence
;g ong ong
;l ful ful
Second Edition 2013

;n tion tion
;s ness ness
;t ment ment
;y ity ity
10.8.1 Use the final-letter groupsign when the letters it represents follow a
letter, a contraction, a modified letter or a ligatured letter unless
other rules limit its use.
Examples:
amount am.t baroness b>o;s
bastion bas;n blessing b.s+
business busi;s cancel c.el
carefully c>e;lly cement ce;t
cheerful *e];l chockfull *ock;ll
circuity circu;y commencement comm;e;t
comment com;t confusion 3fu.n
country c.try county c.ty
creation cr1;n dancer d.er
deity de;y Du Plessis ,du ,p.sis
experienced exp]i;ed
expressionless expres.n.s
extramental extra;tal fences f;es
finesse fi;se found f.d
fractional frac;nal Frances ,fr.es
governess gov];s Guinness ,gu9;s
incongruous 9c;gru\s
influenceable 9flu;eable
lioness lio;s longevity l;gev;y
Second Edition 2013

memento me;to mongoose m;goose
mountain m.ta9 noblesse nob.se
persuasion p]sua.n pity p;y
pongee p;gee prong pr;g
rationally ra;nally rotation rota;n
Rountree ,r.tree sance s^/e.e
silenced sil;ed sinfulness s9;l;s
Spencer ,sp;er sponge sp;ge
sound s.d sublessee sub.see
Tennessee ,t5;see thence ?;e
tongue t;gue unfulfilled un;lfill$
unless un.s unlessoned un.son$
Wenceslaus ,w;eslaus wounded w.d$
But:
"alone"ness 8al"o0ness
ancestor ance/or
channel-less *annel-less
congruous 3gru\s
electroencephalogram electro5cephalogram
encephalitis 5cephalitis
fianc fianc^/e inessential 9ess5tial
lessee lessee moongod moongod
nongaseous nongase\s one-ness "o-ness
'ound '\nd [hound] pityard pity>d
regardless re_1g>d_'less
Second Edition 2013

10.8.2 Do not use the final-letter groupsign when the letters it represents
follow a capitals indicator or a capitals terminator.
Examples:
AttenTION! ,att5,,tion6
AWful ,,aw,'ful
ELesson ,e,lesson
ExperiMental ,exp]I,m5tal
MyAncestor ,my,ance/or
ity
10.8.3 Do not use the final-letter groupsign for "ity" in the words: biscuity,
dacoity, fruity, hoity-toity and rabbity.
ness
10.8.4 Do not use the final-letter groupsign for "ness" when the feminine
ending "ess" is added to a word ending in "en" or "in".
Examples:
chieftainess *iefta9ess
citizeness citiz5ess
heatheness h1!ness
10.9 Shortforms
ab about abv above
ac according acr across
af after afn afternoon
afw afterward ag again
ag/ against al also
alm almost alr already
alt altogether al? although
alw always bl blind
brl braille cd could
dcl declare dclg declaring
Second Edition 2013

dcv deceive dcvg deceiving
ei either fr friend
f/ first gd good
grt great hm him
hmf himself h]f herself
imm immediate ll little
lr letter myf myself
m* much m/ must
nec necessary nei neither
pd paid p]cv perceive
p]cvg perceiving p]h perhaps
qk quick rcv receive
rcvg receiving rjc rejoice
rjcg rejoicing sd said
s* such td today
tgr together tm tomorrow
tn tonight xf itself
xs its yr your
yrf yourself yrvs yourselves
!mvs themselves *n children
%d should ?yf thyself
\rvs ourselves wd would
2c because 2f before
2h behind 2l below
2n beneath 2s beside
2t between 2y beyond
3cv conceive 3cvg conceiving
"of oneself
Shortforms as words
10.9.1 Use the shortform whenever the word it represents is "standing
alone", regardless of meaning or pronunciation, and regardless of
whether the word is used as an ordinary word or as a proper name.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
You should receive your letter tomorrow afternoon.
,y %d rcv yr lr tm afn4
an about-face from the quick-witted go-between
an ab-face f ! qk-witt$ g-2t
"Good-bye, Miss Little-Smythe!"
8,gd-bye1 ,miss ,ll-,smy!60
(braillefirst writing system for blind people)
"<brl,-f/ writ+ sy/em = bl p">
According to him, neither Little Rock, Much Hadham nor Port Said
would be much fun.
,ac to hm1 .7nei ,ll ,rock1 ,m*
,_hham nor ,port ,sd.' wd 2 m*
fun4
But:
to-night to-ni<t
above/below above_/bel[
PRINT/BRAILLE ,,pr9t_/,,braille
friend@rogers.com fri5d@arog]s4com
www.living.beyond.myself.org
www4liv+4beyond4myself4org
Shortforms as parts of longer words

10.9.2 Use the shortform within a longer word provided that the longer word
is standing alone (including any affix with an apostrophe) and that
the longer word:
(a) appears on the Shortforms List given in Appendix 1; or
(b) satisfies the provisions of rule 10.9.3.
Second Edition 2013

Note: Rule 10.9.2 encompasses words which are ordinary words,
proper names and artificial or contrived words.
Examples:
aboveground abvgr.d belowdecks 2ldecks
Friendly Islands ,frly ,isl&s
godchildren god*n goodafternoon gdafn
hereabouts "habs lettermen lrm5
Quicker Delivery ,qk] ,deliv]y
repaid repd suchlike s*like
Our boyfriends mustn't miss tomorrow's afterdinner speaker!
,\r boyfrs m/n't miss tm's afd9n]
sp1k]6
Mr Letterman could've quickly rebrailled the Aftercare Newsletter.
,mr ,lrman cd've qkly rebrld !
,afc>e ,newslr4
I am brailling the newsletters' headlines.
,i am braill+ ! newslrs' h1dl9es4
But:
[Shortforms are not used in the following examples because the
words they represent are not "standing alone".]
friend(s) fri5d"<s"> littler littl^1]
print/braille pr9t_/braille
unnecessary .1un.'necess>y
www.afterschool.gov www4aft]s*ool4gov
[These words are not on the Shortforms List pursuant to rules 35 of

the Rules for List Construction in Appendix 1.]
aftereffect aft]e6ect afterimage aft]image
blinded bl9d$ blinding bl9d+
Second Edition 2013

befriended 2fri5d$ friendy fri5dy
abouts ab\ts acrosses acrosses
againe aga9e almosts almo/s
hims hims hereinbefore "h9be=e
hereinbelow "h9bel[ inbetween 9betwe5
misconceived misconceiv$
[These words are not on the Shortforms List, and use of the
shortforms they would contain is not allowed under Rule 10.9.3.]
"couldx" 8c\ldx0 Himalayas ,himalayas
Suchet ,su*et Yourcenar ,y\rc5>
Words not appearing on the Shortforms List

10.9.3 Use any of the ten shortforms listed below within a longer word that
is not on the Shortforms List, provided the word is "standing alone"
(including any affix with an apostrophe) and that any restrictions for
the shortform are met.
(a) "braille" or "great": Use the shortform wherever it occurs.
(b) "children": Use the shortform provided that it is not followed by a
vowel or "y".
(c) "blind", "first", "friend", "good", "letter", "little" or "quick": Use
the shortform if it begins the word and is not followed by a vowel
or "y".
Examples:
Braillette board ,brltte bo>d
Marcillat-en-Combraille, France
,m>cillat-en-,combrl1 ,fr.e
Greatford Hall ,grt=d ,hall
greatgreatgreatgrandchildren grtgrtgrtgr&*n
Greatorex ,grtorex
Blindcraft ,blcraft Blindheim ,blheim
Second Edition 2013

Firstbank ,f/bank Firstchoice ,f/*oice
"goodz" 8gdz0
Mr Feelgreat from Goodge Street
,mr ,feelgrt f ,gdge ,/reet
Ms Letterkenny's Littleport home.
,ms ,lrk5ny's ,llport home4
Quicksburg, Virginia ,qksburg1 ,virg9ia
But:
Blindoc ,bl9doc
www.braillex.com www4braillex4com
Firstamerica ,fir/am]ica
Goodacre ,goodacre Littlearm ,little>m
Letterewe Estate ,lett]ewe ,e/ate
Mr Linkletter of Portlittle
,mr ,l9klett] ( ,portlittle
Bisquick Pancake Mix
,bisquick ,pancake ,mix
Ted Makegood of Goodena
,t$ ,makegood ( ,good5a
Avoiding confusion with shortforms

Note: Use the most appropriate of the following rules to avoid
confusion if a letters-sequence "standing alone" could be read as a
shortform, or as containing a shortform.
10.9.4 Do not use a groupsign that would form part of the shortform.
Examples:
Herf gun ,herf gun [high energy radio frequency]
"mst" files 8mst0 files
SOMESCH RIVER .1,,somesch ,,riv]
Second Edition 2013
But:
www.sch.edu.au www4s*4$u4au [website for Sydney
Children's Hospital]
10.9.5 Use a grade 1 symbol indicator before a letters-sequence that could

be read as a shortform when "standing alone", or which occurs at the
beginning of a longer letters-sequence.
Examples:
ab initio ;ab 9itio et al et ;al,-
Al-Azar ;,al-,az>
Alt.: 3000 ft. ;,alt43 #cjjj ft4
"Hm, would Al like this CD?"
8;,hm1 wd ;,al l ? ;,,cd80
Grtsamada ;,grtsamada [Vedic Poet]
BLCUP ;,,blcup
[Beijing Language and Culture University Press]
spelled "ei" or "ie"? spell$ 8;ei0 or 8ie08
gd lnch. TM sd yu shd meet me b4 yr mtg 2 read lr. wl b qk. l8r.
;gd ln*4 ;,,tm ;sd yu shd meet me
b#d ;yr mtg #b r1d ;lr4 wl ;b
;qk4 l#hr4 [text message]
10.9.6 Use a grade 1 word indicator before a longer sequence when a

letters-sequence after the beginning could be read as a shortform.
No other contractions may be used within the longer sequence.
Examples:
Dobrljin ;;,dobrljin [town in Bosnia and Herzegovina]
ozbrl ;;ozbrl [Australian email list]
Second Edition 2013

10.10 Preference
10.10.1 Where there is more than one possible choice in the use of
groupsigns, make the selection based on the following principles,
unless other rules apply.
10.10.2 Give preference to the groupsign which causes a word to occupy
fewer cells.
Examples:
advanced adv.ed aright a"r
bastion bas;n coherence coh];e
Congo ,3go congratulate 3gratulate
congruity 3gru;y dancer d.er
dispirited di_s$ distinct 4t9ct
disturbed 4turb$ happiness happi;s
meander me&] named "nd
oneness "o;s thence ?;e
timer "tr vengeance v5ge.e
wither )]
But:
captainess capta9ess
10.10.3 Give preference to the strong contractions provided their use does
not waste space.
Examples:
afford af=d bathed ba!d
calisthenics calis!nics coffee C(fee
effort ef=t gathered ga!r$
Leander ,le&] offer (f]
office (fice other o!r
Parthenon ,p>!non proffer pr(f]
Second Edition 2013
slithered sli!r$ theatre !atre
then !n weathered w1!r$
But:
thence ?;e
10.10.4 Use the lower groupsign for "be", "con" or "dis" in preference to
other groupsigns when the letters it represents form the first syllable
of a word.
Examples:
beatitude 2atitude Beatrix ,2atrix
bedraggled 2dra7l$ benevolence 2nevol;e
benighted 2ni<t$ benign 2nign
berated 2rat$
congee 3gee congenial 3g5ial
dishonesty 4h"o/y distance 4t.e
But:
beach b1* beautiful b1uti;l
bed b$ benefit b5efit
benzene b5z5e berth B]?
dish di% dishevelled di%evell$
10.10.5 With the exception of 10.10.4 above, use the strong groupsigns in
preference to the lower groupsigns.
Examples:
bacchanal bac*anal bear be>
fear fe> heart he>t
nearly ne>ly nuclear nucle>
saccharine sac*>9e sting /+
Second Edition 2013

But:
egghead e7h1d
10.10.6 Use the final-letter groupsign for "ence" in the letters-sequences

"encea", "enced" and "encer".
Examples:
Clemenceau ,clem;eau commenced comm;ed
experienced exp]i;ed
influenceable 9flu;eable
silenceable sil;eable
silencer sil;er Spencer ,sp;er
10.10.7 With the exception of 10.10.6 above, use the strong groupsigns and
the lower groupsigns in preference to the initial-letter contractions
and the final-letter groupsigns provided their use does not waste
space. [Space-saving takes precedence over this rule.]
Examples:
adhered adh]$ adherent adh]5t
adherer adh]] cohered coh]$
component compon5t effulgent e6ulg5t
heredity h]$;y onerous on]\s
opponent oppon5t Parthian ,p>?ian
poisoned poison$ prisoner prison]
shadow %ad[ sooner soon]
stoned /on$ telephoned telephon$
Thaddeus ,?addeus toner ton]
But:
advanced adv.ed
Second Edition 2013

10.10.8 Select the groupsign which more nearly approximates the usual
pronunciation of the word and which does not distort the form of the
word.
Examples:
apartheid a"pheid asthma as?ma
dishevelled di%evell$ gingham g+ham
hypotheses hypo!ses isthmus is?mus
posthumous po/hum\s stronghold /r;ghold
towhee t[hee where'er :]e']
whereas ":as wherever :]"e
10.10.9 Do not use a groupsign if its use would seriously distort the
pronunciation or hinder the recognition of the word.
Examples:
chemotherapy *emo!rapy
chlordane *lordane whaddaya :addaya
Lower sign rule

10.10.10 Do not use the final groupsign or wordsign in a sequence that would
otherwise consist wholly of lower signs. For the purposes of this rule,
any type of quotation mark which may be present is considered to
have only lower dots. When a capitals indicator or a capitals
terminator is present, it is disregarded in determining whether to use
a lower wordsign.
Examples:
enoughbein' 5,-2in'
in..... in44444 [dots signify omitted letters]
Was that in?in bounds? ,0 t 98,-in b.ds8
"Enough!" ^8,5\<6^0
IN MY HOUSE ,,,9 my h\se,'
Second Edition 2013

10.11 Bridging
Compound words
10.11.1 Do not use a groupsign which would bridge the words which make up
an unhyphenated compound word.
Examples:
Airedale ,airedale Bighorn ,bighorn
blowhard bl[h>d bottleneck bottleneck
carthorse c>thorse cowherd c[h]d
dumbbell dumbbell egghead e7h1d
fathead fath1d flearidden fl1ridd5
grasshopper grasshopp]
hideaway hideaway indiarubber 9diaru2]
insofar 9sof> Jamestown ,jamest[n
kettledrum kettledrum
longhand l;gh& northeast nor?1/
painstaking pa9stak+ photoflash photofla%
pineapple p9eapple rawhide rawhide
Southend ,s\?5d stateroom /ateroom
storeroom /oreroom stronghold /r;ghold
sweetheart sweethe>t tearoom t1room
toenail toenail wiseacre wiseacre
Aspirated "h"
10.11.2 Do not use the strong groupsigns for "ch", "gh", "sh", "th", or "wh" or
the strong contraction for "the" when the "h" is aspirated.
Examples:
Cunnyngham ,cunnyngham
knighthood kni<thood mishandle mish&le
Second Edition 2013
mishap mishap mishear mishe>
Newhaven ,newhav5 shanghaied %anghai$
Sontheim ,sontheim stronghold /r;ghold
But:
Brigham ,bri<am Chatham ,*a?am
Higham ,Hi<am
Prefixes
10.11.3 Use the lower groupsign for "be", "con" or "dis" when the letters it
represents form the first syllable of a word.
Examples:
bedazzle 2dazzle bedevil 2devil
benighted 2ni<t$ benumb 2numb
berate 2rate bereave 2r1ve
congeal 3g1l congruent 3gru5t
disharmony 4h>mony dishonest 4h"o/
10.11.4 Do not use the lower groupsign for "ea" when the letters "ea" bridge
a prefix and the remainder of the word.
Examples:
preamplifier preamplifi]
readjust readju/ reappoint reappo9t
reassure reassure
10.11.5 With the exceptions of 10.11.3 and 10.11.4 above, in general use a
groupsign which bridges a prefix and the remainder of a word unless
its use would hinder the recognition or pronunciation of the word. In
particular, use the groupsigns for "ed", "en", "er", "of" and "st".
Examples:
abbreviate a2reviate accent a35t
Second Edition 2013
affect a6ect aggressive a7ressive
aqueduct aqu$uct arise >ise
Benedict ,b5$ict deduce d$uce
denominate d5om9ate denote d5ote
denouement d5\e;t denounce d5\nce
derail d]ail deregister d]egi/]
derivable d]ivable derogatory d]ogatory
edacious $aci\s edict $ict
edition $i;n educe $uce
effaceable e6ac1ble effect e6ect
enormous 5orm\s enounce 5\nce
enumerate 5um]ate erase ]ase
erosion ]o.n froward fr[>d
irredentist irr$5ti/ malediction mal$ic;n
mistake mi/ake mistrust mi/ru/
multinomial mult9omial
pandemonium p&emonium
perinatal p]9atal predate pr$ate
predecease pr$ec1se predecessor pr$ecessor
predestine pr$e/9e predicament pr$ica;t
prediction pr$ic;n predominate pr$om9ate
prerequisite pr]equisite
prerogative pr]ogative
profanity pr(an;y professor pr(essor
profile pr(ile profoundly pr(.dly
profusion pr(u.n redact r$act
Second Edition 2013

rededicate r$$icate redeemable r$eemable
redouble r$\ble renege r5ege
renegotiate r5egotiate
renewable r5ewable renumber r5umb]
reread r]1d sedate s$ate
Vandyke ,v&yke
But:
aerofoil a]ofoil antitype antitype
biofeedback biofe$back
centimeter c5timet] cofounder cof.d]
disulphide disulphide filofax filofax
gasometer gasomet] inessential 9ess5tial
infrared 9frar$ kilowatt kilowatt
microfilm microfilm prounion prounion
retroflex retroflex riboflavin riboflav9
styrofoam /yrofoam subbasement subbase;t
unamended unam5d$ underived und]iv$
10.11.6 Use a groupsign when the addition of a prefix or the formation of an

unhyphenated compound word provides an opportunity to use a
groupsign not used in the original word, even if this alters the usual
braille form of the original word. However, do not use the groupsign
if its use would hinder the recognition or pronunciation of the word.
Examples:
anteater ant1t]
contradistinction 3tradi/9c;n
disease 41se extramental extra;tal
heartsease he>ts1se incongruity 9c;gru;y
Second Edition 2013

incongruous 9c;gru\s indistinct 9di/9ct
indistinguishable 9di/+ui%able
motheaten mo?1t5 northeast nor?1/
redistribution r$i/ribu;n
speakeasy sp1k1sy spreadeagle spr1d1gle
uncongenial unc;g5ial undisturbed undi/urb$
unfulfilled un;lfill$ unlessoned un.son$
But:
disingenuous 49g5u\s
electroencephalogram electro5cephalogram
Suffixes
10.11.7 Generally, use a groupsign which bridges a word and its suffix unless
its use would hinder the recognition or pronunciation of the word.
Examples:
acreage acr1ge agreeable agre1ble
arboreal >bor1l baroness b>o;s
boredom bor$om Brigham ,bri<am
changeability *ang1bil;y
chargeable *>g1ble Chatham ,*a?am
delineate del91te dukedom duk$om
effaceable e6ac1ble European ,europ1n
finery f9]y foreseeably =ese1bly
freedom fre$om genealogy g51logy
governess gov];s Higham ,hi<am
imagery imag]y laureate laur1te
likeable lik1ble lineage l91ge
Second Edition 2013

lineal l91l lioness lio;s
midwifery midwif]y mileage mil1ge
noticeable notic1ble oleaginous ol1g9\s
orangery orang]y peaceable p1c1ble
permeable p]m1ble permeate p]m1te
popedom pop$om rateable rat1ble
savagery savag]y venereal v5]1l
But:
biscuity biscuity chieftainess *iefta9ess
Chisholm ,*isholm citizeness citiz5ess
fruity fruity orangeade orangeade
rabbity ra2ity twofold twofold
10.11.8 Use the lower groupsign for "ea", "bb", "cc", "ff" or "gg" at the end of
a word when a suffix is added to the word or when it is the first word
in an unhyphenated compound word.
Examples:
areaway >1way ebbing e2+
eggplant e7plant ideas id1s
seaman s1man seashore s1%ore
stiffly /i6ly teatime t1"t
Diphthongs
10.11.9 Generally, use a groupsign which bridges a diphthong and an
adjoining letter unless the diphthong is printed as a ligature.
Examples:
aerial a]ial aerobic a]obic
Baedeker ,ba$ek]
Second Edition 2013

Betws-y-Coed ,BEtws-;y-,co$
Blaenau Ffestiniog ,bla5au ,ffe/9iog
Caernarvon ,ca]n>von Daedalus ,da$alus
diaeresis dia]esis
encyclopaedia 5cyclopa$ia
faerie fa]ie Goering ,go]+
Gruenfeld ,gru5feld Judaean ,juda1n
Liliaceae ,liliac1e maenad ma5ad
Oedipus ,o$ipus orthopaedic or?opa$ic
paean pa1n phoenix pho5ix
Schoenberg ,s*o5b]g subpoena subpo5a
But:
frie fa^6erie
10.12 Miscellaneous
Abbreviations and acronyms
10.12.1 Preferably, when it is known, or can be determined from the text or
by reference to a standard dictionary, that letters within an
abbreviation or acronym that would make up a contraction are
pronounced separately as letters, do not use the contraction. In case
of doubt, use the contraction.
Examples:
WHO ,,who [World Health Organisation]
OED ,,oed [Oxford English Dictionary]
kwh or kWh kwh or k,wh
CH6-1234 ,,ch#f-#abcd
W2N 6CH ,w#b,n #f,,ch
US ,,us [United States]
Second Edition 2013

MSH ,,msh [Markham-Stouffville Hospital]
DAR ,,dar [Daughters of the American Revolution]
EST ,,est [Eastern Standard Time]
TEN/gh ,,ten_/gh [initials at end of letter]
ChE ,ch,e [Chemical Engineer]
MCh ,m,ch [Master of Surgery, from "Chirurgiae"]
POW ,,pow [prisoner of war]
10.12.2 Except as provided for in Rule 10.12.1, use contractions in

abbreviations and acronyms, following the provisions of Section 5.7.1
and 5.7.2, Grade 1 Mode, as well as those of Section 10.1 to 10.11.
Examples:
Alphabetic wordsigns; See Sections 5.7.1 and 10.1:
S. Da. ;,s4 ,da4 NS ;,n ;,s
Xft. ,xft4 G.B.S. ,g4,b4,s4
C. P. E. Bach ;,c4 ;,p4 ;,e4 ,ba*
J-P. Sartre ;;,j-,p4 ,s>tre
V&A ;,v @& ,a p. 15 ;p4 #ae
c 1600 ;c #afjj 7L #g ;,l
3Nm #c ;,n ;m [3 newton metres]
Macbeth V i 8 or V.i.8
,macbe? ;,v i #h or ,v4i4#h
U. of K. ;,u4 ( ;,k4
Can ,c [Canada] It. ,x4 [Italian]
Strong contractions; See Section 10.3:

FORTRAN ,,=tran AFofL ,a,f(,l
prof pr(
Second Edition 2013

CANDU reactor ,,c&u r1ctor
[Canada Deuterium Uranium]
Strong groupsigns; See Section 10.4:

ch. 7 ch4 #g ch.7 *4#g
par3 p>#c 4-Hers #d-,h]s
qwerty qw]ty radar rad>
BEd ,b,$ ed. $4
NOW ,,n[ Ariz ,>iz
BCer ,b,c] St ,st
St. ,st4
CHUM Radio ,,*um ,radio
START ,,/>t [Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]
Sh$40 ,%@s#dj [40 Shanghai dollars]
Lower wordsigns; See Section 10.5:

1 in. #a in4 9-in dia. #i-9 dia4
Lower groupsigns; See Section 10.6:

Belg. ,belg4 cont. 3t4
Dist. ,4t4 nem. con. nem4 con4
ASEAN ,,as1n SEATO ,,s1to
7 ins #g 9s 7ins #g;ins
Inc. ,9c4 Gov. Gen. ,gov4 ,g54
Minn. ,m9n4 MiniPC ,m9i,,pc
MInstP ,m,9/,p [Member, Institute of Physics]
INXS ,,9xs [rock band "in excess"]
1-800-INFO #a-#hjj-,,9fo
Second Edition 2013
Shortforms; See Sections 5.7.2 and 10.9:
CD ;,,cd FRS ;,,frs
3 yrs 6 mths #c ;yrs #f m?s
Computer material
10.12.3 Use contractions in computer material, such as email addresses, web
sites, URLs, and filenames when it is embedded in regular text. Use
uncontracted braille for computer material, such as computer
program code which is displayed on separate lines, as well as any
nearby excerpts from the program.
Refer to: Section 11.10.2, Technical Material.
Examples:
[These examples are assumed to be within regular text.]
braille_it_better@learn.org
braille.-it.-bett]@ale>n4org
children-do-great@teach.net
*n-d-gr1t@at1*4net
world@large.com _w@al>ge4com
www.rubberchicken.com/menus
www4ru2]*ick54com_/m5us
www.one.in.a.hundred.org
www4"o494a4hundr$4org
http://www.99chances.com
http3_/_/www4#ii;'*.es4com
c:\brailledocuments\letters.txt
C3_*brailledocu;ts_*lett]s4txt
c:\contractions\wordsigns.doc
c3_*contrac;ns_*^wsigns4doc
c:\InfoForSteven\PhoneNumbers.xls
c3_*,9fo,=,/ev5_*,ph"o,numb]s4xls
Second Edition 2013

c:\ideas\child-of-the-sea.doc
c3_*id1s_**ild-(-!-sea4doc
c:\poem ideas\my child's smile.doc
c3_*poem id1s_*my *'s smile4doc
c:\2010DIARY\March.txt
c3_*#bjaj;',,di>y_*,m>*4txt
Dialect
10.12.4 For words in dialect, follow the contraction rules, 10.1 to 10.11.
Examples:
coulda cda [could have] mebbe me2e [maybe]
th' th' [the] pinny p9ny [penny]
depity dep;y [deputy] your yr [you're]
wher :] [where] somers som]s [somewhere]
theirselves _!selves [themselves]
dint d9t [didn't] bofe b(e [both]
'stracted '/ract$ [distracted]
fayther fay!r [father]
distruction 4truc;n [destruction]
fer f] [for] musta m/a [must have]
goodun gdun [good one] lyedee ly$ee [lady]
com'ere com']e [come here]
Fragments of words
10.12.5 For fragments of words, follow print and follow the contraction rules,
10.1 to 10.11.
Examples:
th th,- say pl... say pl444
Second Edition 2013

Tell me wh-. ,tell me wh-4
-tion -tion -ccio -ccio
-ean -ean -ence -5ce
-ing -9g -ount -\nt
-in -in -est -e/
-ed -$ -ar ->
ar- >- be- be-
-es -es -s -;s
~s @9s
Guidelines when pronunciation or syllabification is unknown

10.12.6 Several contraction rules are based on the pronunciation and/or
syllabification of the word. The Preference rule states that a
contraction is not to be used when it would "hinder the recognition of
the word". Sections 10.10.8 and 10.10.9 (the Preference rule) refer
to the pronunciation of a word.
These rules represent best practices to be applied when the
transcriber or proofreader is familiar with the word, when the
required information about the word can be found in the text itself or
when it is readily available in reference material at hand, such as a
dictionary or braille word list.
Examples:
Bighorn ,bighorn chemotherapy *emo!rapy
Hades ,hades Hermione ,h]mione
Mortimer ,mortim] Newhaven ,newhav5
OED ,,oed [Oxford English Dictionary]
Stalingrad ,/al9grad US ,,us [United States]
Vietnamese ,vietnamese
10.12.7 When the word is unfamiliar and when the pronunciation or

syllabification is unknown and difficult to ascertain, then it is
Second Edition 2013

permissible for contraction use to be based on the best judgment of
the transcriber and/or proofreader. When translation software is
being used, its contraction usage may be followed.
Examples:
Berea ,2rea [or] ,b]ea
Ione ,ione [or] ,i"o
Simone ,simone [or] ,sim"o
Townshend ,t[nsh5d [or] ,t[n%5d
Twillingate ,twill9gate [or] ,twill+ate
10.12.8 The guidelines relating to unknown pronunciation or syllabification

apply in particular to proper names, abbreviations, acronyms,
contrived words (as in science fiction) and anglicised foreign words.
10.12.9 In all cases, consistency within a transcription is required.
10.12.10 It is recognized that these guidelines relating to unknown
pronunciation and syllabification may result in a particular word being
contracted differently from one transcription to another.
Lisping
10.12.11 For lisped words, follow the basic contraction rules of Sections 10.1
to 10.11.
Examples:
thecond thentury !cond !ntury [second century]
thenotaph !notaph [cenotaph]
sisther or thithter sis!r or ?i?t] [sister]
thuthpenthe ?u?p5! [suspense]
Medial punctuation and indicators

10.12.12 When punctuation, an indicator or a terminator occurs within a
word, follow print and follow the basic contraction rules of Sections
10.1 to 10.11.
Examples:
knowledge ^1"k^'l$ge "just"ice 8ju/0ice
Second Edition 2013
rather ra.1?.'] verY v],y
you'll y'll go'n go'n
shall .1%.'all child(ish) *ild"<i%">
this'll ?'ll out'a \t'a
grandEST gr&,,e/ profit .1pro.'fit
with(er) )"<]"> "the"s 8!0s
THIRSTy ,,?ir/,'y ni(gh)t ni"<<">t
touched t\^1*^'$ flowing fl[.1+
mist-ing mi/-.19g thou're ?\'re
enough 5\_1< wer(e) w]"<e">
his'n his'n in't 9't
invalid .19.'valid (be)long "<be">l;g
dissent .1dis.'s5t O'Connor ,o',connor
"en"gage 850gage uneaten un.1eat5
CliffEdge ,cliff,$ge dragg(ing) dragg"<+">
rubb'd rubb'd NorthEast ,nor?,ea/
those ?_2ose there(upon) "!"<û">
HANDsome ,,h&,'"s WordPerfect ,^w,p]fect
founDAtion f\n,d,a;n boundary b.d.1>y
judg"mental" judg^8m5tal^0
count(less) c.t"<less"> CarLess ,c>,less
grey'ound grey'\nd
togetherness toge!r.1ness
"be"friend 8be0fri5d
Second Edition 2013

Omitted letters
10.12.13 For a word with omitted letters, follow print and follow the rules of
Section 5, Grade 1 Mode, and the basic contraction rules of Sections
10.1 to 10.11.
Examples:
t-n ;t-;n J----y ;,j----;y
s ;s,- S ;,s",-
n...ce n444ce [niece] fr...nd fr444nd [friend]
w...ghed w444<$ [weighed]
Speech hesitation, slurred words, vocal sounds

10.12.14 For a word which shows speech hesitation, slurring or a vocal
sound, follow the basic contraction rules of Sections 10.1 to 10.11.
Examples:
we-e-ellll we-;e-ellll
a-a-ahch-o-o-oh a-a-ah,-ch-o-o-oh
mmm-more mmm-m shhhh %hhh
errrr ]rrr pfft p6t
doodle-e-do doodle-;e-d
the-e-enk !-;e-5k so-o-o-o s-o-o-o
as-s-s-s z-;;s-s-s aaarrrggghh aa>rr7<h
hm ;hm br-r-r br-;r-;r
cooooountry coooo.try ggggood g7good
lllittle ;lllittle loooong looo;g
sisterrr si/]rr
Spelling
10.12.15 For a word which is spelled, follow print and follow the rules of
Section 5, Grade 1 Mode, and Section 8, Capitalisation.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
Take the dog for a w-a-l-k.
,take ! dog = a ;;w-a-l-k4
w-i-n-d-o-w ;;w-i-n-d-o-w
M-a-c-L-e-a-n ;;,m-a-c-,l-e-a-n
N O W! ;,n ,o ;,w6
U-N-I-T-E-D ;;,u-,n-,i-,t-,e-,d
Stammering
10.12.16 For a word which is stammered, follow print and the rules of Section
5, Grade 1 Mode, and the contraction rules of Sections 10.1 to 10.11.
Examples:
d-d-day ;d-;d-"d ch-child ch-*
y-y-you ;y-;y-y b...but b444but
c-c-c-conceive ;c-;c-;c-3cv
st-st-stay st-st-/ay s-s-stutter ;s-;s-/utt]
g-good ;g-gd qu-quick qu-qk
m-m-m-mine ;m-;m-;m-m9e
wh-where wh-": f-f-father ;f-;f-"f
th-the th-! de-ce-ce-cease de-ce-ce-c1se
s-s-s-s-super-st-stition
;;s-s-s-s-;'sup]-st-/i;n
th-these th-^! g-ghost ;g-<o/
gr-ground gr-gr.d lea-leave lea-l1ve
m-must ;m-m/ w-what ;w-:at
c-can't ;c-c't w-was ;w-was
ch-ch-children ch-ch-*n th-themselves th-!mvs
b-b-below ;b-;b-2l
Second Edition 2013
Syllabified words
10.12.17 For a word shown in syllables, follow the basic contraction rules of
Sections 10.1 to 10.11. In particular, do not use an alphabetic
wordsign for a syllable of a word shown in syllables.
Examples:
for-ev-er-more =-ev-]-more
not-with-stand-ing not-)-/&-9g
some-one "s-"o
en-chant-ment en-*ant-m5t
in-fea-si-ble 9-fea-si-ble
child-ish-ly *-i%-ly
dis-in-ter-est dis-9-t]-e/
al-be-it ;al-be-it
friend-li-ness fr-li-ness
for-get-ting =-get-t+ bless-ed b.s-$
out-side \-side be-low be-l[
10.13 Word division

Note: It is preferable that transcribers do not divide words at the end
of a braille line. Be aware that the braille authorities of some
countries have specific guidelines on word division and such
guidelines if available should be followed. However, when words do
need to be divided at the end of a line, observe the following
contraction rules.
Note: The examples in this section first give the appearance of the
word in print (that is, undivided) followed by the appearance of the
word in braille (that is, divided between braille lines). The two
spaces following the hyphen represent the space at the end of the
braille line.
10.13.1 Divide a word between syllables even if it means that a strong
contraction or a groupsign is not used.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
anteroom anteroom
bandanna bandanna
Catherine ,ca?- ]9e
"Freedom!" 8,free- dom60
history history
nightingale ni<t9- gale
profound.) pro- f.d4">
Hyphenated words
10.13.2 When a hyphenated word is divided at the existing hyphen, retain the
normal braille form of the word. However, if this would result in a
sequence consisting only of lower signs, do not use the lower
wordsign.
Examples:
about-face ab- face
air-conditioned air- 3di;n$
Aix-en-Provence ,aix-en- ,prov;e
Al-Azar ;,al- ,az>
channel-less *annel- less
CHILD-LIKE ,,*- ,,l
ebb-tide ebb- tide
father-in-law "f- 9-law
first-begotten f/- 2gott5
for the teach-in. .7= ! t1*- 94.'
go-between g- 2t
had-enough mood _h- 5 mood
his-and-hers his- &-h]s
Second Edition 2013

(in-depth) "<9- dep?">
in-depth .19- dep?
man-eater man- eat]
mother-in-law "m-9- law
out-of-the-way \-(- !-way
part-time "p- "t
self-control self- 3trol
shut-ins %ut- 9s
teach-in.) t1*- 94">
"to-ing and fro-ing" 8to-9g & fro- 9g0
word-for-word ^w- =-^w
would-be wd- be
But:
"had-enough" mood 8_h- 5\<0 mood
"In-depth 8,in- dep?
teach-in. t1*- in4
Alphabetic wordsigns and strong wordsigns

10.13.3 Do not use the alphabetic wordsign or strong wordsign as part of a
word divided between braille lines even when the word it represents
appears to be standing alone.
Examples:
childlike *ildlike
everything "ey- ?+
furthermore fur!r- more
outcome \t- come
standstill /&- /ill
whichever :i*- "e
Second Edition 2013
ing
10.13.4 Do not use the strong groupsign for "ing" when these letters fall at
the beginning of the braille line in a word divided between braille
lines.
Examples:
meningitis m5- 9gitis
nightingale ni<t- 9gale
showering.) %[]- 9g4">
SmithInge ,smi?- ,9ge
Lower sign rule

10.13.5 In a word divided between braille lines, use any number of lower
groupsigns and lower punctuation signs following one another
provided the sequence includes a sign with upper dots. For purposes
of this rule, when quotation marks are present, they are considered
to have only lower dots. If there is not a sign with upper dots in the
sequence, do not use the final lower groupsign.
Examples:
"Comin'?" 8,comin'80 and:
^8,comin'8^0
(Disentangle "<,45- tangle
disinherit 4in- h]it
enjoy enjoy
linen... l9- en444
shortenin' %ort- 5in'
Dash
10.13.6 Words joined by a dash may be divided at the end of a braille line
either before or after the dash.
Second Edition 2013

Example:
alwaysexcept alw ,-except
or: alw,- except
10.13.7 Do not use the lower wordsign for "be", "were", "his" or "was" before
or after a dash, even when separated from the dash by the end of
the braille line.
Example:
not hismy name n his ,-my "n
or: n his,- my "n
10.13.8 Retain the braille form of the lower wordsign for "enough" or "in" in
conjunction with the dash even when divided from the dash by the
end of the braille line. However, it is also necessary to follow the
lower sign rule.
Examples:
Enoughin my case ,5 ,-in my case or:
,5\<,- in my case
(enoughin my case) "<5,- 9 my case"> or:
"<5 ,-in my case">
be, con, dis

10.13.9 Do not use the lower groupsign for "be", "con" or "dis" when the
letters it represents precede the hyphen or fall at the beginning of
the braille line in a word divided between braille lines.
Examples:
bacon bacon
"Disgusting!" 8,dis- gu/+60
disobedient 4o- b$i5t
howbeit h[- beit
inconvenient in- conv5i5t
Second Edition 2013

indistinct 9dis- t9ct
(redistribute "<re- di/ribute
unbecoming unbecom+
unconcerned uncon- c]n$
ea, bb, cc, ff, gg

10.13.10 Do not use the lower groupsign for "ea", "bb", "cc", "ff", or "gg"
when the letters it represents precede the hyphen or fall at the
beginning of the braille line in a word divided between braille lines.
Examples:
eggnog eggnog motheaten mo?- eat5
peanut peanut stiffly /iff- ly
Final-letter groupsigns
10.13.11 Do not use a final-letter groupsign at the beginning of the braille
line in a word divided between braille lines.
Examples:
carefully c>e- fully
CEMENT.) ,,ce- m5t4">
confusion? 3fu- sion8
expressionless expression.s
fundamentally funda- m5tally
reliance reliance
rotations rotations
vitality vitality
Shortforms
10.13.12 Do not divide a shortform between braille lines. For a word which
includes letters which may be represented by a shortform, retain its
Second Edition 2013

usual braille form as to the use of the shortform when dividing the
word between braille lines.
Examples:
aboveground abvgr.d
afterimage aft]- image
befriending." 2fri5d- 9g40
blinded?) bl9d- $8">
blindness bl- ness
friendliness fr- li;s
girlfriend girl- fr
Goodall ,goodall
Goodwood ,gd- wood
grandchildren gr&- *n
Hapgood ,hapgood
hereinafter "h9- af
hereinbelow "h9- bel[
immediately immly
Letterman ,lrman
Linkletter ,l9k- lett]
preconceived pre- conceiv$
unnecessary un- nec
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 11: Technical Material 169
Section 11: Technical Material

11.1 Introduction
This section presents the underlying rules governing the transcription
of Technical Material. Some of the more common symbols are defined
and simple examples of their use are included.
More detailed examples, lists of symbols and guidance covering a
wider range and complexity of technical material are provided in the
publication Unified English Braille, Guidelines for Technical Material.
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material when dealing with works
of a technical nature, such as educational material in the areas of
Mathematics, Science and Computer Studies.
11.2 Signs of operation and comparison

Some common operation signs
"6 + plus
"- minus (when distinguished from hyphen)
"8 times (multiplication cross)
"/ divided by (horizontal line between dots)
Some common comparison signs

"7 = equals
@< < less than, or opening angle bracket
@> > greater than, or closing angle bracket
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 3, Signs of
Operation, Comparison and Omission, for a full list of operation and
comparison signs.
Spacing of operation and comparison signs in non-technical

material
11.2.1 When isolated calculations appear in a literary text, the print spacing
should be followed.
Second Edition 2013

Spacing of operation and comparison signs in technical
material
11.2.2 Follow print spacing in any technical notation where spacing is
significant. If unsure of its significance, follow the print spacing as
long as the presence or absence of spaces is clear. In cases where
print spacing is indeterminate or known not to be significant, spacing
should be used to reflect the structure of the expression or equation.
Note: In most common mathematics including algebra, operation
signs should be unspaced on both sides but comparison signs should
be spaced.
Examples:
[from a school mathematics textbook:]
3.9 4.1 < 16 #c4i"8#d4a @< #af
[a valid statement in the C programming language:]
VarsEqual=(x==y);
,vars,equal"7"<x"7"7y">2
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 1, General Principles,
for more advice on the spacing of technical material.
11.3 Fractions
/ simple numeric fraction line
./ general fraction line
( general fraction open indicator
) general fraction close indicator
Simple numeric fractions

11.3.1 A simple numeric fraction is one whose numerator and denominator
contain only digits, decimal points, commas or separator spaces and
whose fraction line in print is drawn between the two vertically (or
nearly vertically) arranged numbers. In such a case a numeric
fraction line symbol is used between the numerator and denominator
and continues the numeric mode.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
5
of the class are boys.
8
#e/h ( ! class >e boys4

5.7
Calculate ,calculate #e4g/b1jjj
2,000
Mixed numbers
11.3.2 Mixed numbers should be treated as two unspaced numeric items.
Examples:
2 cups of sugar #b#a/b cups ( sug>
1750 cm = 1 m #agej cm "7 #a#c/d ;m
Fractions written in linear form in print

11.3.3 The numeric fraction line is not used when the print is expressed
linearly using an ordinary forward slash symbol. In such a case the
same symbol is used as in print.
Example:
3/8 of the class are girls.
#c_/#h ( ! class >e girls4
General fraction indicators

11.3.4 If the numerator or denominator is not entirely numeric as defined in
11.3.1, then the general fraction indicators should be used. Write the
opening indicator, then the numerator expression, then the general
fraction line symbol, then the denominator expression and finally the
closing indicator.
Note: If an opening or closing fraction indicator appears within a
grade 2 passage, it may need a grade 1 indicator.
Note: Both numerator and denominator may be any kind of
expression whatever, including fractions of either simple numeric or
general type.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
x
y ;;(x./y)
distance
speed = spe$ "7 ;(di/.e./"t;)
time
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Parts 6.4 and 6.5, for
more examples of general fractions.
11.4 Superscripts and subscripts

5 level change down (subscript)
9 level change up (superscript, exponent or power)
< braille grouping open
> braille grouping close
Definition of an item
11.4.1 The scope of a level change indicator, that is, the symbol(s) affected
by it, is the next "item". An item is defined as any of the following
groupings:
An entire number, i.e. the initiating numeric symbol and all
succeeding symbols within the numeric mode thus established
(which would include decimal points, commas and simple numeric
fraction lines).
An entire general fraction, enclosed in fraction indicators (Section
11.3).
An entire radical expression, enclosed in radical indicators (Section
11.5).
An arrow (Section 11.6).
An arbitrary shape (Section 11.7).
Any expression enclosed in matching pairs of round parentheses,
square brackets or curly braces.
Any expression enclosed in the braille grouping indicators.
If none of the foregoing apply, the item is the next individual symbol.
Superscripts and subscripts within literary text

11.4.2 If a superscript or subscript appears within a grade 2 passage, it may
need a grade 1 indicator.
Second Edition 2013
Examples:
The area is 6 m2 ,! >ea is #f m;9#b
[The area is 6 m squared]
The points P1 and P2
,! po9ts ,p;5#a & ,p;5#b
[The points P sub 1 and P sub 2]
Smith wrote a paper56 which says . . .
,smi? wrote a pap];9#ef : says444
[Super 56 indicating a footnote]
The formula for water is H2O
,! =mula = wat] is ,h;5#b,o
[The formula for water is H sub 2 endsub O]
Algebraic expressions involving superscripts

11.4.3 When transcribing algebraic expressions involving superscripts, braille
grouping symbols may be required.
Refer to: 11.4.1 for the definition of an item.
Examples:
x 2y x;9#by [x squared times y]
x2y ;;x9<#by> [x to the 2y]
2
3
x x;9#b/c [x to the two thirds]
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 7, Superscripts and
Subscripts, (7.4, 7.5, 7.7, 7.8 and 7.9), for the treatment of
superscripts or subscripts which are on multiple levels, left displaced,
or directly above or below the item. Also for bars, dots, tildes etc that
appear directly over or under items.
11.5 Square roots and other radicals

% open radical (root)
+ close radical (root)
Second Edition 2013

Square roots
11.5.1 The expression inside the square root sign in print (the radicand)
should be preceded by the open radical sign and followed by the
close radical sign. The radicand itself may be any expression
whatsoever, and may therefore contain radicals as well as other
mathematical structures.
Note: If an open or close radical sign appears within a grade 2
passage, it may need a grade 1 indicator.
Examples:
9 =3 ;%#i+ "7 #c [the square root of 9 = 3]
x2 + y2 ;;%x9#b"6y9#b+
[the square root of x squared + y squared end root]
Cube roots etc

11.5.2 In print the radical index, if present, is printed above and to the left
of the radical sign. This index is placed in braille as a superscript
expression immediately following the opening radical symbol.
Example:
3
8=2 ;;%9#c#h+ "7 #b [the cube root of 8 = 2]
11.6 Arrows
Simple arrows
\ arrow indicator
\o simple right pointing arrow [east]
\[ simple left pointing arrow [west]
\+ simple up pointing arrow [north]
\% simple down pointing arrow [south]
11.6.1 A simple arrow has a standard barbed tip at one end (like a v on its
side, pointing away from the shaft). The shaft is straight and its
length and thickness are not significant. These arrows are
represented by an opening arrow indicator and the appropriate
closing arrow indicator.
Second Edition 2013
Examples:
ice water ice ;|o wat]
step 1 /ep #a
;\%
step 2 /ep #b
Arrows with non-standard shafts

3 single line shaft
7 double line shaft
1 dotted line shaft
11.6.2 All shaft symbols can be elongated by repetition, with one cell for a
short shaft, two for a medium shaft and three for a long shaft. The
shaft symbols are placed between the opening and closing arrow
indicators.
Example:
;\77o [double shafted medium length right pointing arrow]
Arrows with non-standard tips

r regular barb, full, in line of direction
w regular barb, full, counter to line of direction
11.6.3 If an arrow has unusual tips, decide which is the head before you
choose the direction of your closing indicator.
Note: The tip(s) and shaft segment(s) are transcribed between the
opening and closing indicators. These items are expressed in logical
order, that is starting with the arrow tail and progressing towards the
head, even if that runs counter to the physical order (as in the case
of a left pointing arrow).
Example:
;\wro [common horizontal bidirectional arrow]
Second Edition 2013

Less common arrows
11.6.4 Less common arrows can also be indicated in braille.
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 13, Arrows, for the
treatment of:
arrows with shafts which are diagonal, curved or dotted;
arrows with tips which are half barbed, curved or straight; and
equilibrium arrows that occur in Chemistry.
11.7 Shape symbols

$ shape indicator
@$ transcriber-defined shape indicator
: shape terminator
$#c regular (equilateral) triangle
$#d square
$= circle
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 14, Shape Symbols
and Composite Symbols, for more examples.
Use of the shape termination indicator

11.7.1 If a shape is followed by a space then no termination symbol is
needed. If however the shape symbol is followed by punctuation, or
unspaced from a following symbol, then the shape terminator must
be used.
Examples:
ABC ;$#c ,,abc ABC ;$#c:,,abc
[triangle symbol followed by the letters ABC with and without a
space.]
Transcriber-defined shapes
11.7.2 The description within transcriber-defined shapes should be a short
series of initials or a single grade 1 word. They should not be used if
the print symbol is already covered elsewhere in the code. The
definitions of all shape symbols should be available to the reader in
either a transcriber's note or on a special symbols page.
Second Edition 2013

Example:
A smiling face used as an icon throughout a book could be defined
as @$sf
Physical enclosure indicator [

11.7.3 The physical enclosure indicator signals a combining of the item just
prior (the outer symbol) with the item immediately following it (the
inner symbol), where "item" is as defined in Section 11.4.1.
Example:
;$=["6 [circle enclosing a plus sign]
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 14.3, of Shape and
Composite Symbols, for superposition, horizontal juxtaposition and
vertical juxtaposition of print symbols.
11.8 Matrices and vectors

,"< big (multi-line) opening round parenthesis
,"> big (multi-line) closing round parenthesis
Placement of multi-line grouping symbols

11.8.1 When a print grouping symbol stretches across several lines of print,
use the appropriate enlarged grouping symbol in braille. Repeat the
grouping symbols directly under each other on each line. Use blank
lines before and after such arrangements for clarity.
Example:
1 0
I =
0 1
,i "7 ,"<#a #j,">

,"<#j #a,">
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Parts 15.1 to 15.7 of
Matrices and Vectors, for more enlarged grouping symbols and
examples.
Second Edition 2013

11.9 Chemistry
Use of capital indicators and terminators
11.9.1 The general UEB principles on the choice of single letter, word or
passage mode apply; in particular, a capital terminator should not be
used within a two-letter chemical element symbol. Using single
capital indicators for chemical formulae provides a uniform
appearance to the braille; nevertheless, there may be a clear
advantage in using capital passage mode in some cases. Letters
representing chemical elements should never be contracted.
Examples:
H2 O ,h;5#b,o
2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O
;;;#b,na,o,h"6,h5#b,s,o5#d \o
,na5#b,s,o5#d"6#b,h5#b,o;'
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Parts 16.1 to 16.7, of
Chemistry, for more examples.
11.10 Computer notation

Definition of computer notation
11.10.1 Computer notation is any text written in a formal syntax that is
designed to allow computers to utilize the text directly for technical
purposes related to the computer itself. Examples include computer
programs written in procedural languages such as Java, C++,
COBOL, and various "assembly" languages, nonprocedural scripting
and markup languages such as XHTML, and data files prepared to
meet the input requirements of specific programs.
Note:
"Displayed" computer notation is presented in one or more lines
separate from the surrounding literary text;
"inline" computer notation is presented within ordinary literary text,
for example, an email address mentioned within a sentence.
Grade of braille in computer notation

11.10.2 A displayed computer program or program fragment should normally
be transcribed in grade 1 braille; nearby excerpts from a program
Second Edition 2013
that is displayed in grade 1 should preferably also be in grade 1, for
consistency. Other expressions, such as email addresses, web sites,
URLs, filenames, and computer expressions not displayed on separate
lines, should normally be transcribed in grade 2 braille.
Refer to: Section 2, Terminology and General Rules, for the "Standing
Alone" rule; and also to Section 10, Contractions, for examples of
email and web addresses.
Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 17, Computer
Notation, for an example of a program fragment.
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Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 12: Early Forms of English 181
Section 12: Early Forms of English

#Y lowercase yogh
,#Y capital yogh
#! lowercase thorn
,#! capital thorn
#$ lowercase eth
,#$ capital eth
#W lowercase wynn (wen)
,#W capital wynn (wen)
a^6e ligature ae (ash)
,a,^6e capital ligature AE (ash)
o^6e ligature oe
,o,^6e capital ligature OE
@- macron above following letter
12.1 Follow the provisions of Sections 4.2 and 4.3, Letters and Their
Modifiers for the treatment of ligatured letters and the macron.
Example:
Hwr wre ?
,hw@-<a^6e>r w@-<a^6e>re #$@-u8
12.2 Use uncontracted braille for Old English, that is, English written
before about 1100.
Example:
Bo g stille.
,b@-eo#$ g@-e stille4
12.3 In Middle English (c. 1100 to c. 1450) the use of contractions is

optional. When contractions are used, have regard for spelling
variations.
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Example:
[Luke 2:10 from Wyclif Bible (c. 1380) with uncontracted braille:]
& e aungil seide to hem, nyle ee dreeden, lo soli I euangelise to
ou a gret ioe at shall be to alle puple.
@& #!e aungil seide to hem1 nyle
#yee dreeden1 lo so#!li ,i
euangelise to #you a gret io#ye
#!at shall be to alle puple4
[examples using contracted braille:]
al (all) ;al "<all">
bothe (both) bo! "<bo?">
citye (city) c;ye "<c;y">
could (cold) c\ld "<cold">
daynty (dainty) "dnty "<da9ty">
dolefull (doleful) dole;ll "<dole;l">
fful (full) fful "<full">
forthe (forth) =! "<=?">
gentillesse g5til.se
gentlenes (gentleness) g5tl5es "<g5tle;s">
hadde _hde
heathenesse (heathendom) h1!;se "<h1!ndom">
loue (love) l\e "<love">
monethe (month) m"o! "<mon?">
onely (only) "oly "<only">
ouer (over) \] "<ov]">
sones (sons) s"os "<sons">
soone soone
swolewith (swallows) swole) "<swall[s">
Second Edition 2013

worlde _we
yoonge yoonge
12.4 Use contracted braille for Early Modern English (c. 1450 to c. 1650)
having regard for spelling variations.
Example:
[Luke 2:10 in the original spelling of the King James Bible (1611):]
And the Angel said vnto them, Feare not: For behold, I bring you
good tidings of great ioy, which shall be to all people.
,& ! ,angel sd vnto !m1 ,fe>e n3
,= 2hold1 ,i br+ y gd tid+s (
grt ioy1 : % 2 to all p4
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Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 13: Foreign Language 185
Section 13: Foreign Language

Foreign code signs used in this section (non-UEB symbols)
e Greek epsilon
m Greek mu
u Greek omikron ypsilon
& French c-cedilla
= French e-acute
( French a-grave
( Spanish a-acute
! French e-grave
! Spanish e-acute
) Spanish u-acute
% French i-circumflex
? French o-circumflex
\ Igbo u-dot-under
[ Greek omikron iota
[ Igbo o-dot-under
3_ French opening italic passage
5 Spanish question mark [opening question mark is
inverted in print]
7 () French parenthesis (round bracket), opening and
closing
/ Spanish i-acute
+ Spanish o-acute
_ French closing italic passage
. French capital sign
13.1 Determining what is foreign

13.1.1 A foreign language is any natural or artificial language in use now or
in the past other than English. It may be written in Roman or non-
Roman script. Any form of English transliterated in non-Roman script
is also to be treated as foreign.
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13.1.2 In determining whether a word or phrase is foreign or anglicised,
consistency within a book is much more important than consistency
between books. The publisher's (or where possible the author's)
intention, if ascertainable, should be regarded as paramount.
Attention should be paid to typography, since italics or (less
frequently) bold or quotation marks are often used to distinguish
words regarded as foreign from those regarded as anglicised.
Refer to: 13.2, for the treatment of contractions in words, phrases or
passages, regarded as foreign.
Example:
Her pirouette was lovely but her fouett en tournant was spectacular.
,h] pir\ette 0 lovely b h]
.7fouett^/e en tournant.' 0
spectacul>4
13.1.3 In doubtful cases the default position is to consider the word or

phrase as foreign. Therefore titles (for example) in another language
should be regarded as foreign, even though English and foreign titles
are not differentiated.
Note: If a standard dictionary is consulted to settle a question which
cannot be resolved by reference to the book itself, care should be
taken to ensure that the dictionary is actually purporting to answer
the question with which the transcriber is confronted. It should also
be remembered that even good dictionaries do not agree among
themselves as to what words are to be regarded as foreign.
Note: If using a dictionary, ensure that it is less than ten years old.
Words or expressions that appear as main entries in the body of the
dictionary are considered anglicised unless they are identified as
foreign. Consult the usage guide for the dictionary to determine how
foreign terms are identified, e.g. by a distinctive typeface or by a
special print marker.
Examples:
The newspapers with the largest circulation are Yomiuri Shimbun and
Asahi Shimbun from Japan followed by The Times of India.
,! newspap]s ) ! l>ge/ circula;n
>e .1,yomiuri .1,shimbun &
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.1,asahi .1,shimbun f ,japan
foll[$ by .7,! ,"ts ( ,9dia4.'
In 1916, the British Queen Mary was sunk by the German Derfflinger
during the Battle of Jutland.
,9 #aiaf1 ! ,Briti% .1,Que5
.1,M>y 0 sunk by ! ,g]man
.1,derfflinger dur+ ! ,battle (
,Jutl&4
[entries in a bibliography:]
1. Conlogue, Ray. Impossible Nation: The Longing for Homeland in
Canada and Quebec. Toronto: Mercury Press, 2002.
2. Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel. "Quand Paris tait capitale du
monde." Le Nouvel Observateur, August 2001.
3. Mnard, Marc. lements pour une conomie des industries
culturelles. Montreal: SODEC, 2004.
4. Weber, George. "The World's Ten Most Influential Languages."
Language Today 2, December 1997.
#a4 ,3logue1 ,ray4 .7,impossible
,na;n3 ,! ,l;g+ = ,homel& 9
,canada & ,quebec4.' ,toronto3
,m]cury ,press1 #bjjb4
#b4 ,le ,roy ,ladurie1 ,emmanuel4
8,quand ,paris ^/etait capitale
du monde40 .7,le ,nouvel
,observateur1.' ,augu/ #bjja4
#c4 ,m^/en>d1 ,m>c4 .7,^/elements
pour une ^/economie des
industries culturelles4.'
,montr1l3 ,,sodec1 #bjjd4
#d4 ,web]1 ,george4 8,! ,_w's ,t5
,mo/ ,9flu5tial ,languages40
.7,language ,td #b1.' ,decemb]
#aiig4
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13.2 Using UEB contractions
13.2.1 Except as provided for in the note below, do not use contractions in
words, phrases or passages which are regarded as foreign, including
any English words within the expression.
Note: It is permissible to disregard this rule provided that there are
appropriate braille authority policies and guidelines in place which
transcribers in your country are expected to follow to ensure that
ambiguity is avoided.
Examples:
The foih-chai, the trains, tugged freight cars that banged together
like thunder.
,! .1foih-chai1 ! tra9s1 tu7$
frei<t c>s t bang$ tgr l ?"u4
Genji's suitor played the shamisen.
,g5ji's suitor play$ !
.1shamisen4
Therese is very chic.
,!rese is v .1chic4
Schwiegervater is the German word for "father-in-law."
.1,schwiegervater is ! ,g]man ^w
= 8"f-9-law40
The word "demonstrate" comes from the Latin demonstrare.
,! ^w 8demon/rate0 comes f !
,lat9 ^1demonstrare4
"Un momentito, por favor," said Carlos.
8.7,un momentito1 por favor1.'0
sd ,c>los4
In Nigeria, I prefer to travel by Ife Sine Chi long distance buses.
,9 ,nig]ia1 ,i pref] to travel by
.7,ife ,sine ,chi.' l;g 4t.e
buses4
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The announcement started: Lord Byron era un poeta muy conocido.
,! ann\nce;t />t$3 .7,lord ,byron
era un poeta muy conocido4.'
"Prenons courage, Marguerite," Jeanne said, her arm linked firmly in
mine.
8.7,prenons courage1
,marguerite1.'0 ,j1nne sd1 h]
>m l9k$ firmly 9 m9e4
We went out for a lekker braai of pap en wors.
,we w5t \ = a .1lekk] .1braai (
.7pap en wors.'4
[Note the contractions in this example, and refer to the note
attached to 13.2.1. above.]
13.2.2 Do not use grade 1 indicators for foreign material in uncontracted

braille.
13.2.3 Use UEB contractions in words, phrases, proper names and personal
titles which are regarded as anglicised. However, do not use a
contraction that would unduly distort the pronunciation or structure
of a word.
Examples:
The expression memento mori is sometimes used with some of the
sense of carpe diem.
,! expres.n me;to mori is "s"ts
us$ ) "s ( ! s5se ( c>pe diem4
While he was in Sarajevo, the beautiful Ferhadija mosque had been
dynamited.
,:ile he 0 9 ,s>ajevo1 ! b1uti;l
,f]_hija mosque _h be5 dynamit$4
Sr. y Sra. Juarez were impressed with the locally-made pancetta
served at the pensione in San Marino, Italy.
,sr4 ;y ,sra4 ,ju>ez 7 impress$ )
! locally-made pancetta s]v$ at
! p5sione 9 ,san ,m>9o1 ,italy4
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Murasaki Shikubu wrote The Tale of Genji.
,murasaki ,%ikubu wrote .7,!
,tale ( ,g5ji.'4
13.3 Guidelines for contracting anglicised words derived

from specific languages
13.3.1 Greek: In the letter combination "sth", use the contractions "th" or
"the" (representing the letter theta) rather than the contraction "st".
13.3.2 Scandinavian languages: Use the "ar" contraction in the letter
combination "aar" (in which aa represents a with circle above)
13.3.3 Welsh: Do not use the contraction "ed" in the letter combination
"edd" (dd represents a distinct letter). Similarly use "ff" contraction
in the letter combination "off" rather than the contraction for "of".
13.4 Representing accented letters

13.4.1 There are two ways to represent accented letters in braille within a
UEB context:
by means of UEB signs for modifiers (13.5), or
by means of the foreign code signs used in braille production in the
country where the language is spoken (13.6).
Hybridisation of these two methods is to be avoided since UEB
symbols and foreign code signs are different and may conflict.
13.5 Using UEB signs

^;6 inverted exclamation mark
^;8 inverted question mark
13.5.1 Use UEB signs to represent accented letters, punctuation or Greek
letters where it is judged likely that most readers will be unfamiliar
with the foreign code signs, and where the nature of the material
does not create a reasonable expectation that they should learn
them. UEB signs should therefore be used:
for occasional foreign words and phrases occurring in English
context;
for longer foreign passages such as conversation occurring in
English novels or in other English works regarded as primarily for
leisure reading.
Second Edition 2013
Refer to: Section 4, Letters and their modifiers, for the complete list
of UEB signs for accents and Greek letters.
Examples:
He walked past the great masses of the grandes coles.
,he walk$ pa/ ! grt masses ( !
.1grandes .1^/ecoles4
Sietske took out the parcel and handed it to the soldier. "Ein
Geschenk fr uns [A gift for us]," he laughed. Then he opened the
tin box.
"Ah, gute Butter [butter, delicious]. Danke, Frulein [Thank you,
young lady]."
,sietske took \ ! p>cel & h&$ x
to ! soldi}4 8.7,ein ,geschenk
f^3ur uns.' .<,a gift = u.>10
he lau<$4 ,!n he op5$ ! t9 box4
8.7,ah1 gute ,butter.' .<butt}1
delici\s.>4 .1,danke1
.1,fr^3aulein .<,?ank y1 "y
lady.>40
Qu idea ms buena!exclaimed Pedro's mother.
,-.7^;6,qu^/e idea m^/as
buena6.',-exclaim$ ,p$ro's "m4
For read "standard deviation."
,= .s r1d 8/&>d devia;n40
Use v to denote difference or change in velocity.
,use ,.dv to d5ote di6];e or
*ange 9 veloc;y4
13.5.2 When UEB signs are used, do not use foreign code contractions or
other signs from the foreign language code such as punctuation or
indicators.
13.5.3 When UEB signs are used, do not use code switch indicators.
Second Edition 2013

13.6 Using foreign code signs
13.6.1 Use foreign code signs in the representation of foreign language
material where there is substantial occurrence of the foreign
language, as in:
grammars and other instructional materials,
English commentaries on foreign works for study,
bilingual texts (whether set out in parallel or consecutively) such as
official forms, opera libretti and other translations, and
any situation where significant knowledge of the foreign language
is presupposed or being taught.
13.6.2 In a foreign language braille code, it is possible to have six categories
of sign:
1. Signs representing the basic elements of the script (whether
alphabet, syllabary, or other);
2. Signs representing accents (including indicators of breathing, tone,
stress or quantity);
3. Punctuation signs and indicators;
4. Ancillary signs (including any signs liable to occur in literary
contexts, which may or may not be more prevalent in technical
material, such as the ampersand, asterisk, bullet, at sign, dagger,
and the signs representing basic mathematical operations);
5. Technical signs, which are unlikely ever to appear in literary
contexts;
6. Contractions.
Refer to: The most recent edition of World Braille Usage which lists
by country signs used in categories (1) to (3).
13.6.3 When foreign code signs are used, do not use UEB contractions.
13.6.4 When using foreign code signs for basic elements of the script and/or
for accents, that is, categories (1) and (2) above, it is permissible
though not required to use the foreign code signs for any of the other
categories. Do not use a UEB sign that conflicts with an element in
the foreign code. Also do not mix foreign code signs and the
equivalent UEB signs for the same language in the same book.
Examples:
[from a textbook teaching Spanish:]
To indicate profession or vocation:
Carlos Fuentes es escritor. Carlos Fuentes is a writer.
Yo soy msico. I am a musician.
T eres doctora. You are a doctor.
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,to 9dicate pr(es.n or voca;n3
,carlos ,fuentes ^1es escritor4
,c>los ,fu5tes is a writ]4
,yo ^1soy m)sico4
,i am a musician4
,t) ^1eres doctora4
,y >e a doctor4
[examples in a textbook teaching French:]
Il y a deux crches en ville.
There are two day-care centers in the city.
Ils se sont maris il y a deux ans.
They got married two years ago.
,il y a deux cr!ches en ville4
,"! >e two "d-c>e c5t]s 9 !
c;y4
,ils se sont mari=s il y a deux
ans4
,!y got m>ri$ two ye>s ago4
[from a textbook teaching Igbo:]
It was delicious. tr t.
,x 0 delici\s4 ,{ t{r{ |t{4
[from a workbook for children learning French:]
Answer the following questions using il y a ... (que), a fat ... (que),
depuis (sometimes there are several possibilities).
Il y a combien de temps que tu vas dans ce collge? (deux ans)
,answ] ! foll{+ "qs us+ .7_8il y
a 444 "<que">1 &a fa%t 444
"<que">1 depuis_0.' "<"s"ts "!
>e s"eal possibilities">4
,il y a combien de temps que tu
vas dans ce coll!ge8 "<deux
ans">
Second Edition 2013

[from the grammar section of a Spanish-English dictionary:]
Asking Questions:
est aqu tu hermano? is your brother here?
el agua est fra? is the water cold?
t le diste el dinero, verdad? you gave him the money,
didn't you?
,ask+ ,"qs3
5est( aqu/ tu hermano5
is yr bro!r "h8
5el agua est( fr/a5
is ! wat] cold8
t) le diste el dinero1 5verdad5
y gave hm ! m"oy1 didn't y8
[from a bilingual, English and French, government document:]
Make the certified cheque or money order (for Licence Renewal Fee
only) payable to the Minister of Finance.
Libellez le chque certifi ou le mandat (concernant le droit de
renouvellement du permis seulement) l'ordre du ministre des
Finances.
,make ! c]tifi$ *eque or m"oy
ord] "<.7= ,lic;e ,r5ewal ,fee
only.'"> payable to ! ,m9i/] (
,f9.e4
.libellez le ch!que certifi= ou
le mandat 73_concernant le
droit de renouvellement du
permis _seulement7 ( l'ordre du
ministre des .finances4
13.6.5 List all foreign code signs used on a preliminary page.

13.6.6 Use foreign code contractions, i.e. category (6) above, only for a
language written in Roman script which is also one of the official
languages of the country from which the document originates or for
which it is requested. However, in no case is the use of foreign code
contractions mandatory.
Second Edition 2013

13.7 Code switch indicators
13.7.1 Code switch indicators are used to enclose non-UEB material, in this
case material using foreign code signs. Do not use UEB signs within
code switch indicators.
Example:
[from a textbook teaching Greek:]
The unemphatic forms, , , , are enclitic.
,! unemphatic =ms1 "('mu1 m[1
me1,") >e 5clitic4
13.7.2 When the nature and extent of the enclosed material can be clearly
deduced from formatting or other contextual considerations, as when
parallel texts in English and another language are set out in tabular
form or when the foreign language is identified by a change of
typeface, then code switch indicators may be omitted.
Example:
[from the grammar section of a Spanish-English dictionary:]
No article is used after qu and vaya in exclamations:
qu lstima! what a shame
,no >ticle is us$ af ^1qu! &
^1vaya 9 exclama;ns3
^;6qu! l(stima6 :at a %ame
13.7.3 If the main body of text is in a foreign language with occasional

words or passages of English interspersed, e.g. by way of
commentary or explanation, it is recommended that the function of
the code switch indicators should be reversed, so that they enclose
the UEB material. Explain this reversal in a transcriber's note.
Example:
[French:]
Souvent prcd d'une conjonction de subordination telle que
"quand", "ds que" (immediately), "aussitt que".
.souvent pr=c=d= d'une
conjonction de subordination
Second Edition 2013

telle que 8quand01 8d!s que0
^("<immly">1 8aussit?t que04
13.8 Mixed-language literature

13.8.1 For a literary work in which English and one or more other languages
are interspersed freely with no typographical or other distinction,
consider the braille codes of the languages involved and the issue of
ambiguity in determining whether to use UEB contractions and how
to represent accented letters. Do not mix UEB signs and foreign code
signs for any particular print character or braille indicator.
Note: The following example is a mix of English and Spanish. In this
example, foreign code signs are used for accented letters since it is
expected that readers would be familiar with them. Uncontracted
braille is used to avoid ambiguity. UEB signs are used for
punctuation and indicators.
Example:
We begin to walk away, right next to the foam-flecked horses (they
sweat right down to their hooves; rico el olor). Nos damos cuenta de
que la perspectiva desde el comienzo de la carrera es, si cabe, even
more thrilling. From here, we can sense the anticipation of riders and
their mounts; the horses turn and twitch, reluctant or bored, y los
jinetes intentan contenerlos, inspirarlos. They take off like a shot,
four legs pumping together, rider crouched down on the haunches
and then rising up, some of them, nearly vertical. Algunos caballos
fustigados to within an inch of their lives, it seemsthwack se
escucha el cropmientras otros run like hell, simplemente porque s.
No ltigo required. [from Killer Crnicas by Susana Chvez-
Silverman]
,We begin to walk away1 right

next to the foam-flecked horses
"<they sweat right down to their
hooves2 rico el olor">4 ,Nos
damos cuenta de que la
perspectiva desde el comienzo de
la carrera es1 si cabe1 even more
thrilling4 ,From here1 we can
Second Edition 2013
sense the anticipation of riders
and their mounts2 the horses turn
and twitch1 reluctant or bored1 y
los jinetes intentan contenerlos1
inspirarlos4 ,They take off like
a shot1 four legs pumping
together1 rider crouched down on
the haunches and then rising up1
some of them1 nearly vertical4
,Algunos caballos fustigados to
within an inch of their lives1 it
seems,-thwack se escucha el
crop,-mientras otros run like
hell1 simplemente porque s/4 ,No
l(tigo required4 .<from .1,Killer
.1,Cr+nicas by ,Susana ,Ch(vez-
,Silverman.>
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Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 14: Code Switching 199
Section 14: Code Switching

Code switching indicators
^( non-UEB word indicator
^) non-UEB word terminator
"(' opening non-UEB passage indicator
,") closing non-UEB passage indicator
Note: The opening non-UEB passage indicator is actually two UEB
symbols: "( followed by '
Code switching indicators for IPA Braille
"^( [ opening IPA bracket; opening square bracket
with switch from UEB to IPA
^) ] closing IPA bracket; closing square bracket with
switch from IPA to UEB
"^/ / opening IPA slash; opening solidus (forward
slash) with switch from UEB to IPA
^/ / closing IPA slash; closing solidus (forward slash)
with switch from IPA to UEB
";2 general opening IPA indicator
;; general IPA terminator
Note: The closing IPA bracket, the closing IPA slash and the general
IPA terminator are IPA indicators, not UEB indicators.
Code switching indicators for music braille

,' opening music indicator when following a space
;2 music terminator when following a space
Note: The music terminator is a music braille indicator, not a UEB
indicator.
Code switching indicators for Nemeth Code

_% opening Nemeth Code indicator followed by space
_: Nemeth Code terminator preceded by space
Note: The Nemeth Code terminator is a Nemeth Code indicator, not
a UEB indicator.
Second Edition 2013

Non-UEB symbols used in this section
g Greek letter gamma
h Greek rough breathing mark
i Greek letter iota
l Greek letter lambda
n Arabic letter noon
o Greek letter omicron
p Greek letter pi
q Arabic letter qaf
u Arabic damma
= French e-acute
( ( Nemeth left parenthesis
! French e-grave
! Spanish e-acute
) Arabic letter tah
) ) Nemeth right parenthesis
< French e-circumflex
< IPA open o
< Music flat sign
: IPA esh
$ French e-diaeresis
$ IPA eng
] IPA edh
] Spanish n-tilde
[ Greek omicron iota
1 1 Nemeth numeral 1
3 Arabic sukun
3 IPA length mark
3o British Chemistry right arrow
4 4 British Chemistry subscript numeral 4
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5 IPA schwa
5 ? Spanish question mark
6r IPA fish-hook r
/ IPA small capital i
+ + Nemeth plus
+ Spanish o-acute
# IPA turned r
#d4 Music four-four time signature
> German a-umlaut
- Nemeth minus
@8 IPA wedge above
^ Nemeth superscript indicator
_b IPA vertical stroke (superior)
_& BANA Computer Braille Code continuation
indicator
_: BANA Computer Braille Code end Computer
Braille Code
_2 IPA vertical stroke (inferior)
_> BANA Computer Braille Code caps lock indicator
" British Chemistry two letter chemical element
sign
" Nemeth baseline indicator
. French capital sign
.k = Nemeth equals
.? IPA theta
;e Afrikaans e-diaeresis
;6 + British Chemistry plus
, , Nemeth mathematical comma
14.1 Purpose of code switching

14.1.1 The purpose of code switching is to indicate text which is transcribed
in a braille code other than UEB. This may include:
Second Edition 2013
braille codes for languages other than English, such as Afrikaans,
French, German, Spanish, Vietnamese
IPA Braille: An Updated Tactile Representation of the International
Phonetic Alphabet [see 14.4]
New International Manual of Braille Music Notation [see 14.5]
The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation
[see 14.6]
other non-UEB braille codes for subjects such as mathematics,
chemistry, computer science (assuming the transcriber has a
special reason for switching, which in general is not necessary in
UEB)
historical braille codes
proposed braille codes
14.2 When to use code switching indicators

14.2.1 When a text is to be read in hardcopy braille, do not use code
switching indicators when the nature and extent of the non-UEB text
can be determined by the context or format.
Examples:
[Spanish in column format:]
pensin completa full board
puedo verlo? may I see it?
bao compartido private bath
pensi+n completa full bo>d
5puedo verlo5 may ,I see x8
ba]O COMPARTIDO PRIVATE BA?
[boldface used only for Spanish:]
No article is used after qu and vaya in exclamations.
,no >ticle is us$ af ^1qu! &
^1vaya 9 exclama;ns4
14.2.2 In situations where code switching indicators are not used, ensure
that the format or position of the non-UEB material is clear to the
reader. Often the text itself will make it obvious, for example: when
the introduction of a bilingual dictionary explains that the entry word
in French is followed by its pronunciation in IPA; when the text has
Second Edition 2013

two columns headed "Spanish" and "English"; or when the text states
that the words in German are in bold. If the text does not explicitly
draw attention to the non-UEB material, use a transcriber's note to
explain the format or position of non-UEB braille codes.
14.2.3 Use code switching indicators for non-UEB material when writing
braille that will be translated into print or where context and format
cues are not obvious or meaningful, for example when a file will be
read electronically.
14.2.4 Use code switching indicators when the non-UEB braille would be
ambiguous and when the nature and extent of the non-UEB text
cannot be determined by the context or format.
Example:
[quotes not limited to French:]
"Peut-tre" has an alternate expression, "peut-tre que".
^(8.peut-<tre0 has an alt]nate
expres.n1 ^(8peut-<tre ^(que04
14.2.5 When code switching indicators with identifiers are used, explain
them either on a special symbols page or in a transcriber's note
positioned before the affected material. [See 14.3.3.]
14.3 How to use code switching indicators

Refer to: 14.4 for code switching indicators for IPA Braille, to 14.5
for code switching indicators for music braille and to 14.6 for code
switching indicators for Nemeth Code.
14.3.1 Place the non-UEB word indicator immediately preceding the
symbols-sequence to which it applies. Its effect is terminated by the
next space or by the next non-UEB word terminator.
Examples:
[Arabic:]
The word "cotton" is derived from the Arabic ( qutn).
,! ^w 8cotton0 is d]iv$ f !
,>abic ^(qu)3n "<qutn">4
Second Edition 2013

[German:]
(For "alongside of" use "lngs".)
"<,= 8al;gside (0 use
^(8l>ngs0^)4">
14.3.2 Use the non-UEB passage indicators when there are three or more
symbols-sequences in the non-UEB braille code. The effect of a non-
UEB passage indicator continues until the closing non-UEB passage
indicator.
Example:
[French:]
Note the use of , , , and .
,note ! use ( "('=1 !1 <1,") &
^($4
14.3.3 When more than one non-UEB braille code is used in a particular text
and it is not obvious which one is intended, modify the opening non-
UEB passage indicator by augmenting it with an identifier. Before the
dot 3, insert a short, mnemonic sequence of letters (no contractions)
which is unique within the text. The transcriber determines the
abbreviations used. Refer to ISO Standard 639-3 (on the website of
SIL International, www.sil.org/ISO639-3/codes.asp) for a list of two-
and three-letter designations for languages.
Examples of commonly-used languages:

Afrikaans
"(af'
French "(fr'
German "(de'
Greek (International) "(gr'
Greek (Modern) "(el'
Indonesian "(id'
Italian "(it'
Japanese "(ja'
Northern Sotho (Pedi, Sepedi) "(nso'
Spanish "(es'
Second Edition 2013

Tswana "(tn'
Venda "(ve'
14.3.4 Identifiers are not used with the non-UEB word indicator. If an
identifier is required, use the opening and closing non-UEB passage
indicators, even if it is only for one symbols-sequence.
14.3.5 When more than one non-UEB braille code is used in a text, use a
non-UEB indicator without an identifier only when its meaning is
obvious or when it refers to the same code as the next previous non-
UEB passage within the paragraph.
Example:
[Greek with other non-UEB codes used elsewhere:]
Pericles praised government by the many ( ) rather than by
the privileged few ( ).
,p]icles prais$ gov]n;t by ! _m
"<"(gr'h[ poll[,")"> r ?an by !
privileg$ few "<^(h[
^(olig[^)">4
14.3.6 Close any non-UEB passage before opening another non-UEB

passage. In other words, return to UEB first even if another non-UEB
passage will start immediately.
Example:
[English, Afrikaans, German:]
The speed limit on all highways is 120 kilometres per hour.
Die Spoedgrens op alle snelwe is 120 kilometers per uur.
Die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung auf allen Autobahnen betrgt 120
Kilometer pro Stunde.
,! spe$ limit on all hi<ways is
#abj kilometres p] h\r4
"(af',die spoedgrens op alle
snelwe;e is #abj kilometers per
uur4,")
Second Edition 2013

"(de',die
,geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung auf
allen ,autobahnen betr>gt #abj
,kilometer pro ,stunde4,")
14.3.7 When the non-UEB text is displayed on one or more lines separate
from the UEB text, the opening and closing non-UEB passage
indicators may each be placed on a line by itself.
Example:
[British Chemistry Code. This example assumes the transcriber has a
special reason for switching to this code for chemical notation, which
in general is not necessary in UEB.]
CuSO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + Cu
"('
"cuso4 ;6"zn 3o "znso4 ;6"cu
,")
14.3.8 Except in the previous instance, place non-UEB indicators at the exact
point of change from UEB to non-UEB and back, unspaced from the
symbols-sequence(s) which they precede or enclose. That is, do not
insert spaces which are not already present in the text.
14.3.9 When a non-UEB code provides a symbol for switching out of that
code, use that symbol in preference to the non-UEB word terminator
or the closing non-UEB passage indicator.
Example:
[BANA Computer Braille Code. This example assumes the transcriber
has a special reason for switching to this code for computer notation,
which in general is not necessary in UEB.]
The macro command will change all occurrences of ROM to RAM,
resulting in: WHEN IN RAME DO AS THE RAMANS DO,...
,! macro comm& w *ange all
o3urr;es ( ^(_>rom to
^(_>ram_:1 result+ in3
"('_>when _>in _>rame _&
_>do _>as _>the _&
_>ramans _>do_:1444
Second Edition 2013
14.3.10 In the rare instance where the closing non-UEB passage indicator
could realistically be misread as a symbol within the non-UEB code,
instead use an opening non-UEB passage indicator augmented with
the identifier "en" (for English) to indicate that UEB is resuming. If
even this would be misread, the transcriber may devise a safe
indicator to resume UEB.
14.4 IPA Braille within UEB text

Refer to: 4.4 for the eng and schwa when not used in phonetic or
phonemic material.
14.4.1 Transcribe phonetic and phonemic material according to the
provisions of IPA Braille: An Updated Tactile Representation of the
International Phonetic Alphabet. The following sections provide for
switching between UEB and IPA Braille.
14.4.2 Generally phonetic material within a text is identified in print by being
enclosed in square brackets. Use the opening IPA bracket and
closing IPA bracket. The effect of the opening IPA bracket is
terminated only by the closing IPA bracket and not by a space.
Example:
Low vowels became mid vowels [a] to [e] as in [nam] to [nem]
name.
,l[ v[els 2came mid v[els "^(a3^)
to "^(e3^) z 9 "^(na3m5^) to
"^(ne3m^) .1"n4
14.4.3 Phonemic material within a text is normally enclosed in solidi (forward

slashes) in print. Use the opening IPA slash and the closing IPA
slash.
Example:
Pronounce /l/ and /r/ as described above.
,pron\nce "^/l^/ & "^/r^/ z
describ$ abv4
Second Edition 2013

14.4.4 When IPA Braille and one other non-UEB braille code are used in a
text, then non-UEB indicators can be used without identifiers for the
other non-UEB braille code.
Example:
[IPA and French:]
Practice the sound [e] as in th [te] and mlodie [meldi].
,practice ! s.d "^(e^) z 9 ^(th=
"^(te^) & ^(m=lodie
"^(mel<_bdi^)4
14.4.5 When print does not use square brackets or solidi (forward slashes)
to identify IPA material, and when the nature and extent of the
material cannot be determined by context or format, then use the
general opening IPA indicator and the general IPA terminator to
enclose the IPA material.
Example:
Find the symbols , , in the chart.
,f9d ! symbols ";2c@81 51 :;; 9 !
*>t4
14.4.6 To temporarily switch from IPA Braille to UEB, use the general IPA
terminator and return to IPA Braille with the general opening IPA
indicator.
Example:
[ n wnd (garbled section) dspju]
"^(]5 _bn<#.? _2w/nd;; "<g>bl$

sec;n"> ";2d/s_bpju6r/$^)
14.5 Music braille within UEB text

Refer to: 3.18 for the natural, flat or sharp when used within UEB
text and not within musical notation.
14.5.1 Transcribe music according to the provisions of New International
Manual of Braille Music Notation. Follow its provisions to determine
when indicators are needed to switch between UEB and music braille.
Second Edition 2013

14.5.2 To switch from UEB to music braille when an indicator is necessary,
leave a space and place the opening music indicator immediately
before the musical notation.
Example:
The key signature is

,! key signature is ,'<<<
14.5.3 Follow the provisions of New International Manual of Braille Music

Notation for returning to UEB from music braille.
Example:
is the time signature.

,'#d4 ;2is ! "t signature4
14.6 Nemeth Code within UEB text
14.6.1 When technical material is transcribed according to the provisions of
The Nemeth Braille Code for Mathematics and Science Notation within
UEB text, the following sections provide for switching between UEB
and Nemeth Code.
14.6.2 Place the opening Nemeth Code indicator followed by space before
the sequence to which it applies. Its effect is terminated by the
Nemeth Code terminator preceded by space.
Note: The spaces required with the indicator and terminator do not
represent spaces in print.
Examples:
The result will be in the form (ax + by)(cx + dy), where ac = 12,
bd = 10, and ad + bc = 7.
,! result w 2 9 ! =m _%
(ax+by)(cx+dy) _:1 ": _%
ac .k #12, bd .k -#10 _:1 & _%
ad+bc .k #7 _:4
He said, "4x+3y is the numerator."
,he sd1 8_% #4x+3y _: is !
num]ator40
Second Edition 2013
14.6.3 When the Nemeth Code text is displayed on one or more lines
separate from the UEB text, the opening Nemeth Code indicator and
the Nemeth Code terminator may each be placed on a line by itself.
Example:
Solution. Again we group the first two terms and the last two terms.
4x3 12x2 x + 3 = 4x2(x 3) (x 3)
= (x 3)(4x2 1)
= (x 3)(2x + 1)(2x 1).
.1,solu;n4 ,ag we gr\p ! f/ two
t]ms & ! la/ two t]ms4
_%
#4x^3"-12x^2"-x+3
.k #4x^2"(x-3)-(x-3)
.k (x-3)(4x^2"-1)
.k (x-3)(2x+1)(2x-1)
_:
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 15: Scansion, Stress and Tone 211
Section 15: Scansion, Stress and Tone

15.1 Scansion, Line Marking
_ line indicator
_\ | vertical line
_\_\ double vertical line
_/ / solidus (forward slash)
_/_/ // double solidus
15.1.1 Follow print for the foot sign and the caesura to mark the pauses in
speech, as in scanning poetry.
Examples:
To BE / or NOT to be, // THAT / is the QUESTion.
.1,to ,,2 _/ .1or ,,n .1to .1be1

_/_/ ,,t _/ .1is .1!
,,que/.1ion4
To err is human; to forgive, divine.
,to ]r is human2 _\_\ to =give1

div9e4
15.1.2 When the line by line format of print (as in a poem) is changed to a
linear format in braille, use the line indicator to mark the breaks
between lines. The line indicator is unspaced from the preceding line
and is followed by space before the following line.
Examples:
Rose kissed me to-day,
Will she kiss me to-morrow?
Austin Dobson
,rose kiss$ me to-"d1,-_ .1,w %e
kiss me to-morr[8
,-,au/9 ,dobson
Second Edition 2013

A mad kingfisher
rocketing about in the
red fog at sunrise
Malcolm Lowry
,a mad k+fi%]_ rocket+ ab 9 !_ r$
fog at sunrise
,-,malcolm ,l[ry
15.2 Stress
^.b primary stress sign
^.2 secondary stress sign
15.2.1 Follow print when capitals, letter modifiers, change of typeface

and/or symbols written on the line above are used to indicate stress
either in the syllables of a word or in the words in a phrase, sentence
or poem.
Examples:
or/gan/i/ZA/tion
or_/gan_/i_/,,za_/tion
ht brath on my nkles,
Ezra Pound
h^/ot br^/ea? on my ^/ankles1
,-,ezra ,p.d
vr th / sa, pst / Crte, // n th / Srn / shre ...
Charles Kingsley
,@-ov@+er ?@+e _/ s@-ea1 p@-a/ _/
,cr@-ete1 _/_/ @+on ?@+e _/
,s@-yr@+i@+an _/ %@-ore 444
,-,*>les ,k+sley
cunterintlligence
c^*ount]9t^/ellig;e
Second Edition 2013
commercial [k mr shl]
comm]cial .<k_5 ^1m^%ur %_5l.>
x / x / x / x / x /
But soft! What light through yonder window breaks?
;x _/ ;x _/ ;x _/ ;x
,b s(t6 ,:at li<t "? yond]
_/;x _/
w9d[ br1ks8
Diagram of poetic metre:
.-.-/..--/.-.-/..-
,diagram ( poetic metre3
4-4-_/44--_/4-4-_/44-
15.2.2 When print uses marks before or after a syllable to indicate it is

stressed, use the primary and secondary stress signs and follow print
placement. Describe what print sign is used on the symbols page or
in a transcriber's note.
Refer to: Section 3.11, General Symbols and Indicators, for the
prime sign used for feet and minutes; and to Guidelines for Technical
Material, Part 11 for the prime sign used in technical material.
Examples:
ap ri hen shn (apprehension)
[The first stress mark is a prime (or accent) and the second is a bold
prime.]
ap^.2 ri h5^.b %_5n "<appreh5.n">
|
|kombi neshn (combination)
[The first stress mark is a low vertical line and the second is a high
vertical line.]
^.2kombi^.bne%n "<comb9a;n">
Second Edition 2013

met mrf sis (met a mor pho sis)
[The first stress mark is a prime and the second is a double prime.]
met^.2_5 m^%or^.bf_5 sis
"<met a mor pho sis">
This station | is Oval.
[The stress marks are high vertical marks.]
^.b_1,?is /a;n _\ is ^.b_2,oval4
15.3 Tone
^.c e.g. high tone
^.3 e.g. mid tone
^.- e.g. low tone
^.i e.g.
high rising
^.9 e.g. low rising
^.e e.g.
high falling
^.5 e.g. low falling
^.d e.g. global rise
^.0 e.g. global fall
^.* e.g. rise-fall
^./ e.g. fall-rise
^.! e.g. down step
^.$ e.g. up step
15.3.1 Follow print when capitals and change of typeface are used to
indicate tonal patterns of speech, as in texts for learners of English as
a second language.
15.3.2 For other modes of indicating tone, including arrows and position, use
the tone symbols in this section.
Examples:
[Change of tone is indicated with an arrow before a word.]
Second Edition 2013

^.0,lhote 0 ! ^.9l1d]4
,"! 0 a ^.0s&/orm1 ^./f/ ( all4
[Change of tone is indicated by a change of level and also with

arrows. The bullet before a word in braille represents a bullet under
the word in print.]
,does ^.$ _4,any"o ^.! _4,,"h ^.!
_4,,have a ^.$ _4,,wat*8 ^.$
Alan's not here.
He's gone home?
[The stress marks are high vertical marks. The first tone mark is a
low left-leaning mark and the second is a high right-leaning mark.]
^.b,alan's n ^.5_1"h4
,he's ^.bg"o ^.i_1home8
15.4 Phonetic scansion, stress and tone

15.4.1 When scansion, stress and tone are shown with the International
Phonetic Alphabet, use the most recent edition of IPA Braille: An
Updated Tactile Representation of the International Phonetic
Alphabet.
Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 16: Line Mode, Guide Dots 217
Section 16: Line Mode, Guide Dots

16.1 When to use line mode
16.1.1 Use line mode when it is advantageous to draw "lines" using standard
braille cells. Line mode enables regular text and diagrammatic lines
to coexist without ambiguity, even within the same diagram.
Refer to: Section 7, Punctuation, for the hyphen, dash, long dash
and low line; Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 4, for the lines in
spatial calculations and other technical diagrams; and Part 16.7, for
the lines and bonds in structural formulae used in chemistry.
16.1.2 Use line mode for features such as lines separating column headings
from items in the column and for horizontal lines before and after
text set apart in boxes.
16.1.3 Do not use line mode when the attributes of the lines or their
relationship with one another is important, such as in the study of
geometry or the measurement of angles.
16.1.4 Do not use line mode when the diagram would be too complex to be
read by touch.
16.1.5 Where the technology is available, it is often better to represent lines
in diagrams with tactile graphics.
16.2 Horizontal line mode

"3 horizontal line mode indicator
3 simple (solid single) horizontal line segment
1 variant horizontal line segment (e.g. dotted or dashed)
7 double horizontal line segment
= triple horizontal line segment
j corner with upward vertical
4 corner with downward vertical
< crossing with left-leaning diagonal line
w crossing with vertical line
> crossing with right-leaning diagonal line
' horizontal line mode terminator
Second Edition 2013

16.2.1 Use the horizontal line mode indicator to open any horizontal line.
16.2.2 Within horizontal line mode, use the appropriate horizontal line
segments, corners and/or crossings to represent the line.
Examples:
[a solid single horizontal line:]
"3333333333333333
[a dashed horizontal line:]
"3111111
[a triple horizontal line:]
"3=================
[a line with an upward pointing corner midway and a downward

pointing corner at the right end:]
"3333j33334
[a line with a vertical crossing:]
"333333w3333333
[a line with both a left-leaning crossing and a right-leaning crossing:]
"3<33333333>333333
Second Edition 2013

[horizontal lines on a balance sheet:]
Income 865.73
Expenditure 700.41
Balance 165.32
,9come """" #hfe4gc

,exp5diture #gjj4da
"333333
,bal.e """" #afe4cb
"377777
[horizontal lines following column headings in a table:]

1 2
x y x y
mode 7 12 5 7
median 9 11 6 7
mean 10 10 6 8
#a #b
"3333333 "33333
;x ;y ;x ;y
"33 "33 "3 "3
mode #g #ab #e #g
m$ian #i #aa #f #g
m1n #aj #aj #f #h
16.2.3 When an arrow is continuous with the line, use the arrow indicator \
to signal the beginning of the arrow. Use the symbols of arrow mode
to represent the arrow. Upon completion of the arrow, horizontal line
mode continues.
Second Edition 2013

Refer to: Guidelines for Technical Material, Part 13, for rules on
constructing arrows.
Examples:
[a line with a right-pointing arrow at the right end:]
"33333333333333\o
[a double line with a downward-pointing arrow at the mid-point:]
"377777\%777777
16.2.4 To represent distinctive types of lines, use any valid single-cell UEB
symbol in addition to those indicated in 16.2.2 and excluding the
arrow indicator \, the horizontal line mode terminator ' and space.
In general, choose a symbol based on the physical shape of the line
or feature (such as a junction) rather than the meaning of the symbol
in other contexts.
Examples:
[a line with a small rectangle near the right end:]
"33333333333&xxxy33
[a line with different levels and with slanted and right-angle changes
of level:]
"333icce38-033
16.2.5 Terminate horizontal line mode with a space or with the horizontal
line mode terminator.
Examples:
[a line with a circle at the right end:]
Second Edition 2013

"3333333333'$=
[a line with text at the midpoint:]

connection
"3333'connec;n"3333
16.2.6 When the variant horizontal line segment is used, describe the line it
represents on the special symbols page or in a transcriber's note.
16.3 Diagonal and vertical lines

_ vertical single solid line segment
^ first variant vertical line segment (e.g. dotted or dashed)
,_ second variant vertical line segment (e.g. double line)
< left-leaning single solid diagonal line segment
> right-leaning single solid diagonal line segment
,< variant left-leaning diagonal line segment
,> variant right-leaning diagonal line segment
16.3.1 Use the diagonal and vertical line segments to represent diagonal and
vertical lines. Group one or more of the symbols together when
necessary providing that each group is surrounded by spaces.
Examples:
[a single solid left-leaning diagonal line:]
<
<
<
<
Second Edition 2013

[a dotted vertical line:]
^
^
^
^
[a left-leaning diagonal line meeting a double right-leaning diagonal
line in a v-shape:]
< ,>
< ,>
<,>
16.3.2 When a line drawing is in a text in contracted (grade 2) braille and

when a string of two or more of the line-drawing characters < and >
occur in the line drawing in any combination and surrounded by
spaces, use grade 1 mode for the line drawing.
Example:
[a right-leaning diagonal line meeting a left-leaning diagonal line in
an inverted v-shape:]
""=;;;
><
> <
> <
""=;'
16.3.3 When a variant vertical or diagonal line segment is used, describe the
line it represents on the special symbols page or in a transcriber's
note.
Second Edition 2013

16.4 Combining lines

16.4.1 When lines and other elements of a diagram, such as an arrow, are
touching or continuous, position the corresponding braille characters
adjacent to one another, horizontally, vertically or diagonally.
16.4.2 Even when the left end of a horizontal line forms a corner or crossing
with a vertical or diagonal line, open the horizontal line with the
horizontal line mode indicator.
Examples:
[a box, wider than tall:]
"333333333333334
_ _
"33333333333333j
[box diagram:]
ice water
"333334 "3333334
_ ice _ "3|o _ wat] _
"33333j "333333j
[a vertical line with a horizontal line extending rightward from its
midpoint:]
_
"33333
_
Second Edition 2013
[a vertical line crossing a horizontal line with a gap in the horizontal
line to the right of the vertical line:]
_
"333w "3333
_
[a diagram representing an organizational chart or a family tree:]
_
"33433j33343334
_ _ _ _
_
"33j334
_ _
[noughts and crosses:]
x o
x x o
o o
Second Edition 2013

""=;;;
x _ _ o
"33w333w333
x _ x _ o
"33w333w333
_ o _ o
""=;'
[a right-leaning line crossing a horizontal line with an arrow at both

ends of both lines:]
""=;;;
\s
>
>
\["3>33\o
>
>
\>
""=;'
Second Edition 2013

16.4.3 Use a space before and after each vertical line segment, first variant
vertical line segment, second variant vertical line segment or
combination of such segments. When a vertical line or one of the
variant vertical lines crosses a diagonal line or is too close to a
diagonal line, use either of the diagonal line segments or variant
diagonal line segments.
Examples:
[two vertical lines crossed by a left-leaning diagonal line:]
Note: This diagram is almost too complex to use line mode.
""=;;;
< _ _
<< _
< _
<<<
_ <
_ <<
_ _ <
""=;'
Second Edition 2013

[a vertical line touched by two diagonal lines on the right to form a K-
shape:]
""=;;;
_ >
_ >
>>
<<
_ <
_ <
""=;'
16.5 Guide dots

"" guide dots (with space before and after)
16.5.1 Use a sequence of guide dots to enable the reader to track across a
gap in the braille, as in a table of contents or columned material. Use
no less than two guide dots and leave at least one blank cell before
and after the sequence.
Second Edition 2013

Examples:
[excerpt from a table of contents:]
Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Bosnia & Herzegovina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
,slov5ia """"""""""""""" #aj

,croatia """"""""""""""" #af
,bosnia @& ,h]zegov9a "" #bi
[excerpt from a table of elements:]

Element Symb. At. #
lawrencium Lr 103
lead Pb 82
lithium Li 3
,ele;t ,symb4 ,at4 _?
"33333333 "33333 "333333
lawr5cium ;,lr #ajc
l1d """"" ,pb "" #hb
li?ium "" ,li "" #c
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille Appendix 1: Shortforms List 229
Appendix 1: Shortforms List

This Appendix provides the Shortforms List and following it, the rules
used to determine whether a word is added to the list. The
Shortforms List is maintained by the ICEB Code Maintenance
Committee.
Refer to: Section 10.9, Contractions, for the rules on the use of
shortforms.
The list
Added "s" and apostrophe "s"
When an "s" or apostrophe "s" is added to any word on the list, use
the shortform with the following three exceptions:
abouts ab\ts
almosts almo/s
hims hims
about ab
aboutface aboutfaced aboutfacer
aboutfacing aboutturn aboutturned
eastabout gadabout hereabout
knockabout layabout northabout
rightabout roundabout roustabout
runabout southabout stirabout
thereabout turnabout walkabout
westabout whereabout
above abv
aboveboard aboveground abovementioned
hereinabove
according ac
accordingly unaccording unaccordingly
Second Edition 2013
across acr
readacross
after af
afterbattle afterbirth afterbreakfast
afterburn afterburned afterburner
afterburning aftercare afterclap
aftercoffee afterdamp afterdark
afterdeck afterdinner afterflow
aftergame afterglow afterguard
afterhatch afterhatches afterhour
afterlife afterlight afterlives
afterlunch afterlunches aftermarket
aftermatch aftermatches aftermath
aftermeeting aftermidday aftermidnight
aftermost afterpain afterparties
afterparty afterpiece afterplay
aftersale afterschool aftersensation
aftershave aftershock aftershow
aftershower aftersupper aftertaste
aftertax aftertaxes aftertea
aftertheatre afterthought aftertime
aftertreatment afterword afterwork
afterworld hereafter hereinafter
morningafter thereafter thereinafter
whereafter whereinafter
afternoon afn
afternoontea goodafternoon midafternoon
afterward afw
Second Edition 2013

again ag
hereagain hereinagain thereagain
thereinagain whereagain whereinagain
against ag/
hereagainst thereagainst whereagainst
almost alm
already alr
also al
although al?
altogether alt
always alw
because 2c
before 2f
beforehand
behind 2h
behindhand
below 2l
belowdeck belowground belowmentioned
beneath 2n
beneathdeck beneathground
beside 2s
between 2t
betweendeck betweentime betweenwhile
Second Edition 2013

beyond 2y
blind bl [See also Section 10.9.3 (c)]
blindfish blindfishes blindfold
blindfolded blindfolder blindfolding
blindly blindman blindmen
blindness blindnesses blindside
blindsided blindsider blindsiding
blindsight blindstories blindstory
blindworm colorblind colorblindness
colorblindnesses colourblind colourblindness
colourblindnesses deafblind deafblindness
deafblindnesses purblind purblindly
purblindness purblindnesses snowblind
snowblindness snowblindnesses unblindfold
unblindfolded unblindfolding
braille brl [See also Section 10.9.3 (a)]

brailled brailler braillewriter
braillewriting brailley misbraille
misbrailled rebraille rebrailled
rebrailler unbraille unbrailled
children *n [See also Section 10.9.3 (b)]

children'swear brainchildren fosterchildren
godchildren grandchildren greatgrandchildren
lovechildren schoolchildren stepchildren
conceive 3cv
conceived conceiver
conceiving 3cvg
Second Edition 2013

could cd
could've coulda couldest
couldn't couldn't've couldst
deceive dcv
deceived deceiver archdeceiver
undeceive undeceived undeceiver
deceiving dcvg
undeceiving
declare dcl
declared declarer undeclare
undeclared
declaring dclg
either ei
first f/ [See also Section 10.9.3 (c)]
firstaid firstaider firstborn
firstclass firstclasses firstday
firstdayer firstfruit firstfruiting
firstgeneration firsthand firsthanded
firstling firstly firstness
firstnight firstnighter firstrate
firstrated firstrating firststring
feetfirst headfirst tailfirst
friend fr [See also Section 10.9.3 (c)]

friendless friendlessness friendlessnesses
friendlier friendlies friendliest
friendliness friendlinesses friendly
friendship befriend boyfriend
defriend galfriend gentlemanfriend
Second Edition 2013

gentlemenfriends girlfriend guyfriend
ladyfriend manfriend menfriends
penfriend schoolfriend unfriend
unfriendlier unfriendliest unfriendliness
unfriendlinesses unfriendly womanfriend
womenfriends
good gd [See also Section 10.9.3 (c)]

goodafternoon goodby goodbye
goodbyeing goodbying goodday
gooder goodest goodevening
goodfellow goodfellowship goodhearted
goodheartedly goodheartedness goodhumor
goodhumored goodhumoredly goodhumoredness
goodhumorednesses goodhumour goodhumoured
goodhumouredly goodhumouredness goodhumourednesses
goodie goodish goodlier
goodliest goodliness goodlook
goodlooker goodlooking goodly
goodman goodmen goodmorning
goodnature goodnatured goodnaturedly
goodnaturedness goodness goodnesses
goodnight goodsize goodsized
goodtempered goodtemperedly goodtime
goodun goodwife goodwill
goodwilled goodwives goody
goodyear feelgood scattergood
supergood
great grt [See also Section 10.9.3 (a)]

greataunt greatbatch greatcircle
greatcoat greaten greatened
greatener greatening greater
Second Edition 2013
greatest greatgrandaunt greatgrandchild
greatgrandchildren greatgranddad greatgranddaughter
greatgrandfather greatgrandfatherhood greatgrandma
greatgrandmother greatgrandmotherhood greatgrandnephew
greatgrandniece greatgrandpa greatgrandparent
greatgrandparenthood greatgrandson greatgranduncle
greathearted greatheartedly greatheartedness
greatheartednesses greatly greatnephew
greatness greatnesses greatniece
greatsword greatuncle
herself h]f
him hm
himbo himboes
himself hmf
immediate imm
immediately immediateness
its xs
itself xf
letter lr [See also Section 10.9.3 (c)]
letterbomb letterbombed letterbomber
letterbombing letterbox letterboxed
letterboxer letterboxes letterboxing
letterbodies letterbody lettered
letterer letterform letterhead
letterheading lettering letterman
lettermen letteropener letterperfect
letterpress letterpressed letterpresses
letterpressing letterquality letterspace
Second Edition 2013

letterspaced letterspacing lettertext
bloodletter chainletter hateletter
loveletter newsletter reletter
relettered relettering unlettered
little ll [See also Section 10.9.3 (c)]

littled littleneck littleness
littlenesses littler littlest
belittle belittled belittlement
belittler
much m*
muchly muchness forasmuch
inasmuch insomuch overmuch
must m/
must've musta mustard
mustier mustiest mustily
mustiness mustn't mustn't've
musty
myself myf
necessary nec
unnecessary
neither nei
oneself "of
ourselves \rvs
paid pd
highlypaid illpaid lowlypaid
overpaid poorlypaid postpaid
prepaid repaid underpaid
unpaid wellpaid
Second Edition 2013
perceive p]cv
perceived perceiver apperceive
apperceived apperceiver misperceive
misperceived misperceiver unperceive
unperceived
perceiving p]cvg
apperceiving misperceiving unperceiving
perhaps p]h
perhapses
quick qk [See also Section 10.9.3 (c)]

quickdraw quicken quickened
quickener quickening quicker
quickest quickfire quickfiring
quickfreeze quickfreezing quickfroze
quickfrozen quickie quickish
quickishly quicklime quickly
quickness quicknesses quicksand
quickset quicksilver quicksilvered
quicksilvering quicksnap quickstep
quickstepped quickstepper quickstepping
quicktempered quicktime quickwitted
quickwittedly quickwittedness quicky
doublequick superquick unquick
receive rcv
received receiver receivership
preceive preceiver unreceived
receiving rcvg
preceiving
Second Edition 2013

rejoice rjc
rejoiced rejoiceful rejoicefully
rejoicefulness rejoicer unrejoice
unrejoiced unrejoicer unrejoiceful
unrejoicefully unrejoicefulness
rejoicing rjcg
rejoicingly unrejoicing unrejoicingly
said sd
saidest saidst aforesaid
foresaid gainsaid missaid
should %d
should've shoulda shouldest
shouldn't shouldn't've shouldst
such s*
suchlike nonesuch nonsuch
somesuch
themselves !mvs
thyself ?yf
today td
together tgr
togetherness
tomorrow tm
tonight tn
would wd
would've woulda wouldest
wouldn't wouldn't've wouldst
Second Edition 2013

'twould 'twould've 'twoulda
'twouldn't 'twouldn't've
your yr
yourself yrf
do-it-yourselfer
yourselves yrvs
Rules for list construction

Shortforms as words
1. The 75 shortforms of Unified English Braille are on the Shortforms
List.
Shortforms as parts of longer words

2. When a shortform is part of a longer word, add the longer word to
the Shortforms List provided that:
(a) the longer word retains an original meaning and the original
spelling of the shortform; and
(b) use of the shortform is not prohibited by rules 35 which follow.
Examples:
ahimsa ahimsa braillist brailli/
declaration decl>a;n drafter draft]
lacrosse lacrosse marabout m>ab\t
mustache mu/a*e mustang mu/ang
muster mu/] necessarily necess>ily
rafter raft] shoulder %\ld]
3. Do not add a longer word to the Shortforms List if using the

shortform in it would create another word.
Examples:
abouts ab\ts [not] abs [abdominal muscles]
Second Edition 2013

acrosses acrosses [not] acres
againe aga9e [not] age
almosts almo/s [not] alms
hims hims [not] hms [as in HMS Pinafore]
after, blind and friend

4. When the shortform for after, blind or friend is part of a longer
word and is followed by a vowel or a "y", do not add the longer word
to the Shortforms List.
Examples:
aftereffect aft]e6ect afterimage aft]image
blinded bl9d$ blinding bl9d+
befriended 2fri5d$
be and con shortforms

5. When any of the shortforms that begin with "be" or "con" are within
a longer word, do not add the longer word to the Shortforms List
unless the letters the shortform represents begin the longer word.
Examples:
hereinbefore "h9be=e inbetween 9betwe5
misconceived misconceiv$
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille Appendix 2: Word List 241
Appendix 2: Word List
This Appendix provides an alphabetic list of the example words used to show
contraction use in Section 10: Contractions.
ab initio ;ab 9itio 10.9.5

abb a2^/e 10.6.5
abbreviate a2reviate 10.11.5
about-face ab-face 10.9.1
abouts ab\ts 10.9.2
aboveground abvgr.d 10.9.2
accent a35t 10.11.5
accept a3ept 10.6.5
account a3.t 10.6.5
acetone acet"o 10.7.6
acknowledge ac"kl$ge 10.7.1
acreage acr1ge 10.6.5,
10.11.7
acrosses acrosses 10.9.2
adhere ad"h 10.7.5
adhered adh]$ 10.7.5,
10.10.7
adherent adh]5t 10.10.7
adherer adh]] 10.10.7
advanced adv.ed 10.10.2,
10.10.7
dile a^6edile 10.4.1
aerial a]ial 10.4.1,
10.11.9
aerobic a]obic 10.11.9
aerofoil a]ofoil 10.11.5
affect a6ect 10.11.5
affirm a6irm 10.6.5
afford af=d 10.3.1,
10.6.5,
10.10.3
affrighted a6"r$ 10.7.1
Second Edition 2013

aftercare afc>e 10.9.2
afterdinner afd9n] 10.9.2
aftereffect aft]e6ect 10.9.2
afterimage aft]image 10.9.2
againe aga9e 10.9.2
aggressive a7ressive 10.6.5,
10.11.5
aghast a<a/ 10.4.1
agreeable agre1ble 10.6.5,
10.11.7
air-conditioned air-3di;n$ 10.6.1
Airedale ,airedale 10.11.1
Aix-en-Provence ,aix-en-,prov;e 10.6.9
Al ;,al 10.9.5
Al-Azar ;,al-,az> 10.9.5
almosts almo/s 10.9.2
alt. ;alt4 10.9.5
altimeter altimet] 10.7.8
amount am.t 10.8.1
ancestor ance/or 10.8.1
andante &ante 10.3.1
Andy ,&y 10.3.1
anemone anemone 10.7.6
anteater ant1t] 10.11.6
anteroom ant]oom 10.4.1
anthill anthill 10.4.1
antinode ant9ode 10.6.8
antitype antitype 10.11.5
apartheid a"pheid 10.3.1,
10.7.1,
10.10.8
appear appe> 10.6.5
aqueduct aqu$uct 10.11.5
arboreal >bor1l 10.11.7
arccosine >ccos9e 10.6.5
Second Edition 2013

areas >1s 10.6.5
areaway >1way 10.11.8
arena >5a 10.6.8
argh! ><6 10.4.1
aright a"r 10.7.1,
10.10.2
arise >ise 10.11.5
arpeggio >pe7io 10.6.5
asseverate ass"eate 10.7.4
asthma as?ma 10.10.8
Athens ,a!ns 10.3.1,
10.6.8
atmosphere atmosp"h 10.7.5
atonement at"o;t 10.7.6
baccalaureate ba3alaur1te 10.6.5
bacchanal bac*anal 10.6.5,
10.10.5
Baedeker ,ba$ek] 10.11.9
baloney bal"oy 10.7.6
baroness b>o;s 10.7.6,
10.8.1,
10.11.7
baronet b>onet 10.7.6
bastion bas;n 10.8.1,
10.10.2
bathed ba!d 10.3.1,
10.10.3
beach b1* 10.10.4
bear be> 10.4.1,
10.6.5,
10.10.5
beat b1t 10.6.5
beatitude 2atitude 10.6.1,
10.6.5,
10.10.4
Beatrice ,2atrice 10.6.1,
10.6.5
Beatrix ,2atrix 10.10.4
beautiful b1uti;l 10.10.4
be'ave be'ave 10.6.2
Second Edition 2013

beckon beckon 10.6.1
become 2come 10.6.1
BEd ,b,$ 10.6.4
bed b$ 10.10.4
bedazzle 2dazzle 10.11.3
bedevil 2devil 10.11.3
bedraggled 2dra7l$ 10.10.4
been be5 10.6.1,
10.6.8
befriended 2fri5d$ 10.9.2
begging be7+ 10.6.5
begin 2g9 10.6.8
begonia 2gonia 10.6.1
behemoth 2hemo? 10.6.1
bein' 2in' 10.6.10
be'ind be'9d 10.6.8
being 2+ 10.6.1
Belg ,belg 10.6.4
believer 2liev] 10.7.4
Belinda ,2l9da 10.6.2
belligerent bellig]5t 10.6.1
belowdecks 2ldecks 10.9.2
Benedict ,b5$ict 10.11.5
beneficent 2nefic5t 10.6.1
benefit b5efit 10.6.1,
10.6.8,
10.10.4
benevolence 2nevol;e 10.10.4
benighted 2ni<t$ 10.10.4,
10.11.3
benign 2nign 10.6.8,
10.10.4
benumb 2numb 10.11.3
benzene b5z5e 10.10.4
berate 2rate 10.11.3
berated 2rat$ 10.10.4
Second Edition 2013

bereave 2r1ve 10.11.3
berth b]? 10.10.4
best be/ 10.6.1
bet bet 10.6.4
beta 2ta 10.6.1
bethel be!l 10.6.1
better bett] 10.6.1
Betws-y-Coed ,betws-;y-,co$ 10.11.9
Bev ,bev 10.6.4
beverage b"eage 10.7.4
Bighorn ,bighorn 10.11.1
binary b9>y 10.6.8
binomial b9omial 10.6.8
biofeedback biofe$back 10.3.1,
10.11.5
biscuity biscuity 10.8.3,
10.11.7
Bisquick ,Bisquick 10.9.3
Blaenau Ffestiniog ,bla5au ,ffe/9iog 10.11.9
Blakeney ,blak5ey 10.6.8
BLCUP ;,,blcup 10.9.5
blessd b.s^*ed 10.4.1
blessing b.s+ 10.8.1
Blindcraft ,blcraft 10.9.3
blinded bl9d$ 10.9.2
Blindheim ,blheim 10.9.3
blinding bl9d+ 10.9.2
Blindoc ,bl9doc 10.9.3
blithesome bli!"s 10.7.7
blossomed blossom$ 10.7.7
blowhard bl[h>d 10.11.1
blunder bl"u 10.7.9
Bonaparte ,bona"pe 10.7.1
Boone ,boone 10.7.6
Second Edition 2013

borealis bor1lis 10.6.5
boredom bor$om 10.4.1,
10.11.7
bother bo!r 10.3.1
bothered bo!r$ 10.7.2,
10.7.5
bottleneck bottleneck 10.11.1
boyfriends boyfrs 10.9.2
Braillette ,brltte 10.9.3
brailling braill+ 10.9.2
Brigham ,bri<am 10.11.2,
10.11.7
brighten b"r5 10.7.1
brougham br\<am 10.4.1
bubble bu2le 10.6.5
bureau bur1u 10.6.5
business busi;s 10.6.8,
10.8.1
buts buts 10.1.1
bygone byg"o 10.7.6
Caen ,ca5 10.6.8
Caernarvon ,ca]n>von 10.11.9
calisthenics calis!nics 10.10.3
CAN Network ,,c ,net"w 10.1.3
can-can c-c 10.1.1
cancel c.el 10.8.1
can't c't 10.1.2
Cantonese ,cantonese 10.7.6
captainess capta9ess 10.10.2
carefully c>e;lly 10.8.1
Caribbean ,c>i21n 10.6.5
carthorse c>thorse 10.11.1
casino cas9o 10.6.8
caveat cav1t 10.6.5
CD ;,,cd 10.9.5
cement ce;t 10.8.1
Second Edition 2013

centime c5time 10.7.8
centimeter c5timet] 10.7.8,
10.11.5
Chad ,*ad 10.7.3
changeability *ang1bil;y 10.11.7
channel-less *annel-less 10.8.1
characterise "*ise 10.7.1
characteristic "*i/ic 10.7.1
chargeable *>g1ble 10.11.7
Chatham ,*a?am 10.11.2,
10.11.7
cheddar *$d> 10.4.1
cheerful *e];l 10.8.1
chemotherapy *emo!rapy 10.7.1,
10.10.9
cherished *]i%$ 10.4.1
chieftainess *iefta9ess 10.8.4,
10.11.7
chifforobe *i6orobe 10.3.1
childish *ildi% 10.2.1
childlike *ildlike 10.1.1
child-like *-l 10.1.1
child-proof *-pro( 10.2.1
child's *'s 10.2.2
china *9a 10.6.8
Ch'ing ,*'+ 10.4.3
Chisholm ,*isholm 10.11.7
chlordane *lordane 10.7.1,
10.10.9
chockfull *ock;ll 10.8.1
Chopin ,*op9 10.6.8
Chou En-lai ,*\ ,en-lai 10.6.9
chromosome *romo"s 10.7.7
cinaste c9^/ea/e 10.6.5
circuity circu;y 10.8.1
Second Edition 2013

citizeness citiz5ess 10.6.8,
10.8.4,
10.11.7
Clemenceau ,clem;eau 10.10.6
coffee c(fee 10.3.1,
10.6.5,
10.10.3
cofounder cof.d] 10.11.5
cohere co"h 10.7.5
cohered coh]$ 10.10.7
coherence coh];e 10.7.5,
10.10.2
colonel colonel 10.7.6
comfort com=t 10.3.1
comin' com9' 10.6.10
commenced comm;ed 10.10.6
commencement comm;e;t 10.8.1
comment com;t 10.8.1
component compon5t 10.10.7
con con 10.6.1
Con. ,con4 10.6.4
concept 3cept 10.6.1
conch con* 10.6.1
cone c"o 10.6.1,
10.7.6
Conestoga ,3e/oga 10.7.6
coneys c"oys 10.6.1
confusion 3fu.n 10.8.1
congeal 3g1l 10.11.3
congee 3gee 10.10.4
congenial 3g5ial 10.10.4
Congo ,3go 10.10.2
congratulate 3gratulate 10.10.2
congress 3gress 10.6.1
congruent 3gru5t 10.11.3
congruity 3gru;y 10.10.2
Second Edition 2013

congruous 3gru\s 10.8.1
Conn. ,3n4 10.6.4
cont 3t 10.6.4
contact 3tact 10.6.2
contradistinction 3tradi/9c;n 10.11.6
control 3trol 10.6.1
cough c\< 10.4.1
could've cd've 10.9.2
country c.try 10.8.1
county c.ty 10.8.1
coupon c\pon 10.4.1,
10.7.2
cowherd c[h]d 10.11.1
coworker co"w] 10.7.1
create cr1te 10.6.5
creation cr1;n 10.6.5,
10.8.1
cringed cr+$ 10.4.1,
10.6.8
crooner croon] 10.7.6
Cunnyngham ,cunnyngham 10.11.2
cushioned cu%ion$ 10.7.6
dacoity dacoity 10.8.3
Daedalus ,da$alus 10.11.9
dancer d.er 10.8.1,
10.10.2
Dayan ,dayan 10.7.1
day-by-day "d-by-"d 10.7.1
daytime "d"t 10.7.8
Dayton ,"dton 10.7.1
deactivate deactivate 10.6.7
deafen d1f5 10.6.8
deduce d$uce 10.11.5
deity de;y 10.8.1
delineate del91te 10.11.7
demonetise dem"otise 10.7.6
Second Edition 2013

denominate d5om9ate 10.11.5
denote d5ote 10.6.8,
10.11.5
denouement d5\e;t 10.11.5
denounce d5\nce 10.11.5
deny d5y 10.6.8
derail d]ail 10.11.5
derailed d]ail$ 10.4.1
deregister d]egi/] 10.11.5
derivable d]ivable 10.11.5
derogatory d]ogatory 10.11.5
deshabille deshabille 10.4.1
diaeresis dia]esis 10.11.9
dingy d+y 10.4.1
dis'armony dis'>mony 10.6.2
disaster 4a/] 10.6.1
disc disc 10.6.1
disco 4co 10.6.1
disease 41se 10.6.5,
10.11.6
dish di% 10.6.1,
10.10.4
disharmony 4h>mony 10.11.3
dishevel di%evel 10.6.1
dishevelled di%evell$ 10.10.4,
10.10.8
dishonest 4h"o/ 10.6.1,
10.11.3
dishonesty 4h"o/y 10.7.6,
10.10.4
disingenuous 49g5u\s 10.6.8,
10.11.6
dislikes 4likes 10.1.1,
10.6.1
dispirited di_s$ 10.6.1,
10.7.1,
10.10.2
display 4play 10.6.2
dissect 4sect 10.6.1
Second Edition 2013

dist. 4t4 10.6.4
distance 4t.e 10.6.1,
10.10.4
distinct 4t9ct 10.10.2
district 4trict 10.6.2
disturbed 4turb$ 10.10.2
disulphide disulphide 10.6.1,
10.11.5
do re mi d re mi 10.1.1
Dobrljin ;;,dobrljin 10.9.6
doggone do7"o 10.6.5
do-it-yourself d-x-yrf 10.1.1
done d"o 10.7.6
Donegal ,donegal 10.7.6
double-entendre d\ble-5t5dre 10.6.8
dough d\< 10.4.1
drought dr"| 10.7.1
Du Plessis ,du ,p.sis 10.8.1
dukedom duk$om 10.11.7
dumbbell dumbbell 10.6.5,
10.11.1
Dupont ,dupont 10.7.2
Dworkin ,dwork9 10.7.1
d'you d'y\ 10.1.1
'ead 'ead 10.6.5
east ea/ 10.6.5
ebb ebb 10.6.5
ebbing e2+ 10.11.8
ebb-tide ebb-tide 10.6.5
ed. $4 10.4.1
edacious $aci\s 10.11.5
edict $ict 10.11.5
Edith ,$i? 10.4.1
edition $i;n 10.11.5
educe $uce 10.11.5
Second Edition 2013

e'en e'5 10.6.8
e'er e'] 10.4.1
effaceable e6ac1ble 10.11.5,
10.11.7
effect e6ect 10.11.5
effort ef=t 10.10.3
effulgent e6ulg5t 10.10.7
egghead e7h1d 10.10.5,
10.11.1
eggnog e7nog 10.6.5
eggplant e7plant 10.11.8
Einstein ,e9/e9 10.6.8
electroencephalogram electro5cephalogram 10.8.1,
10.11.6
elsewhere else": 10.7.1,
10.7.5
en route en r\te 10.6.9
enamel 5amel 10.7.5
enceinte 5ce9te 10.6.8
encephalitis 5cephalitis 10.8.1
encyclopaedia 5cyclopa$ia 10.11.9
engine 5g9e 10.6.8
England ,5gl& 10.3.1
Enid ,5id 10.6.8
enormous 5orm\s 10.6.8,
10.11.5
enough's 5's 10.5.2
enounce 5\nce 10.11.5
enumerate 5um]ate 10.11.5
epicurean epicur1n 10.6.5
equinox equ9ox 10.6.8
er ],- 10.4.1
erase ]ase 10.4.1,
10.11.5
Erie ,]ie 10.4.1
erosion ]o.n 10.11.5
erroneous ]rone\s 10.7.6
Second Edition 2013

error ]ror 10.4.1
Esther ,es!r 10.3.1
et al et ;al 10.9.5
ethereal e!r1l 10.7.2,
10.7.5
European ,europ1n 10.11.7
Everest ,"ee/ 10.7.4
evermore "emore 10.1.1
eversion ev].n 10.7.4
everyday "ey"d 10.1.1
everyone "ey"o 10.7.6
everything "ey?+ 10.7.4
experienced exp]i;ed 10.8.1,
10.10.6
expressionless expres.n.s 10.8.1
extramental extra;tal 10.8.1,
10.11.6
faerie fa]ie 10.11.9
frie fa^6erie 10.11.9
faint fa9t 10.6.8
fathead fath1d 10.11.1
father-in-law "f-9-law 10.7.1
fatherless "f.s 10.7.1
fear fe> 10.10.5
fearsome fe>"s 10.7.7
Feelgreat ,feelgrt 10.9.3
feminine fem99e 10.6.8
fenced f;ed 10.6.8
fences f;es 10.8.1
fever f"e 10.7.4
fianc fianc^/e 10.8.1
filename file"n 10.6.8,
10.7.5
filofax filofax 10.11.5
finery f9]y 10.11.7
finesse fi;se 10.8.1
Second Edition 2013

finger f+] 10.4.3
fireworks fire"ws 10.7.1
Firstamerica ,fir/am]ica 10.9.3
Firstbank ,F/bank 10.9.3
first-begotten f/-2gott5 10.6.1
Firstchoice ,f/*oice 10.9.3
flaccid fla3id 10.6.5
flearidden fl1ridd5 10.11.1
flounder fl.d] 10.7.9
foghorn foghorn 10.4.1
force =ce 10.3.1
forenoon =enoon 10.6.8
foreseeably =ese1bly 10.11.7
foreword =e^w 10.7.1
forgo =go 10.3.1
forthwith =?) 10.3.1
Fortran ,=tran 10.3.1
fought f"| 10.7.1
found f.d 10.8.1
fractional frac;nal 10.8.1
Francene ,fr.ene 10.6.8
Frances ,fr.es 10.8.1
freedom fre$om 10.4.1,
10.11.7
Friday ,fri"d 10.7.1
Friendly Islands ,frly ,isl&s 10.9.2
friendy fri5dy 10.9.2
fro-ing fro-9g 10.4.3
froward fr[>d 10.11.5
fruity fruity 10.8.3,
10.11.7
furthest fur!/ 10.3.1
Galahad ,gala_h 10.7.3
gasometer gasomet] 10.7.7,
10.11.5
Second Edition 2013

gathered ga!r$ 10.10.3
Gaylord ,gay"l 10.7.1
G'day ,g'"d 10.7.1
geanticline geanticl9e 10.6.7
genealogy g51logy 10.6.5,
10.11.7
Geoffrey ,ge(frey 10.3.1
Germany ,g]_m 10.7.1
ginger g+] 10.4.1,
10.4.3
gingham g+ham 10.4.1,
10.10.8
GO Train ,,g ,tra9 10.1.3
go-between g-2t 10.9.1
godchildren god*n 10.9.2
godmother god"m 10.7.1
Goering ,go]+ 10.4.1,
10.11.9
goin' go9' 10.6.8
Goodacre ,goodacre 10.9.3
goodafternoon gdafn 10.9.2
good-bye gd-bye 10.9.1
Goodena ,good5a 10.9.3
Goodge ,gdge 10.9.3
governess gov];s 10.8.1,
10.11.7
grandad gr&ad 10.3.1
grandchild gr&*ild 10.2.1
grandfather gr&"f 10.7.1
grandmother gr&"m 10.3.1
grasshopper grasshopp] 10.11.1
Greatford ,grt=d 10.9.3
greatgreatgrandchildren grtgrtgr&*n 10.9.3
Greatorex ,grtorex 10.9.3
Grtsamada ;,grtsamada 10.9.5
Gruenfeld ,gru5feld 10.11.9
Second Edition 2013

Guinevere ,gu9ev]e 10.7.4
Guinness ,gu9;s 10.8.1
haddock _hdock 10.7.3
Haddon ,_Hdon 10.7.3
had-enough _h-5 10.5.2
Hades ,hades 10.7.3
hadji _hji 10.7.3
Hadley ,_Hley 10.7.3
hadn't _hn't 10.7.3
Hadrian ,hadrian 10.7.3
handsome h&"s 10.7.7
handsomer H&"sr 10.7.7
Hanseatic ,hans1tic 10.6.5
happiness happi;s 10.10.2
have-nots h-nots 10.1.1
haven't hav5't 10.6.8
haves haves 10.1.1
head h1d 10.6.5
heart he>t 10.10.5
heartsease he>ts1se 10.11.6
heatheness h1!ness 10.8.4
henna h5na 10.6.8
hereabout "hab 10.7.5
hereabouts "habs 10.9.2
heredity h]$;y 10.7.5,
10.10.7
Hereford (city) ,h]e=d "<c;y"> 10.7.5
hereinbefore "h9be=e 10.9.2
hereinbelow "h9bel[ 10.9.2
hereupon "hû 10.7.2
herewith "h) 10.7.5
Herf gun ,herf gun 10.9.4
Hermione ,h}mione 10.7.6
Second Edition 2013

hideaway hideaway 10.6.5,
10.11.1
hierarchy hi]>*y 10.4.1
Higham ,hi<am 10.11.2,
10.11.7
Himalayas ,himalayas 10.9.2
hims hims 10.9.2
his-and-hers his-&-h]s 10.5.1
hm ;hm 10.9.5
hoity-toity hoity-toity 10.8.3
honey h"oy 10.7.6
Houghton ,h"|on 10.7.1
hypotheses hypo!ses 10.7.2,
10.10.8
ideas id1s 10.6.5,
10.11.8
imagery imag]y 10.11.7
impartial im"pial 10.7.1
inbetween 9betwe5 10.9.2
Inc. ,9c4 10.6.8
incline 9cl9e 10.6.8
incongruity 9c;gru;y 10.11.6
incongruous 9c;gru\s 10.8.1,
10.11.6
inconvenient 9conv5i5t 10.6.1
in-depth 9-dep? 10.5.3
indiarubber 9diaru2] 10.11.1
indistinct 9di/9ct 10.6.1,
10.11.6
indistinguishable 9di/+ui%able 10.11.6
Indonesia ,9donesia 10.7.6
inessential 9ess5tial 10.8.1,
10.11.5
influenceable 9flu;eable 10.8.1,
10.10.6
infrared 9frar$ 10.11.5
Ingoldsby ,9goldsby 10.4.3
ingot 9got 10.4.3,
10.6.8
Second Edition 2013

ingredients 9gr$i5ts 10.4.3
ingrown 9gr[n 10.4.3
in's 9's 10.6.8
insofar 9sof> 10.3.1,
10.11.1
in't 9't 10.5.3
into 9to 10.6.8
irredentist irr$5ti/ 10.11.5
irreverence irr"e;e 10.7.4
isometric isometric 10.7.7
isothere iso!re 10.7.2
isthmus is?mus 10.10.8
IT (Information ,,it "<,9=ma;n 10.1.3
Technology)
,te*nology">
it'd x'd 10.1.2
it'll x'll 10.1.2
its xs 10.1.2
it's x's 10.1.2
Jamestown ,jamest[n 10.11.1
Jones ,j"os 10.7.6
Judaean ,juda1n 10.6.5,
10.11.9
just's j's 10.1.2
kettledrum kettledrum 10.11.1
kilowatt kilowatt 10.4.1,
10.11.5
knighthood kni<thood 10.11.2
knowing "k+ 10.7.1
Knowles ,"kles 10.7.1
krone krone 10.7.6
lament la;t 10.6.8
laugh lau< 10.4.1
laundering laund]+ 10.7.9
laureate laur1te 10.11.7
Leander ,le&] 10.6.5,
10.10.3
Second Edition 2013

lessee lessee 10.8.1
Letterewe ,lett]ewe 10.9.3
Letterkenny ,lrk5ny 10.9.3
Letterman ,lrman 10.9.2
lettermen lrm5 10.9.2
likeable lik1ble 10.11.7
likeness like;s 10.1.1
likes likes 10.1.1
Liliaceae ,liliac1e 10.11.9
limeade limeade 10.6.5
lineage l91ge 10.6.5,
10.11.7
lineal l91l 10.11.7
linen l95 10.6.10
lingerie l+]ie 10.4.1
Linkletter ,l9klett] 10.9.3
lioness lio;s 10.8.1,
10.11.7
listen-in li/5-9 10.5.3
Littlearm ,little>m 10.9.3
Littleport ,llport 10.9.3
Little-Smythe ,ll-,smy! 10.9.1
lofty l(ty 10.3.1
lonesome l"o"s 10.7.6
lonesomest l"o"s/ 10.7.7
longevity l;gev;y 10.8.1
longhand l;gh& 10.11.1
lordosis "losis 10.7.1
lordship "l%ip 10.7.1
lowdown l[d[n 10.4.1
Lucknow ,luckn[ 10.7.1
maenad ma5ad 10.6.8,
10.11.9
mah-jongg mah-j;gg 10.6.5
Makegood ,makegood 10.9.3
Second Edition 2013

malediction mal$ic;n 10.4.1,
10.11.5
man-eater man-eat] 10.6.5
many-sided _m-sid$ 10.7.1
Marcillat-en-Combraille ,m>cillat-en- 10.9.3
,combrl
maritime m>i"t 10.7.8
Matthew ,mat!w 10.3.1
McConnell ,Mc,connell 10.6.2
McKeever ,mc,keev] 10.7.4
meander me&] 10.3.1,
10.10.2
mecca me3a 10.6.5
memento me;to 10.8.1
mnage m^/enage 10.6.8
menhaden m5had5 10.7.3
meningitis m5+itis 10.4.1
merchandise m]*&ise 10.3.1
merchandising m]*&is+ 10.4.1
meringue m]+ue 10.4.1
microfilm microfilm 10.3.1,
10.11.5
midwifery midwif]y 10.11.7
mileage mil1ge 10.11.7
millwright millw"r 10.7.1
Minneapolis ,m9n1polis 10.6.5
misconceived misconceiv$ 10.9.2
mishandle mish&le 10.11.2
mishap mishap 10.11.2
mishear mishe> 10.11.2
mistake mi/ake 10.4.1,
10.11.5
mistimed mis"td 10.7.8
mistrust mi/ru/ 10.11.5
misunderstand mis"u/& 10.7.9
misworded mis^w$ 10.7.1
Second Edition 2013

m'lord m'"l 10.7.1
mod cons mod 3s 10.6.4
Monet ,monet 10.7.6
mongoose m;goose 10.8.1
monowheel mono:eel 10.4.1
Montenegro ,mont5egro 10.6.8
Monteverdi ,montev]di 10.7.4
Montreal ,montr1l 10.6.5
moongod moongod 10.8.1
more'n more'n 10.1.2
moreover moreov] 10.1.1
more's m's 10.1.2
Mortimer ,mortim] 10.7.8
motheaten mo?1t5 10.6.5,
10.11.6
mother-in-law "m-9-law 10.5.3
motherly "mly 10.7.1
mother-of-pearl "m-(-pe>l 10.7.1
mountain m.ta9 10.8.1
mst file mst file 10.9.4
Much Hadham ,m* ,_hham 10.9.1
muffin mu69 10.6.5
Mulroney ,mulr"oy 10.7.6
multimedia multim$ia 10.7.8
multinomial mult9omial 10.11.5
mustn't m/n't 10.9.2
nameable "nable 10.7.5
named "nd 10.10.2
Neapolitan ,n1politan 10.6.5
nearly ne>ly 10.10.5
nevertheless n"e!.s 10.3.1,
10.7.4
Newhaven ,newhav5 10.11.2
newsletter newslr 10.9.2
Second Edition 2013

nightingale ni<t+ale 10.4.1
noblesse nob.se 10.8.1
nongaseous nongase\s 10.8.1
northeast nor?1/ 10.3.1,
10.6.5,
10.11.1,
10.11.6
noticeable notic1ble 10.11.7
noway noway 10.4.1
nth n? 10.4.1
nuclear nucle> 10.10.5
occupy o3upy 10.6.5
oceanic oc1nic 10.6.5
O'Connor ,O',connor 10.6.2
oedema o$ema 10.4.1
Oedipus ,o$ipus 10.11.9
offer (f] 10.10.3
office (fice 10.10.3
often (t5 10.3.1
oleaginous ol1g9\s 10.6.5,
10.11.7
oneness "o;s 10.7.6,
10.10.2
one-ness "o-ness 10.8.1
onerous on]\s 10.7.6,
10.10.7
one-sided "o-sid$ 10.7.6
opponent oppon5t 10.10.7
orangeade orangeade 10.11.7
orangery orang]y 10.11.7
orgeat org1t 10.6.5
ornament orna;t 10.7.5
orthopaedic or?opa$ic 10.11.9
other o!r 10.10.3
oughtn't "|n't 10.7.1
'ound '\nd 10.4.1,
10.8.1
Second Edition 2013

outcome \tcome 10.2.1
out-of-the-way |-(-!-way 10.2.1,
10.3.1
ow [ 10.4.1
ozbrl ;;ozbrl 10.9.6
paean pa1n 10.6.5,
10.11.9
painstaking pa9stak+ 10.4.1,
10.11.1
pancreas pancr1s 10.6.5
pandemic p&emic 10.3.1
pandemonium p&emonium 10.11.5
pandowdy p&[dy 10.3.1
par p> 10.4.1
parenthood p>5thood 10.4.1
partake "pake 10.7.1
parterre "p]re 10.7.1
Parthenon ,p>!non 10.3.1,
10.7.1,
10.10.3
Parthian ,p>?ian 10.10.7
part-time "p-"t 10.7.1
party "py 10.7.1
passe-partout passe-"p\t 10.7.1
pastime pas"t 10.7.8
peaceable p1c1ble 10.6.5,
10.11.7
peanut p1nut 10.6.5
peoples peoples 10.1.1
people's p's 10.1.2
perinatal p]9atal 10.11.5
permeable p]m1ble 10.11.7
permeate p]m1te 10.11.7
persevere p]sev]e 10.7.4
persuasion p]sua.n 10.8.1
Pforzheimer ,p=zheim] 10.3.1
Second Edition 2013

phoenix pho5ix 10.6.8,
10.11.9
phone ph"o 10.7.6
phonetic phonetic 10.7.6
photoflash photofla% 10.11.1
pianoforte piano=te 10.3.1
pineapple p9eapple 10.6.5,
10.11.1
pioneer pione] 10.7.6
pity p;y 10.8.1
pityard pity>d 10.8.1
poisoned poison$ 10.7.6,
10.10.7
pongee p;gee 10.8.1
popedom pop$om 10.11.7
Port Said ,port ,sd 10.9.1
Portlittle ,portlittle 10.9.3
posthumous po/hum\s 10.10.8
preamble preamble 10.6.7
preamplifier preamplifi] 10.11.4
predate pr$ate 10.11.5
predated pr$at$ 10.4.1
predecease pr$ec1se 10.11.5
predecessor pr$ecessor 10.11.5
predestine pr$e/9e 10.11.5
predicament pr$ica;t 10.11.5
prediction pr$ic;n 10.11.5
predominate pr$om9ate 10.11.5
prenatal pr5atal 10.6.8
prerequisite pr]equisite 10.11.5
prerogative pr]ogative 10.11.5
prisoner prison] 10.10.7
profane pr(ane 10.3.1
profanity pr(an;y 10.11.5
professor pr(essor 10.11.5
Second Edition 2013

proffer pr(f] 10.10.3
profile pr(ile 10.3.1,
10.11.5
profoundly pr(.dly 10.11.5
profusion pr(u.n 10.11.5
prong pr;g 10.8.1
proofread pro(r1d 10.3.1
prounion prounion 10.11.5
psst ps/ 10.4.1
queen que5 10.6.8
questionnaire "qnaire 10.7.1
quicker qk] 10.9.2
quickly qkly 10.9.2
Quicksburg ,Qksburg 10.9.3
quick-witted qk-witt$ 10.9.1
rabbi ra2i 10.6.5
rabbity ra2ity 10.8.3,
10.11.7
ransomed ransom$ 10.7.7
rateable rat1ble 10.11.7
rationally ra;nally 10.8.1
rawhide rawhide 10.4.1,
10.11.1
reaction reac;n 10.6.7
readjust readju/ 10.11.4
really r1lly 10.6.5
reappoint reappo9t 10.11.4
reassure reassure 10.11.4
rebrailled rebrld 10.9.2
rchauff r^/e*au6^/e 10.6.5
re-connect re-3nect 10.6.1
redact r$act 10.11.5
rededicate r$$icate 10.11.5
redeemable r$eemable 10.11.5
redistribute r$i/ribute 10.4.1
Second Edition 2013

redistribution r$i/ribu;n 10.11.6
redouble r$\ble 10.11.5
renamed re"nd 10.7.5
renege r5ege 10.11.5
renegotiate r5egotiate 10.11.5
renew r5ew 10.6.8
renewable r5ewable 10.11.5
renumber r5umb] 10.11.5
repaid repd 10.9.2
reread r]1d 10.11.5
reroute r]\te 10.4.1
retroflex retroflex 10.11.5
reverberate rev]b]ate 10.7.4
revere rev]e 10.7.4
reverend r"e5d 10.7.4
reverify rev]ify 10.7.4
Rhne ,rh^%one 10.7.6
riboflavin riboflav9 10.11.5
riflery rifl]y 10.4.1
righteous "re\s 10.7.1
right-handed "r-h&$ 10.7.1
robb'd robb'd 10.6.5
roof ro( 10.3.1
Rooney ,rooney 10.7.6
rotation rota;n 10.8.1
Rountree ,r.tree 10.8.1
saccharine sac*>9e 10.6.5,
10.10.5
Sanday ,s&ay 10.7.1
Saunders ,saund]s 10.7.9
savagery savag]y 10.11.7
Schoenberg ,s*o5b]g 10.11.9
scone sc"o 10.7.6
scythe scy! 10.3.1
Second Edition 2013

sea-green sea-gre5 10.6.5
seaman s1man 10.11.8
Seamus ,s1mus 10.6.5
Sean ,s1n 10.6.5
sance s^/e.e 10.8.1
seashore s1%ore 10.6.5,
10.11.8
Seattle ,s1ttle 10.6.5
sedate s$ate 10.11.5
self-discipline self-4cipl9e 10.6.1
self-induced self-9duc$ 10.6.8
seor se^]nor 10.6.8
sentiment s5ti;t 10.7.8
several s"eal 10.7.4
severity sev];y 10.7.4
Severn ,s"en 10.7.4
sh sh 10.4.2
shadow %ad[ 10.7.3,
10.10.7
shallot %allot 10.2.1
shallow %all[ 10.2.1
shanghai %anghai 10.4.1
shanghaied %anghai$ 10.11.2
sheer %e] 10.4.1
Sheffield ,%e6ield 10.6.5
sheriffs %]i6s 10.6.5
sheriff's %]iff's 10.6.5
shhh %hh 10.4.2
shilly-shally %illy-%ally 10.2.1
shut-ins %ut-9s 10.6.8
silenceable sil;eable 10.10.6
silenced sil;ed 10.8.1
silencer sil;er 10.10.6
sinfulness s9;l;s 10.8.1
Second Edition 2013

singe s+e 10.4.3
singeing s+e+ 10.4.3
Singh ,s+h 10.4.1
slithered sli!r$ 10.10.3
smithereens smi!re5s 10.7.2
SmithInge ,smi?,+e 10.4.3
Smith-Inge ,smi?-,9ge 10.4.3
smother s"m 10.7.1
snuff snuff 10.6.5
so la ti s la ti 10.1.1
so-and-so s-&-s 10.1.1
sofa s(a 10.3.1
somebody "sbody 10.7.7
somersault som]sault 10.7.7
Somerset ,som]set 10.7.7
Somesch River ,somesch ,riv] 10.9.4
somesuch "ss* 10.7.7
sometimes "s"ts 10.7.8
somewhere "s": 10.7.1,
10.7.7
Sontheim ,sontheim 10.11.2
Sontheimer ,sontheim] 10.3.1
sooner soon] 10.7.6,
10.10.7
so's s's 10.1.2
sou'east s\'ea/ 10.4.1,
10.6.5
sound s.d 10.8.1
Southend ,s\?5d 10.11.1
Spartan ,s"pan 10.7.1
spathose spa?ose 10.7.2
speakeasy sp1k1sy 10.6.5,
10.11.6
Spencer ,sp;er 10.8.1,
10.10.6
sphere sp"h 10.7.5
Second Edition 2013

spirits _ss 10.7.1
spiritual _sual 10.7.1
sponge sp;ge 10.8.1
spreadeagle spr1d1gle 10.11.6
springtime spr+"t 10.7.8
St ,st 10.4.2
St. ,st4 10.4.2
Stalingrad ,/al9grad 10.4.1
standstill /&/ill 10.2.1
stateroom /ateroom 10.11.1
Ste ,/e 10.4.2
stiffly /i6ly 10.11.8
still-life /-life 10.2.1
still's /'s 10.2.2
Stillson ,/illson 10.2.1
sting /+ 10.4.3,
10.10.5
stinging /++ 10.4.3
stoned /on$ 10.7.6,
10.10.7
stonework /"o"w 10.7.1,
10.7.6
stoney /"oy 10.7.6
storeroom /oreroom 10.11.1
stronghold /r;ghold 10.10.8,
10.11.1,
10.11.2
'struth '/ru? 10.4.1
styrofoam /yrofoam 10.11.5
subbasement subbase;t 10.6.5,
10.11.5
sublessee sub.see 10.8.1
subpoena subpo5a 10.11.9
Suchet ,Su*et 10.9.2
suchlike s*like 10.9.2
sudden sudd5 10.6.10
surname sur"n 10.7.5
Second Edition 2013

sweetheart sweethe>t 10.3.1,
10.11.1
Swithin ,s)9 10.3.1
sword s^w 10.7.1
tableau tabl1u 10.6.5
t'do t'do 10.1.1
tea tea 10.6.5
teach-in t1*-9 10.5.3
tearoom t1room 10.11.1
teatime t1"t 10.11.8
telephoned telephon$ 10.10.7
Tennessee ,t5;see 10.8.1
th' th' 10.4.2
Thaddeus ,?addeus 10.7.3,
10.10.7
that'll t'll 10.1.2
t'have t'have 10.1.1
theatre !atre 10.3.1,
10.6.5,
10.10.3
thee !e 10.3.1
theirs _!s 10.7.1
Thelma ,!lma 10.3.1
then !n 10.10.3
thence ?;e 10.3.1,
10.8.1,
10.10.2,
10.10.3
thereby "!by 10.7.2
therefore "!=e 10.7.2
therein "!9 10.7.2
Theresa ,!resa 10.3.1,
10.7.2
thereupon "!û 10.7.2
Theseus ,!seus 10.7.2
thievery ?iev]y 10.7.4
this'd ?'d 10.2.2
Second Edition 2013

this'n ?is'n 10.2.2
thistle ?i/le 10.2.1
th'n ?'n 10.4.2
Thomas ,?omas 10.4.1
thorough ?or\< 10.4.1
Thoseby ,?oseby 10.7.2
thou ?\ 10.4.1
thoughtful ?"|;l 10.7.1
throughout "?\t 10.7.1
thundered ?"u$ 10.7.9
timeously "t\sly 10.7.8
timer "tr 10.10.2
Timex ,"tx 10.7.8
tobacco toba3o 10.6.5
toenail toenail 10.6.8,
10.11.1
tofu t(u 10.3.1
to-ing to-9g 10.4.3,
10.6.8
tomorrow's tm's 10.9.2
toner ton] 10.10.7
tongue t;gue 10.8.1
to-night to-ni<t 10.9.1
toreador tor1dor 10.6.5
toward t[>d 10.4.1
towhee t[hee 10.10.8
trebled trebl$ 10.4.1
twofold twofold 10.3.1,
10.11.7
twosome two"s 10.7.7
unamended unam5d$ 10.7.5,
10.11.5
unbecoming unbecom+ 10.6.1
uncongenial unc;g5ial 10.11.6
undergo "ugo 10.7.9
Second Edition 2013

underived und]iv$ 10.7.9,
10.11.5
underogatory und]ogatory 10.7.9
underpaid "upd 10.7.9
underworld "u_w 10.7.1
undisturbed undi/urb$ 10.11.6
unfulfilled un;lfill$ 10.8.1,
10.11.6
Unilever ,unil"e 10.7.4
unless un.s 10.8.1
unlessoned un.son$ 10.8.1,
10.11.6
unquestionable un"qable 10.7.1
untimely un"tly 10.7.8
unworkable un"wable 10.7.1
US (United States) ,,us "<,unit$ 10.1.3
,/ates">
Vandyke ,v&yke 10.3.1,
10.11.5
venereal v5]1l 10.11.7
vengeance v5ge.e 10.10.2
viceregal viceregal 10.4.1
Vietnamese ,vietnamese 10.7.5
weathered w1!r$ 10.10.3
well-known well-"kn 10.7.1
Wenceslaus ,w;eslaus 10.8.1
whaddaya :addaya 10.10.9
wharf :>f 10.4.1
whereas ":as 10.10.8
whereby ":by 10.7.1
where'er :]e'] 10.7.1,
10.10.8
wherein ":9 10.7.1
whereof ":( 10.3.1
whereupon ":û 10.7.2
wherever :]"e 10.7.1,
10.10.8
Second Edition 2013

whichever :i*"e 10.2.1
which'll :'ll 10.2.2
which've :'ve 10.2.2
whiskey-still :iskey-/ 10.2.1
whistle :i/le 10.4.1
whosesoever ^:so"e 10.7.2
will-o'-the-wisp w-o'-!-wisp 10.1.1
wiseacre wiseacre 10.11.1
withe )e 10.3.1
wither )] 10.10.2
withered )]$ 10.7.2
within )9 10.6.8
without )\t 10.2.1,
10.3.1
withstand )/& 10.3.1
word-for-word ^w-=-^w 10.7.1
Wordsworth ,^wswor? 10.7.1
workday "w"d 10.7.1
working "w+ 10.7.1
worldly _wly 10.7.1
world-wide _w-wide 10.7.1
would-be wd-be 10.5.1
wounded w.d$ 10.8.1
wrench wr5* 10.2.1
Wunderhorn ,w"uhorn 10.7.9
Xth ,x? 10.4.1
xxist xxi/ 10.4.1
Yeats ,y1ts 10.6.5
you'd y'd 10.1.2
you'll y'll 10.1.2
you'm y\'m 10.1.2
youngest "ye/ 10.7.1
Youngstown ,"yst[n 10.7.1
Yourcenar ,Y\rc5> 10.9.2
Second Edition 2013

you're y're 10.1.2
you's y's 10.1.2
you've y've 10.1.2
Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille Appendix 3: Symbols List 275
Appendix 3: Symbols List

This list of symbols is arranged according to braille order, i.e.
Line 1: a b c d e f g h i j
Line 2: k l m n o p q r s t
Line 3: u v x y z & = ( ! )
Line 4: * < % ? : $ ] \ [ w
Line 5: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Line 6: / + # > ' -
Line 7: @ ^ _ " . ; ,
Print column:
A dashed circle is used to indicate the position of a letter or item for
symbols that are placed in relation to text.
Unicode column:
The Unicode values given are not intended to be strictly definitive but are a
useful reference. To insert a symbol in many Windows applications including
Word, type the Unicode number then Alt-x. This method usually requires a
space before the Unicode number.
Usage and reference column:

When not otherwise indicated, symbols are assumed to take a grade 1
meaning. "Grade 2" refers to the contracted meaning of the symbol.
References are enclosed in brackets, with the type of bracket indicating the
source document as follows:
This document, The Rules of Unified English Braille, 2013 round
brackets ( )
Unified English Braille Guidelines for Technical Material, October 2008
square brackets [ ]
Both these documents are available for download from the ICEB website at
http://www.iceb.org/ueb.html.
Some symbols are not specified in either of these documents but have been
included here for completeness.
Second Edition 2013

Braille Print Unicode Name Usage and

reference
(space) 0020 space (no dots) (3.23)
a a 0061 lowercase letter (4.1)

a
a 1 0031 digit 1 numeric mode (6.1)
ab about about grade 2 (10.9)
abv above above grade 2 (10.9)
ac according according grade 2 (10.9)
acr across across grade 2 (10.9)
af after after grade 2 (10.9)
afn afternoon afternoon grade 2 (10.9)
afw afterward afterward grade 2 (10.9)
ag again again grade 2 (10.9)
ag/ against against grade 2 (10.9)
al also also grade 2 (10.9)
alm almost almost grade 2 (10.9)
alr already already grade 2 (10.9)
alt altogether altogether grade 2 (10.9)
al? although although grade 2 (10.9)
alw always always grade 2 (10.9)
b b 0062 lowercase letter (4.1)

b
b but but grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
b 2 0032 digit 2 numeric mode (6.1)
bl blind blind grade 2 (10.9)
brl braille braille grade 2 (10.9)
Second Edition 2013

reference
c c 0063 lowercase letter c (4.1)
c can can grade 2, standing

alone (10.1)
c 3 0033 digit 3 numeric mode (6.1)
cd could could grade 2 (10.9)
d d 0064 lowercase letter (4.1)

d
d do do grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
d 4 0034 digit 4 numeric mode (6.1)
dcl declare declare grade 2 (10.9)
dclg declaring declaring grade 2 (10.9)
dcv deceive deceive grade 2 (10.9)
dcvg deceiving deceiving grade 2 (10.9)
e e 0065 lowercase letter (4.1)

e
e every every grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
e 5 0035 digit 5 numeric mode (6.1)
ei either either grade 2 (10.9)
f f 0066 lowercase letter f (4.1)
f from from grade 2, standing

alone (10.1)
f 6 0036 digit 6 numeric mode (6.1)
fr friend friend grade 2 (10.9)
f/ first first grade 2 (10.9)
g g 0067 lowercase letter (4.1)

g
g go go grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
g 7 0037 digit 7 numeric mode (6.1)
Second Edition 2013

reference
gd good good grade 2 (10.9)
grt great great grade 2 (10.9)
h h 0068 lowercase letter (4.1)

h
h have have grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
h 8 0038 digit 8 numeric mode (6.1)
hm him him grade 2 (10.9)
hmf himself himself grade 2 (10.9)
h]f herself herself grade 2 (10.9)
i i 0069 lowercase letter i (4.1)
i 9 0039 digit 9 numeric mode (6.1)
imm immediate immediate grade 2 (10.9)
j j 006a lowercase letter j (4.1)
j just just grade 2, standing

alone (10.1)
j 0 0030 digit 0 numeric mode (6.1)
j e.g. corner with horizontal line mode

upward vertical (16.2)
k k 006b lowercase letter k (4.1)
k knowledge knowledge grade 2, standing

alone (10.1)
l l 006c lowercase letter l (4.1)
l like like grade 2, standing

alone (10.1)
ll little little grade 2 (10.9)
lr letter letter grade 2 (10.9)
m m 006d lowercase letter (4.1)

m
m more more grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
Second Edition 2013

reference
myf myself myself grade 2 (10.9)
m* much much grade 2 (10.9)
m/ must must grade 2 (10.9)
n n 006e lowercase letter (4.1)

n
n not not grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
nec necessary necessary grade 2 (10.9)
nei neither neither grade 2 (10.9)
o o 006f lowercase letter (4.1)

o
o e.g. right pointing arrow mode (11.6)
arrow (east), [13.1]
arrow terminator
p p 0070 lowercase letter (4.1)
p
p people people grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
pd paid paid grade 2 (10.9)
p]cv perceive perceive grade 2 (10.9)
p]cvg perceiving perceiving grade 2 (10.9)
p]h perhaps perhaps grade 2 (10.9)
q q 0071 lowercase letter (4.1)

q
q quite quite grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
qk quick quick grade 2 (10.9)
r r 0072 lowercase letter r (4.1)
r rather rather grade 2, standing

alone (10.1)
r e.g. regular barb, full, arrow mode (11.6)
in line of [13.3]
direction
Second Edition 2013

reference
rcv receive receive grade 2 (10.9)
rcvg receiving receiving grade 2 (10.9)
rjc rejoice rejoice grade 2 (10.9)
rjcg rejoicing rejoicing grade 2 (10.9)
s s 0073 lowercase letter s (4.1)
s so so grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
s e.g. up and right arrow mode [13.1]
pointing arrow
(northeast),
arrow terminator
sd said said grade 2 (10.9)
s* such such grade 2 (10.9)
t t 0074 lowercase letter t (4.1)
t that that grade 2, standing

alone (10.1)
td today today grade 2 (10.9)
tgr together together grade 2 (10.9)
tm tomorrow tomorrow grade 2 (10.9)
tn tonight tonight grade 2 (10.9)
u u 0075 lowercase letter (4.1)

u
u us us grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
v v 0076 lowercase letter v (4.1)
v very very grade 2, standing

alone (10.1)
x x 0078 lowercase letter x (4.1)
x x 0078 lowercase letter x (3.9)

as a cross
x it it grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
Second Edition 2013
reference
xf itself itself grade 2 (10.9)
xs its its grade 2 (10.9)
y y 0079 lowercase letter y (4.1)
y you you grade 2, standing

alone (10.1)
y e.g. curved barb, full, arrow mode [13.3]
in line
yr your your grade 2 (10.9)
yrf yourself yourself grade 2 (10.9)
yrvs yourselves yourselves grade 2 (10.9)
z z 007a lowercase letter z (4.1)
z as as grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
& superposition between two items
indicator [14.3.2]
& and and grade 2 (10.3)
& curved barb, full, arrow mode [13.3]

counter
= cursor indicator on a line by itself [17]
= horizontal between two items

juxtaposition [14.3.4]
indicator
= for for grade 2 (10.3)
= circle shape mode (11.7)

[14]
= triple horizontal horizontal line mode
line segment (16.2)
( general fraction (11.3) [6]
open indicator
( of of grade 2 (10.3)
! 222b integral sign [11]
Second Edition 2013

reference
! the the grade 2 (10.3)
!mvs themselves themselves grade 2 (10.9)
) general fraction (11.3) [6]

close indicator
) with with grade 2 (10.3)
* unassigned in grade 1
* ch ch grade 2 (10.4)
* child child grade 2, standing

alone (10.2)
*n children children grade 2 (10.9)
< opening braille when followed by

grouping nonspace (3.4, 11.4)
indicator [7]
< gh gh grade 2 (10.4)
< e.g. down and right arrow mode [13.1]

pointing arrow
(southeast),
arrow terminator
< e.g. crossing with horizontal line mode
left-leaning (16.2)
diagonal line
< left-leaning single when surrounded by
solid diagonal spaces/other diagonal
line segment line segments (16.3)
% open radical (11.5) [8]
(root)
% sh sh grade 2 (10.4)
% shall shall grade 2, standing

alone (10.2)
% e.g. down pointing arrow mode (11.6)
arrow (south), [13.1]
arrow terminator
%d should should grade 2 (10.9)
Second Edition 2013

reference
? first transcriber- (3.26) [11]
defined print
symbol
? th th grade 2 (10.4)
? this this grade 2, standing

alone (10.2)
?yf thyself thyself grade 2 (10.9)
: bar over previous [12]

item
: wh wh grade 2 (10.4)
: which which grade 2, standing

alone (10.2)
: e.g. up and left arrow mode [13.1]
pointing arrow
(northwest),
arrow terminator
: shape terminator shape mode (11.7)
[14.1]
$ shape indicator (3.22, 11.7) [14]
$ ed ed grade 2 (10.4)
] vertical between two items

juxtaposition [14.3.3]
indicator
] er er grade 2 (10.4)
\ arrow indicator (3.2, 11.6) [13.1]
\ ou ou grade 2 (10.4)
\ out out grade 2, standing

alone (10.2)
\ e.g. straight barb, full arrow mode [13.3]
(directionless)
\rvs ourselves ourselves grade 2 (10.9)
[ physical between two items

enclosure (11.7) [14.3.1]
indicator
Second Edition 2013

reference
[ ow ow grade 2 (10.4)
[ e.g. left pointing arrow mode (11.6)

arrow (west), [13.1]
arrow terminator
w w 0077 lowercase letter (4.1)
w
w will will grade 2, standing
alone (10.1)
w regular barb, full, arrow mode (11.6)
counter to line of [13.3]
direction
w e.g. crossing with horizontal line mode
vertical line (16.2)
wd would would grade 2 (10.9)
1 , 002c comma (7)
1 , 002c comma, comma numeric mode (6)

as decimal
1 ea ea grade 2, preceded
and followed by a
letter (10.6)
1 e.g. short dotted line arrow mode (11.6)
shaft [13.2]
1 e.g. variant horizontal horizontal line mode
line segment (16.2)
(e.g. dotted or
dashed)
11 e.g. medium dotted arrow mode (11.6)
line shaft [13.2]
111 e.g. long dotted line arrow mode (11.6)
shaft [13.2]
2 ; 003b semicolon (7)
2 be be grade 2, forming the

first syllable of a word
(10.6)
2 bb bb grade 2, preceded
and followed by a
letter (10.6)
Second Edition 2013

reference
2 be be grade 2, standing
alone (10.5)
2c because because grade 2 (10.9)
2f before before grade 2 (10.9)
2h behind behind grade 2 (10.9)
2l below below grade 2 (10.9)
2n beneath beneath grade 2 (10.9)
2s beside beside grade 2 (10.9)
2t between between grade 2 (10.9)
2y beyond beyond grade 2 (10.9)
3 : 003a colon (7)
3 2236 ratio (3.17) [3]
3 con con grade 2, forming the

(10.6)
3 cc cc grade 2, preceded
and followed by a
letter (10.6)
3 e.g. short single arrow mode (11.6)
straight line shaft [13.2]
3 simple (solid horizontal line mode
single) horizontal (16.2)
line segment
3 strike through for preceded by vertical
tally marks line, followed by
space [4.2]
3cv conceive conceive grade 2 (10.9)
3cvg conceiving conceiving grade 2 (10.9)
33 2237 proportion (3.17)
33 e.g. medium single arrow mode (11.6)

Second Edition 2013

reference
333 e.g. long single arrow mode (11.6)
4 . 002e full stop (period), (7)
dot
4 . 002e full stop (period), numeric mode (6)
decimal point
4 dis dis grade 2, forming the
(10.6)
4 e.g. shaft with sharp arrow mode [13.2]
turn to the right
(in line of
direction)
4 e.g. corner with horizontal line mode
downward (16.2)
vertical
444 e.g. ellipsis (7.3)
5 e.g. H2O subscript (3.24, 11.4) [7]

indicator
5 en en grade 2 (10.6)
5 enough enough grade 2, standing

alone (10.5)
5 e.g. shaft curved or arrow mode [13.2]
bent to the right
(clockwise in line
of direction)
6 ! 0021 exclamation mark (7)
6 ! 0021 factorial sign [11]
6 ff ff grade 2, preceded
and followed by a
letter (10.6)
7 2032 prime distinguished from
apostrophe in print
(3.11, 3.15) [2.10,
10, 11]
7 gg gg grade 2, preceded
and followed by a
letter (10.6)
Second Edition 2013

reference
7 were were grade 2, standing
alone (10.5)
7 e.g. short double line arrow mode (11.6)
shaft [13.2]
7 double horizontal horizontal line mode
line segment (16.2)
77 2033 double prime (3.11, 3.15) [2.10]
77 e.g. medium double arrow mode (11.6)

line shaft [13.2]
777 e.g. long double line arrow mode (11.6)
shaft [13.2]
8 ? 003f question mark (7.5)
8 e.g. or opening one-cell before beginning of

(nonspecific) word (7.6)
quotation mark
8 his his grade 2, standing
alone (10.5)
9 e.g. x2 superscript (3.24, 11.4) [7]
indicator
9 in in grade 2 (10.5, 10.6)
9 e.g. shaft curved or arrow mode [13.2]

bent to the left
(anticlockwise in
line of direction)
0 e.g. or closing one-cell (7.6)
(nonspecific)
quotation mark
0 was was grade 2, standing
alone (10.5)
0 e.g. shaft with sharp arrow mode [13.2]
turn to the left
(in line of
direction)
/ e.g. simple numeric numeric mode (6,
fraction line 11.3) [6]
/ st st grade 2 (10.4)
/ still still grade 2, standing

alone (10.2)
Second Edition 2013

reference
+ close radical (11.5) [8]
(root)
+ visible space [3.6, 17]
+ ing ing grade 2 (10.4)
+ e.g. up pointing arrow mode (11.6)

arrow (north), [13.1]
arrow terminator
# spaced numeric before space (6.8)
indicator [4.1]
#a 1 0031 digit 1 and set (5.6, 6)
numeric and
grade 1 modes
#aa regular shape mode [14]
undecagon
(hendecagon)
#ab regular shape mode [14]
dodecagon
#aj regular decagon shape mode [14]
#b 2 0032 digit 2 and set (5.6, 6)

numeric and
grade 1 modes
#c 3 0033 digit 3 and set (5.6, 6)
numeric and
grade 1 modes
regular shape mode (11.7)
#c (equilateral) [14]
triangle
#d 4 0034 digit 4 and set (5.6, 6)
numeric and
grade 1 modes
square shape mode (11.7)
#d [3.6, 14]
#e 5 0035 digit 5 and set (5.6, 6)
numeric and
grade 1 modes
#e regular pentagon shape mode [14]
Second Edition 2013

reference
#f 6 0036 digit 6 and set (5.6, 6)
numeric and
grade 1 modes
#f regular hexagon shape mode [14]
#g 7 0037 digit 7 and set (5.6, 6)

numeric and
grade 1 modes
#g regular heptagon shape mode [14]
#h 8 0038 digit 8 and set (5.6, 6)

numeric and
grade 1 modes
#h regular octagon shape mode [14]
#i 9 0039 digit 9 and set (5.6, 6)

numeric and
grade 1 modes
#i regular nonagon shape mode [14]
#j 0 0030 digit 0 and set (5.6, 6)

numeric and
grade 1 modes
#l 2225 parallel to [11]
#y 021d lowercase yogh (12)
#= 221e infinity sign [11]
#! 00fe lowercase thorn (12)
#* 266e natural (3.18)
#< 266d flat (3.18)
#% 266f sharp (3.18)
#? second (3.26) [11]

transcriber-
defined print
symbol
#$ 00f0 lowercase eth (12)
#w 01bf lowercase wynn (12)

(wen)
Second Edition 2013

reference
#1 , 002c decimal comma (6)
and set numeric
and grade 1
modes
#4 . 002e decimal point (6)
and set numeric
and grade 1
modes
## numeric passage before space (6.9)
indicator [4.1]
#' numeric passage (6.9) [4.1]
terminator
22a5 perpendicular to [11]
#-
(up tack)
22be measured right [11]
#_[ angle sign
> closing braille (3.4, 11.4) [7]
grouping
indicator
> ar ar grade 2 (10.4)
> e.g. down and left arrow mode [13.1]

pointing arrow
(southwest),
arrow terminator
> e.g. crossing with horizontal line mode
right-leaning (16.2)
diagonal line
> right-leaning when surrounded by
single solid spaces/other diagonal
diagonal line line segments (16.3)
segment
' ' 0027 apostrophe (7)
' ' 0027 nondirectional (7.6.6)

single quote
' ' 0027 minutes (3.11)
' ' 0027 feet (3.15)
Second Edition 2013

reference
' opening non-UEB following the
passage indicator commence opening
terminator non-UEB passage
indicator (14)
' horizontal line horizontal line mode
mode terminator (16.2)
- - 002d hyphen (7.2) [3.3]
@a @ 0040 commercial at (3.7) [11]

sign
@c 00a2 cent sign (3.10) [2.10]
@d 2202 partial derivative [11]

(curly d)
@e 20ac euro sign (3.10) [2.10]
@f 20a3 French franc sign (3.10) [2.10]
@j 2205 null set (slashed [10]

zero)
@l 00a3 pound sign (3.10) [2.10]
(pound sterling)
@n 20a6 Naira sign (3.10) [2.10]
`r e.g. regular barb, arrow mode [13.3]

upper half, in line
@s $ 0024 dollar sign (3.10) [2.10]
@y 00a5 yen sign (yuan (3.10) [2.10]

sign)
`y e.g. curved barb, arrow mode [13.3]
upper half, in line
@& & 0026 ampersand (3.1) [11]
`& curved barb, arrow mode [13.3]

upper half,
counter
@! 222e closed line [11]
integral (small
circle halfway up)
@* 0338 solidus (forward (4.2)
slash) overlay on
following letter
Second Edition 2013

reference
@< < 003c opening angle (7) [3, 5]
bracket
@< < 003c less-than (3.17, 11.2) [3]
@? 00ac "not" sign (line [10]

horizontal, then
down at right)
@: e.g. or line through [3, 4.1.6, 12]
previous item
(cancellation,
"not")
@$ e.g. transcriber- (11.7) [14.2]
defined shape
indicator
`\ straight barb, arrow mode [13.3]
upper half
(directionless)
@w regular barb, arrow mode [13.3]
upper half,
counter
@1 script word (9)
indicator
@2 script symbol (9)
indicator
@3 0336 horizontal stroke (4.2)
overlay on
following letter
@5 ^ 005e caret (hat) (3.6) [11]
@6 2228 or (upright v [10]

shape)
@7 script passage (9)
indicator
@8 2227 and (inverted v [10]
shape)
@9 ~ 007e tilde (swung (3.25) [11]
dash)
@/ 2235 "since" (three [11]
dots in inverted
pyramid)
Second Edition 2013

reference
@+ 0306 breve above (4.2)
following letter
@#d e.g. parallelogram shape mode [14]
@#? third transcriber- (3.26) [11]

defined print
symbol
@#1 first transcriber- (9)
defined typeform
word indicator
defined typeform
symbol indicator
defined typeform
passage indicator
@#' first transcriber- (9)
defined typeform
terminator
@> > 003e closing angle (7) [3, 5]
bracket
@> > 003e greater-than (3.17, 11.2) [3]
@' script terminator (9)
@- 0304 macron above (4.2)

following letter
@ê 220b contains as an [10]
element (reverse
variant epsilon)
@_< 22b2 is a normal [10]
subgroup of
(closed "less
than")
@_$ e.g. transcriber- [14.2]
defined filled
(solid) shape
indicator
@_3 22a3 reverse assertion [10]
("T" lying on
right side)
Second Edition 2013

reference
@_7 e.g. equilibrium [16]
arrow, trend to
the left
@_> 22b3 inverse "is [10]
normal
subgroup"
(closed "greater
than")
@_"4 e.g. quadruple dot for [16]
electrons or bond
@_"5 e.g. quadruple [16]
dashed line bond
@_"8 e.g. x x quadruple cross [16]
x x for electrons
@_"0 e.g. quadruple small [16]
circle for
electrons
@_,- e.g. quadruple line [16]
bond
@.< opening (3.27)
transcriber's note
indicator
@.$ e.g. transcriber- [14.2]
defined shaded
shape indicator
@.> closing (3.27)
transcriber's note
indicator
@,? 2020 dagger (3.3)
@,? 2020 dagger as a cross (3.9)
@,] 2021 double dagger (3.3)
^ e.g. first variant when surrounded by

vertical line spaces/other vertical
segment line segments (16.3)
â 2200 "for all" (inverted [11]
A)
^c 00a9 copyright sign (3.8)
Second Edition 2013

reference
^d 2207 del, nabla [11]
(inverted capital
delta)
ê 2208 is an element of [10]
(variant epsilon)
^j 00b0 degree sign (3.11) [2.10]
^n 014b lowercase eng (4.4)
^p 00b6 paragraph sign (3.20)
^r 00ae registered sign (3.8)
^s 00a7 section sign (3.20)
^t 2122 trademark sign (3.8)
û upon upon grade 2 (10.7)
^x 2640 female sign (3.16)

(Venus)
^y 2642 male sign (Mars) (3.16)
^& 0327 cedilla below (4.2)

following letter
^( non-UEB word (14)
indicator
^! these these grade 2 (10.7)
^) non-UEB word (14)

terminator
^* ` 0300 grave accent (4.2)
above following
letter
^< 2282 contained in, is a [10]
subset of (U
open to right)
^% 0302 circumflex above (4.2)

following letter
^? those those grade 2 (10.7)
Second Edition 2013

reference
^: simple right- [12]
pointing arrow
over previous
item
^: whose whose grade 2 (10.7)
^$ 030a ring (circle) (4.2)

above following
letter
^] 0303 tilde above (4.2)
following letter
^\ bold arrow [13.1]
indicator
^[ calculator
window
^w word word grade 2 (10.7)
^1 boldface word (9)

indicator
^2 boldface symbol (9)
indicator
^3 0308 dieresis (umlaut) (4.2)
above following
letter
^4 0307 dot over previous [12]
item
^5 2203 "there exists" [11]
(reverse E)
^6 e.g. ligature indicator (4.3, 12)
^7 boldface passage (9)

indicator
^8 e.g. 201c opening double (7.6)
quotation mark
^9 2248 approximately [3]
equal to (tilde
over tilde)
^0 e.g. 201d closing double (7.6)
quotation mark
Second Edition 2013

reference
^/ 0301 acute accent (4.2)
above following
letter
^+ 030c caron (hacek, (4.2)
wedge) above
following letter
^#? fourth (3.26) [11]
transcriber-
defined print
symbol
^#1 second (9)
transcriber-
defined typeform
word indicator
^#2 second (9)
transcriber-
defined typeform
symbol indicator
^#7 second (9)
transcriber-
defined typeform
passage indicator
^#' second (9)
transcriber-
defined typeform
terminator
^> 2283 contains, is a [10]
superset of (U
open to left)
^' boldface (9)
terminator
^_1 first transcriber- (4.2)
defined modifier
on following
letter
^_2 second (4.2)
transcriber-
defined modifier
on following
letter
Second Edition 2013

reference
^_3 22a8 "is valid" sign [10]
(assertion with
double stem on
"T")
^_7 21cc equilibrium arrow [16]
(harpoons)
^_- third transcriber- (4.2)
defined modifier
on following
letter
^"7 224f equals sign with [3]
bump in top bar
(difference
between or
approximately
equal)
^.b e.g. primary stress (15.2)
sign
^.c e.g. high tone (15.3)
^.d e.g. global rise (15.3)
^.e e.g. high falling (15.3)
^.i e.g. high rising (15.3)
^.! e.g. down step (15.3)
^.* e.g. rise-fall (15.3)
^.$ e.g. up step (15.3)
^.2 secondary stress (15.2)

sign
^.3 e.g. mid tone (15.3)
^.5 e.g. low falling (15.3)
^.9 e.g. low rising (15.3)
^.0 e.g. global fall (15.3)
^./ e.g. fall-rise (15.3)
Second Edition 2013

reference
^.- e.g. low tone (15.3)
^;6 00a1 inverted (13.5)

exclamation mark
^;8 00bf inverted question (13.5)
mark
_ line indicator, as unspaced before,
in poetry followed by space
(15.1)
_ e.g. vertical single when surrounded by
solid line spaces/other vertical
segment line segments [4.1]
(16.3)
_ tally mark [4.2]
_a lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_b lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_c lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_c cannot cannot grade 2 (10.7)
_d lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_e lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_f lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_g lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_h lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
Second Edition 2013

reference
_h had had grade 2 (10.7)
_i lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_j lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_k lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_l lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_m lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_m many many grade 2 (10.7)
_n lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_o lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_p lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_q lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_r lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_s lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_s spirit spirit grade 2 (10.7)
_t lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
Second Edition 2013
reference
_u lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_v lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_x lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_y lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_z lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_= 2261 equivalent to [3]
(three horizontal
lines)
_! their their grade 2 (10.7)
_* \ 005c reverse solidus (7) [11]

(backslash)
_< { 007b opening curly (7) [5]
bracket (brace
bracket)
_% opening Nemeth (14.6)
Code indicator
_? # 0023 number sign (3.19) [11]
(crosshatch,
hash, pound
sign)
_: 0303 tilde over [12]
previous item
_$ e.g. filled (solid) [14]
shape indicator
_\ | 007c vertical line in (15.1)
scansion
_\ | 007c vertical bar in [5, 11]
mathematics
_[ 2220 angle sign [11]
Second Edition 2013

reference
_w lowercase
reserved non-
Roman letter
_w world world grade 2 (10.7)
_1 underlined word (9)

indicator
_2 underlined (9)
symbol indicator
_3 22a6 assertion ("is a [10]
theorem" sign,
"T" lying on left
side)
_4 2022 bullet (3.5)
_5 0259 lowercase schwa (4.4)
_6 00b1 plus-or-minus [3]

(plus over minus)
_7 underlined (9)
passage indicator
_8 00ab opening Italian (7.6)
quotation mark
(small double
angle brackets)
_9 2243 approximately [3]
equal to (tilde
over horizontal
straight line)
_0 00bb closing Italian (7.6)
quotation mark
(small double
angle brackets)
_/ / 002f solidus (forward (7, 15.1)
slash)
_#? fifth transcriber- (3.26) [11]
defined print
symbol
_#1 third transcriber- (9)
defined typeform
word indicator
Second Edition 2013

reference
defined typeform
symbol indicator
defined typeform
passage indicator
_#' third transcriber- (9)
defined typeform
terminator
_> } 007d closing curly (7) [5]
bracket (brace
bracket)
_' underline (9)
terminator
_- 2213 minus-or-plus [3]
(minus over plus)
_@< 2264 less than or [3]
equal to
_@> 2265 greater than or [3]
equal to
_^< 2286 contained in or [10]
equal to
_^> 2287 contains or equal [10]
to
__< 22b4 is normal [10]
subgroup of or
equal (closed
"less than" with
line under)
__7 unassigned/reserved
__> 22b5 inverse "normal [10]

subgroup or
equal" (closed
"greater than"
with line under)
__' unassigned/reserved
Second Edition 2013

reference
____3 4 tally marks [4.2]
with strike
through
(representing 5
items)
_"4 e.g. triple dot for [16]
electrons or bond
_"5 e.g. triple dashed line [16]
bond
_"7 221d is proportional to [3, 11]
(varies as)
_"8 eg. x x triple cross for [16]
x electrons
_"0 e.g. triple small circle [16]
for electrons
_,- e.g. triple line bond [16]
" line continuation at end of line (6.10)

indicator [1.4, 17]
"a e.g. 10 100 00a0 numeric space numeric mode (6.6)
before digit 1
"b e.g. 10 200 00a0 numeric space numeric mode (6.6)
before digit 2
"c e.g. 10 300 00a0 numeric space numeric mode (6.6)
before digit 3
"d day day grade 2 (10.7)
"d e.g. 10 400 00a0 numeric space numeric mode (6.6)

before digit 4
"e ever ever grade 2 (10.7)
"e e.g. 10 500 00a0 numeric space numeric mode (6.6)

before digit 5
"f father father grade 2 (10.7)
"f e.g. 10 600 00a0 numeric space numeric mode (6.6)

before digit 6
"g e.g. 10 700 00a0 numeric space numeric mode (6.6)
before digit 7
"h here here grade 2 (10.7)
Second Edition 2013

reference
"h e.g. 10 800 00a0 numeric space numeric mode (6.6)
before digit 8
"i e.g. 10 900 00a0 numeric space numeric mode (6.6)
before digit 9
"j e.g. 10 000 00a0 numeric space numeric mode (6.6)
before digit 0
"k know know grade 2 (10.7)
"l lord lord grade 2 (10.7)
"m mother mother grade 2 (10.7)
"n name name grade 2 (10.7)
"o one one grade 2 (10.7)
"of oneself oneself grade 2 (10.9)
"p part part grade 2 (10.7)
"q question question grade 2 (10.7)
"r right right grade 2 (10.7)
"s some some grade 2 (10.7)
"t time time grade 2 (10.7)
"u under under grade 2 (10.7)
"y young young grade 2 (10.7)
"( commences followed by ' (14)

opening non-UEB
passage indicator
"! there there grade 2 (10.7)
"* character character grade 2 (10.7)
"< ( 0028 opening (7) [5]

parenthesis
(round bracket)
"% 221a radical without [8]
vinculum
"? through through grade 2 (10.7)
Second Edition 2013

reference
": hat over previous [12]
item
": where where grade 2 (10.7)
"\ ought ought grade 2 (10.7)
"w work work grade 2 (10.7)
"1 " 3003 ditto mark (3.12)
"3 horizontal line (16.2) [4.1]

mode indicator
"4 22c5 multiplication dot [3]
"4 e.g. single dot for [16]

electron or bond
"5 e.g. single dashed [16]
line bond
"6 + 002b plus (3.17, 11.2) [3]
"7 = 003d equals (3.17, 11.2) [3]
"8 00d7 times (3.17, 11.2) [3]

(multiplication
cross)
"8 00d7 times as a cross (3.9)
"8 e.g. single cross for [16]

electron
"9 * 002a asterisk (3.3) [11]
"0 2218 "hollow dot" [11]
"0 e.g. single small circle [16]

for electron
"/ 00f7 divided by (3.17, 11.2) [3]
"#? sixth transcriber- (3.26) [11]

defined print
symbol
"#1 fourth (9)
transcriber-
defined typeform
word indicator
Second Edition 2013

reference
"#2 fourth (9)
transcriber-
defined typeform
symbol indicator
"#7 fourth (9)
transcriber-
defined typeform
passage indicator
"#' fourth (9)
transcriber-
defined typeform
terminator
"> ) 0029 closing (7) [5]
parenthesis
(round bracket)
"- 2212 minus (when (3.17, 11.2) [3]
distinguished
from hyphen)
"~( [ 005b opening IPA (14.4)
bracket, opening
square bracket
with switch from
UEB to IPA
"~/ / 002f opening IPA (14.4)
slash, opening
solidus (forward
slash) with
switch from UEB
to IPA
"_7 e.g. equilibrium [16]
arrow, trend to
the right
"_9 2245 tilde over equals [3]
sign
(approximately
equal)
"" line continuation at end of line (6.10)
indicator with [17]
space
Second Edition 2013

reference
"" guide dots with space before and
after (16.5)
""= dot locator for (3.14) [1.7]
"use"
";2 general opening (14.4)
IPA indicator
",- 2015 long dash (7.2) [3.6]
.a 03b1 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]

alpha
.b 03b2 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
beta
.d 03b4 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
delta
.d ound ound grade 2, following a
letter (10.8)
.e 03b5 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
epsilon
.e ance ance grade 2, following a
letter (10.8)
.f 03c6 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
phi
.g 03b3 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
gamma
.i 03b9 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
iota
.j "normal"
(superscript circle
crossed by
horizontal line)
.k 03ba lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
kappa
.l 03bb lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
lambda
.m 03bc lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
mu
.n 03bd lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
nu
.n sion sion grade 2, following a
letter (10.8)
Second Edition 2013

reference
.o 03bf lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
omicron
.p 03c0 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
pi
.r 03c1 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
rho
.s or 03c3 or lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
03c2 sigma
.s less less grade 2, following a
letter (10.8)
.t 03c4 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
tau
.t ount ount grade 2, following a
letter (10.8)
.u 03c5 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
upsilon
.x 03be lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
xi
.y 03c8 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
psi
.z 03b6 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
zeta
.& 03c7 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
chi
.= dot locator for (3.13)
"mention"
.* ` 0060 grave accent
alone
.< [ 005b opening square (7) [5]
bracket
.? 03b8 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
theta
.: 03b7 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
eta
shaded shape [14]
.$ e.g. indicator
.\ 00a6 broken vertical [11]
bar
.w 03c9 lowercase Greek (4.5) [11.7]
omega
Second Edition 2013

reference
.1 italic word (9)
indicator
.2 italic symbol (9)
indicator
.5 directly below [7]
.6 222a union (upright U [10]

shape)
.7 italic passage (9)
indicator
.8 2229 intersection [10]
(inverted U
shape)
.9 directly above [7]
.0 % 0025 percent sign (3.21) [2.10]
./ x general fraction (11.3) [6]

e.g.
4 line
.#? seventh (3.26) [11]
transcriber-
defined print
symbol
.#1 fifth transcriber- (9)
defined typeform
word indicator
defined typeform
symbol indicator
defined typeform
passage indicator
.#' fifth transcriber- (9)
defined typeform
terminator
.> ] 005d closing square (7) [5]
bracket
.' italic terminator (9)
.- _ 005f low line (7.2) [3.6, 11]

(underscore)
Second Edition 2013

reference
.@< 226a is much less than [3]
.@> 226b is much greater [3]

than
.^< 228a contained in, but [10]
not equal to
(proper subset)
.^> 228b contains, but is [10]
not equal to
(proper superset)
._< normal subgroup [10]
but not equal
(closed "less
than" with
cancelled line
under)
._: arc over previous [12]
item
._[ 2221 measured angle [11]
sign
._3 2ae4 reverse "is valid" [10]
sign
._> inverse "normal [10]
subgroup but not
equal" (closed
"greater than"
with cancelled
line under)
."4 e.g. double dot for [16]
electrons or bond
."5 e.g. double dashed [16]
line bond
."7 2251 equals sign [3]
dotted above and
below
(approximately
equal)
."8 e.g. x double cross for [16]
x electrons
Second Edition 2013

reference
."0 e.g. double small [16]
circle for

electrons
.,- e.g. double line bond [16]
; grade 1 symbol (5.2) [1.7]

indicator
;e ence ence grade 2, following a
letter (10.8)
;g ong ong grade 2, following a
letter (10.8)
;l ful ful grade 2, following a
letter (10.8)
;n tion tion grade 2, following a
letter (10.8)
;s ness ness grade 2, following a
letter (10.8)
;t ment ment grade 2, following a
letter (10.8)
;y ity ity grade 2, following a
letter (10.8)
;' grade 1 (5.5) [1.7]
terminator
;; grade 1 word (5.3) [1.7]
indicator
;;; grade 1 passage (5.4) [1.7]
indicator
,a A 0041 capital letter A (4.1, 8)
,b B 0042 capital letter B (4.1, 8)
,c C 0043 capital letter C (4.1, 8)
,d D 0044 capital letter D (4.1, 8)
,e E 0045 capital letter E (4.1, 8)
,f F 0046 capital letter F (4.1, 8)
,g G 0047 capital letter G (4.1, 8)
,h H 0048 capital letter H (4.1, 8)
Second Edition 2013

reference
,i I 0049 capital letter I (4.1, 8)
,j J 004a capital letter J (4.1, 8)
,k K 004b capital letter K (4.1, 8)
,l L 004c capital letter L (4.1, 8)
,m M 004d capital letter M (4.1, 8)
,n N 004e capital letter N (4.1, 8)
,o O 004f capital letter O (4.1, 8)
,p P 0050 capital letter P (4.1, 8)
,q Q 0051 capital letter Q (4.1, 8)
,r R 0052 capital letter R (4.1, 8)
,r e.g. regular barb, arrow mode [13.3]

lower half, in line
,s S 0053 capital letter S (4.1, 8)
,t T 0054 capital letter T (4.1, 8)
,u U 0055 capital letter U (4.1, 8)
,v V 0056 capital letter V (4.1, 8)
,x X 0058 capital letter X (4.1, 8)
,x X 0058 capital letter X as (3.9)

a cross
,y Y 0059 capital letter Y (4.1, 8)
,y e.g. curved barb, arrow mode [13.3]

lower half, in line
,z Z 005a capital letter Z (4.1, 8)
,& curved barb, arrow mode [13.3]

lower half,
counter
,* 2234 "therefore" [11]
(three dots in
upright pyramid)
Second Edition 2013

reference
,< e.g. variant left- when surrounded by
leaning diagonal spaces/other diagonal
,: bar under [12]
previous item
,\ straight barb, arrow mode [13.3]
lower half
(directionless)
,w W 0057 capital letter W (4.1, 8)
,w regular barb, arrow mode [13.3]

lower half,
counter
,7 " 0022 nondirectional (7.6.6) [17]
double quotation
mark
,7 " 0022 seconds (3.11)
,7 " 0022 inches (3.15)
,8 e.g. 2018 opening single (7.6)

quotation mark
,0 e.g. 2019 closing single (7.6)
quotation mark
,#y 021c capital yogh (12)
,#! 00de capital thorn (12)
,#$ 00d0 capital eth (12)
,#w 01f7 capital wynn (12)

(wen)
,> e.g. variant right- when surrounded by
leaning diagonal spaces/other diagonal
,' capitals (8.6)
terminator
,' opening music when following a
indicator space (14.5)
,- 2014 dash when distinguished
from a hyphen in the
print (7.2)
Second Edition 2013

reference
,- e.g. single line bond [16]
,@* 0338 solidus (forward (4.2)

slash) overlay on
following capital
letter
,@3 0336 horizontal stroke (4.2)
overlay on
following capital
letter
,@+ 0306 breve above (4.2)
following capital
letter
,@- 0304 macron above (4.2)
following capital
letter
,^n 014a capital eng (4.4)
,^& 0327 cedilla below (4.2)

following capital
letter
,^* ` 0300 grave accent (4.2)
above following
capital letter
,^% 0302 circumflex above (4.2)
following capital
letter
,^:
simple right- [12]
pointing arrow
under previous
item
,^$ 030a circle (ring) (4.2) [2.10]
above following
capital letter
,^] 0303 tilde above (4.2)
following capital
letter
,^3 0308 dieresis/umlaut (4.2)
above following
capital letter
Second Edition 2013

reference
,^4 . 0323 dot under [12]
previous item
,^6 ligature indicator (4.3, 12)
where only the
following letter is
capitalised
,^/ 0301 acute accent (4.2)
above following
capital letter
,^+ 030c caron (hacek, (4.2)
wedge) above
following capital
letter
,^_1 first transcriber- (4.2)
defined modifier
on following
capital letter
,^_2 second (4.2)
transcriber-
defined modifier
on following
capital letter
,^_- third transcriber- (4.2)
defined modifier
on following
capital letter
,_ e.g. second variant when surrounded by
vertical line spaces/other vertical
segment line segments (16.3)
,_a capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_b capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_c capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_d capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_e capital reserved
non-Roman letter
Second Edition 2013

reference
,_f capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_g capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_h capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_i capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_j capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_k capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_l capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_m capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_n capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_o capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_p capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_q capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_r capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_s capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_t capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_u capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_v capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_x capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_y capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_z capital reserved
non-Roman letter
Second Edition 2013

reference
,_< multi-line (7.7) [5, 15]
opening curly
bracket
,_: 0330 tilde under [12]
previous item
,_\ multi-line vertical [5, 15]
bar
,_w capital reserved
non-Roman letter
,_5 018f capital schwa (4.4)
,_> multi-line closing (7.7) [5, 15]

curly bracket
,") closing non-UEB (14)
passage indicator
,"< multi-line (7.7, 11.8) [5, 15]
opening round
parenthesis
,": 032d hat under [12]
previous item
,"> multi-line closing (7.7, 11.8) [5, 15]
round
parenthesis
,.a 0391 capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]
alpha
,.b 0392 capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]
beta
,.d 0394 capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]
delta
,.e 0395 capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]
epsilon
,.f 03a6 capital Greek phi (4.5, 8) [11.7]
,.g 0393 capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]

gamma
,.i 0399 capital Greek iota (4.5, 8) [11.7]
,.k 039a capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]

kappa
,.l 039b capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]
lambda
Second Edition 2013

reference
,.m 039c capital Greek mu (4.5, 8) [11.7]
,.n 039d capital Greek nu (4.5, 8) [11.7]
,.o 039f capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]

omicron
,.p 03a0 capital Greek pi (4.5, 8) [11.7]
,.r 03a1 capital Greek rho (4.5, 8) [11.7]
,.s 03a3 capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]

sigma
,.t 03a4 capital Greek tau (4.5, 8) [11.7]
,.u 03a5 capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]

upsilon
,.x 039e capital Greek xi (4.5, 8) [11.7]
,.y 03a8 capital Greek psi (4.5, 8) [11.7]
,.z 0396 capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]

zeta
,.& 03a7 capital Greek chi (4.5, 8) [11.7]
,.< multi-line (7.7) [5, 15]

opening square
bracket
,.? 0398 capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]
theta
,.: 0397 capital Greek eta (4.5, 8) [11.7]
,.w 03a9 capital Greek (4.5, 8) [11.7]

omega
,.> multi-line closing (7.7) [5, 15]
square bracket
,, capitalised word (8.4)

indicator
,,, capitalised (8.5)
passage indicator
Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Rules of Unified English Braille 2013 PDF

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The Rules of

Unified English Braille

Second Edition 2013

International Council on English Braille

Copyright: Second Edition 2013 (original 2010), Round Table on

This publication is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-

Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Foreword to the First Edition

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Second Edition 2013

Foreword to the Second Edition

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Second Edition 2013

Preface to the First Edition

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Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Preface to the Second Edition

The members of the CMC since its formation have been:

The following sections of the Rulebook are new:

This edition includes two new appendices which are:

Also new to this edition are:

Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

About This Book

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Second Edition 2013

1.2 Principles of Unified English Braille

1.3 Basic signs found in other forms of English braille

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Composition signs (indicators)

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Second Edition 2013

Second Edition 2013

Section 2: Terminology and General Rules

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Second Edition 2013

2.2 Contractions summary

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2.3 Following print

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2.4 Indicators and modes

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Second Edition 2013

2.4.7 A mode established by a UEB indicator may not extend through a

2.5 Grades of braille

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Contracted (grade 2) braille

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Other grades of braille