11/10/2016 G.R.No.

17207072

TodayisThursday,November10,2016

RepublicofthePhilippines
SUPREMECOURT
Manila

SECONDDIVISION

G.R.Nos.17207072June1,2007

VICENTEP.LADLAD,NATHANAELS.SANTIAGO,RANDALLB.ECHANIS,andREYCLAROC.CASAMBRE,
Petitioners,
vs.
SENIORSTATEPROSECUTOREMMANUELY.VELASCO,SENIORSTATEPROSECUTORJOSELITAC.
MENDOZA,SENIORSTATEPROSECUTORAILEENMARIES.GUTIERREZ,STATEPROSECUTORIRWINA.
MARAYA,andSTATEPROSECUTORMERBAA.WAGA,intheircapacityasmembersoftheDepartmentof
JusticepanelofprosecutorsinvestigatingI.S.Nos.2006225,2006226and2006234,JUSTICE
SECRETARYRAULM.GONZALEZ,DIRECTORGENERALARTUROC.LOMIBAO,inhiscapacityasChief,
PhilippineNationalPolice,P/CSUPT.RODOLFOB.MENDOZA,JR.,andP/SUPT.YOLANDAG.TANIGUE,
Respondents.

xx

G.R.Nos.17207476June1,2007

LIZAL.MAZA,JOELG.VIRADOR,SATURNINOC.OCAMPO,TEODOROA.CASIO,CRISPINB.BELTRAN,
andRAFAELV.MARIANO,Petitioners,
vs.
RAULM.GONZALEZ,inhiscapacityasSecretaryoftheDepartmentofJustice,JOVENCITOR.ZUO,in
hiscapacityasChiefStateProsecutor,thePanelofInvestigatingProsecutorscomposedofEMMANUEL
Y.VELASCO,JOSELITAC.MENDOZA,AILEENMARIES.GUTIERREZ,IRWINA.MARAYAandMERBAA.
WAGA(Panel),RODOLFOB.MENDOZA,inhiscapacityasActingDeputyDirector,Directoratefor
InvestigationandDetectiveManagement(DIDM),YOLANDAG.TANIGUE,inhercapacityasActing
ExecutiveOfficerofDIDM,theDEPARTMENTOFJUSTICE(DOJ),andthePHILIPPINENATIONALPOLICE
(PNP),Respondents.

xx

G.R.No.175013June1,2007

CRISPINB.BELTRAN,Petitioner,
vs.
PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, SECRETARY RAUL M. GONZALEZ, in his capacity as the Secretary of
Justice and overall superior of the Public Prosecutors, HONORABLE ENCARNACION JAJA G. MOYA, in
her capacity as Presiding Judge of Regional Trial Court of Makati City, Branch 146, and HONORABLE
ELMO M. ALAMEDA, in his capacity as Presiding Judge of Regional Trial Court of Makati City, Branch
150,Respondents.

DECISION

CARPIO,J.:

TheCase

These are consolidated petitions for the writs of prohibition and certiorari to enjoin petitioners prosecution for
RebellionandtosetasidetherulingsoftheDepartmentofJustice(DOJ)andtheRegionalTrialCourtofMakati
City(RTCMakati)ontheinvestigationandprosecutionofpetitionerscases.

TheFacts

PetitionerinG.R.No.175013,CrispinB.Beltran(Beltran),andpetitionersinG.R.Nos.17207476,LizaL.Maza
(Maza), Joel G. Virador (Virador), Saturnino C. Ocampo (Ocampo), Teodoro A. Casio (Casio), and Rafael V.
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Mariano (Mariano),1 are members of the House of Representatives representing various partylist groups.2
PetitionersinG.R.Nos.17207072areprivateindividuals.PetitionersallfacechargesforRebellionunderArticle
134inrelationtoArticle135oftheRevisedPenalCodeintwocriminalcasespendingwiththeRTCMakati.

G.R.No.175013(TheBeltranPetition)

Following the issuance by President Gloria MacapagalArroyo of Presidential Proclamation No. 1017 on 24
February2006declaringa"StateofNationalEmergency,"policeofficers3arrestedBeltranon25February2006,
whilehewasenroutetoMarilao,Bulacan,anddetainedhiminCampCrame,QuezonCity.Beltranwasarrested
withoutawarrantandthearrestingofficersdidnotinformBeltranofthecrimeforwhichhewasarrested.Onthat
evening, Beltran was subjected to an inquest at the Quezon City Hall of Justice for Inciting to Sedition under
Article142oftheRevisedPenalCodebasedonaspeechBeltranallegedlygaveduringarallyinQuezonCityon
24February2006,ontheoccasionofthe20th anniversary of the EDSA Revolution. The inquest was based on
the joint affidavit of Beltrans arresting officers who claimed to have been present at the rally. The inquest
prosecutor4indictedBeltranandfiledthecorrespondingInformationwiththeMetropolitanTrialCourtofQuezon
City(MeTC).5

TheauthoritiesbroughtbackBeltrantoCampCramewhere,on27February2006,hewassubjectedtoasecond
inquest,with1stLt.LawrenceSanJuan(SanJuan),thistimeforRebellion.ApanelofStateprosecutors6fromthe
DOJ conducted this second inquest. The inquest was based on two letters, both dated 27 February 2006, of
Yolanda Tanigue (Tanigue) and of Rodolfo Mendoza (Mendoza). Tanigue is the Acting Executive Officer of the
CriminalInvestigationandDetectionGroup(CIDG),PhilippineNationalPolice(PNP),whileMendozaistheActing
Deputy Director of the CIDG. The letters referred to the DOJ for appropriate action the results of the CIDGs
investigationimplicatingBeltran,thepetitionersinG.R.Nos.17207476,SanJuan,andseveralothersas"leaders
and promoters" of an alleged foiled plot to overthrow the Arroyo government. The plot was supposed to be
carried out jointly by members of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and the Makabayang Kawal ng
Pilipinas(MKP),whichhaveformeda"tacticalalliance."

On27February2006,theDOJpanelofprosecutorsissuedaResolutionfindingprobablecausetoindictBeltran
andSanJuanas"leaders/promoters"ofRebellion.ThepanelthenfiledanInformationwiththeRTCMakati.The
InformationallegedthatBeltran,SanJuan,andotherindividuals"conspiringandconfederatingwitheachother,x
xx,didthenandtherewillfully,unlawfully,andfeloniouslyformatacticalalliancebetweentheCPP/NPA,renamed
asPartidongKomunistangPilipinas(PKP)anditsarmedregularmembersasKatipunanngAnakngBayan(KAB)
with the Makabayang Kawal ng Pilipinas (MKP) and thereby rise publicly and take up arms against the duly
constitutedgovernment,xxx."7TheInformation,docketedasCriminalCaseNo.06452,wasraffledtoBranch
137underPresidingJudgeJennyLindR.AldecoaDelorino(JudgeDelorino).

BeltranmovedthatBranch137makeajudicialdeterminationofprobablecauseagainsthim.8Beforethemotion
couldberesolved,JudgeDelorinorecusedherselffromthecasewhichwasreraffledtoBranch146underJudge
EncarnacionJajaMoya(JudgeMoya).

In its Order dated 31 May 2006, Branch 146 sustained the finding of probable cause against Beltran.9 Beltran
sought reconsideration but Judge Moya also inhibited herself from the case without resolving Beltrans motion.
Judge Elmo M. Alameda of Branch 150, to whom the case was reraffled, issued an Order on 29 August 2006
denyingBeltransmotion.

Hence,thepetitioninG.R.No.175013tosetasidetheOrdersdated31May2006and29August2006andto
enjoinBeltransprosecution.

InhisCommenttothepetition,theSolicitorGeneralclaimsthatBeltransinquestforRebellionwasvalidandthat
theRTCMakaticorrectlyfoundprobablecausetotryBeltranforsuchfelony.

G.R.Nos.17207072and17207476(TheMazaandLadladPetitions)

BasedonTanigueandMendozasletters,theDOJsentsubpoenastopetitionerson6March2006requiringthem
toappearattheDOJOfficeon13March2006"togetcopiesofthecomplaintanditsattachment."Priortotheir
receiptofthesubpoenas,petitionershadquarteredthemselvesinsidetheHouseofRepresentativesbuildingfor
fearofbeingsubjectedtowarrantlessarrest.

Duringthepreliminaryinvestigationon13March2006,thecounselfortheCIDGpresentedamaskedman,later
identifiedasJaimeFuentes(Fuentes),whoclaimedtobeaneyewitnessagainstpetitioners.Fuentessubscribed
to his affidavit before respondent prosecutor Emmanuel Velasco who then gave copies of the affidavit to media
memberspresentduringtheproceedings.Thepanelofprosecutors10gavepetitioners10dayswithinwhichtofile
their counteraffidavits. Petitioners were furnished the complete copies of documents supporting the CIDGs
lettersonlyon17March2006.

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Petitionersmovedfortheinhibitionofthemembersoftheprosecutionpanelforlackofimpartialityand
independence,consideringthepoliticalmilieuunderwhichpetitionerswereinvestigated,thestatementsthatthe
PresidentandtheSecretaryofJusticemadetothemediaregardingpetitionerscase,11andthemannerinwhich
theprosecutionpanelconductedthepreliminaryinvestigation.TheDOJpanelofprosecutorsdeniedpetitioners
motionon22March2006.Petitionerssoughtreconsiderationandadditionallyprayedforthedismissalofthe
cases.However,thepanelofprosecutorsdeniedpetitionersmotionson4April2006.

PetitionersnowseekthenullificationoftheDOJOrdersof22March2006and4April2006.

Actingonpetitionersprayerfortheissuanceofaninjunctivewrit,theCourtissuedastatusquoorderon5June
2006. Prior to this, however, the panel of prosecutors, on 21 April 2006, issued a Resolution finding probable
cause to charge petitioners and 46 others with Rebellion. The prosecutors filed the corresponding Information
withBranch57oftheRTCMakati,docketedasCriminalCaseNo.06944(laterconsolidatedwithCriminalCase
No.06452inBranch146),chargingpetitionersandtheircoaccusedas"principals,masterminds,[or]heads"of
aRebellion.12 Consequently, the petitioners in G.R. Nos. 17207072 filed a supplemental petition to enjoin the
prosecutionofCriminalCaseNo.06944.

InhisseparateCommenttotheMazapetition,theSolicitorGeneralsubmitsthatthepreliminaryinvestigationof
petitionerswasnottaintedwithirregularities.TheSolicitorGeneralalsoclaimsthatthefilingofCriminalCaseNo.
06944hasmootedtheMazapetition.

TheIssues

Thepetitionsraisethefollowingissues:

1.InG.R.No.175013,(a)whethertheinquestproceedingagainstBeltranforRebellionwasvalidand(b)whether
thereisprobablecausetoindictBeltranforRebellionand

2.InG.R.Nos.17207072and17207476,whetherrespondentprosecutorsshouldbeenjoinedfromcontinuing
withtheprosecutionofCriminalCaseNo.06944.13

TheRulingoftheCourt

Wefindthepetitionsmeritorious.OntheBeltranPetition

TheInquestProceedingagainstBeltranforRebellionisVoid.

Inquestproceedingsareproperonlywhentheaccusedhasbeenlawfullyarrestedwithoutwarrant.14Section5,
Rule113oftheRevisedRulesofCriminalProcedureprovidestheinstanceswhensuchwarrantlessarrestmaybe
effected,thus:

Arrestwithoutwarrantwhenlawful.Apeaceofficeroraprivatepersonmay,withoutawarrant,arrestaperson:

(a) When, in his presence, the person to be arrested has committed, is actually committing, or is attempting to
commitanoffense

(b) When an offense has just been committed and he has probable cause to believe based on personal
knowledgeoffactsorcircumstancesthatthepersontobearrestedhascommitteditand

xxxx

In cases falling under paragraphs (a) and (b) above, the person arrested without a warrant shall be forthwith
deliveredtothenearestpolicestationorjailandshallbeproceededagainstinaccordancewithsection7ofRule
112.

ThejointaffidavitofBeltransarrestingofficers15statesthattheofficersarrestedBeltran,withoutawarrant,16for
Inciting to Sedition, and not for Rebellion. Thus, the inquest prosecutor could only have conducted as he did
conduct an inquest for Inciting to Sedition and no other. Consequently, when another group of prosecutors
subjected Beltran to a second inquest proceeding for Rebellion, they overstepped their authority rendering the
second inquest void. None of Beltrans arresting officers saw Beltran commit, in their presence, the crime of
Rebellion. Nor did they have personal knowledge of facts and circumstances that Beltran had just committed
Rebellion, sufficient to form probable cause to believe that he had committed Rebellion. What these arresting
officers alleged in their affidavit is that they saw and heard Beltran make an allegedly seditious speech on 24
February2006.17

Indeed,underDOJCircularNo.61,dated21September1993,theinitialdutyoftheinquestofficeristodetermine
if the arrest of the detained person was made "in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of
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Section5,Rule113."18Ifthearrestwasnotproperlyeffected,theinquestofficershouldproceedunderSection9
ofCircularNo.61whichprovides:

WhereArrestNotProperlyEffected.ShouldtheInquestOfficerfindthatthearrestwasnotmadeinaccordance
withtheRules,heshall:

a)recommendthereleaseofthepersonarrestedordetained

b)notedownthedispositiononthereferraldocument

c)prepareabriefmemorandumindicatingthereasonsfortheactiontakenand

d) forward the same, together with the record of the case, to the City or Provincial Prosecutor for
appropriateaction.

Where the recommendation for the release of the detained person is approved by the City or Provincial
Prosecutor but the evidence on hand warrant the conduct of a regular preliminary investigation, the order of
release shall be served on the officer having custody of said detainee and shall direct the said officer to serve
upon the detainee the subpoena or notice of preliminary investigation, together with the copies of the charge
sheet or complaint, affidavit or sworn statements of the complainant and his witnesses and other supporting
evidence.(Emphasissupplied)

ForthefailureofBeltranspanelofinquestprosecutorstocomplywithSection7,Rule112inrelationtoSection5,
Rule 113 and DOJ Circular No. 61, we declare Beltrans inquest void.19 Beltran would have been entitled to a
preliminary investigation had he not asked the trial court to make a judicial determination of probable cause,
whicheffectivelytooktheplaceofsuchproceeding.

ThereisNoProbableCausetoIndict

BeltranforRebellion.

Probablecauseisthe"existenceofsuchfactsandcircumstancesaswouldexcitethebeliefinareasonablemind,
acting on the facts within the knowledge of the prosecutor, that the person charged was guilty of the crime for
which he was prosecuted."20 To accord respect to the discretion granted to the prosecutor and for reasons of
practicality, this Court, as a rule, does not interfere with the prosecutors determination of probable cause for
otherwise, courts would be swamped with petitions to review the prosecutors findings in such investigations.21
However,inthefewexceptionalcaseswheretheprosecutorabusedhisdiscretionbyignoringaclearinsufficiency
of evidence to support a finding of probable cause, thus denying the accused his right to substantive and
procedural due process, we have not hesitated to intervene and exercise our review power under Rule 65 to
overturntheprosecutorsfindings.22Thisexceptionholdstruehere.

RebellionunderArticle134oftheRevisedPenalCodeiscommitted

[B]y rising publicly and taking arms against the Government for the purpose of removing from the allegiance to
said Government or its laws, the territory of the Republic of the Philippines or any part thereof, or any body of
land,naval,orotherarmedforcesordeprivingtheChiefExecutiveortheLegislature,whollyorpartially,ofanyof
theirpowersorprerogatives.

Theelementsoftheoffenseare:

1.Thattherebea(a)publicuprisingand(b)takingarmsagainsttheGovernmentand

2.Thatthepurposeoftheuprisingormovementiseither

(a)toremovefromtheallegiancetosaidGovernmentoritslaws:

(1)theterritoryofthePhilippinesoranypartthereofor

(2)anybodyofland,naval,orotherarmedforcesor

(b) to deprive the Chief Executive or Congress, wholly or partially, of any of their powers and
prerogatives.23

Thus,byitsnature,rebellionisacrimeofthemassesormultitudesinvolvingcrowdactiondoneinfurtheranceof
apoliticalend.24

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TheevidencebeforethepanelofprosecutorswhoconductedtheinquestofBeltranforRebellionconsistedofthe
affidavits and other documents25 attached to the CIDG letters. We have gone over these documents and find
meritinBeltranscontentionthatthesameareinsufficienttoshowprobablecausetoindicthimforRebellion.The
bulk of the documents consists of affidavits, some of which were sworn before a notary public, executed by
membersofthemilitaryandsomecivilians.Exceptfortwoaffidavits,executedbyacertainRuelEscala(Escala),
dated 20 Febuary 2006,26 and Raul Cachuela (Cachuela), dated 23 February 2006,27 none of the affidavits
mentionsBeltran.28Inhisaffidavit,Escalarecountedthatintheafternoonof20February2006,hesawBeltran,
Ocampo,Casio,Maza,Mariano,Virador,andotherindividualsonboardavehiclewhichenteredachickenfarm
inBucal,PadreGarcia,Batangasandthatafterthepassengersalighted,theyweremetbyanotherindividualwho
looked like San Juan. For his part, Cachuela stated that he was a former member of the CPP and that (1) he
attendedtheCPPs"10thPlenum"in1992wherehesawBeltran(2)hetookpartincriminalactivitiesand(3)the
armsheandtheotherCPPmembersusedwerepurchasedpartlyfromcontributionsbyCongressionalmembers,
likeBeltran,whorepresentpartylistgroupsaffiliatedwiththeCPP.

TheallegationsintheseaffidavitsarefarfromtheproofneededtoindictBeltranfortakingpartinanarmedpublic
uprising against the government. What these documents prove, at best, is that Beltran was in Bucal, Padre
Garcia,Batangason20February2006andthat14yearsearlier,hewaspresentduringthe1992CPPPlenum.
NoneoftheaffidavitsstatedthatBeltrancommittedspecificactsofpromoting,maintaining,orheadingarebellion
asfoundintheDOJResolutionof27February2006.NoneoftheaffidavitsallegedthatBeltranisaleaderofa
rebellion.Beltransallegedpresenceduringthe1992CPPPlenumdoesnotautomaticallymakehimaleaderofa
rebellion.

Infact,CachuelasaffidavitstatedthatBeltranattendedthe1992CPPPlenumas"Chairman,KilusangMayoUno
(KMU)."AssumingthatBeltranisamemberoftheCPP,whichBeltrandoesnotacknowledge,meremembership
in the CPP does not constitute rebellion.29 As for the alleged funding of the CPPs military equipment from
Beltranscongressionalfunds,Cachuelasaffidavitmerelycontainedageneralconclusionwithoutanyspecificact
showingsuchfunding.Cachuelamerelyallegedthat"angmgaibangmgapondonaminaygalingsamgaparty
listnanaihalalsaKongresotuladngBAYANMUNApimumunuannilaSATUROCAMPOatCRISPINBELTRAN,
xxx."30Suchageneralconclusiondoesnotestablishprobablecause.

InhisCommenttoBeltranspetition,theSolicitorGeneralpointstoFuentesaffidavit,dated25February2006,31
asbasisforthefindingofprobablecauseagainstBeltranasFuentesprovideddetailsinhisstatementregarding
meetings Beltran and the other petitioners attended in 2005 and 2006 in which plans to overthrow violently the
Arroyogovernmentwereallegedlydiscussed,amongothers.

The claim is untenable. Fuentes affidavit was not part of the attachments the CIDG referred to the DOJ on 27
February2006.Thus,thepanelofinquestprosecutorsdidnothaveFuentesaffidavitintheirpossessionwhen
they conducted the Rebellion inquest against Beltran on that day. Indeed, although this affidavit is dated 25
February2006,theCIDGfirstpresenteditonlyduringthepreliminaryinvestigationoftheotherpetitionerson13
March2006duringwhichFuentessubscribedtohisstatementbeforerespondentprosecutorVelasco.

Respondent prosecutors later tried to remedy this fatal defect by motu proprio submitting to Branch 137 of the
RTCMakatiFuentesaffidavitaspartoftheirCommenttoBeltransmotionforjudicialdeterminationofprobable
cause.Suchbelatedsubmission,atacitadmissionofthedearthofevidenceagainstBeltranduringtheinquest,
does not improve the prosecutions case. Assuming them to be true, what the allegations in Fuentes affidavit
makeoutisacaseforConspiracytoCommitRebellion,punishableunderArticle136oftheRevisedPenalCode,
not Rebellion under Article 134. Attendance in meetings to discuss, among others, plans to bring down a
government is a mere preparatory step to commit the acts constituting Rebellion under Article 134. Even the
prosecution acknowledged this, since the felony charged in the Information against Beltran and San Juan in
CriminalCaseNo.06452isConspiracytoCommitRebellionandnotRebellion.TheInformationmerelyalleged
that Beltran, San Juan, and others conspired to form a "tactical alliance" to commit Rebellion. Thus, the RTC
MakatierredwhenitneverthelessfoundprobablecausetotryBeltranforRebellionbasedontheevidencebefore
it.

The minutes32 of the 20 February 2006 alleged meeting in Batangas between members of MKP and CPP,
includingBeltran,alsodonotdetractfromourfinding. NowhereintheminuteswasBeltranimplicated.Whilethe
1 a \^/p h i1 .n e t

minutesstatethatacertain"Cris"attendedtheallegedmeeting,thereisnootherevidenceonrecordindicating
that"Cris"isBeltran.SanJuan,fromwhomthe"flashdrive"containingthesocalledminuteswasallegedlytaken,
deniesknowingBeltran.

To repeat, none of the affidavits alleges that Beltran is promoting, maintaining, or heading a Rebellion. The
Information in Criminal Case No. 06452 itself does not make such allegation. Thus, even assuming that the
Information validly charges Beltran for taking part in a Rebellion, he is entitled to bail as a matter of right since
there is no allegation in the Information that he is a leader or promoter of the Rebellion.33 However, the
Information in fact merely charges Beltran for "conspiring and confederating" with others in forming a "tactical
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alliance" to commit rebellion. As worded, the Information does not charge Beltran with Rebellion but with
ConspiracytoCommitRebellion,abailableoffense.34

OntheLadladandMazaPetitions

ThePreliminaryInvestigationwasTainted

WithIrregularities.

As in the determination of probable cause, this Court is similarly loath to enjoin the prosecution of offenses, a
practicerootedonpublicinterestasthespeedyclosureofcriminalinvestigationsfosterspublicsafety.35However,
suchreliefinequitymaybegrantedif,amongothers,thesameisnecessary(a)topreventtheuseofthestrong
arm of the law in an oppressive and vindictive manner36 or (b) to afford adequate protection to constitutional
rights.37ThecaseofthepetitionersinG.R.Nos.17207072and17207476fallsundertheseexceptions.

Theprocedureforpreliminaryinvestigationofoffensespunishablebyatleastfouryears,twomonthsandoneday
isoutlinedinSection3,Rule112oftheRevisedRulesofCriminalProcedure,thus:

Procedure.Thepreliminaryinvestigationshallbeconductedinthefollowingmanner:

(a)Thecomplaintshallstatetheaddressoftherespondentandshallbeaccompaniedbytheaffidavitsof
the complainant and his witnesses, as well as other supporting documents to establish probable cause.
They shall be in such number of copies as there are respondents, plus two (2) copies for the official file.
Theaffidavitsshallbesubscribedandsworntobeforeanyprosecutororgovernmentofficialauthorizedto
administeroath,or,intheirabsenceorunavailability,beforeanotarypublic,eachofwhommustcertifythat
hepersonallyexaminedtheaffiantsandthatheissatisfiedthattheyvoluntarilyexecutedandunderstood
theiraffidavits.

(b)Withinten(10)daysafterthefilingofthecomplaint,theinvestigatingofficershalleitherdismissitifhe
findsnogroundtocontinuewiththeinvestigation,orissueasubpoenatotherespondentattachingtoita
copyofthecomplaintanditssupportingaffidavitsanddocuments.

Therespondentshallhavetherighttoexaminetheevidencesubmittedbythecomplainantwhichhemay
nothavebeenfurnishedandtocopythemathisexpense.Iftheevidenceisvoluminous,thecomplainant
mayberequiredtospecifythosewhichheintendstopresentagainsttherespondent,andtheseshallbe
madeavailableforexaminationorcopyingbytherespondentathisexpense.

Objectsasevidenceneednotbefurnishedapartybutshallbemadeavailableforexamination,copying,or
photographingattheexpenseoftherequestingparty.

(c) Within ten (10) days from receipt of the subpoena with the complaint and supporting affidavits and
documents,therespondentshallsubmithiscounteraffidavitandthatofhiswitnessesandothersupporting
documents relied upon for his defense. The counteraffidavits shall be subscribed and sworn to and
certified as provided in paragraph (a) of this section, with copies thereof furnished by him to the
complainant.Therespondentshallnotbeallowedtofileamotiontodismissinlieuofacounteraffidavit.

(d) If the respondent cannot be subpoenaed, or if subpoenaed, does not submit counteraffidavits within
the ten (10) day period, the investigating officer shall resolve the complaint based on the evidence
presentedbythecomplainant.

(e)Theinvestigatingofficermaysetahearingiftherearefactsandissuestobeclarifiedfromapartyora
witness.Thepartiescanbepresentatthehearingbutwithouttherighttoexamineorcrossexamine.They
may, however, submit to the investigating officer questions which may be asked to the party or witness
concerned.

The hearing shall be held within ten (10) days from submission of the counteraffidavits and other
documents or from the expiration of the period for their submission. It shall be terminated within five (5)
days.

(f)Withinten(10)daysaftertheinvestigation,theinvestigatingofficershalldeterminewhetherornotthere
issufficientgroundtoholdtherespondentfortrial.(Emphasissupplied)

Insteadoffollowingthisprocedurescrupulously,aswhatthisCourthadmandatedinanearlierruling,"sothatthe
constitutional right to liberty of a potential accused can be protected from any material damage,"38 respondent
prosecutorsnonchalantlydisregardedit.RespondentprosecutorsfailedtocomplywithSection3(a)ofRule112
whichprovidesthatthecomplaint(which,withitsattachment,mustbeofsuchnumberastherearerespondents)
be accompanied by the affidavits of the complainant and his witnesses, subscribed and sworn to before any
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prosecutor or government official authorized to administer oath, or, in their absence or unavailability, before a
notary public. Respondent prosecutors treated the unsubscribed letters of Tanigue and Mendoza of the CIDG,
PNP as complaints39 and accepted the affidavits attached to the letters even though some of them were
notarized by a notary public without any showing that a prosecutor or qualified government official was
unavailableasrequiredbySection3(a)ofRule112.

Further,Section3(b)ofRule112mandatesthattheprosecutor,afterreceivingthecomplaint,mustdetermineif
therearegroundstocontinuewiththeinvestigation.Ifthereisnone,heshalldismissthecase,otherwiseheshall
"issue a subpoena to the respondents." Here, after receiving the CIDG letters, respondent prosecutors
peremptorily issued subpoenas to petitioners requiring them to appear at the DOJ office on 13 March 2006 "to
secure copies of the complaints and its attachments." During the investigation, respondent prosecutors allowed
the CIDG to present a masked Fuentes who subscribed to an affidavit before respondent prosecutor Velasco.
VelascoproceededtodistributecopiesofFuentesaffidavitnottopetitionersortheircounselsbuttomembersof
the media who covered the proceedings. Respondent prosecutors then required petitioners to submit their
counteraffidavitsin10days.Itwasonlyfourdayslater,on17March2006,thatpetitionersreceivedthecomplete
copyoftheattachmentstotheCIDGletters. 1 a \^/p h i1 .n e t

These uncontroverted facts belie respondent prosecutors statement in the Order of 22 March 2006 that the
preliminaryinvestigation"wasdoneinaccordancewiththeRevisedRuleso[f]CriminalProcedure."40Indeed,by
peremptorilyissuingthesubpoenastopetitioners,toleratingthecomplainantsanticsduringtheinvestigation,and
distributing copies of a witness affidavit to members of the media knowing that petitioners have not had the
opportunitytoexaminethechargesagainstthem,respondentprosecutorsnotonlytrivializedtheinvestigationbut
alsolentcredencetopetitionersclaimthattheentireproceedingwasasham.

A preliminary investigation is the crucial sieve in the criminal justice system which spells for an individual the
difference between months if not years of agonizing trial and possibly jail term, on the one hand, and peace of
mindandliberty,ontheotherhand.Thus,wehavecharacterizedtherighttoapreliminaryinvestigationasnot"a
mere formal or technical right" but a "substantive" one, forming part of due process in criminal justice.41 This
especially holds true here where the offense charged is punishable by reclusion perpetua and may be non
bailableforthoseaccusedasprincipals.

Contrary to the submission of the Solicitor General, respondent prosecutors filing of the Information against
petitionerson21April2006withBranch57oftheRTCMakatidoesnotmootthepetitionsinG.R.Nos.172070
72and17207476.OurpowertoenjoinprosecutionscannotbefrustratedbythesimplefilingoftheInformation
withthetrialcourt. 1 a \^/p h i1 .n e t

OnRespondentProsecutorsLackofImpartiality

Wefindmeritinpetitionersdoubtonrespondentprosecutorsimpartiality.RespondentSecretaryofJustice,who
exercisessupervisionandcontroloverthepanelofprosecutors,statedinaninterviewon13March2006,theday
ofthepreliminaryinvestigation,that,"We[theDOJ]willjustdeclareprobablecause,thenitsuptothe[C]ourtto
decidexxx."42Petitionersraisedthisissueintheirpetition,43butrespondentsneverdisputedtheveracityofthis
statement. This clearly shows prejudgment, a determination to file the Information even in the absence of
probablecause.

AFinalWord

The obvious involvement of political considerations in the actuations of respondent Secretary of Justice and
respondentprosecutorsbringstomindanobservationwemadeinanotherequallypoliticallychargedcase.We
reiterate what we stated then, if only to emphasize the importance of maintaining the integrity of criminal
prosecutionsingeneralandpreliminaryinvestigationsinparticular,thus:

[W]e cannot emphasize too strongly that prosecutors should not allow, and should avoid, giving the impression
thattheirnobleofficeisbeingusedorprostituted,wittinglyorunwittingly,forpoliticalends,orotherpurposesalien
to,orsubversiveof,thebasicandfundamentalobjectiveofobservingtheinterestofjusticeevenhandedly,without
fearorfavortoanyandalllitigantsalike,whetherrichorpoor,weakorstrong,powerlessormighty.Onlybystrict
adherence to the established procedure may be publics perception of the impartiality of the prosecutor be
enhanced.44 1 a \^/p h i1 .n e t

WHEREFORE,weGRANTthepetitions.InG.R.No.175013,weSETASIDEtheOrderdated31May2006ofthe
Regional Trial Court, Makati City, Branch 146 and the Order dated 29 August 2006 of the Regional Trial Court,
Makati City, Branch 150. In G.R. Nos. 17207072 and 17207476, we SET ASIDE the Orders dated 22 March
2006 and 4 April 2006 issued by respondent prosecutors. We ORDER the Regional Trial Court, Makati City,
Branch150toDISMISSCriminalCaseNos.06452and06944.

SOORDERED.

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ANTONIOT.CARPIO
AssociateJustice

WECONCUR:

LEONARDOA.QUISUMBING
AssociateJustice
Chairperson

CONCHITACARPIOMORALES DANTEO.TINGA
AssociateJustice AsscociateJustice

PRESBITEROJ.VELASCO,JR.
AssociateJustice

ATTESTATION

I attest that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in consultation before the case was
assignedtothewriteroftheopinionoftheCourtsDivision.

LEONARDOA.QUISUMBING
AssociateJustice
Chairperson

CERTIFICATION

PursuanttoSection13,ArticleVIIIoftheConstitution,andtheDivisionChairpersonsAttestation,Icertifythatthe
conclusionsintheaboveDecisionhadbeenreachedinconsultationbeforethecasewasassignedtothewriterof
theopinionoftheCourtsDivision.

REYNATOS.PUNO
ChiefJustice

Footnotes

1BeltranisalsooneofthepetitionersinG.R.Nos.17207476.

2 Beltran and Mariano represent Anakpawis Virador, Casio, and Ocampo represent Bayan Muna and
MazarepresentsGabriela.
3PoliceChiefInspectorRinoV.Corpuz,PoliceInspectorHonestoGaton,andSPO1ArnoldJ.Casumpang.

4Atty.BenV.DelaCruz.

5 During the inquest and in a motion filed with the MeTC, Beltran protested his detention, invoking his
parliamentary immunity from arrest under Section 11, Article VI of the 1987 Constitution since Inciting to
Seditionispunishablewithamaximumpenaltyoflessthansixyears.FindingmeritinBeltransmotion,the
MeTCorderedBeltransreleaseinitsOrderof13March2006.Thisrulingwasneverimplemented.
6ComposedofAttys.EmmanuelY.Velasco,RosalinaP.Aquino,AileenMarieS.Gutierrez,IrwinA.Maraya,
andMariaCristinaP.Rilloraza.
7Rollo(G.R.No.175013),pp.8485Annex"I."TheInformationreadsinfull:

That prior to February 24, 2006 and dates subsequent thereto, in Makati City and within the
jurisdiction of this Honorable Court (and other parts of the Philippines) the above named accused
1Lt. LAWRENCE SAN JUAN, being then a member of the Philippine Army, CRISPIN BELTRAN y
BERTIZ, duly elected member of the House of Representatives, together with several other
JOHN/JANEDOESwhosepresentidentitiesandwhereaboutsarepresentlyunknown,conspiringand
confederatingwitheachother,didthenandtherewillfully,unlawfullyandfeloniously,formatactical
alliancebetweentheCPP/NPA,renamedasPartidongKomunistaandPilipinas(PKP)anditsarmed
regular members as Katipunan ng Anak ng Bayan (KAB) with the Makabayang Kawal ng Pilipinas
(MKP)andtherebyrisepubliclyandtakeuparmsagainstthedulyconstitutedgovernment,suchas,
but not limited to, conducting bombing activities and liquidation of military and police personnel, for
thepurposeofremovingallegiancefromtheGovernmentoritslaws,theterritoryoftheRepublicof
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thePhilippinesoranypartthereof,ofanybodyofland,navalorarmedforces,ordeprivingtheChief
ExecutiveortheLegislature,whollyorpartially,ofanyoftheirpowersandprerogativesandultimately
tooverthrowPresidentGloriaMacapagalArroyoandthepresentdulyconstitutedGovernment.
8 Pending resolution of Beltrans motion, the DOJ sought leave from Branch 137 to file an Amended
InformationinCriminalCaseNo.06452,impleadingadditional46defendants,includingthepetitionersin
G.R.Nos.17207476and17207072andencompassingcrimescommittedsincethe1960s.Onpetitioners
motion,Branch137expungedtheAmendedInformationforbeinganentirelynewInformation.
9Rollo(G.R.No.175013),p.59Annex"A."TheOrderof31May2006pertinentlyreads:"Afterexamining

therecordofthiscase,theCourtfindsprobablecausetobelievethataccused1stLt.LawrenceSanJuan,
P.A.andCrispinBeltranyBertizcommittedthecrimecharged.Letacommitmentorderbeissued."
10 Composed of Attys. Emmanuel Y. Velasco, Joselita C. Mendoza, Aileen Marie S. Gutierrez, Irwin A.
Maraya,andMerbaA.Waga.
11 Rollo (G.R. Nos. 17207476), pp. 99102 Annexes "K" and "L." The President was quoted by a daily,
thus: "They [petitioners in the Maza petition] have committed a crime. They are committing a continuing
crime.Andwehavelawstodealwiththat.xxx."(ThePhilippineStar,12March2006,p.1).Respondent
Gonzalezwasalsoreportedtohavesaid:"Wewilljustdeclareprobablecause,thenitsuptotheCourtto
decide.xxx."(ThePhilippineStar,14March2006,p.6)

12Rollo(G.R.Nos.17207072),pp.540541Annex"11."

13TheSolicitorGeneralclaimsthatthepetitionersintheMazapetition(exceptBeltran)areguiltyofforum
shoppingforhavingfiledwiththeCourtofAppealsapetitionforcertiorariandprohibition(docketedasCA
G.R.SPNo.93975)"demandingtheconductofpreliminaryinvestigation."However,therecordsshowthat
the petition in CA G.R. SP No. 93975 sought the nullification of a DOJ Order, dated 1 March 2006,
apparently relating to the warrantless arrest of Maza, Ocampo, Casio, Mariano, and Virador. Also, the
Court of Appeals considered CA G.R. SP No. 93975 "closed and terminated" in its Resolution of 28 June
2006.

14 Section 7, Rule 112 provides: "When accused lawfully arrested without warrant. When a person is
lawfully arrested without a warrant involving an offense which requires a preliminary investigation, the
complaint or information may be filed by a prosecutor without need of such investigation provided an
inquest has been conducted in accordance with existing Rules. In the absence or unavailability of an
inquest prosecutor, the complaint may be filed by the offended party or a peace officer directly with the
propercourtonthebasisoftheaffidavitoftheoffendedpartyorarrestingofficerorperson.

Before the complaint or information is filed, the person arrested may ask for a preliminary
investigationinaccordancewiththisRule,buthemustsignawaiveroftheprovisionsofArticle125
oftheRevisedPenalCode,asamended,inthepresenceofhiscounsel.Notwithstandingthewaiver,
he may apply for bail and the investigation must be terminated within fifteen (15) days from its
inception.

Afterthefilingofthecomplaintorinformationincourtwithoutapreliminaryinvestigation,theaccused
may,withinfive(5)daysfromthetimehelearnsofitsfiling,askforapreliminaryinvestigationwith
thesamerighttoadduceevidenceinhisdefenseasprovidedinthisRule."(Emphasissupplied)

15 Rollo (G.R. No. 175013), pp. 540541 Annex "PP1." Beltrans arrest was later declared illegal by the
MeTC for violating Beltrans parliamentary immunity from arrest under Section 11, Article VI of the
Constitution.Itappearstheprosecutiondidnotappealfromthisruling.

16 Beltran also claims that on the night of his arrest, his jailors showed him a warrant of arrest, dated 7
October 1985, issued by the Regional Trial Court of Quezon City, Branch 84, in connection with Criminal
CaseNo.Q21905for"incitingtorebellion"whichhadbeenarchivedinOctober1985.

17 Even under the rulings in GarciaPadilla v. Enrile (No. L61388, 20 April 1983, 121 SCRA 472 also
reportedasParongv.Enrile,206Phil.392)andUmilv.Ramos(G.R.No.81567,9July1990,187SCRA
811)wheretheCourtcharacterizedRebellionasa"continuingoffense"thusallowingthewarrantlessarrest
ofitsperpetrators,BeltransinquestforRebellionremainsvoidashewasnotarrestedforcommittingsuch
felony.

18"Section8.InitialDutyoftheInquestOfficer.TheInquestOfficermustfirstdetermineifthearrestof
the detained person was made in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of Section 5,

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Rule113oftheRevisedRulesonCriminalProcedure,asamended,xxx."
19 Larranaga v. Court of Appeals, 346 Phil. 241 (1997) Go v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 101837, 11
February1992,206SCRA138.
20Cruz,Jr.v.People,G.R.No.110436,27June1994,233SCRA439.

21Acuav.DeputyOmbudsmanforLuzon,G.R.No.144692,31January2005,450SCRA232.

22 See Allado v. Diokno, G.R. No. 113630, 5 May 1994, 232 SCRA 192 Salonga v. CruzPao, No. L
59524,18February1985,134SCRA438.

23IIL.B.Reyes,TheRevisedPenalCode84(14thed.,1998).

24Peoplev.Lovedioro,320Phil.481(1995).

25Includingofficialreceipts,publications,articles,inventories,andphotocopiesofIDpictures.

26Rollo(G.R.No.175013),pp.690693Annex"PP27."

27Id.,pp.605615Annex"PP14."

28 The affidavits mainly concern the organization and recruitment of members of MKP, the aborted
participationofMKPmembersinarallyon24February2006,andthecriminalactivitiesofCPPmembers.
29SeeBuscaynov.MilitaryCommissionsNos.1,2,6and25,196Phil.41(1981)Peoplev.Hernandez,
120Phil.191(1964).

30Rollo(G.R.No.175013),p.613.

31Rollo(G.R.Nos.17207072),pp.5967Annex"D."

32Rollo(G.R.No.175013),pp.657674Annex"PP18."

33Article135oftheRevisedPenalCodepertinentlyprovides:

"Anypersonwhopromotes,maintains,orheadsarebellionorinsurrectionshallsufferthepenaltyof
reclusionperpetua.

Any person merely participating or executing the commands of others in rebellion, insurrection or
coupdetatshallsufferthepenaltyofreclusiontemporal."
34UnderArticle136oftheRevisedPenalCode,ConspiracytoCommitRebellionispunishablebyprision
correccionalinitsmaximumperiodandafinewhichshallnotexceedfivethousandpesos(P5,000).
35Hernandezv.Albano,125Phil.513(1967).

36Dimayugav.Fernandez,43Phil.304(1922).

37Hernandezv.Albano,supra.

38Webbv.DeLeon,317Phil.758(1995).

39 Defined under Section 3, Rule 110 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure as "sworn written
statementchargingapersonwithanoffense,subscribedbytheoffendedparty,anypeaceofficer,orother
publicofficerchargedwiththeenforcementofthelawviolated."(Emphasissupplied)
40Rollo(G.R.Nos.17207476),pp.6162Annex"A."

41Gov.CourtofAppeals,supranote19.

42Rollo(G.R.No.17207476),p.102.

43Id.,pp.1617.

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44Tatadv.Sandiganbayan,No.L7233539,21March1988,159SCRA70,81.

TheLawphilProjectArellanoLawFoundation

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