Excavation Safety GPG

GOOD PRACTICE
GUIDELINES
F E T Y AT
SA W
&
O
H
R
LT
K
HEA
AC T
HSWA

Excavation Safety
JULY 2016
This guideline provides practical
guidance to manage health and
safety risks associated with
excavation work.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
WorkSafe New Zealand (WorkSafe) would like to thank Safe Work Australia for letting us use content
and images from their model code of practice Excavation Work.
WorkSafe would like to thank the following for their input and involvement in the development
of this guideline:
> Beca Ltd
> Brian Perry Civil
> Civil Contractors New Zealand
> Connexis
> Construction Contracts Limited
> E Carson & Sons Limited
> Electricity Engineers Association
> FIRST Union
> Goodman Contractors Ltd
> HEB Construction Ltd
> Safetyn Action Ltd
> Trench Shoring New Zealand Ltd.
Special thanks to SCIRT (Stronger Christchurch Infrastructure Rebuild Team) for the use of the cover photo.
Copyright Neil MacBeth, licensed to SCIRT.
Figure 24s illustration is reproduced with permission of MGF Limited (UK). MGF Limited owns the
copyright for this illustration.
EXCAVATION SAFETY
KEY POINTS:
Avoid underground services and make

sure not to undermine nearby structures
use safe digging practice and dig away
from them.
Check the excavation each day before

starting work and after any event that
may affect its stability.
Provide safe access to get in and out.
Prevent collapse shore, bench, or batter

back. Do not assume ground will stand
unsupported.
Prevent people and materials falling

in with barriers strong enough not to
collapse if someone falls against them.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
01 INTRODUCTION 6
1.1 Scope and application 7
1.2 What is excavation work? 7
02 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 10
2.1 Person conducting a business or undertaking 11

2.2 Workers 12
2.3 Officers 12
2.4 Other people at the workplace 13
2.5 Competent person 13
03 MANAGING RISKS 15
3.1 Identify hazards 16

3.2 Assess risks 17
3.3 Control risks 17
3.4 Review controls 18
04 PLANNING THE WORK 19
4.1 Safe system of work 20

4.2 Utility services 22
4.3 Nearby buildings or structures 23
4.4 Securing the work area 24
4.5 Managing traffic 25
4.6 Hazardous conditions 26
4.7 Conned spaces 26
4.8 Emergency planning 27
05 CONTROLLING EXCAVATION RISKS 28
5.1 Ground collapse 31
5.2 Prevent ground collapse 33
5.3 Benching and battering 34
5.4 Shoring 36
5.5 Excavated material and loads near excavations 47
5.6 Prevent falls 48
5.7 Safe access and egress 49
5.8 Manual work 50
5.9 Overhead and underground services 51
5.10 Atmospheric contaminants 55
5.11 Ground and surface water 57
5.12 Contaminated soils and groundwater 58
5.13 Using explosives 59
06 PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 60
6.1 Checking the plant, equipment and materials 61

6.2 Using plant 62
6.3 Plant and vehicle operation near excavations 63
6.4 Blind spots 64
6.5 Operator protection 66
6.6 Quick hitches 67
6.7 Load-lifting 67
07 APPENDICES 69
7.1 Appendix A: Legal framework 70

7.2 Appendix B: Safe system of work considerations 72
7.3 Appendix C: Trenching checklist 73
7.4 Appendix D: Notications to WorkSafe 74
7.5 Appendix E: More information 76
7.6 Appendix F: Glossary 78
TABLES
1 Recommended competencies for excavation work 14

2 Recommended competencies for more complex excavation work 14
3 Planning considerations 21
4 Typical excavation hazards 29
5 Shaft specic hazards 30
6 Timber shoring requirements for trenches 45
7 MADs to excavate with mobile plant 51
8 Other potential sources of harmful gases from types of ground 56
9 Typical excavator operation hazards 63
10 Duties in relation to excavations in the HSE Regulations 70
FIGURES
1 Open excavation 7
2 Pot hole 8
3 Pit excavation 8
4 Trench 8
5 Trench constructed by putting up a retaining wall 9
6 Shaft 9
7 Risk management as a continual process 16
8 Hierarchy of controls 18
9 Underground services exposed by potholing 23
10 Building line restriction 23
11 Existing services restriction 24
12 Retaining wall restriction 24
13 Externally fenced site with internal fences 25
14 Tension crack 31
15 Sliding 31
16 Toppling 31
17 Subsidence and bulging 31
18 Base heave 32
19 Boiling 32
20 Benching control 34
21 Battering control 35
22 Combination of benching and battering controls 35
23 Flying trench-shoring box 37
24 Hydraulic soldier shoring using soil arching 38
25 Trench-shoring box 39
26 Manhole box 39
27 Trench shield 39
28 Slide-rail or rolling-strut shoring 40
29 Steel sheet piling with internal waling support 41
30 Guide framed steel trench sheeting 41
31 Ground anchors for supporting steel sheet piling 42
32 Hydraulic soldier shoring 43
33 Hydraulic bracing frame with steel trench sheeting 43
34 H-pile shoring with timber lagging 43
35 Soldier sets 44
36 Timber shoring with steel trench sheeting 44
37 Timber shoring requirements for trenches 46
38 A shored excavation designed to carry soil loads only 47
39 A shored excavation designed to carry soil, vehicle and spoil loads 47
40 Spoil placement on effective excavation depth 48
41 Scaffolding staircase for a safe and quick evacuation 50
42 Vacuum truck digging a pilot hole 53
43 How an excavator can come in contact with live power lines 55
44 Traditional sump pumps control surface water at the excavations base 57
45 Use well point pumping for lowering groundwater by up to 6 m 58
46 Prevent plant operation near excavations 63
47 Wheel stopper restricting plant movement 63
48 Mobile plant operator blind spots 65
49 Safe approach zone for an excavator 66
50 A spotter helping a reversing vehicle 66
GOOD PRACTICE GUIDELINES // EXCAVATION SAFETY
01/
INTRODUCTION
IN THIS SECTION:
1.1 Scope and application
1.2 What is excavation work?
6
SECTION 1.0 // INTRODUCTION
Excavation failures are particularly dangerous because

they may occur quickly, limiting the ability of workers
(and in some cases others nearby) to escape, especially
if the collapse is extensive.
The speed of an excavation collapse increases how to do a job safely, make sure to check any
the risk associated with this type of work. industry specic guidance.
The consequences are signicant as the falling
earth can bury or crush any person in its path 1.2 WHAT IS EXCAVATION WORK?
resulting in death by suffocation or internal
Excavation work generally means work
crush injuries.
involving the removal of soil or rock from a
site to form an open face, hole or cavity, using
1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
tools, machinery or explosives.
This guideline is for persons conducting a
Excavation work can occur anywhere, including:
business or undertaking (PCBUs), workers,
> on construction sites
upstream PCBUs, and competent people
involved in excavation work. > on business premises
> in public areas.
All work involving excavations must comply
with the requirements of the Health and Excavation work includes:
Safety at Work Act 2015 (HSWA) and all > open excavations
relevant regulations, including the Health
> potholing
and Safety in Employment Regulations 1995
> pit excavations
(the HSE Regulations) and the Health and
Safety at Work (General Risk and Workplace > trenches and retaining walls
Management) Regulations 2016 (the GRWM > shafts and drives.
Regulations).
OPEN EXCAVATIONS
This guideline does not apply to shafts
associated with mining operations, or An excavation in open ground is an open
tunnelling operations, which are regulated excavation and can vary in shape and size.
under the Health and Safety at Work (Mining
Operations and Quarrying Operations)
Regulations 2016 (the MOQO Regulations).
For more information on the specic

regulations relating to excavation work,
see Appendix A: Legal framework.
Some industries have guidelines that deal

with specic problems faced in their working
environments, such as the electricity sector
or plant and machinery hire. When deciding Figure 1: Open excavation
7
POTHOLING TRENCHES AND RETAINING WALLS
Potholing is usually a small excavation or A trench is a long narrow excavation which is

inspection hole to nd underground services. deeper than it is wide, and open to the surface
along its length.
Trenches are generally excavated to install

Water main
or maintain underground services or to
investigate what is beneath the surface.
Figure 2: Pot hole
PIT EXCAVATIONS
Pit excavations are usually four-sided and

deeper than the narrowest horizontal
dimension at the surface.
Pits are generally excavated to install

manholes, pump stations, or underground
tanks. They are also excavated to construct
pile caps and other types of foundations or
to access or locate existing services. Figure 4: Trench
When a retaining wall is built, an open

excavation becomes a trench formed by an
excavated face on one side, and a retaining
wall on the other. Usually workers need to
access this trench to work, for example for
waterproong the retaining wall.
Figure 3: Pit excavation
8
SECTION 1.0 // INTRODUCTION
Figure 6: Shaft
Figure 5: Trench constructed by putting up a

retaining wall
SHAFTS AND DRIVES
Sinking a shaft involves constructing a vertical

excavation with access and spoil removal from
the top.
Drives are small openings cut into the sides of

trenches or shafts or elsewhere, for example,
under roads. Cutting a drive is particularly
hazardous as it introduces the risk of trapping
workers with no alternative escape route.
Shafts and drives are often constructed to

provide access or ventilation to a tunnel.
Shallow shafts can be sunk for investigating
or constructing foundations, dewatering, or
providing openings to underground facilities.
9
02/
ROLES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES
IN THIS SECTION:
2.1 Person conducting a business
or undertaking
2.2 Workers
2.3 Officers
2.4 Other people at the workplace
2.5 Competent person
10
SECTION 2.0 // ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
HSWA denes the roles and responsibilities of different

duty holders. These include PCBUs, officers, workers
and other persons at workplaces.
For more information see WorkSafes special the workplace, and anything arising from the
guide Introduction to the Health and Safety workplace are without health and safety risks
at Work Act 2015, available at www.worksafe. to any person. For example, before leaving the
govt.nz site unattended for the night, make sure it and
any plant and equipment are safe and secure.
2.1 PERSON CONDUCTING A
PCBUS WITH OVERLAPPING DUTIES
BUSINESS OR UNDERTAKING
More than one PCBU can have a duty to the
While a PCBU may be an individual or an
same matter. Where this happens the PCBUs
organisation, usually the PCBU will be an
have overlapping duties. This might happen in a:
organisation, for example a business entity
such as a company. > shared workplace (eg a building site),
where more than one PCBU and its workers
All PCBUs must ensure, so far as is reasonably
control and inuence the work on site
practicable, the health and safety of workers
> contracting chain, where contractors and
and other people are not put at risk by their
sub-contractors provide services to a
work. This is the primary duty of care.
principal contractor and client.
The primary duty of care includes, so far
PCBUs that share no contractual relationship
as is reasonably practicable:
may still share overlapping duties, such as
> providing and maintaining:
when they work on the same site.
a work environment without risks
PCBUs must discharge their overlapping
to health and safety
duties to the extent they have the ability to
safe plant and structures
inuence and control the matter, and must,
safe systems of work so far as is reasonably practicable, co-operate,
> ensuring safe use, handling and storage co-ordinate and consult with others in the
of plant, structures and substances workplace. For example:
> providing adequate and accessible welfare > Two individual contractors agree to
facilities for workers co-ordinate their obligations for providing
> providing information, training, instruction rst aid equipment or personal protective
or supervision necessary to protect all equipment (PPE).
persons from risks to their health and > A utility company agrees to co-operate
safety from work with the PCBU in locating the underground
> monitoring workers health and conditions services before the excavation work starts.
at the workplace to prevent injury or illness.
UPSTREAM PCBUs
A PCBU that manages or controls a workplace
There are further duties for PCBUs (called
must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable,
upstream PCBUs) who:
the workplace, the means of entering or exiting
11
> design plant, substances or structures Have deliberate, planned ways to engage
> manufacture plant, substances or structures and support participation. Each PCBU can
determine the best way to meet its duties,
> import plant, substances or structures
depending on workers views and needs,
> supply plant, substances or structures
the size of the organisation and the nature
> install, construct or commission plant of its risks.
or structures.
Upstream PCBUs inuence and sometimes 2.2 WORKERS

eliminate health and safety risks through,
A worker is an individual who carries out
for example, designing or manufacturing
work in any capacity for a PCBU and includes
products that are safe for the end user.
employees, contractors, sub-contractors,
Upstream PCBUs must consider potential
apprentices and trainees, and volunteer workers.
health and safety risks of their products
that could reasonably be expected to be Workers responsibilities include:
used at a workplace. > taking reasonable care of their own
health and safety
Designers of temporary works or suppliers
of plant used by the PCBU are examples > taking reasonable care what they do
of upstream PCBUs in excavation work. (or fail to do) does not cause harm
to any other person
WORKER ENGAGEMENT, PARTICIPATION > co-operating with any reasonable health
AND REPRESENTATION and safety policy or procedure of the PCBU
PCBUs can ensure a safe workplace more > complying, so far as reasonably able, with
effectively when everyone involved in any reasonable instruction given by the
the work: PCBU, so the PCBU can comply with the law
> communicates with each other to identify > in relation to PPE:
hazards and risks using or wearing PPE in accordance with
> talks about any health and safety concerns any information, training or reasonable
> works together to nd solutions. instruction given by the PCBU
not intentionally misusing or damaging
PCBUs have two main worker engagement
the PPE
duties under HSWA to:
telling the PCBU when they become
> engage with workers on health and safety
aware the PPE is damaged or defective,
matters that affect or are likely to affect
or when it needs to be cleaned or
them, so far as is reasonably practicable
decontaminated.
> have practices that give workers
reasonable opportunities to participate
2.3 OFFICERS
effectively in the ongoing improvement
of workplace health and safety. An officer is a person with a specic role in
an organisation or a person with the ability
Both duties involve two-way communication
to exercise signicant inuence over the
in a conversation about health and safety.
management of the business or undertaking.
Everyone involved in health and safety must
Organisations can have more than one officer.
be able to contribute and have their opinion
An officer includes, for example, company
considered when decisions are made.
directors, and chief executives.
12
SECTION 2.0 // ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Officers have a duty to exercise due diligence and may require additional technical support
to ensure the PCBU complies with their duties on site.
under HSWA. Each officer has a duty it is
Each excavation has its own unique set
not a joint duty.
of considerations to address during the
design process, some of which may not
2.4OTHER PEOPLE AT THE be immediately apparent. Therefore, make
WORKPLACE an assessment of the appropriate level of
Other people at a workplace must take competence for each individual excavation.
reasonable care of their own health and safety Experience and competence can be gained via
and that of others. However, PCBUs have different routes and with lesser qualications
the most inuence and control over what has (subject to formal assessment of individual
created the risk at the workplace, and have the skills) or exemptions made where close
primary duty of care to ensure other peoples supervision/mentoring is provided by others.
health and safety is not at risk from the work. In some workplaces, the same person could
Other people at a workplace potentially at full a number of roles (such as designer
risk from work activities include volunteers, and supervisor), depending on their level
customers, passers-by, visitors, other PCBUs, of competency.
or workers of another entity. Competency is based on recent knowledge,
Think broadly about the work and make sure, training, understanding, and experience with
so far as is reasonably practicable, other a wide variety of considerations, some of
peoples health and safety is not put at risk which are:
from work being done or from anything else > soil type, weight and strength
at the workplace. > ground water
> sloping ground
2.5 COMPETENT PERSON > surcharges or vibrations that could
In this guideline, competent person refers to destabilise the excavation, such as vehicles,
the temporary works designer, who should buildings or stockpiled materials
be competent to assess and manage the > the potential for the excavation to disturb
risks relevant to the excavations depth and or damage nearby structures, underground
have a working knowledge of this guideline. or overhead services
A competent person is a person who has > safe working methods and construction
acquired through training, qualication or methodologies
experience the knowledge and skills to carry > availability and capacity of equipment and
out a task. temporary works.
Table 1 and table 2 set out some recommended Only a competent person should be designing
competencies for this competent person. temporary works. Before producing any nal
The tables show what level of competence design documents and safety report, consider:
is appropriate for increasingly complex
> the design of the shoring
excavations.
> any effects of the excavation on nearby
On sites requiring multiple schemes or structures
different temporary works disciplines, one > safe work methods
competent person may not have experience
> controls.
across all the disciplines of temporary works
13
EXCAVATION DEPTH AND TYPE NORMAL RECOMMENDED COMPETENCY

CONDITIONS1
Up to 1.5 m > Recent experience in carrying out or supervising

> Shored, benched, and/or battered
2 excavation work
(eg shored as per table 6)
1.5 m 3 m > Recent experience in carrying out or supervising

> Flat, open ground, no surcharge excavation work at these depths
> Shored,2 benched, and/or battered > Technical or trade qualication (eg as a civil
(eg shored as per table 6) engineer or drain layer)
3m6m > Technical or trade qualication (eg as a civil

> Flat, open ground, no surcharge engineer or drain layer)
> Shored,2 benched, and/or battered > Recent experience in carrying out or supervising
(eg shored as per table 6, waler and brace excavation work in similar ground at these depths
solutions up to 6 m in depth) > Experienced temporary works designer3 able to
interpret the sites soil information
> Monitoring recommended4
Table 1: Recommended competencies for excavation work
EXCAVATION DEPTH AND TYPE COMPLEX RECOMMENDED COMPETENCY

CONDITIONS NOT COVERED IN TABLE 15
Up to 3 m > Experienced temporary works designer3 able to

> Shored,2 with benched and/or battered sides judge whether it is safe
> Monitoring required4
Over 3 m > Experienced temporary works designer3 able to

> Requiring detailed analysis of site, signicant judge whether it is safe
structural design analysis and sound > Monitoring required4
engineering judgement > Can provide producer statements: PS1-design,
> Shored,2 with benched and/or battered sides and PS4-construction review
> All sheet piled excavations (cantilevered,
propped, or ground anchored), and excavations
shored with H-pile shoring and lagging
> Shafts and drives framed with timber or
steel with poling boards, lagging or laths.
Supported by pre-cast concrete, steel
caissons/plates etc
Table 2: Recommended competencies for more complex excavation work
1
Generally at open ground, with little or no surcharge loading, favourable ground conditions, off set from nearby structures
and sensitive infrastructure. Groundwater can be controlled with simple methods, such as a sump pump arrangement.
2
Shoring that comes with documents stating what depths or soil pressures it can be used to (eg slide-rail shoring).
Alternatively, shoring designed to specic soil load proles (eg trench shields).
3
Through training, qualications or experience, has acquired the knowledge and skills to competently excavate to this
depth, for example:
> someone who has industry training and expertise, experience, knowledge and skills to excavate to this excavations
depth and type
> a Chartered Professional Engineer with experience designing temporary works, holding formal Engineering qualications
(eg Civil, Structural or Geotechnical).
4
Can verify the design and carry out monitoring, depending on the risks identied in the risk assessment.
5
The conditions may include very weak or sensitive soils, groundwater that requires specialist dewatering, or locations near
structures and sensitive infrastructure. These conditions would result in an elevated risk when constructing the excavation.
14
03/
MANAGING RISKS
IN THIS SECTION:
3.1 Identify hazards
3.2 Assess risks
3.3 Control risks
3.4 Review controls
15
Risk management involves thinking more broadly about

risk, not just spotting work-related hazards. Think about
the root cause of any harmful event, the likelihood it will
occur, the consequences if it does and the steps to take
to eliminate or minimise the risk.
PCBUs must manage all health and safety risks 3.1 IDENTIFY HAZARDS
with excavation work. Remember to consult,
The rst step in the risk management process
co-operate and co-ordinate with other PCBUs
is to identify hazards which could injure or
and to engage with workers.
harm anyone. A good hazard identication
To manage risks: process is the key to risk management.
> identify hazards that could reasonably Identify hazards and controls before the work
foreseeably create a risk to health starts. It may not be possible to control all
and safety hazards before work starts so identify the
> eliminate the risk so far as is reasonably controls and implement them when required.
practicable
For example, consider the hazards to a person:
> if it is not reasonably practicable to
> falling into an excavation
eliminate the risk minimise the risk
> being trapped by the collapse of an
so far as is reasonably practicable
excavation
> maintain the implemented controls
> working in an excavation being struck
so they remain effective
by a falling object
> review, and if necessary revise controls
> working in an excavation being exposed
to maintain, so far as is reasonably
to contaminants that take oxygen from
practicable, a work environment that
the environment.
does not have risks to health and safety.
To manage the risks, consider all relevant
matters including the:
> nature of the excavation
> nature of the excavation work, including
Review and
Identify the range of possible methods of carrying
if nessary
hazards
revise controls out the work
> means of entry into and exit from
Maintain
Assess the excavation.
controls
hazards and
and monitor Complete and monitor hazard identication
their risks
worker Eliminate regularly to make sure controls are working
health risks and put and that no new hazards have been introduced.
controls in place
to minimise risks
Figure 7: Risk management as a continual process
16
SECTION 3.0 // MANAGING RISKS
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION METHODS To decide what is reasonably practicable,

PCBUs must weigh up all relevant matters.
Identify hazards by:
Those matters include, but are not limited to:
> physical inspections:
> how likely the hazard or risk is to happen
inspect the workplace and assess
> what degree of harm the hazard or the
where someone could get injured by
risk might cause
excavation activities
> how much is known about the hazard
consider hazards that may be created
or risk and how to eliminate it
by other site users, or if the excavation
activities could create hazards for > what ways are available to eliminate
others (eg traffic management) or minimise the risk
> task analysis: identify the hazards involved > what ways are suitable to eliminate
in each task. Some workplaces use job or minimise the risk.
safety analysis (JSA) or task analysis Only consider cost after assessing the
(TA) to do this extent of the risk and the available ways
> engaging with workers of eliminating or minimising the risk.
> process analysis: identify hazards There are times when certain work risks must
at each stage of the work plan be dealt with in a specied way. For example,
> consulting guidance and standards there are specic requirements in regulations
> hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP) about dealing with the risks arising from
carrying out remote or isolated work or
> accident investigation analysis identify
work dealing with hazardous substances
hazards and causes of harm from
such as asbestos.
investigations involving similar types
of work. A risk assessment will help to:
> identify which workers or others are at risk
3.2 ASSESS RISKS > determine what sources and processes are
PCBUs must manage risks that could result causing that risk
from work. Risks to health and safety arise from > determine the severity of the risk
people being exposed to hazards (sources of > identify if and what kind of controls should
harm). Carry out a risk assessment when: be implemented
> it is uncertain a hazard may cause injury > check the effectiveness of existing controls.
or illness
> a work activity involves different hazards, 3.3 CONTROL RISKS
and the workers involved do not know
Some controls are more effective than others.
how those hazards interact to produce
Controls can be ranked from the highest level
new or greater risks
of protection and reliability to the lowest. This
> workplace changes may impact on the
ranking is known as the hierarchy of controls.
effectiveness of controls
Eliminating a risk is the most effective control.
> new or different risks are associated with
PCBUs must always eliminate a risk if this is
a change in work systems or work location.
reasonably practicable.
PCBUs must eliminate risks so far as is
If this is not reasonably practicable, PCBUs
reasonably practicable. If a risk cannot be
must minimise the risk by one or a combination
eliminated, it must be minimised so far as is
of the following:
reasonably practicable.
17
> Substitution: For example, using an When choosing suitable controls, consider:
excavator with a rock breaker rather than > excavating plant: if quantities are large, it
a manual method. may be effective to use different types of
> Isolation: Isolate means preventing contact plant for the various materials undergoing
or exposure to the risk. For example, using excavation
concrete barriers to separate pedestrians > stockpiling arrangements: another site may
and mobile plant. need to be found to temporarily stockpile
> Engineering controls: For example materials
benching, battering or shoring the sides > material placement: evaluate the methods
of the excavation to reduce the risk of and plant used for excavating, transporting
ground collapse. and compacting the material
If risk remains, it must be minimised by > dewatering equipment
implementing administrative controls, so far > transporting the excavated material:
as is reasonably practicable, for example by
type of plant
installing warning signs near the excavation.
length of haul
Minimise any remaining risk with suitable PPE,
nature of the haul route
for example hard hats, hearing protectors and
tipping or spreading conditions.
high-visibility vests.
Administrative controls and PPE rely on 3.4 REVIEW CONTROLS

human behaviour and supervision. Used on
their own, they tend to be the least effective Regularly review controls on site to make
in minimising risks. sure they are still effective.
Review, and if necessary revise controls:

MOST
EFFECTIVE Elimination > when the control is not effective in
Minimisation
controlling the risk (eg if there has been
an incident or near miss)
Substitution
(wholly or partly) > before a change at the workplace that
is likely to give rise to a new or different
Isolation/preventing
health and safety risk that the control may
contact or exposure to risk
not effectively control
Engineering controls
> if a new hazard or risk is identied
(eg mechanical devices
or processes) > if the results of consultation indicate
Administrative controls
that a review is necessary
(eg methods of work, > if a health and safety representative
processes or procedures
or committee recommends a review.
designed to minimise risk)
Common review methods include workplace
Personal protective
equipment (PPE) inspections, consultation, testing and analysing
LEAST
EFFECTIVE
records and data. When reviewing controls,
review the safe system of work or task analysis
and revise it if necessary.
Figure 8: Hierarchy of controls
If problems are found, go back through the
risk management steps, review the information
and make further decisions about controls.
18
04/
PLANNING
THE WORK
IN THIS SECTION:
4.1 Safe system of work
4.2 Utility services
4.3 Nearby buildings or structures
4.4 Securing the work area
4.5 Managing traffic
4.6 Hazardous conditions
4.7 Conned spaces
4.8 Emergency planning
19
Planning involves identifying the hazards, assessing

risks and deciding suitable controls in consultation with
everyone involved in the work including other PCBUs,
workers, competent people, and mobile plant operators.
Consider the site factors, hazards and the > consulting a competent person regarding
unique characteristics of the site. The nature any temporary works design
of the excavation work will affect the selection > identifying any health and safety hazards
of an excavation method and a safe system and risks
of work. The ground conditions will have a
> carrying out a risk assessment
signicant impact on what excavation method
> describing how you will control any
to select and the controls to use.
identied risks
Other risks associated with excavation
> describing how controls will be
work, including any connected work such as
implemented, monitored and reviewed
construction, must also be controlled so they
> accident investigation and reporting
do not cause harm to anyone.
methods
> emergency procedures.
4.1 SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK
In the event of any reactive excavation
A safe system of work sets out how a piece of
work, establish a safe system of work and
work or a project will be completed safely and
communicate this to workers.
in compliance with relevant legislation.
For more information, see:
Implement a safe system of work before
excavation work starts to make sure the > Appendix B: Safe system of work
excavation happens in the right location with considerations
the right plant and equipment on site and with > Appendix C: Trenching checklist
the right workers with relevant competencies.
Table 3 provides some information to consider
Make sure to engage with workers carrying out before starting work. These are the minimum
the excavation work and their representatives, issues to consider.
and if you are working with other PCBUs,
co-operate, co-ordinate and consult with
them so far as is reasonably practicable.
A safe system of work should include:

> assigning responsibilities
> a task analysis
20
SECTION 4.0 // PLANNING THE WORK
SITE ISSUES POSSIBLE FACTORS MINIMUM CONSIDERATIONS
Ground > soil types > inspecting to nd out what might

conditions > stability affect the stability of the excavation
> ground water (an excavation face can appear stable
for 24 hours, but may be unstable)
> other soil and rock properties
> weather conditions
> contaminated soils
> dewatering plan
> potential for seismic hazards (such as
fault rupture, liquefaction and rock fall) > conrming if it is a Hazardous Activities
and Industries List (HAIL) site
> testing soil and water
Site > surcharges > checking with the local authorities

conditions > underground and above ground services whether you are working on a HAIL site
> ground slope > district planning and resource consent
> adjacent buildings and structures requirements
> water courses (including underground) > works access permits
> trees > consents from service owners
> local weather conditions > WorkSafe notications (see Appendix
D: Notications to WorkSafe)
> environmental conditions
> proximity to existing trench lines
The > excavation depth > static and dynamic loads near the
excavation > length of time the excavation will be open excavation
> ground support > consulting a competent person
> if excavation may be classied as a > deciding on a support solution
conned space > identifying all existing overhead and
> the planned height of the excavated face underground services
> if there will be other construction > managing pedestrians and traffic with
activity nearby that may cause vibration a traffic management plan (TMP)
> securing barriers or fencing to keep
members of the public and other site
workers away from the excavation site
Work > specialised plant or work methods > implementing a safe system of work
methods required (eg ground support) or safety management system
> the method(s) of transport, haul routes > identify hazards, assess and control risks
and disposal > build in interaction with other trades
> what exposures might occur, such as > adequate facilities
noise, ultra-violet rays, falls or hazardous > emergency procedures
chemicals
> accident and incident procedures
> workers will need to follow good
> contractor management
practice for conned spaces safety
> testing and checking for plant,
> number of workers involved
equipment, and materials requirements
> possibility of unauthorised access
> inducting and training all workers
to the work area
> exclusion zones where powered mobile
> safe access and egress
plant will operate
Table 3: Planning considerations
21
4.2 UTILITY SERVICES > Check service depths as they may vary
from the plan (eg the ground cover may
Services include gas, water, stormwater, have been altered since the service was
sewerage, telecommunications and electricity laid). Pothole to determine service location
supply, chemicals, fuel and refrigerant in and depth.
pipes or lines. The PCBU must identify and
> Make sure mobile plant access and
manage hazards and risks associated with
egress is safe by checking the proximity
underground and overhead services in the
of overhead services and the ground
planning and design stages. In the rst
strength for access routes (eg check for
instance, contact the service owner for
underground drainage pipes, service ducts,
advice prior to works commencing.
soak wells, and storage tanks).
For information on the risks of work around
utility service see section 5.7 and WorkSafes HAVE PROCESSES IN PLACE
Guide for Safety with Underground Services > Check workers are competent to
available at www.worksafe.govt.nz complete the tasks. This will include
giving a brieng and assessing that plant,
ESTABLISH WHERE THE SERVICES ARE
equipment (including safety and protective
Before any excavation takes place workers equipment), tools, and procedures are t-
should know what is underground and what for-purpose.
is overhead. Consider services present until > Workers should be supervised to make
it is proven they are not there. sure they carry out the work safely.
> Liaise with all service owners as there are > Identify where consents and permits
often multiple services and multiple owners. are required for closer work activities.
> Some service owners provide on-site This includes:
assistance to help identify services; use liaising with service owners
this assistance where available. sourcing the service owners web
> Make sure plans and relevant locates information and resources
and mark-outs are available, get plans understanding permit conditions
and mark out the services.
making sure workers understand
> Accurately trace and mark out underground what they can and cannot do
services. Drawings and service plans may
supervising and monitoring
be different from what is underground.
conformance.
> Keep copies of current services plans
> Update the service plan arrangements
on site.
with the service owners.
> Use detection equipment that can
> Reporting, emergency, and response
detect services. There may be a need
procedures need to be in place for all
to use multiple types.
identied risks and hazards.
> Knowledge about what energy sources
> Put processes in place for reporting
the services actually carry is essential.
incidents, damage, and defects.
Service markings and colours can vary
> Plan for emergency situations where there
from current national standards and the
is incomplete information about services.
service owner should be able to provide
specic information. > Develop response plans for workers and
others safety in the event of a service strike.
22
WHAT WORK METHODS WILL YOU USE? The zone is normally at an angle from the
base of the excavated face to the surface.
> Is the work in proximity to overhead
The zones angle will depend upon site-specic
services?
factors, for example soil strength and density.
> Will you expose underground services?
Local regulations or resource consent
> How will you work with the service owner
conditions may also stipulate other controls
and get permission? This may be required
for excavating near existing structures.
to approach services using hand-held
mechanical tools, or mechanical methods, A competent person should:
and to backll the excavation. > assess any excavation near or below
> How will you provide underground service the footing of any structure, including
plans and related information to other retaining walls
parties, such as other PCBUs and workers > determine if any supports to brace the
operating mobile plant? structure are required.
> Will you be backlling?
Make sure other structures near the excavation
site are not adversely affected by vibration or
concussion during the work. If hospitals and
other buildings with equipment sensitive to
shock and vibration are nearby, consider the
need for special precautions.
The zone of inuences angle will depend

upon site-specic factors, for example soil
strength and density.
The gures below show examples of nearby

structures and services that may restrict the
Figure 9: Underground services exposed by potholing
excavation.
4.3 NEARBY BUILDINGS

OR STRUCTURES
Excavation work may seriously affect the
stability of any structure near the excavation.
This may lead to structural failure, or ground
collapse depending on the sites ground
conditions.
Consider the excavations zone of inuence Building foundations
on the stability of any nearby structure and

make sure the excavation does not remove
Figure 10: Building line restriction
any nearby structures ground support.
23
For example, a long trench line operation

secures each work activitys boundary
using movable security arrangements
Existing trench
as the excavation work progresses.
When organising site security and site

access, consider:
> warning or hazard signs
> supervising authorised visitors
Figure 11: Existing services restriction > the risk of unauthorised access occurring
(consider schools, parks, shops or other
public places, or amenities and events
Retaining wall nearby)
> pedestrians and other members of public
> other workers and mobile plant on site
> vehicle traffic control within and near
the excavation
> delivery points, including vehicle access
and egress
> immobilising/locking vehicles
Figure 12: Retaining wall restriction
> assessing plant movement to avoid risks
to other moving plant or vehicles outside
4.4 SECURING THE WORK AREA the sites perimeter
Site security should consider all risks to > control and storage of any contaminated
workers and others. Establish the work materials from the excavation
activitys boundary before securing the work > safe and secure storage of materials
area. Each work activity may be smaller than (eg hazardous substances)
the whole workplace, so as each work activity > control of energy sources (eg temporary
moves its boundary moves with it. As the mains service boxes, fuel storage)
work boundary moves, so far as is reasonably > suitably designed and constructed physical
practicable, minimise risk to workers and barriers (eg safety fences, lockable gates,
others outside the work activity. or covers).
Other people near the work have a responsibility
to take reasonable care that their actions
(or lack of action) do not put themselves or
others at risk. They must also comply with
any reasonable instruction given by the
PCBU, as far as they are reasonably able to.
24
Figure 13: Externally fenced site with internal fences
Safety fences prevent people from gaining access into hazardous areas. Guard any excavations
to which the public has or might gain access. Fence off the area even during times when workers
are not present on site.
Any safety fence should comply with the minimum requirements of NZTAs Code of Practice
for Temporary Traffic Management available at www.nzta.govt.nz
HSE Regulation 25 requires any readily accessible excavation likely to collect or retain water
to a dangerous depth to be, so far as is reasonably practicable:
> covered or fenced, when no worker is immediately nearby to prevent access; and
> covered, fenced, or lled at the completion of the work.
4.5 MANAGING TRAFFIC

Manage traffic, including all road users while the work takes place with a temporary traffic
management plan (TMP). All work on a road or work that affects the normal operating condition
of a road must have an approved TMP.
If excavations are to take place on or near a road or transport corridor, obtain approval from
the Road Controlling Authority, which is often the local authority or NZTA.
The TMP should show how the excavation will be protected so work can go ahead safely for
workers and others. The TMP should show how traffic (including cyclists and pedestrians) will
negotiate the site, for example what lanes will be closed by the work, and how.
If the site will be unattended, provide a separate TMP also covering the protection of any
excavations by backlling, plating, or fencing. Where work is located on roads controlled by a local
authority, check with the local authority as to what is required for appropriate traffic management.
For more information refer to NZTAs Code of Practice for Temporary Traffic Management
available at www.nzta.govt.nz
25
SEPARATING TRAFFIC LOCAL AUTHORITY PLANNING

REQUIREMENTS
Separate the route used for hauling spoil
from the one used by workers. If it is not It is important to obtain the necessary resource
possible to separate the traffic, forbid worker consents before work starts. Check your local
movement while spoil or plant is being authoritys district plan to nd out if resource
moved, and vice versa. consents are necessary.
Unless the excavation is so shallow those Contact your regional council to check
outside can see and talk easily to those at the whether you are working on a HAIL6 site and
face, provide an effective signalling system to make sure you comply with the Resource
and interlocks that prevent winding gear Management (National Environmental
from operating while personnel are moving. Standard for Assessing and Managing
Contaminants in Soil to Protect Human Health)
When mechanical haulage is used in small
Regulations 2011 (NES)7 before excavating.
drives or manholes, excavate refuges into
For more information refer to section 5.10.
the side of the drive to provide shelter from
passing traffic.
4.7 CONFINED SPACES
The refuges should be a least 1.2 m deep by
1m wide by 2 m high (or the height of the The hazard identication and risk assessment
drive if it is less than 2 m) and spaced not can identify levels of risk that will deem the
more than 18 m apart. They should all be excavation a conned space under certain
on the same side of the drive. conditions.
A conned space is an enclosed or partially

4.6 HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS enclosed space, not intended or designed
primarily for human occupancy, where there
Planning considerations should include:
is a risk of one or more of the following:
> nding out about the current use and
> an oxygen concentration outside the safe
ground history of the work site before
oxygen range
assessing any risk
> a concentration of airborne contaminant
> investigating and testing if a dangerous
that may cause impairment, loss of
atmosphere will be present or is likely
consciousness or asphyxiation
to be present
> a concentration of ammable airborne
> determining if any live services, proximate
contaminant that may cause injury from
water courses, or isolation failures could
re or explosion
cause sudden ooding of the excavation
> engulfment in a stored free owing solid
> changes in conditions during work
or a rising level of liquid that may cause
(ie disturbing sediment)
suffocation or drowning.
> the geology (ie peat soils, methane
released from soils). If the excavations characteristics meet the
dened criteria refer to AS 2865 Conned spaces
to nd out the appropriate work methods,
risk management, and emergency planning.
6
The Hazardous Industries and Activity List is available at www.mfe.govt.nz
7
The NES is available at www.mfe.govt.nz
26
If an excavation is a conned space, undertake 4.8 EMERGENCY PLANNING

pre-entry planning. Make sure:
The PCBU must have an emergency plan
> workers are trained in conned space
for the workplace. It needs to be maintained
entry and enough workers are available
to remain effective.
> entry requires a completed permit
The PCBU must make sure the emergency
for entry
plan deals with unexpected incidents such as
> pre-entry tasks are established and
ground slips, ooding, gas leaks, and how to
understood by all
rescue workers from an excavation. Planning
> the atmosphere is tested before entry must determine all the potential emergency
and continuously monitored during conditions. A suitable response must be
entry, if necessary developed for each credible emergency.
> ventilation is installed and adequate
To ensure a co-ordinated response to an
where deemed necessary
emergency, the excavation emergency plan
> an emergency plan is established, should be incorporated into any broader
planned and workable construction project emergency plan.
> suitable standby person/s are present,
GRWM Regulation 14 requires that the
trained and aware of their specic tasks
PCBU prepare, maintain, and implement an
in the event of an emergency
emergency plan.
> communication is established with the
standby person/s More information about emergency planning
> all equipment is suitable and operational, requirements is available on www.worksafe.
within current inspection dates, and govt.nz
used by workers trained in the use
of the equipment.
The natural reaction to immediately enter

and try to rescue a person often leads to
the serious injury or death of the would-be
rescuer/s. A suitably trained and competent
standby person should be present to
communicate and oversee the work being
conducted. They will co-ordinate the response
to any emergency. Emergency response
planning should follow the requirements
of AS 2865.
For more information about conned spaces,

see WorkSafes fact sheet Conned Spaces:
Planning Entry and Working Safely in a
Conned Space, available at www.worksafe.
govt.nz
27
05/
CONTROLLING
EXCAVATION
RISKS
IN THIS SECTION:
5.1 Ground collapse 5.8 Manual work
5.2 Prevent ground collapse 5.9 Overhead and underground
5.3 Benching and battering services
5.4 Shoring 5.10 Atmospheric contaminants
5.5 Excavated material and 5.11 Ground and surface water

loads near excavations 5.12 Contaminated soils and
5.6 Prevent falls groundwater
5.7 Safe access and egress 5.13 Using explosives
28
SECTION 5.0 // CONTROLLING EXCAVATION RISKS
This section outlines common risks that PCBUs should

manage throughout any excavation.
First try and eliminate the risks but if that is not reasonably practicable, then minimise them,
so far as is reasonably practicable. A combination of controls may need to be used. Make sure
controls prevent anyone being harmed, so far as is reasonably practicable. They must translate
into practical standards and expectations, roles, responsibilities, and processes that are relevant
for everyone in the supply chain.
Table 4 outlines some excavation hazards and some controls to consider.
CONSIDER EXAMPLE CONTROLS
Excavation hazards > identify safe and secure places for excavated materials,
> placement of excavated materials, plant and other equipment
plant or other loads > geotechnical information and competent persons input
> inuence on any nearby structure for stability and best method for support
> previous disturbance of the ground > processes for dewatering in place
> external actions causing instability > assess hazardous substances and contaminated soil
> presence of or possible inrush of
water or other liquid
> hazardous substances (eg those
present in the soil)
Falls and falling objects > edge protection in place

> falls from one level to another > safe access and egress
> earth or rock falls > catch platforms
Hazardous atmosphere in an excavation > gas and fumes monitoring

> respirators tted and maintained correctly
Manual handling tasks > using lifting devices (eg hiabs, cranes, trolleys)
> manual handling training
Natural hazards and weather > geotechnical site assessment

> inspecting to nd out what might affect the stability of
the excavation (an excavation face can appear stable for
24 hours, but may be unstable)
Overhead services > identication and inclusion in safe system of work

> minimum approach distances for mobile plant and work
activity from overhead lines
> minimum approach distances for excavation and
earthworks from towers and support structures
> consents or permits
> applying required safety measures
Site safety > traffic management plan

> insufficient natural lighting > site security
> safety fencing and signage
> provide suitable articial lighting
29
Underground services > service plans from each service owner

> electricity, gas, sewerage, > trace and mark out services detecting and marking
telecommunications, water, services actual layout
> chemicals, fuel or refrigerant in pipes > contingencies for excavations including emergencies
or lines assume services are present until proven otherwise
> t-for-purpose locating devices
> consents and permits
> exposing and identifying what and where services are
> safe digging and excavation practice
Vibration and hazardous noise > exclusion zones

> noise and vibration reduction at source
> PPE
Table 4: Typical excavation hazards
Table 5 outlines some shaft specic hazards and some controls to consider.
Airborne contaminants > install mechanical ventilation to control airborne

contaminants and air temperature/humidity
Conned space work > conned space entry safe procedures (see AS 2865)
Falls and falling objects > provide appropriate fall protection (eg temporary
work platforms)
Fire or explosion/emergency exits > emergency plan in place

> emergency equipment in place
> workers trained for emergency procedures
Ground instability and removing spoil > stabilise the ground at the head of the shaft and
remove spoil
> continuously line or support the shaft
Hoisting and winching workers, > guide the working platforms and material
materials, spoil and plant
Hoisting equipment > avoid overlling material kibbles and clean kibbles
> winches, ropes and hooks before lifting
> close shaft doors before tipping
Communication systems > communication systems in place

> systems in place that will still work during emergencies
Mobile plant > isolate access and guard moving parts of plant and
equipment
Shaft dimensions limiting work space > cleaning the spillage off doors, stage and any steelwork
Table 5: Shaft specic hazards
30
5.1 GROUND COLLAPSE

Ground collapse is one of the main risks of
excavation work.
All excavations, no matter what depth, can

be risky. Ground collapse can occur quickly
and without warning, giving a worker virtually
no time to escape, especially if the collapse
is extensive. A buried worker is likely to die
of suffocation before help arrives (either the
head is buried, or the chest is so restricted
by the grounds weight the worker cannot Figure 16: Toppling
breathe).
In addition to sliding, tension cracks can cause
Some types of ground collapse are:
toppling. Toppling occurs when a face shears
along the tension crack line and topples into
the excavation.
Figure 14: Tension crack
Tension cracks usually form at a horizontal

Figure 17: Subsidence and bulging
distance of 0.5 to 0.75 times the depth of
the excavation, measured from the top of the
An unsupported excavation can create an
vertical face of the excavation.
unbalanced stress in the soil which, in turn,
causes subsidence at the surface and bulging
of the face. If uncorrected, this condition can
cause face failure and trap workers in the
excavation.
Figure 15: Sliding
Sliding (or sloughing) may occur as a result

of tension cracks.
31
increase soil stress in an excavated face and

may lead to failure in bad weather, under extra
load or vibration are:
Soil > deep cuts and steep slopes, by removing
weight
the natural side support of the excavated
material
> loads on the ground surface near the top
Heave
of the face, such as excavated material,
digging equipment or other construction
plant and material
> shock and vibration, caused by pile-driving,
blasting, passing loads or vibration producing
Figure 18: Base heave plant (eg compacting and drilling plant)
> water pressure from groundwater ow,
Downward pressure created by the adjoining
which lls cracks in the soil, increases
soils weight causes base heave.8 This pressure
horizontal stresses and may undermine
causes a bulge in the bottom of the cut. Base
the excavation
heave can occur even when using shoring.
> saturated soil increasing the soils weight
and sometimes the volume
> natural hazards like oods or earthquakes
(eg earthquakes can cause soil liquefaction).
Some conditions that may reduce soil

Water
strength are:
table Boiling
> excess water pressure in sandy soil which
may cause boiling and saturate the soil and
increase its plasticity
> soil dryness may reduce cohesion in sandy
soil and soils with high organic content,
which then crumble easily
Figure 19: Boiling
> prolonged stress, may cause plastic
Boiling is an upward water ow into the bottom deformity (squeezing or owing)
of the excavation. A high water table is one of > prolonged inactivity at an excavation site;
the causes of boiling. Boiling produces a quick reassess the soil before work begins.
condition in the bottom of the excavation,
and can occur even when using shoring. GROUND INVESTIGATIONS
Weak, saturated, or otherwise unfavourable

STABILITY OF AN EXCAVATION
ground can have a signicant effect on
An excavated faces stability depends on the the construction and performance of
strength of the soil in the face being greater an excavation. Consider having ground
than any stresses. Some situations that investigations and geotechnical assessments
8
Soil weight refers to the weight of one unit of a particular soil. Soil weight varies with type and moisture content. 1 cubic
metre of soil can weigh from 1.8 tonnes to 2.2 tonnes or more.
32
for excavations that are complex or may > Benching and battering is the horizontal
affect nearby structures or harm workers and stepping or sloping of the face, side, or wall
others nearby. The ground investigation and of an excavation.
geotechnical assessments should include: > Shoring prevents collapse by maintaining
> advice on the suitability of different sites positive pressure on the sides of the
or distinct areas of a site for placing excavation, protecting workers.
structures or services > Shields do not ensure ground stability but
> suitable and economic design of both protect workers from ground collapse, by
temporary and permanent works preventing the collapsing material falling
> a method to identify and evaluate possible onto them.
problems in constructing temporary and No matter how deep an excavation is, if there
permanent works is a risk of collapse, put controls in place to
> a process to reduce the risk of unforeseen prevent this. Involve a competent person
ground conditions. This will decrease when selecting what ground collapse controls
the need for changes in design and to apply.
construction methods.
A combination of controls may be most
effective, depending on the work environment
5.2 PREVENT GROUND COLLAPSE and characteristics of the excavated material.
If excavation work is planned without shoring, In built-up areas or streets the excavation
the continuing safety of the excavation will may have to be fully or partly sheeted, or
depend on the conditions arising during supported to prevent collapse due to localised
construction. If the conditions during vehicle movement and vibration.
construction are not as expected, or if If shoring is impracticable or unreasonable,
conditions change during the course of the make sure a competent person certies
work (eg different soils, heavy rain/ooding) any other safety precautions put in place as
take immediate action to protect workers, adequate. The competent persons advice
other people and property. should state the time period it applies to,
Excavations shallower than 1.5 m have been and may be subject to a condition that
known to collapse. If a worker is in the specied natural occurrences may create
excavation and bending over or crouching a risk of collapse.
down at the time of the collapse, he or she A report from a competent person can provide
may suffer serious injury. PCBUs must consider information on the stability and safety of an
the risks associated with these excavations excavation. The report should include:
and determine if special precautions or work
> details of the soil conditions
methods are necessary, for example shoring.
> any shoring or excavation support
MANAGING THE RISK requirements
There are three main types of controls to > dewatering requirements

prevent ground collapse. Make sure to use one > any longer term effects on stability
or more of the following controls to support all and safety of the excavation.
sides of the excavation:
33
HSE Regulation 24 requires any excavated face more than 1.5 m high to be shored, so far as is
reasonably practicable, unless:
> the face is cut back to a safe slope, or
> the material in the face is of proven good standing quality under all reasonably foreseeable
conditions of work and weather, or
> by reason of the nature of the work and the position of any worker in the vicinity, there is
no danger to any worker, or
> shoring is impracticable or unreasonable and other precautions have been taken to make
the face as safe as possible in the circumstances.
REGULAR INSPECTION
The condition of soil surrounding excavations can change quickly when the soil dries out, the
water table changes or water saturates the soil. A competent person should frequently check
the soil condition and the state of shoring, benching, battering, and excavated faces for signs
of earth fretting, slipping, slumping, or ground swelling. If necessary, the PCBU should repair
the excavation or strengthen the shoring from above before allowing work below ground
to continue.
5.3 BENCHING AND BATTERING

Benching is a method of preventing ground collapse by excavating the sides of an excavation
to form one or more horizontal steps with vertical surfaces between levels.
1m
Figure 20: Benching control
Battering is where the wall of an excavation is sloped back to a predetermined angle to ensure
stability. Battering reduces the risk of ground collapse by cutting the excavated face back to
a safe slope.
34
1m 1m
Figure 21: Battering control
Sometimes it may be appropriate to use a combination of benching and battering on an excavation.
1m
Figure 22: Combination of benching and battering controls
Benching and battering of excavation walls can minimise the risk of soil or rock slipping onto
the excavation.
A competent person should design controls considering:

> soil type
> soil moisture content
> planned height of the excavated face
> any surcharge loads acting on the excavated face.
It is not necessary to bench or batter excavated faces which a competent person determines
are in stable rock, or has assessed there is no risk of collapse. If benching or battering excavated
walls, do not exceed the soil types angle of repose unless designed by a competent person and
certied in writing.
35
Benches should be wide enough to stabilise

Shoring should extend above ground level if
the slope to prevent spoil falling into the
practicable, or at least to ground level if that
excavation. They should also be sloped to
is not practicable, for example where covers
reduce the possibility of water scouring.
may need to be placed over the excavation
When designing the face, slopes and widths of at night. If the shoring does not extend to
benches, consider any earthmoving machinery at least ground level, bench or batter the
that may be used and any related haul routes. excavation and make sure the shoring can
take the surcharge load.
5.4 SHORING
HSE Regulation 24 requires that any
Shoring provides support to excavated faces
shoring, so far as is reasonably practicable:
to prevent soil moving and ground collapsing.
If the ground is not self-supporting, and > consists of materials that are suitable
benching or battering is not suitable, use for the purpose for which they are to
shoring to manage the risk of a person being be used, of sound quality, and adequate
buried or trapped during excavation work. in strength for the particular use
> has bracings, jacks, and struts securely
When choosing shoring as a control use
held to prevent accidental displacement,
certied proprietary or non-proprietary
and packings and wedges that are held
systems, within their rated load capacity
by nails or spikes
limits according to manufacturer or supplier
instructions. > be placed properly by an experienced
person under competent supervision
Involve a competent person when selecting
> not be altered, dismantled, or interfered
what shoring to use. This is to make sure
with except on the instructions of the
the shoring is t for purpose. Otherwise, a
employer or a representative of the
competent person should design the shoring
employer.
for the specic workplace conditions.
If risks remain for those installing shoring,

FLYING SHORING
put other suitable controls in place to ensure
the health and safety of workers entering When using shoring, it may be possible to
the excavation. excavate below the base of the shoring, that
is: ying shoring.
Shore the excavated face as the excavation
work progresses. If using mobile plant, assess To do this, excavate to a maximum depth of
the risk to nd out if any part of the excavation 600 mm below the base of the shoring, if:
may be left unsupported. > the shoring is designed to resist the
forces calculated for the full depth of the
As part of your safe system of work, make
excavation, and
sure workers do not enter any unprotected
part of the excavation. If the shoring is being > there are no indications, while the excavation
progressively installed workers should not is open, of instability below the bottom
work ahead of the shoring. of the shoring.
36
Control the risk of ground collapse and Soil arching does not reduce the total soil load,
carefully visually inspect for any effects of: but distributes it to the shoring and away from
> bulging the excavated face.
> base heave The ability for shoring to use soil arching
> boiling depends on the consistency of the soil. Both
cohesive and non-cohesive soils will experience
> surcharge loading
soil arching to some extent. Generally for
> vibration and other forces.
soil arching to work there has to be a small
amount of soil movement, but soils lacking
cohesion are usually not good candidates.
Shoring that uses soil arching is generally only

suitable for excavations less than 2 m deep
Adjustable and where each section of the excavation is
mechanical open for less than one week.
struts Top box
Make sure to follow the manufacturers or
suppliers advice on spacing requirements and
recommended preload pressures for shoring;
Base box
however the closer the shoring is, the better
soil arching works.
When using shoring, make sure:

> the soil is good enough for the excavation
to stand when excavated
> to install support as soon as practicable
> to achieve at least minimum pressure when
pumping out hydraulic support and to
maintain it
Figure 23: Flying trench-shoring box
> to use a minimum of three sets of support
with a maximum spacing of 1.5 m
SHORING THAT USES SOIL ARCHING
> to minimise the length of time the
Shoring that slightly compresses soil without excavation is open.
allowing the soil to move outward can produce
Some ravelling, or soil falling off the excavated
an arching effect in the soil. This is soil arching.
face between the support may occur but this
Soil arching allows excavated walls shored will not compromise the shoring. Use backing
with struts to stand even with no sheeting or boards or lagging to eliminate or minimise
lagging between the struts, without the soil ravelling.
behind owing out.
37
Soil Movement
Arching
For soil to fail

End of it must move Strut
trench around the
strut
Arching
Soil Movement
Figure 24: Hydraulic soldier shoring using soil arching
REMOVING SHORING
Remove shoring and all supports in a way that protects workers from ground collapse, structural
collapse, or being struck. To keep workers safe, temporary structural members may need to be
installed before any removal begins.
When removing shoring, take apart and extract it in reverse order to its installation. Workers
should not work outside the protection of the shoring. No part of a shoring system should be
removed until the excavation is ready for nal backll and compaction.
TYPES OF SHORING
Trench-shoring boxes, manhole boxes and trench shields
A trench-shoring box is able to withstand the forces imposed by ground, water, or surcharge
loads. It will protect workers within it, as well as prevent ground collapse. This is achieved by
digging and pushing the box into the ground as the excavation proceeds, maintaining positive
pressure on the excavated faces at all times.
38
Trench shields are different to trench-shoring

boxes as they are only designed to protect
workers if a collapse occurs. Trench shields
are designed to be installed using the dig
Adjustable
mechanical and drop method and dragged along as
struts Top box work progresses.
Steel Plates
Base box
Strut
Figure 25: Trench-shoring box
Manhole boxes are a subset of trench-shoring

boxes. They are designed and constructed using
the same methods and materials as trench-
shoring boxes. Most manhole boxes are installed
using the dig and drop method. If ground
conditions are poor enough that the dig and
drop method is not practical, consider digging
and pushing manhole box shoring, corner-slide
rails or hydraulic brace and sheet systems.
Figure 27: Trench shield
Using trench-shoring boxes and shields

correctly makes it safe for workers entering
the excavation, while protecting any nearby
services or structures. Make sure enough
trench-shoring boxes and shields are used to
suitably protect workers, as the ends remain
Base box with partially
open ends for pipe
entry and exit
open, exposing workers near the ends to
falling material. Workers should not work
near each end. The length of pipes or services
to install usually determines the number of
Adjustable mechanical
struts trench-shoring boxes to use.
Figure 26: Manhole box
39
Use trench-shoring boxes and shields where Slide-rail shoring may be used as an
access is available for an excavator or backhoe alternative to interlocked sheet-pile and H-pile
to install or extract it from a trench. They are shoring. Slide-rail shoring is normally effective
normally not suitable where access is difficult to depths of up to 9 m.
and ground conditions prevent the use of
Evaluate slide-rail shoring alongside other
lifting equipment.
deep shoring systems, especially sheet-pile
Trench-shoring boxes and trench shields should and H-pile systems. All three systems work
not exceed their maximum designed load. To best in poor ground conditions such as loose
reduce the load and depth of the excavation, sands, gravels, and soft cohesive clays.
use benching and battering practices.
Install slide-rail shoring as the excavation work
Suitably maintain trench-shoring boxes and is progressing. Slide-rail shoring is designed so
shields or they may fail unexpectedly, particularly no void is left in the ground after it is removed.
if they are damaged. Follow the manufacturers The rail posts and panels can be raised
or suppliers instructions for installing, using, simultaneously with the backll operation.
removing, and maintaining them. Regularly
inspect them for damage and have a competent Sliding panels Slide rail
person approve any modications.
Follow the manufacturers or suppliers

instructions when storing or transporting
trench-shoring boxes and shields. Heavy-
duty equipment may require disassembly
for transport.
For more information on trench-shoring boxes,

including specic soil and surcharge proles
refer to AS 4744.1: Steel shoring and trench
lining equipment.
Slide-rail or rolling-strut shoring

Slide-rail shoring is different from trench-shoring
boxes and shields, because all parts including
posts, panels, and rolling-strut assemblies move
during the excavation. Slide-rail shoring features
vertical rail posts and panels designed and
manufactured to slide relative to each other to
dig the shoring into the ground. The rolling-strut
allows the struts to move up and down the slide- Rolling strut asembly
rail post during installation.
Slide-rail shoring is available in parallel

congurations for trenches or rectangular Figure 28: Slide-rail or rolling-strut shoring
congurations for deep pit excavations.
40
Steel sheet piling and steel trench sheeting

Waling
Steel sheet piling is normally used on major
excavations such as large building foundations,
where large embankments need to be held
back, or where the excavation is near adjoining
buildings. Install sheet piling before any
excavation work begins. A competent person
should install the sheet piling.
Use sheet piling when the ground is so unstable

that sidewall collapse is likely while excavating,
for example, in loose and running sand.
Sheet piles are available in various lengths,

thicknesses and proles and interlock to
provide a continuous wall.
Sheet
Sheet piling is usually driven well below the piling
Tom
excavations base. Sheet piling is effective in
high groundwater conditions preventing soil
escaping behind the excavated walls, and when Figure 29: Steel sheet piling with internal
base heave is a risk because of weak soils. waling support
Normally sheet piles are pre-driven using

heavy equipment and vibrating head Adjustable strut
technology. Minimise noise and vibrations as
well as damage to adjacent structures while Trench sheet
guide frame
installing sheet piling.
While installing sheet piling make sure the load

does not exceed the pilings designed load
capacity. For deep pits this normally requires
welded steel frames to be designed and built
into the installation. Alternatively, a competent
person should design the installation of any
proprietary hydraulic frames and struts.
Steel trench sheeting is lighter than sheet

piling and overlaps rather than interlocks. It is
faster and easier to install but is not capable of
being used to the same depths of sheet piling. Steel
trench
It is normally positioned and pneumatically sheets
pushed into the nal depth as the excavation
progresses. Place toms, walings, or hydraulic
bracing frames and struts into position as the
soil is excavated.
Figure 30: Guide framed steel trench sheeting
41
Ground anchors
A ground anchor is a structural element
installed in soil or rock to transfer a tensile
Ground anchors
load into the ground. Ground anchors (soil reinforcement)
in compacted ground
(sometimes referred to as tie-backs) alone
do not support an excavation, they form part
of a larger shoring system, typically with steel Steel sheet
piling
sheet piling. Connection
to piling
When using ground anchors consider:
> ground conditions Excavation
Exc
cavvation
surface
e
> load cases
> performance criteria
> construction methodology
Figure 31: Ground anchors for supporting steel
> construction materials. sheet piling
Ground anchors may be used:

Hydraulic support
> in either granular or clay soils
Hydraulic support comes in congurations
> if the excavation extends through poor
from small, lightweight aluminium, glass-
ground conditions
reinforced plastic (GRP) composite or
> if sensitive structures are nearby.
aluminium soldier sets, to large steel hydraulic
Install ground anchors in grout lled drill holes. bracing frames and struts.
A competent person should: Except for small soldier sets, or waler and
> design ground anchors in accordance sheet systems, hydraulic shoring is normally
with commonly accepted standards, used with steel trench sheeting or sheet piles.
for example: Consider ground pressures before installing
FHWA-IF-99-015 Ground anchors hydraulic supports. In complex situations,
and anchored systems requiring support other than small soldier
BS EN 1537 Execution of special sets or waler and sheet systems, a competent
geotechnical works ground anchors person should design hydraulic support in
consultation with a geotechnical engineer.
BS 8081 Code of practice for
The competent person should design hydraulic
grouted anchors
support to resist the expected ground
> perform a series of sustained static load
pressures and potential for collapse.
tests on a sample of anchors to conrm
they have sufficient load capacity and meet Properly maintain and use hydraulic support
performance criteria or it may become unreliable. Frequently
inspect pressure hoses and rams to detect
> always approve any soil removal above
abrasion, fatigue, or damage such as bent
ground anchors.
or notched rams.
Consider having the competent person
When the excavation has been fully supported,
prepare producer statements:
dismantle the hydraulic support to prevent
> PS1 Design
damage. Inspect, repair if necessary, and
> PS4 Construction review. store the hydraulic supports so they are not
damaged before they are used next.
42
For more information on hydraulic shoring H-pile shoring

refer to AS 5047: Hydraulic shoring and trench H-pile shoring is normally used in large open
lining equipment. excavations or pit excavations. Steel H-piles
are an advanced form of piling installed by
Hydraulic strut Soldier drilling or driving. Timber lagging is normally
used between the H-piles every 1.8 to 3 m. Each
excavation will require a site-specic design.
Only use H-pile shoring in ground which has

enough soil arching potential to permit lagging.
The soil should be above the static groundwater
level, or have been dewatered. Lagging does
not extend below the excavations base so
do not use H-pile shoring and lagging where
there is potential for base heave or water and
soil ows.
Figure 32: Hydraulic soldier shoring
Valve housing
and hose Hanging
connections chain
Figure 34: H-pile shoring with timber lagging
Soldier sets
Soldier sets are a simple form of support
mostly used in rock, stiff clays and in other soil
types with self-supporting properties capable
of generating soil arching.
Unlike closed sheeting sets, soldier sets only

provide ground support at regular intervals
and do not provide positive ground support
to the whole excavated face.
Hydraulic
bracing
frameleg
Handling and Corner pin

restraining point
Figure 33: Hydraulic bracing frame with steel

trench sheeting
43
A competent person should design any timber

shoring conforming to the timber sizes and
grades specied in Table 6.
E Timber species and quality have a large effect

B
on strength. Struts, walings, and sheeting sizes
C
A should not be less than the minimum sizes and
I grade prescribed in Table 6.
D
K J Timber shoring has some specic safety
L
issues. Installing timber shoring to some extent
F requires workers to work inside an unshored
G excavation. Carefully plan any installation
M
procedure as workers must be protected
from becoming trapped or engulfed by
H
a cave-in. If required, use temporary
Figure 35: Soldier sets intermediate waling and strutting.
A. Spoil heap at least 1 m clear

Rigid barrier
B. Place toms safely from outside the excavation
Rigid
C. Spoil barrier
D. Top tom 300 mm minimum from the top

E. For added side support, steel struts may
replace timber toms
Timber
F. 750 mm maximum spacing of toms Waling Spoil
G. Securely nail cleats to soldiers before

placing soldiers
H. Soldier resting securely on the bottom
I. Maximum spacing between soldier sets 1.5 m
J. Soldier, minimum size 150 x 38 mm Adjustable
Steel trench
sheeting steel trench
K. Tom, minimum size 150 x 38 mm struts
L. Tom should be long enough to force soldiers Prop

rmly against excavated faces. To prevent
soldiers excessively bowing against irregular
faces, use wood packing between the face Sole Plate
and soldier
M. 600 mm maximum spacing between the
bottom tom and excavation oor
Timber shoring
Consider using timber shoring if continuous Figure 36: Timber shoring with steel trench sheeting
forms of shoring, or metal shoring cannot be

used, for example, where services cross the
excavation or need to be worked around.
Timber is used as lagging with H-pile shoring

and sometimes for long-term excavations
such as pipe drilling pits.
44
TIMBER SHEETING TIMBER WALINGS TIMBER STRUTS STEEL ADJUSTABLE STRUTS (size no.)
Vertical Trench width up to Spacing C to C Trench width up to Spacing C to C
SOIL TRENCH Min. Horizontal Min. spacing
CONDITIONS DEPTH Dims spacing Dims C to C 1.0 m 2.0 m 2.5 m Vertical Horizontal 1.0 m 1.5 m 2.0 m Vertical Horizontal
(m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Type A
1200-300
Unsaturated Up to 3.0 150 x 50 150 x 100 1200 100 x 100 150 x 100 150 x 150 1200 1800 No. 2 No. 3 No. 3 1200 1600
(a)
ground;
soils above
600
ground water 3.0 4.5 150 x 50 150 x 100 1200 150 x 100 150 x 150 150 x 150 1200 1800 No. 2 No. 3 No. 3 1200 1000
close (b)
table or level
300
4.5 6.0 200 x 50 250 x 100 1200 150 x 100 150 x 150 200 x 150 1200 1800 2/No. 2 2/No. 3 2/No. 3 1200 1600
close (c)
Type B
Saturated Up to 3.0 150 x 50 close 225 x 150 1200 150 x 100 150 x 150 150 x 150 1200 1800 2/No. 2 2/No. 3 2/No. 3 1200 1600
ground,
soils below
ground water 3.0 4.5 200 x 50 close 250 x 150 1200 150 x 150 200 x 150 200 x 150 1200 1800 2/No. 2 2/No. 3 2/No. 3 1200 1000
table or level
Table 6: Timber shoring requirements for trenches
Notes:
1. All timber used for shoring should be sound quality framing grade or structural timber and should conform to NZS 3603 Timber structures standard.
2. Timber walings and sheeting made of steel or other material may be used in lieu of timber provided they are equivalent in strength to the sizes prescribed.
3. (a) = 1/8 to 1/2 sheeting
(b) = 1/4 to full sheeting
(c) = 1/2 to full sheeting.

45
1.8 m 1.8 m
1m 1m
Walings Walings
1.2 m
250 x 100 mm
1.2 m
150 x 100 mm
Props
Props
Struts
150 x 150 mm
for widths up
1.2 m
1.2 m
to 2.0 m;
200 x 150 mm
for widths
Depth
between 2.0 Struts
and 2.5 m 150 x 100 mm
for widths up
to 1.0 m;
150 x 150 mm
for widths
Half to full Quarter to between 1.0
sheeting full sheeting and 2.5 m
200 x 50 mm 150 x 100 mm
Wid
th Wid
th
(a) Type A Soil; Depth 4.5 to 6.0 m (b) Type A Soil; Depth 3.0 to 4.5 m
1.8 m 1.8 m
1m
1m
Waling Waling
225 x 150 mm 250 x 150 mm
1.2 m
1.2 m
Depth
Struts
1.2 m
150 x 150 mm
for widths up
to 1.0 m;
200 x 150 mm
Full sheeting for widths
150 x 150 mm between 1.0
Wid and 2.5 m
th
Struts
150 x 100 mm
for widths up
to 1.0 m; Full sheeting
150 x 150 mm 200 x 50 mm
for widths Wid
between 1.0 th
and 2.5 m
(c) Type B Soil; Depth 3.0 m or less (d) Type B Soil; Depth 3.0 to 4.5 m
Figure 37: Timber shoring requirements for trenches
46
5.5 EXCAVATED MATERIAL AND LOADS NEAR EXCAVATIONS

The inuence of any loads near the excavation can cause ground collapse. Any excavated
material and external actions applying a load to the ground nearby can affect the excavations
stability through the zone of inuence. The zone is normally from the base of an excavated face
to the surface. The zones angle will depend on site-specic factors.
Mechanical plant, vehicles, spoil, or heavy loads should not be in the zone of inuence plus 1 m
from an excavation unless specic design can show it can support the surcharge load.
1m
zo ue
en f
in
ne nc
ce
u e o
of e
n
zo
in
Figure 38: A shored excavation designed to carry soil loads only
1m
Figure 39: A shored excavation designed to carry soil, vehicle and spoil loads
47
Placing or stacking spoil near an excavated run-off water. Place spoil so it channels
face puts workers at risk because it adds rainwater and other run-off water away
an extra load where it is placed or stacked. from the excavation.
For example, placing spoil near the excavated
face may cause it to collapse. Put the excavated
material here,
the trench is now
MANAGING THE RISK this deep
Use shoring designed and installed to

carry extra loads, including groundwater
pressures, saturated soil conditions and
saturated spoil. Store spoil away from the
excavations zone of inuence plus 1 m.
If spoil is placed close to an excavation due

to obstructions like fences, buildings, or trees, Put the excavated
material here,
the weight of the spoil may overload the the trench is now
this deep
excavated faces. In this case, strengthen the
ground support system at these locations
and provide barriers to prevent the material
falling into the excavation.
If excavating beside an old service line,

place spoil on the opposite side of it to
prevent excessive loading on previously
weakened ground. Figure 40: Spoil placement on effective
excavation depth
If excavating in sloping ground decide which
side of the excavation to place the excavated
material. Consider: 5.6 PREVENT FALLS
> ground conditions Work at height means working in a place
> access to the excavation where a person could be injured if they fell
> existing underground services from one level to another. This can be above
> needing earthmoving machinery or vehicles or below ground level. First try to eliminate
to work or move beside the excavation the risk of falling, so far as is reasonably
practicable.
> service installation and backlling
requirements MANAGING THE RISK
> manual work in the excavation.
Use edge protection or fencing able to
Placing spoil on the lower side of the take the weight of a falling worker. Where
excavation will reduce the effective depth shoring extends above 200 mm, toe boards
of the excavation and the risk of spoil falling are not required.
into the excavation.
Controls to minimise the risk of falling include:
Make sure spoil placed on the high side
of the excavation does not increase the risk > fall prevention devices (eg temporary work
of ground collapse, ooding, or holding back platforms, edge protection and guard rails)
48
> work positioning systems (eg industrial MANAGING THE RISK

rope access systems)
In excavations:
> fall arrest systems such as catch platforms
> Up to 1.5 m deep, provide ladder,
> using shoring itself (eg using trench box
stairway, or ramp access and egress.
extensions or trench sheets taller than
> 1.5 m or more deep, provide ladder or
the excavations depth). Where shoring
stairway access and egress.
extends above 200 mm toe boards are
not required
USING LADDERS
> installing and securing covers over
excavations during non-work times Use ladders constructed of suitable materials,
> installing guard rails and edge protection conforming to appropriate standards, and
into the ground immediately around the maintain them in good condition.
excavation If an excavation is such a small dimension that
> installing landing platforms or scaffold it is not reasonably practicable to use ladder
towers inside deep excavations access or egress, provide other means to allow
> securing ladders to shoring workers safe access and egress.
> providing clearly dened pedestrian For every vertical rise of 6 m, break up ladder
detours runs with intermediate landings. Where ladders
> providing alternative access and egress meet a landing, offset the ladder below from
points for emergency use the ladder above by at least 600mm.
> backlling the excavation as work Unless there are alternative handholds, extend
progresses. ladders 1 m above the landing or the top of
the excavation. Fit landing platforms with
When installing effective barriers or
guardrails, midrails and/or toe boards.
barricades, or guard rails see WorkSafes
guidelines Working at Height in New Zealand, For more information see WorkSafes fact
available at www.worksafe.govt.nz sheet Safe Working with Ladders and
Stepladders, available at www.worksafe.govt.nz
5.7 SAFE ACCESS AND EGRESS
USING STAIRS AND RAMPS
Provide safe access and egress for all workers
Use temporary stairways in deep excavations
at all times. Keep the oor of the excavation
as they provide safer access and egress than
clear of anything that would impede workers
ladders.
safe egress in an emergency, including:
> debris Each ight of stairs should have uniform risers
and provide landings of the same width as the
> loose spoil
stairs for every vertical rise of 6 m.
> timber
If using ramps instead of stairs, the maximum
> tools.
slope should not exceed 1 in 6, unless traction
cleats are provided at 0.5 m spacing for 1 in 5
slopes, or at 0.4 m spacing for 1 in 4 slopes.
Ramps should not be steeper than 1 in 4.
49
Scaffolding
staircase
for safe
and quick
evacuation
Excavations deeper
than 1 m need a
secure ladder, ramp
or scaffold access
Figure 41: Scaffolding staircase for a safe and quick evacuation
5.8 MANUAL WORK

During excavation work, there will be circumstances that require some form of manual
work including:
> hand excavation
> lifting
> working in close proximity to plant and other workers.
Tasks which may lead to manual handling injuries include:

> potholing with sharp hand tools
> spotting/exposing underground services in close proximity to excavator buckets
> frequently accessing trenches around existing services
> installing and removing shoring and fall protection
> placing heavy pipes into the excavation
> using compacting equipment
> using breakers
> using drills.
Manual excavation methods are generally used for small, shallow excavations (eg less than
1.5 m deep) in soft soils.
For some excavations, manual work such as trimming by hand will be required. Trimming can
often be accomplished from outside the excavation by shovelling or pushing the material with
a long-handled tool or shovel to the bottom of the excavation, where it can be picked up by
mobile plant.
Preparatory drilling activity and hand drills may increase the risk of musculoskeletal disorders,
including vibration disorders.
50
MANAGING THE RISK

Controls include:
> creating exclusion zones around mobile plant and ground buckets disengaging controls
when spotters have to get close
> keeping sites tidy and free from trip hazards and loose materials which may lead to slips
> maintaining safe working spaces around workers
> providing safe access and egress
> rotating tasks and making sure workers take breaks
> using correct lifting techniques to ensure solid footing
> using plant to place and position shoring, props and plates, and remove compactors
> wearing correct PPE.
When working close to others, keep workers sufficiently far apart to prevent injury. This applies
particularly to work in trenches and small excavations.
For more information on controlling the risks of manual handling, refer to WorkSafes Code of
Practice for Manual Handling, available at www.worksafe.govt.nz
5.9 OVERHEAD AND UNDERGROUND SERVICES

Workers and others nearby can be killed or seriously injured by striking services that are
overhead or underground.
Avoid striking or undermining services. Good planning and supervision should identify and
anticipate all overhead and underground services, which will help decide what activities will be
allowed near the excavation work.
Mobile plant operators should:

> know what overhead and underground services are in the vicinity
> identify and mark out underground services
> assume all services are live or in use unless the service owner formally advises in writing there
are no risks with the service
> know how far the mobile plant (eg excavator) can reach
> know minimum approach distances (MADs).
SERVICE DISTANCE AWAY
Cables, gas transmission or high pressure pipelines 2 m or more
Overhead power line 4 m or more
Pole or support stay 5 m or more
Tower 12 m or more
Table 7: MADs to excavate with mobile plant9
9
For more information and any exceptions refer to WorkSafes New Zealand Electrical Code of Practice for Electrical Safe
Distances available at www.energysafety.govt.nz
51
Any plant or excavation activity (including MECHANICAL EXCAVATION

using hand-held tools) closer than the MADs
The risk of striking and fracturing a service
summarised in Table 7 requires a documented
while excavating increases with the use of
permit or consent from the service owner. This
mechanical excavation methods.
should be held on site. Always check with the
service owner, as they may have their own MANAGING THE RISK
specic requirements for work on their service.
Use plans, mark-outs, locators and safe
Understand the service owners permit or digging practices when working near buried
consent conditions for the work activity and services.
follow these while operating the plant and
carrying out the excavation. In some cases this To minimise risk:
may include following guidance or instructions > with the service owners permission,
from a service representative on site. use water or air vacuum methods to
Always assume there are underground expose congested services
services at the site. Make sure the services are > carefully dig pilot holes progressively
located and conrmed by the service owner. towards the services ahead of small-step
Some service plans are not accurate and excavations. Be aware that water under
the actual position and depth may be quite pressure around electric cables with
diferent. There may also be other unmapped worn sheaths or old joints may cause
services present, and services owned by an electrical hazard
different parties. > use one or more spotters to spot obstacles
Consider: or any signs of services in the excavation.
> services may be encased in concrete bases, Make sure spotters are a safe distance from
structures, sleeve pipes or coloured ducts any plant movement but still able to see
and warn the operator
> some cables may not be in any duct or pipe
> excavate as if expecting the unexpected
> services can be at a shallower depth where
they cross obstructions such as culverts, > excavate alongside the services with
or where the ground surface level has suitable side clearance.
changed
> what actions to take in an emergency.
For more information on the risks of work near

underground services, refer to WorkSafes
Guide for Safety with Underground Services
available at www.worksafe.govt.nz
52
Figure 42: Vacuum truck digging a pilot hole
HAND-HELD TOOLS
Using hand-held tools to approach closer to the point of exposing services can risk fracturing
a service if a strike occurs.
MANAGING THE RISK

To minimise risk:
> use detectors to locate services laterally as excavation depth progresses, before working
towards and exposing the services
> dig in line with the service, not at right angles
> use hand-held tools suitable for breaking hard surfaces, provided there is adequate substrate
keeping the tool ends well separated from the services, including making sure:
not to thrust or spike any hand-held tools into the ground in the close vicinity of services
hand-held tools (eg shovels and spades) have non-metallic handles and curved edges
to ease covering ground away
any use of picks, bars or forks is to ease lumps or rocks away. Avoid using metal picks,
bars, forks, drills, or hammers near live electrical cables
> use full body cover with arc-resistant or ame-retardant materials when exposing electric
cables, including anti-static properties where gas is a potential hazard.
Once services are exposed:

> identify what the exposed services are:
service ducts, markings and symbols are in WorkSafes Guide for Safety with Underground
Services available at www.worksafe.govt.nz. Old or improperly marked services may vary
a lot from the recommended markings
> always treat any uncovered service as electrical or gas until identied
> check with the service owner for their duct and marking colours and identify what the
underground services are and their status.
53
Live electrical work minimum approach > If inside an excavator, turn off the ignition
distances and immediately leave it and the work area
For work around live electrical services, use the and move to a safe distance.
MADs set out in section 9 of WorkSafes New > Turn off any other sources of ignition.
Zealand Electrical Code of Practice for Electrical
Safe Distances (ECP 34). Apply MADs from OVERHEAD POWER LINES
the hand-held tool to the exposed service. Excavating too close to overhead service
MADs are available for non-competent support structures such as wooden poles
persons. Reduced MADs are available where: can cause these to lean or collapse, putting
workers and others at risk. Breaking
> the owner of the live parts gives written
communications cables can also release laser
permission
light that can damage eyesight.
> competent employees are working near
exposed live parts. MANAGING THE RISK
ECP 34 denes a competent employee as an To minimise risk:
employee who can demonstrate the necessary > carry out operator briengs to:
knowledge, skills and experience to carry out
clarify any MADs
electrical or telecommunications work in the
understand the mobile plants capability
vicinity of overhead electric lines, or exposed
(ie knowing how far the mobile plant
live metal, safely and to the standards used
can reach)
by the employer.
> put signs or warning labels in the cab
BACKFILLING about the MADs
Consult with the service owner before > temporarily earth the mobile plant
backlling. Use appropriate materials to > use markers and spotters
preserve the support and condition of the > shield services
services. Send information to the services
> electrical hazards to mobile plant near
owners so they can update their service plans.
overhead power lines and electric cables
For more information on corridor access > string independently supported ag
requests and corresponding work authority bunting 1.5 m below the span. The operator
permits refer to the New Zealand Utilities and spotter can use this as a guide. Consult
Advisory Groups (NZUAG) National Code the service owner to get consent before
of Practice for Utility Operators Access stringing any bunting.
to Transport Corridors available at
If the service owner consents to excavating
www.nzuag.org.nz
closer than the 4 m MAD:
GAS SERVICE STRIKE > Protect operators (including operators of
remote controlled plant) from electrical
Sparks from striking a gas line can ignite gas
hazards.
and cause a re or explosion. If a gas line is
ruptured, nearby running plant could cause > Keep people away from the mobile plant
the gas to ignite. in case of electrical contact.
> Have emergency response procedures in
MANAGING THE RISK place, if electrical contact does accidently
To minimise risk: happen.
> Use plastic (resin) intrinsically rated hand-
held tools or brass tools around gas services.
54
Check whats
above you
Figure 43: How an excavator can come in contact with live power lines
If there is contact with live power lines, make sure:

> the operator remains inside the excavator unless threatened by re
> all workers keep well clear of the excavator and anything else in contact with electricity,
and shuffle to clear the area
> to call the emergency service
> to initiate an emergency response, including with the service owner to shut down and isolate
the affected service
> to restart work only when emergency service authorities and service owners authorise this.
For more safety information about work near power lines and underground electic cables see
the Electricty Engineers Association (EEA) Guide for Non-Electricity Industry Employees Using
Mobile Plant Near Power Lines and Electricity Cables.
5.10 ATMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS

Excavations can have poor natural ventilation. Control the risk of any atmospheric contamination
or build-up of gases and fumes.
Dangerous atmospheres can occur in excavations because of a lack of oxygen or the presence
of toxic gases, ammable gases, or simple asphyxiates, for example:
> gases (eg hydrogen sulphide)
> engine fumes (eg carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide)
55
> leakage from:

gas bottles
fuel tanks
sewers
drains
gas pipes
LPG tanks.
GROUND TYPE ATOMOSPHERIC CONTAMINANTS
Peaty ground methane, hydrogen sulphide
Filled and made ground carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide
Reclaimed land and tips methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide
Thermal areas hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulphur

dioxide, methyl mercaptan
City streets carbon monoxide, natural gas, carbon dioxide
Service stations petrol and hydrocarbons, kerosene, LPG
Table 8: Other potential sources of harmful gases from types of ground
MANAGING THE RISK

Maintain an atmosphere that is t to breathe, limiting any contaminants to safe levels, by:
> never using plant with a combustion engine (eg air compressors, electrical generators)
in an excavation if workers may potentially enter to work
> using gas monitoring devices
> using ventilation whether natural, forced, or mechanical to control leaking or seeping toxic gas.
To help determine safe levels, compare the results of air monitoring to workplace exposure
standards. For more information, including health-monitoring information, see WorkSafes
Workplace Exposure Standards and Biological Exposure Indices, available at www.worksafe.govt.nz
Ventilation systems help to maintain adequate oxygen levels and dilute ammable gases, fumes
and certain dusts, such as coal and sulphide. These can ignite if they are present in explosive
limits. Mechanical ventilation also reduces dust, fumes and hazardous contaminants, and can
control air temperature and humidity.
A competent person should design the ventilation system so it provides plenty of ventilation
throughout the excavation. This might include adding localised extraction ventilation to deal
with the dust, heat, or fumes from the excavation. The design should allow for installing
ventilation equipment or ducting as the excavation progresses to maintain adequate air
supply to the working face.
56
5.11 GROUND AND SURFACE WATER

Workers should not work in excavations where water has collected or is collecting, unless the
necessary controls are in place.
Water may collect because of:

> a high groundwater table seeping into the excavation
> nearby storm water drains
> surface run-off after heavy rain
> a nearby swamp, dam, lake, or river.
MANAGING THE RISK

Controls may include:
> shoring
> dewatering techniques (ie water removal), improved by using:
cut off walls
grouting or an asphalt bund
horizontal wells
compressed air.
When selecting the most appropriate dewatering technique, consider:

> available space within and around the excavation
> depth to the existing groundwater and the necessary increase in this depth to permit access
to the excavation
> soil permeability in and around the excavation; note: this may vary across the site
> structures or underground surfaces near the excavation that may be damaged because
of dewatering induced ground settlement
> potential for base heave.
Figure 44 and Figure 45 show two dewatering techniques.
Collector drain
Discharge
pipework
Settlement tank
Sump
Sump pump
Figure 44: Traditional sump pumps control surface water at the excavations base
57
Dewatering pump
Suction header pipe
1m 1m
Water level
before dewatering
Wellpoint
Depression
pits
Waterlevel
during dewatering
Filter
Figure 45: Use well point pumping for lowering groundwater by up to 6 m
5.12 CONTAMINATED SOILS AND GROUNDWATER

Contaminated soils and groundwater can pose a risk to human health through:
> direct contact
> inhaling dust or vapours
> petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil
> general landll
> suspected asbestos containing material (ACM).
Before starting any excavation work, assess the likelihood of encountering contaminated soils
or groundwater. If contamination is suspected or discovered, the risk to human health and the
environment will require reassessment.
Health monitoring applies to workers if they are at risk of airborne asbestos exposure when
carrying out ongoing asbestos-related work or asbestos removal work and are at risk of exposure
to airborne asbestos when doing that work.
For more information see WorkSafes position statement Managing Occupational Health on
Potentially Contaminated Sites, available at www.worksafe.govt.nz
58
The Resource Management Act 1991 contains If explosives are used in excavation work,
prohibitions against the discharge of an approved handler should develop the
contaminants into or onto the land, the water, blast management plan and be responsible
or the air unless the discharge is expressly for all aspects of the use of explosives.
allowed by a national environmental standard,
For more information on the use of explosives
a rule in a regional plan or a resource consent.
for excavation work, refer to AS 2187.2:
Contaminated soils and groundwater can also Explosives storage and use use of explosives.
harm the environment through:
> stormwater and groundwater
> dust
> moving or disposing of contaminated soil.
Indicators of potential contamination include,

but are not limited to, unusual odours and
discoloured or stained water seeps and soils
where the land is potentially or actually
contaminated.
A land use consent may be required from the

local authority to excavate or disturb soils at
the site. Seek further advice from a suitably
qualied and experienced practitioner.
5.13 USING EXPLOSIVES

Construction work that uses explosives is
subject to the Hazardous Substances and New
Organisms Act 1996 (HSNO) and regulations.
All possession, storage, handling, and use of
explosives must be carried out in compliance
with this legislation.
The PCBU should consult a competent person

in the controlled application of explosives
for carrying out the excavation work before
deciding whether explosives should be used
for the excavation.
Transport explosives in accordance with the

Land Transport Act 1998 and regulations and
HSNO.
Explosives must only be used by an approved

handler who is qualied in explosives safety
and has experience in this type of work.
59
06/
PLANT AND
EQUIPMENT
IN THIS SECTION:
6.1 Checking the plant, equipment
and materials
6.2 Using plant
6.3 Plant and vehicle operation
near excavations
6.4 Blind spots
6.5 Operator protection
6.6 Quick hitches
6.7 Load-lifting
60
SECTION 6.0 // PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Use suitable plant and equipment maintained in good

condition to carry out excavation work safely.
Various plant and equipment can carry out > carry out the following checks:
excavation work. Excavators in a range of daily pre-start checks on the general
sizes can: condition and maintenance of the plant
> extract soil from within an excavation regular inspections by a competent
> lift and move materials person, in accordance with the
> install and remove shoring. manufacturer/suppliers specications
or relevant standards.
Make sure to use an appropriate excavator for
the excavation work and properly plan and risk Plant defects should be reported immediately
assess any lifting operations by the excavator to the PCBU. If a defect is likely to pose an
before carrying out the operation. immediate or imminent risk to health and
safety, remove the plant from service until
To use plant safely:
the defect is xed.
> make sure the plant is operated by a
competent operator 6.1 CHECKING THE PLANT,
> t suitable guards and protective devices EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
> display the working load limit and make
Check plant, equipment, and materials before
sure any load measurement devices are
arriving at the worksite. Make sure the plant
operating correctly
and equipment are t-for-purpose and in good
> maintain plant in accordance with the working order.
manufacturer/suppliers instructions or
If applicable, carry out checks before leaving
relevant standards
the depot, and report any concerns according
> t excavators with an operating weight
to company procedures, for example by
of seven tonnes or more with hose burst
tagging unsafe equipment. Do a nal check
protection valves
when at the site and look over the area before
> carry out regular planned inspections starting work.
and maintenance in accordance with the
Make sure the materials are suitable for the job
manufacturers recommendations to make
and the quantities are correct.
sure the mobile plant works safely, whether
leased, hired, or owned Check that enough material has been ordered,
> conduct both mechanical and electrical for example geotextiles and metal for backlling.
testing
61
Check there is appropriate PPE for the job and Bulldozers typically excavate and move large
it is in good condition. Correct PPE includes: amounts of material short distances. They
> high-visibility clothing can be equipped with hydraulically-operated
rippers at the back which are capable of
> hard hat
loosening the hardest of sedimentary rocks.
> safety footwear
Self-propelled rubber-tyred scrapers can
> hearing and eye protection.
excavate and haul very large quantities of
material economically over long distances
6.2 USING PLANT
at relatively high speed. Because of the large
A wide range of powered mobile plant, potential soil output and speeds of modern
including earthmoving machinery can carry scrapers, pay careful attention to:
out excavation work. To select suitable plant, > job layout
consider:
> haul roads
> the task
> vehicle pathways
> site access and restrictions
> worker movements and overall traffic
> type and depth of excavation management.
> ground conditions
Temporary haul roads should be well
> the mobile plants size and reach constructed and maintained to let plant
> hazards (eg overhead and underground operators complete the work safely.
services)
Large earthmoving machinery such as
> the volume of material to be excavated and bulldozers should not operate close to an
transported overhang or a deep excavation, as the weight
> where the excavated material is to be may collapse the excavation.
located and stored.
Excavation work exceeding 1.5 m deep is
A competent operator should use earthmoving typically done by excavators or specialised
machinery for its originally designed purpose. plant such as tunnelling machines and raise-
Earthmoving machinery operators must bores. Most of these types of plant have
demonstrate they are competent to operate an element of mobility, although tunnelling
the specic type of plant and any tted machines typically have restricted movement.
attachments.
Other plant used in excavation work includes
backhoes, rubber-tyred loaders, skid steer
USING EARTHMOVING MACHINERY
loaders (eg bobcats), trench diggers, graders
Bulldozers and scrapers are often used and tip trucks.
to prepare a work area for further specic
excavation.
62
6.3 PLANT AND VEHICLE OPERATION NEAR EXCAVATIONS

Powered mobile plant should not operate or travel near the edge of an excavation unless the
shoring can support such loads.
Plant should approach end-on to excavations. If this is not practicable, make sure workers in the
excavation get out when the plant is within the excavations zone of inuence or move away and
stand further down the excavation.
Workers should never stand under a load being lifted over the excavation.
Excavated
material
1m
Wheel stopper
Figure 46: Prevent plant operation near excavations Figure 47: Wheel stopper restricting plant movement
Physical barriers such as wheel stoppers are one way of restricting plant movement near
an excavation.
Table 9 outlines some excavation hazards and some controls to consider.
Attachment failure > use quick hitches to secure attachments

> make sure the operator is familiar with and able to implement and manage
any quick hitch used
> make sure the operator checks any pins
Buried contaminants > conduct a site assessment and carry out any remedial action
(eg asbestos)
Lack of visibility > make sure operators can see areas where people may be at risk from the
operation of the machine
> equip excavators with adequate visibility aids or use a spotter/s
Plant instability > set up as per industry recommendations
Plant striking workers > keep people away from areas of plant operation. Most excavator related
deaths involve a person working in the vicinity of the excavator rather than
the driver
> use barriers, signage or a spotter
63
Spoil placement > safe distance of at least 1 m from edge
Spotter > use a trained spotter in a safe position to direct excavator operation and any
pedestrian movements
> make sure the spotter and operator understand the signals they will use and
agree on the way to communicate with each other
Strike hazards > select plant with minimal tail swing if slewing in a conned area
> maintain over 0.5 m of clearance between any part of the machine,
particularly the ballast weight, and the nearest obstruction
Table 9: Typical excavator operation hazards
6.4 BLIND SPOTS

Operators of powered mobile plant can often have severely restricted visibility of ground
workers or nearby pedestrians, particularly those close to the plant.
Figure 48 and Figure 49 show some of the blind spots for operators of typical excavation
equipment.
In Figure 49 the operators visibility of the left rear relies on mirrors. Note there will always
be a blind spot for the operator in line with the boom. Workers should approach the operator
from a point where everyone can clearly see each other.
64
Excavator
Dump truck
Bulldozer Articulated roller
Articulated loader Grader
Tractor scraper
Figure 48: Mobile plant operator blind spots
65
EXCLUSION ZONES AND SPOTTERS
Exclusion zones and separating workers from

mobile plant should be the rst option for
Safe
approach managing this risk. If exclusion is not possible,
use spotters to control operations when
workers are in the immediate area. A spotter
should be in constant contact with the mobile
plant operator.
Pinch area
Blind spot
Swing
radius
Figure 49: Safe approach zone for an excavator
Equip mobile plant operating near workers

or other plant with warning devices (eg a
reversing alarm or a revolving light; vehicles Figure 50: A spotter helping a reversing vehicle
can also be tted with reversing cameras).
Establish an effective system of 6.5 OPERATOR PROTECTION

communication based on two-way
acknowledgement between mobile plant Powered mobile plant should be equipped
operators and ground workers before work with an appropriate combination of operator
starts. Train relevant workers in the procedures protection devices, for example an enclosed
before they start work. The system should cabin and seat belts, to prevent the operator
stop ground workers from approaching from ejecting from the cab or being struck
mobile plant until the operator has agreed by falling objects.
to their request to approach. Similarly, the Any earthmoving machinery weighing more
system should stop operators from moving than 700 kgs, not including attachments, and
plant closer than a set distance from ground designed to have a seated operator, should
workers until ground workers have advised the have an appropriate operator protective
operator that they are aware of the proposed structure tted. These are either roll-over
movement. protective structures (ROPS), falling object
Mobile plant operators and workers should be protective structures (FOPS) or both,
familiar with the blind spots of the plant being depending on the application. Self-propelled
used. Provide induction-training programs mechanical mobile plant must, so far as is
emphasising the dangers of working in reasonably practicable, be tted with roll-over
close proximity to mobile plant, and provide protection and seat belts.
adequate supervision. For more information see WorkSafes Approved
Make sure operators and workers wear high- Code of Practice for Operator Protective
visibility PPE. Structures on Self-Propelled Mobile Mechanical

Plant, available at www.worksafe.govt.nz
66
6.6 QUICK HITCHES weight and maximum rated capacity

each lifting points capacity
Quick hitches allow a bucket or other
> setting up a system for checking that the
attachment to be quickly and easily connected
pin is in place before starting the work and
and disconnected from an excavator or
every time a different attachment is tted
backhoe arm, saving signicant time during
mobile plant operation. > conducting random checks to make sure
precautions are implemented and followed.
A pin holds the attachment in place against
the quick hitch and insures against accidental Before operating the mobile plant the operator
release. However, a manual quick hitch may should:
still operate without the retaining pin in place > check the attachment size is suitable
and then suddenly, without warning, swing and compatible with the quick hitch
open or fall completely. If this happens when > check the quick hitch is kept in good
lifting over or close to a person the result working order
is likely to be fatal.
> physically check the safety pin is securely
MANAGING THE RISK in place or the automatic system has
engaged correctly:
Before operating the mobile plant, make
before starting work, and
sure the operator:
when tting a different attachment
> checks the attachment is securely
> make sure an exclusion zone is set up when
attached by the quick hitch
using the excavator and for attachment
> sets up an exclusion zone around the
tting or removal. If there are other workers
area where the excavator is operating.
on the construction site the exclusion
zone applies to them, even if they are not
Controls include:
involved in the excavator operation.
> using a suitable semi or fully automatic
system instead of a manually operated For more information on quick hitches see
quick hitch system WorkSafes fact sheet Using Quick Hitches
Safely, available at www.worksafe.govt.nz
> training excavator operators on the use of
quick hitches
6.7 LOAD-LIFTING
> ensuring that excavator operators are
competent to use the specic hitch for the Items of mobile plant (including earthmoving
machine they use equipment), not originally designed as a crane,
> operators only using pins designed for this and used for load-lifting incidental to their
specic use (the manufacturer-specied principal function are entirely exempt from the
retaining pin must be available on the Health and Safety in Employment (Pressure
machine) Equipment, Cranes, and Passenger Ropeways)
Regulations 1999 subject to the following
> attachment information clearly displayed
conditions10 as applicable:
or present with the machine identifying:
> lifting points and equipment used for
model and serial number
rigging loads must be certied by a
manufacturers name
Chartered Professional Engineer
10
Notice Under the Health and Safety in Employment (Pressure Equipment, Cranes, and Passenger Ropeways) Regulations
1999 (24 September 2015) 104 New Zealand Gazette. www.gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2015-go5666
67
> in the case of new and used hydraulic

excavators with an operating weight
of seven tonne or more, the following
additional conditions apply:
the equipment is not to be modied to
make it operate as a crane other than
the provision of a lifting point
the equipment is to have a loading chart
available to operators
operators and ground support
personnel are to be adequately trained
operations are to be carried out in
accordance with the Approved Code
of Practice for Load-Lifting Rigging
hose burst protection valves are
required (except for load-lifting mobile
plant used in forestry operations that
do not involve the construction of
forest roads).
68
07/
APPENDICES
IN THIS SECTION:
7.1 Appendix A: Legal framework
7.2 Appendix B: Safe system
of work considerations
7.3 Appendix C: Trenching
checklist
7.4 Appendix D: Notications
to WorkSafe
7.5 Appendix E: More information
7.6 Appendix F: Glossary
69
7.1 APPENDIX A: LEGAL FRAMEWORK

All excavation work must comply with HSWA and associated regulations. Table 10 lists the
specic duties under the HSE Regulations that apply to excavations in construction work.
Regulation 23 (1) In Regulations 24 and 25, the term employer means

Application of (a) every employer, in relation to every workplace under the control of that
Regulations 24 and 25 employer in which any construction work is carried out; and
(b) every person who controls a workplace in which any construction work
is carried out.
(2) In Regulations 24 and 25, the term employee,
(a) in relation to an employer of the kind described in subclause (1)(a),
means an employee of that employer; and
(b) in relation to a person of the kind described in subclause (1)(b), means
a person working in the workplace.
Regulation 24 (1) Subject to subclause (2), every employer must, so far as is reasonably
Excavations with face practicable, ensure that, where any face of any excavation is more than
more than 1.5 m high 1.5m high, that face is shored.
(2) Subclause (1) does not apply where
(a) the face is cut back to a safe slope; or
(b) the material in the face is of proven good standing quality under all
reasonably foreseeable conditions of work and weather; or
(c) by reason of the nature of the work and the position of any employee
in the vicinity, there is no danger to any employee; or
(d) the provision of shoring is impracticable or unreasonable by reason
of the nature of the work and the employer has, so far as is reasonably
practicable, taken steps to ensure that other precautions are taken
to make the face as safe as possible in the circumstances.
(3) Every employer must, so far as is reasonably practicable, ensure that any
shoring used in any excavation at the workplace
(a) consists of materials that are suitable for the purpose for which they
are to be used, of sound quality, and adequate in strength for the
particular use; and
(b) has bracings, jacks, and struts that are securely held to prevent
accidental displacement, and packings and wedges that are held by
nails or spikes; and
(c) is placed in a proper manner by an experienced person under
competent supervision; and
(d) is not altered, dismantled, or interfered with except on the instructions
of the employer or a representative of the employer.
Regulation 25 Every employer must, so far as is reasonably practicable, ensure, where any
Excavations of excavation is
hazardous depth (a) readily accessible to any person; and
(b) likely to collect or retain water of such a depth as to constitute a
danger to any person,
that
(c) any such excavation is covered or fenced, when no employee is in the
immediate vicinity to prevent access to it by any person; and
(d) any such excavation created in the course of the work is covered,
fenced, or lled at the completion of the work.
Table 10: Duties in relation to excavations in the HSE Regulations
70
SECTION 7.0 // APPENDICES
TUNNELLING OPERATIONS
Under clause 4 of Schedule 3 of HSWA a tunnelling operation is the extraction of ll to create,

extend, or enlarge a tunnel or shaft. Tunnelling operations are subject to Schedule 3 of HSWA
and the MOQO Regulations, except operations involving:
> tunnels or shafts of any length where no-one ordinarily works underground
> tunnels or shafts that are or will be 15 m or less, where one or two workers ordinarily work
underground at any one time, and:
no explosives are used, and
methane concentrations will not exceed 0.25% of the air in the tunnel or shaft.
BUILDING LEGISLATION
The Building Act 2004 and Building Regulations 1992 will generally apply if excavations are
associated with constructing, altering, demolishing or removing a building. This also includes site
work and building-related design work.
For more information on building legislation and controls, refer to the Ministry of Business,
Innovation and Employments website www.building.govt.nz
OTHER REQUIREMENTS
Consider the requirements of any applicable:

> codes of practice
> engineering standards
> laws and regulations and any subsequent amendments
> local authorities, by-laws and district plans.
Relevant legislation to consider may include the following Acts and regulations made under them:
> Building Act 2004
> Electricity Act 1992
> Gas Act 1992
> Land Transport Management Act 2003
> Local Government Act 2000
> Resource Management Act 1991
> Telecommunications Act 2001
71
7.2 APPENDIX B: SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK CONSIDERATIONS

Planning considerations should include discussions on:
> permits/consents/notications
> service mark-outs and locations
> site-specic documentation which could include:
health and safety policy
summary worksite safety plan
worksite emergency procedures
worksite safety induction card
visitor and worksite induction register
accident/incident register
injury/ill-health/incident reporting
hazard identication
site-specic risk assessment
safe or standard operating procedures
> environmental plan (ie erosion and sediment control)
> quality plan
> overhead services and underground service plans
> construction plans
> nature or condition of the ground, for example:
ground water
depth of excavation
soil conditions
conned space and ventilation
> weather conditions (eg time of year, expected conditions etc)
> static and dynamic loads near the excavation
> interaction with other trades
> site access and security
> traffic management and public safety
> type of plant and equipment to be used for excavation work
> the length of time the excavation is to remain open
> provision of adequate facilities.
72
7.3 APPENDIX C: TRENCHING CHECKLIST

This is a basic checklist for trench work. Add other items as appropriate to a particular site or job.
1. Is the surface clear of plant, spoil heaps and materials for at least 1 m from the edge of the
excavation?
2. Are spoil heaps properly controlled and will they stay like this in wet weather?
3. Is the trench clear of workers while the spoil heap is being worked on?
4. Is the space between the trench and the spoil heap clear of pipes, bricks, stones, tools, etc?
5. Is the work properly fenced off and signed during the day. Is the work properly fenced off,
signed, guarded and lit during the night?
6. Is access adequate without anyone having to jump across? Are footbridges with guard rails
available and being used?
7. Are ladders available and being used?
8. Is the supervisor making sure that no-one climbs on the timbering?
9. Is the trench safe from exhaust gases from plant working in the trench or nearby?
10. Does everyone know where the buried services are and are they clearly marked?
11. Are the workers who are excavating and shoring the trench experienced in this sort of work?
12. Are they working at safe distances from each other?
13. Is the ground as the design assumed?
14. Is there any movement or deterioration of the ground that may put adjacent services, roads
or structures at risk?
15. Is the area affected by blasting or other heavy vibrations?
16. Is the ground water level as used in the design (ie not higher)?
17. Are proper sumps provided?
18. Does the pumping arrangement avoid drawing material from behind the sheeting?
19. Is the work being done in accordance with the drawings or sketches? If not, is the variation
permissible?
20. Are unsheeted faces safe, with no sign of peeling away?
21. Are materials of the correct design size and quality?
22. Are wedges tight?
23. Is timbering free of damage from skips?
24. Are waling and strut spacing within +/-100 mm?
25. Are deections excessive?
26. Are all struts horizontal and positioned squarely to the walings (within 1 in 40)?
27. Are frames supported against downward movement (by hangers or lip blocks, puncheons
and sole plates)?
28. Have correct pins been used in steel trench struts?
29. Is the method of withdrawing sheeting and support for the trench during backll safe?
30. Is the work area tidy?
31. Are stops provided for mobile plant?
32. Is visibility adequate in the trench?
33. Is PPE available and being used?
73
7.4 APPENDIX D: NOTIFICATIONS TO WORKSAFE

NOTIFICATION OF PARTICULAR HAZARDOUS WORK
Employers and the person in control of the workplace must notify WorkSafe at least 24 hours
before doing any hazardous work (as dened below).
These notices help WorkSafe plan workplace visits to promote health and safety for everyone
in or near a workplace.
Notify WorkSafe by either:

> ling a Notication of Particular Hazardous Work online at www.worksafe.govt.nz
> downloading the notication form and posting or faxing it to WorkSafe.
WORK THAT NEEDS TO BE NOTIFIED TO WORKSAFE
Dened in the HSE regulations as:

> any commercial logging or tree-felling
> any construction work where:
workers could fall 5 m or more (excluding work on a house up to two-storeys high, a power
or telephone line, or carried out from a ladder only, or minor or routine maintenance or
repair work)
scaffolding from which someone could fall 5 m or more while being put up or dismantled
an appliance (other than a self-propelled mobile crane, excavator or forklift) has to lift
weights of half a tonne (500 kg) or more a height of 5 m or more
people have to work in an excavation that is more than 1.5 m deep and which is deeper
than it is wide at the top
workers need to work in any kind of heading, excavation or drive where there is ground
cover overhead
work in any excavation in which any face has a vertical height of more than 5 m and an
average slope steeper than a ratio of 1 horizontal to 2 vertical
work where explosives are used, or stored for this purpose
workers need to breathe air that is or has been compressed or breathe a respiratory
medium other than air.
74
NOTIFIABLE EVENTS
A notiable event is when someone dies or when a notiable incident, illness or injury occurs as
a result of work. WorkSafe must be informed of all notiable events. Notiable injuries, illnesses
and incidents are specied in HSWA.
NOTIFIABLE INCIDENTS
HSWA requires PCBUs to notify WorkSafe if there is an unplanned or uncontrolled incident at
a workplace that exposes a person (worker or otherwise) to a serious risk to their health and
safety arising from immediate or imminent exposure to:
> a substance escaping, spilling, or leaking
> an implosion, explosion or re
> gas or steam escaping
> pressurised substance escaping
> electric shock
> the fall or release from height of any plant, substance or object
> damage to or collapsing, overturning, failing or malfunctioning of any plant that is required
to be authorised for use
> the collapse or partial collapse of a structure
> the collapse or failure of an excavation or any shoring supporting an excavation
> the inrush of water, mud, or gas in workings in an underground excavation or tunnel
> the interruption of the main system of ventilation in an underground excavation or tunnel
> a collision between two vessels, a vessel capsize, or the inrush of water into a vessel
> any other incident declared in regulations to be a notiable incident.
75
7.5 APPENDIX E: MORE INFORMATION

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY
For information about how to manage hazardous substances visit the Environmental Protection
Authoritys website www.epa.govt.nz or call 0800 376 234.
LOCAL COUNCIL
Your council might have additional rules that need to be met. Check with your local council for
specic rules that apply in your region.
LOCAL UTILITY OWNERS
Check any local utility owners websites for additional procedures that may need to be met
look for headings like safety, working safely or public safety.
NEW ZEALAND LEGISLATION
To access all legislation including Acts and regulations visit the New Zealand Legislation website
www.legislation.govt.nz
THE INSTITUTION OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS NEW ZEALAND (IPENZ)
A list of competent engineers can be found on the IPENZ website, under the Chartered
Professional Engineers (CPEng) Register available at www.ipenz.nz
WORKSAFE NEW ZEALAND
For information and guidance about health and safety visit WorkSafes website www.worksafe.
govt.nz or call 0800 030 040.
For information and guidance specically about electrical or gas safety visit WorkSafes website
www.energysafety.govt.nz or call 0800 030 040.
STANDARDS
AS 1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders design, construction and installation
AS 2187.2 Explosives storage and use use of explosive
AS 2865 Conned spaces
AS 4744.1 Steel shoring and trench lining equipment
AS 5047 Hydraulic shoring and trench lining equipment
AS/NZS 1576 Scaffolding (series)
AS/NZS 1892 Portable ladders (series)
BS EN 13331-1 Trench lining systems. Product specications
BS EN 13331-2 Trench lining systems. Assessment by calculation or test
BS EN 1537 Execution of special geotechnical works ground anchors
BS 8081 Code of practice for grouted anchors
FHWA-IF-99-015 Ground anchors and anchored systems
NZS 3603 Timber structures standard
76
GUIDANCE
Approved Code of Practice for Operator Protective Structures on Self-Propelled Mobile

Mechanical Plant
WorkSafe New Zealand www.worksafe.govt.nz
Code of Practice for Temporary Traffic Management: Part 8 of the Traffic Control Devices Manual
New Zealand Transport Agency www.nzta.govt.nz
Excavation Work Code of Practice

Safe Work Australia www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au
Guide for Safety with Underground Services

Health and Safety at Opencast Mines, Alluvial Mines and Quarries

National Code of Practice for Utility Operators Access to Transport Corridors

New Zealand Utilities Advisory Group (NZUAG) www.nzuag.org.nz
New Zealand Electrical Code of Practice for Electrical Safe Distances (NZECP 34:2001)
WorkSafe New Zealand www.energysafety.govt.nz
Safety around Excavations

Safe Use of Machinery

Using Quick Hitches Safely

Working with Ladders and Stepladders

Workplace Exposure Standards and Biological Exposure Indices

Your Guide to Working Safe on the Road and Staying Alive

New Zealand Utilities Advisory Group (NZUAG) www.powerco.co.nz
77
7.6 APPENDIX F: GLOSSARY
TERM BRIEF EXPLANATION
Backll Material used for relling excavations.
Barricade Any object or structure that creates a barrier obstacle to control, block passage
or force the ow of traffic in the desired direction.
Battering Means to form an angled excavation face, usually less than the natural angle of
repose, to prevent ground collapse.
Bench A horizontal step cut into an excavation face to provide horizontal bearing and
sliding resistance.
Benching The horizontal stepping of an excavation face.
Closed sheeting A continuous frame with vertical or horizontal sheathing planks placed side by
side to form a continuous retaining wall supported by other shoring parts to
hold up an excavated face.
Competent person A person who has competencies for different types of excavations set out in
(excavation work) section 2.5.
Competent person A person who has acquired through training, qualication, or experience the
(including competent knowledge and skills to carry out a task.
operator)
Drives Small openings cut into the sides of trenches or shafts or elsewhere, for example,
under roads.
Dynamic load The forces that move or change when acting on a structure.
Exclusion zone An area from which all persons are excluded during excavation work.
Face An exposed sloping or vertical surface resulting from excavating material.
Open excavation An excavation in open ground which can vary in shape and size often dened by
adjacent services or buildings.
Permanent works The parts of a construction project that will be used and remain in position for a
long time (eg 60 years). This includes buildings and structures such as bridges,
roads, retaining walls, etc.
Person conducting Has the meaning provided in HSWA. In general, it means any person (including
a business or a legal entity) running a business or undertaking. For example, a limited liability
undertaking (PCBU) company, partnership, trust, incorporated society, etc.
Pit excavations Usually four-sided and deeper than the narrowest horizontal dimension at the
surface. Generally, beyond a depth of around 10 m, an excavation becomes a shaft.
Pits are generally excavated to install manholes, pump stations, underground
tanks and the like. They are also excavated to construct pile caps and other types
of foundations or to access and/or locate existing services to maintain them.
Risk Risks arise from people being exposed to a hazard (a source of harm). Risk can
be described as the likelihood certain consequences (death, injury, or illness)
occur when a person is exposed to a hazard.
Risk assessment Involves considering what could happen if someone is exposed to a hazard and
the likelihood of it happening.
Safe slope The steepest slope at which an excavated face is stable against slips and slides,
having regard to the qualities of the material in the face, the height of the face,
the load above the face and the moisture conditions for the time being existing.
78
TERM BRIEF EXPLANATION
Shaft A vertical or inclined way or opening from the surface downwards or from any
underground working, the dimensions of which (apart from the perimeter) are
less than its depth.
Sheet piling Vertical, close-spaced, or interlocking planks of steel, reinforced concrete

or other structural material driven to form a continuous wall ahead of the
excavation and supported either by tie-backs into solid ground structural
members from within the excavation as the work proceeds. The use of timber,
steel or other structural material to support an excavation in order to prevent
collapse so that construction can proceed.
Sheeting Sheeting is overlapping rather than interlocking, and cannot stand on its own.
Safe system of work A system of working covering how a piece of work or a project will be
completed safely and in compliance with relevant legislation.
Soil arching Describes an arching effect some types of shoring create by slightly
compressing soil in without allowing the soil to move outward.
Soldier Vertical upright steel or timber element used for supporting a trench wall.
Static load A static load is the effect of gravity on an object or structure. For example the
weight of a bridge.
Structure A building or other object constructed from several parts.
Strut Structural member (usually horizontal) in compression resisting thrust or

pressure from the face or faces of an excavation.
Temporary works The parts of a construction project that allow permanent works to be built.
Usually they are removed after use (eg access scaffolds and shoring).
Tom Structural member used to hold soldiers against an excavated face or to press
walers apart in a close sheeted excavation.
Trench A long narrow excavation, deeper than it is wide, and open to the surface along
its length. Trenches are generally excavated to install or maintain underground
services or to otherwise investigate beneath the ground surface.
Trench shield A steel or metal structure with two vertical side plates permanently braced apart
by cross frames or struts designed to resist the pressure from the walls of a
trench and capable of being moved as a unit.
Upstream PCBUs PCBUs who design, manufacture, import or supply plant, substances or
structures, or who install, construct or commission plant or structures.
Waler A horizontal steel or timber element used for supporting a trench wall.
Water scouring An erosion process resulting from the action of the ow of water.
Worker Has the meaning provided in HSWA. In general, it is a person who carries out
work in any capacity for a PCBU. It covers almost all working relationships,
including employees, contractors, sub-contractors, and volunteers.
Workplace exposure A WES is the level of a substance in the air that is believed to be safe for nearly
standards (WES) all workers repeatedly exposed, day after day, to that substance. The values are
usually calculated based on exposure over eight hours, 15 minutes or, in some
cases, instantaneous exposure.
Zone of inuence Means the volume of soil around the excavation where actions may inuence the
excavations stability (eg vehicles, plant, or spoil) or where the excavation may
inuence the stability of any nearby structure.
79
Notes
DISCLAIMER
WorkSafe New Zealand has made every effort to ensure the information contained in this publication
is reliable, but makes no guarantee of its completeness. WorkSafe may change the contents of this guide
at any time without notice.
This document is a guideline only. It should not be used as a substitute for legislation or legal advice.
WorkSafe is not responsible for the results of any action taken on the basis of information in this
document, or for any errors or omissions.
ISBN: 978-0-908336-50-0 (print)

ISBN: 978-0-908336-49-4 (online)
Published: July 2016Current until: 2018
PO Box 165, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
www.worksafe.govt.nz
Except for the logos of WorkSafe, this copyright work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-Non-commercial 3.0 NZ licence.
To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/nz/
In essence, you are free to copy, communicate and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes,
as long as you attribute the work to WorkSafe and abide by the other licence terms.
WSNZ_2292_JULY 2016
WorkSafe NewZealand
Level 6
86 Customhouse Quay
PO Box 165
Wellington 6140
Phone: +64 4 897 7699

Fax: +64 4 415 4015
0800 030 040
www.worksafe.govt.nz ISBN: 978-0-908336-50-0 (print)
@WorkSafeNZ ISBN: 978-0-908336-49-4 (online)

Excavation Safety GPG

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Excavation Safety GPG

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Excavation Safety GPG

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GOOD PRACTICE

Avoid underground services and make

Check the excavation each day before

Provide safe access to get in and out.

Prevent collapse shore, bench, or batter

Prevent people and materials falling

02 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES 10

2.1 Person conducting a business or undertaking 11

3.1 Identify hazards 16

04 PLANNING THE WORK 19

4.1 Safe system of work 20

06 PLANT AND EQUIPMENT 60

6.1 Checking the plant, equipment and materials 61

7.1 Appendix A: Legal framework 70

1 Recommended competencies for excavation work 14

Excavation failures are particularly dangerous because

For more information on the specic

Some industries have guidelines that deal

POTHOLING TRENCHES AND RETAINING WALLS

Potholing is usually a small excavation or A trench is a long narrow excavation which is

Trenches are generally excavated to install

Figure 2: Pot hole

Pit excavations are usually four-sided and

Pits are generally excavated to install

When a retaining wall is built, an open

Figure 3: Pit excavation

Figure 5: Trench constructed by putting up a

SHAFTS AND DRIVES

Sinking a shaft involves constructing a vertical

Drives are small openings cut into the sides of

Shafts and drives are often constructed to

HSWA denes the roles and responsibilities of different

Upstream PCBUs inuence and sometimes 2.2 WORKERS

EXCAVATION DEPTH AND TYPE NORMAL RECOMMENDED COMPETENCY

Up to 1.5 m > Recent experience in carrying out or supervising

1.5 m 3 m > Recent experience in carrying out or supervising

3m6m > Technical or trade qualication (eg as a civil

Table 1: Recommended competencies for excavation work

EXCAVATION DEPTH AND TYPE COMPLEX RECOMMENDED COMPETENCY

Up to 3 m > Experienced temporary works designer3 able to

Over 3 m > Experienced temporary works designer3 able to

Table 2: Recommended competencies for more complex excavation work

Risk management involves thinking more broadly about

Figure 7: Risk management as a continual process

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION METHODS To decide what is reasonably practicable,

Administrative controls and PPE rely on 3.4 REVIEW CONTROLS

Review, and if necessary revise controls:

Planning involves identifying the hazards, assessing

A safe system of work should include:

SITE ISSUES POSSIBLE FACTORS MINIMUM CONSIDERATIONS

Ground > soil types > inspecting to nd out what might

Site > surcharges > checking with the local authorities

Table 3: Planning considerations

The zone of inuences angle will depend

The gures below show examples of nearby

4.3 NEARBY BUILDINGS

Consider the excavations zone of inuence Building foundations

on the stability of any nearby structure and

For example, a long trench line operation

When organising site security and site