Wind Energy Conversion System Integrated With Grid Under Variable Speed Scenario

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765
ISSN (Online): 2278 8875
International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)
Vol. 4, Issue 2, February 2015
Wind Energy Conversion System Integrated

with Grid under Variable Speed Scenario
Haroon Ashfaq1, Surendra Kumar Tripathi2
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India 1
2
Research Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
ABSTRACT: The recent sensitive issue of climate change is due to the extensive amount of carbon emission through
the consumption of fossil fuel as the primary option for energy demand. Due to the negative impact of green house
effect, the alternative and renewable energy options have received significant attention global scale. The two branched
approach of renewable energy projects including the reduction in the global greenhouse gas emissions and
encouragement to the development of alternate green energy options like wind energy. Wind energy has become one of
most acceptable solution among the different renewable energy resources because of the application of power
electronic based controllers that allows the wind energy conversion system (WECS) to generate quality electric power
irrespective of variable wind profile. The continuous flow of quality power from WECS to grid is insured for wider
range of wind speed. Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used in WECS having power electronic converter which
requires very small friction of power in comparison to the total generation capacity. This paper brings out the analysis
of a DFIG system in terms of its stator and rotor currents and real and reactive power balance when the machine is
operating with varying wind velocity conditions. Various possible maximum power point tracking techniques are listed
in the paper. The suitable Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique has also been suggested to harness
maximum available power for a given wind velocity to ensure the continuous power flow from WECS to the power
grid.
KEYWORDS: Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), Double feed induction generator (DFIG), Matrix converter
(MC), Back to back converter, Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), Wind turbines(WT), Wind generators(WG).
I. INTRODUCTION
With the development of wind power generation the green energy trend is being projected and flourished globally.
Increased amount of electricity produced from WECS is one of the ways to reach the goal of lowering emissions of
greenhouse gases from energy production. Installed wind turbines and wind power plants have increased both in size
and number in recent years significantly. However, research is still required to ensure the reliability of grid connected
wind energy conversion system. Many techniques have been proposed in various research work which discuss the
smooth mechanical to quality electrical energy conversion can be realized, have been proposed and developed with
commercial success [1]-[2].
Global market forecast regarding wind power development gives the encouraging sign. Growth forecast advocates the
significant contribution of WECS for global net power demand. The effect of wind power generation on system
stability has gained more importance with increasing penetration of wind power generation in power system. Wind
power generation can affect the power system stability in two ways: First it is because of the uncertainty of wind
energy nature. The next issue is grid connected wind energy conversion system instability due to a disturbance on
power grids of in the WECS side that leads to complete power system instability. As far as power system stability is
concern the basic parameters include rotor angle stability, frequency stability and voltage stability as shown in Fig.1
[3]-[5].
Copyright to IJAREEIE 10.15662/ijareeie.2015.0402007 547

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765

Power System Stability
Rotor Angle Frequency

Voltage Stability
Stability Stability
[6]
[7] [3]
Small Large Small

Disturbance Transient Disturbance Disturbance
Angle Stability Voltage Voltage
Stability [5] Stability Stability
[4] [8] [9]
Short Short Long Short Long

Term Term Term Term Term
Fig. 1 Classification of Power System Stability
The rotor angle stability governs the small disturbance angle stability and the transient stability. This is important to
ensure the quality power during wind gusts. This has short term effect. Another important parameter is the frequency
stability which is having short term as well as long term effect depending on the wind quality. Voltage stability is the
compliment of small disturbance voltage stability and large disturbance voltage stability [6], [7]. This also has the short
term and long term stability issues. The detailed comparison is shown in the above Fig. 1.
In case of renewable power generation the wind energy has been identified as the most swiftly growing technology
with the development up to the megawatts capacity of wind turbines with the large power generators and power
electronic converters.. Recently, voltage source converter (VSC) based doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is
considered to be highly reliable and efficient. To harness maximum amount of wind energy under varying wind
velocity conditions, Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) seems to be one of the promising options, although
various other generators such as Squirrel Cage Induction Generators (SCIG) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generators (PMSG) are also emerging as tough competitors to DFIG. Based on electrical topology, wind turbine
generators are broadly grouped in to four categories namely (i) Fixed speed SCIG (ii) Variable slip (wound rotor)
induction generator with variable rotor resistance (iii) Variable speed DFIG with partially rated converter interface (iv)
Variable speed generators (either SCIG or PMSG) with full converter interface [8],[9].
It is very important to assure that the grid is capable of staying within the operational limits of voltage and frequency
for all expected combination of WECS and consumer load and at the same time maintaining transient stability of
connected grid.
II. POWER CHARACTERISTICS OF WIND TURBINE
Wind turbine is a non-linear system whose output depends on various parameters such as wind velocity, dimensions of
the wind turbine and tip speed ratio. The power extracted (Pwt) by a wind turbine is

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765

Pwt = 0.5 Cp(, ) A v3 (1)
where v is the wind speed, is the air density, A is the area swept by the blades and Cp is the wind power coefficient
(denotes power extraction efficiency which is a function of and , being the pitch angle and being the tip speed
ratio TSR given by R / v where R is turbine radius, is turbine shaft speed). Thus, power captured by the wind
turbine is heavily dependent upon TSR when is unchanged. The power conversion efficiency has a well determined
maximum Cp,max for a specific tip speed ratio . The optimal control of active power in a variable-speed fixed-pitch
WECS can therefore be easily achieved, if is controlled for attaining the Cp,max corresponding to a given wind
velocity [10]-[12]. From equation (1) and expression for , it follows that
Pwt = 0.5 Cp(, ) R2 v3

= 0.5 {Cp() / 3} R5 3 (2)
Thus the torque produced by the turbine is computed as
Twt = Pwt / (3)
Hence the torque produced by the turbine is proportional to 2 and power is proportional to 3 . So, by the above
equations it can be seen that for a particular TSR, the power extracted by the turbine is maximum for a given wind
velocity.
Fig. 2 Power curves of a typical wind turbine.
This is equivalent to maintaining the tip speed ratio at its optimal value opt and can be achieved by operating the
turbine at a variable speed, corresponding to the wind speed. Fig. 2 represents the power curves of a typical wind
turbine of wind energy conversion system (WECS).
III. WIND GENERATORS
On the basis of rotation speed, wind turbines can be classified into fixed speed, limited variable speed and variable
speed type. The variable speed wind turbines are classified into various WECS generator systems with a partial scale
and a full-scale power electronic converter based on the rating of power electronic converter related to the generator
capacity. In addition, considering the drive train components, the wind turbine concepts can be classified into geared
drive and direct-drive wind turbines. In geared-drive wind turbines, one conventional configuration is a multiple-stage
gear with a high-speed generator; the other one is the multibrid concept which has a single stage gear and a low-speed
generator. In this section, according to contemporary wind turbine concepts, the basic configurations and characteristics
of different wind generator systems are described. Almost all wind turbines installed up to now use either one of the
following systems: (a) fixed speed induction generator (squirrel cage induction generator); (b) doubly fed induction
generator; (c) direct drive synchronous generator [13]-[15].

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A. FIXED SPEED INDUCTION GENERATORS (FSIG)

The fixed speed induction generator (FSIG) is consisting of squirrel cage induction generator that is coupled through a
gearbox to the wind turbine rotor as shown in Fig. 3. This type of wind turbine is simple and cheap. The well-known
advantages of FSIG are it is robust, easy and relatively cheap for mass production. In addition, it enables stall-regulated
machines to operate at a constant speed when it is connected to a large grid, which provides a stable control frequency.
Although the stall control method is usually used in combination with the fixed speed FSIG for power control, the
active stall control or pitch control have also been applied.
But it has reported various disadvantages like lack of control possibilities of both active and reactive power, gearbox
breakdown due to large mechanical loads (because of power fluctuations are converted to torque pulsations) and the
large fluctuations in output power. Due to these reasons, wind turbine manufacturers are increasingly interested in
variable speed devices.
Grid DC Link FSIG

Lg
WT
Grid Side Rotor Side

Converter Converter
Pref Qref
Fig. 3 WECS using Fixed Speed Induction Generator
B. DOUBLY FED INDUCTION GENERATORS (DFIG)

The doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) are wound rotor induction generator. The DFIG is based on the concept,
which corresponds to a variable speed wind turbine configuration with a wound rotor induction generator (WRIG) and
a partial-scale power electronic converter on the rotor circuit, as illustrated in Fig. 4. The stator is directly connected to
the grid, whereas the rotor is connected through a back to back power electronic converter. The power converter
controls the rotor frequency and thus the rotor speed. This concept supports a wide speed range operation, depending
on the size of the frequency converter. Typically, the variable speed range is +30% around the synchronous speed. The
rating of the power electronic converter is only 2530% of the generator capacity, which makes this concept attractive
and popular from an economic point of view.
There are various advantages of DFIG reported as its controllability of both active and reactive power is better. The
large rotor inertia smoothes the variations of wind speed and as a result it has fewer fluctuations in output power. The
most important advantage of DFIG is its ability to get ride through fault by its uninterruptable operation. DFIGs
connect to grid with selecting a good control; it has uninterruptable operation and can successfully ride through grid
faults. The uninterruptable operation can be achieved by properly arranging the operation and control of the converters
and using dynamic reactive compensation.

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765

Grid DFIG
Lg
WT
T/F
DC Link
Grid Side Rotor Side

Converter Converter
Fig. 4 WECS using Doubly Fed Induction Generator
C. SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS (SG)

Synchronous generators (SG) are considered one of the most-promising technologies for multi- mega watt (MW) wind-
energy conversion systems. The synchronous generators can be classified into the electrically excited synchronous
generator (EESG) and the PMSG. Excitation is provided either with rotor windings or permanent magnets. Hence, full-
scale power converters (FSCs) are needed, and a reduced scale converter for the excitation is required for synchronous
machines without permanent magnets. Wind energy conversion system using synchronous generator with power
control connected with power grid is shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5 WECS using Synchronous Generator
IV. MPPT FOR ENERGY CAPTURE
The maximum power point of a wind turbine is the function of the wind speed. The purpose of the MPPT is to ensure
that the maximum available energy from wind is extracted for a particular combination of wind turbine, generator and
the power electronic converter of the WECS. To ensure the higher operational efficiency of wind energy conversion
system using DFIG and power electronic converter the suitable maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is
required to compensate for unknown or time-varying parameters, which are sometimes the cause of poor efficiency.
The principle aim of MPPT controller is to maximize the generated output electric power and generator efficiency
without the need for a low speed or high-speed shaft encoder, eliminating concern about sensor reliability. As Fig. 2

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765

representing the power curve of a typical wind turbine, the operating condition for the optimum output can be obtained
for various wind speed values. Intelligent control strategies for energy optimization include the data-mining methods,
which also consider the power demand from the utility grid, as well as MPPT techniques. On the basis of literature
survey the various possible MPPT techniques which are currently in practice are identified [16] - [21]. They are listed
below-
Algorithms for searching optimum operating point.
Power system stabilizers (PSS) in DFIG system improves the damping of oscillations in the network.
Flux magnitude angle control (FMAC).
Hill climbing search (HCS).
Tip speed ratio (TSR) control.
Power Signal Feedback (PSF) control for dynamic stability control.
Optimal Torque (OT) control.
Mapping power technique in which maps/curves are used to find out the optimum point.
Anemometer method which uses the predetermined look up table.
MPPT by maximum efficiency control and a maximum torque control.
Advance hill climb search (AHCS) technique.
MPPT algorithm by directly adjusting the DC/DC converter duty cycle.
MPPT algorithms by changing the speed reference in the desired direction.
MPPT using two converters and by adjusting the switching frequencies of the two converters achieve
maximum power tracking g and output voltage regulation.
Using matrix converter in DFIG.
Using MPPT algorithms with current feedback.
Sliding mode control using fuzzy for variable speed wind turbine.
Unity power factor and maximum power point tracking using loop control.
Maximum Power Point Tracking based on adaptive control strategy.
Adjustment of gear ratio with the change of wind speed to achieve the maximum power from the system.
Neural network techniques
The above mentioned MPPT techniques are also used to forecast the wind to achieve higher energy conversion
efficiency to ensure the significant WECS contribution in power sector. The significant purpose of the MPPT is to
ensure the tip speed ratio of the wind turbine as close as possible to optimal tip speed ratio. As the operation conditions
are wind profile dependent therefore all the MPPT methods identified are not suitable for all kind of wind generators.
Sliding mode control, P & O, adjustment of gear ratio, optimal torque control methods of MPPT are found to be
suitable for small rating WECS. They have slow and sluggish response. MPPT techniques like HCS, AHCS, TSR,
anemometer method, MPPT algorithms by changing the speed reference and mapping power technique in which the
maps/curves are used to find out the optimum point of operation which works well in the smooth wind conditions only.
They are complex and less reliable P&O, TSR, PSF, HCS and PSS MPPT techniques are widely employed in wind
generators. As P & O does not require prior knowledge of maximum wind turbine power at different wind velocity and
electric machine parameters. In TSR method the instantaneous tip speed ratio value is calculated on-line. PSF improves
the dynamic stability control of WECS. HCS technique is most preferred in small capacity WECS for smooth wind
speed. PSS technique improves the damping of oscillations in the network.
The suitable MPPT techniques enhance the net power capture. The basic and important advantage of the MPPT is to
operate the WECS at variable wind profile with optimum output. This contributes significantly in the development and
growth of WECS to increase its participation in the net global power generation.
V. PROPOSED CONVERTER CONTROL
The proposed DFIG based WECS control scheme is presented in the Fig. 6. The wind turbine transmits mechanical
power to the DFIG through a drive train according to nominal turbine speed, number of generator pole-pairs and
network frequency. As per the wind profile the operating conditions of the WECS varies between the sub-synchronous
to super synchronous range. The parameter recording unit measures the instantaneous value of rotor speed and the

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765

corresponding signals are fed to the control unit performing the maximum power point tracking operation. On the basis
of the signals from the parameter recording unit and the MPPT control unit the corresponding signals are fed to the
matrix converter unit as shown in Fig. 6. The slip value varies accordingly. The slip power flows from and to the rotor
circuit through the Rotor Side Converter for the super and sub-synchronous operation modes of operations respectively.
Grid DFIG
Lg
WT
T/F
Matrix
Converter
IInd Order Filter
Analysis Parameter
using MPPT recording
and Passing
Control
Signal
Fig. 6 Proposed DFIG-based WECS Control
The sub-synchronous and the super-synchronous modes of operation are investigated separately during optimization
process. Hence as per the mode of operation the controlling strategy is implemented accordingly as mentioned in
table1.
Super-synchronous mode Sub-synchronous mode
-1 S 0 0S1
0 1 90 90 1 180
90 2 180 0 2 90
TABLE 1 Operation Condition of DFIG
Where 1 and 2 are the firing angles for converter1 (RSC) and converter2 (GSC). Under these constraints, the net
output power from the DFIG is maximised for different values of the wind speeds and the corresponding firing angles
of the converters are determined.
Generator Converter Options Device Count Control Schemes

(Power Range) (Semiconductor Cost)
Diode Bridge/SCR DC-Link Capacitor Sliding Mode Control

Inverter 6 Controllable Switches
(Low)
SCR Rectifier/SCR DC-Link Capacitor Dual thyristor firing angle control

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Inverter 12 Controllable Switches

DFIG (Moderate)
(kW-MW) Back-to-Back Hard- DC-Link Capacitor Vector control of rotor and supply side
Switching Inverters 12 Controllable Switches Space Vector Modulation or PWM
(Moderate) MPPT, Space Vector Control
Matrix Converter 18 Controllable Switches Vector control of rotor and supply side
(High) Double Space Vector PWM switching
TABLE 2 Summary of Wind Energy Conversion Systems using DFIG
Table2 gives the summary of wind energy conversion system using DFIG for various generator-converters topologies.
The cost of the overall system increases as the complexity of the power electronic converter increases. The intricacy of
the controller design also affects cost; for example the use of MPPT techniques would cost more than a simple look-up
table method. However higher order control and converter designs may increase efficiency of the overall system. The
inclusion of a DC-boost stage helps reduce the control complexity of the grid inverter at a small increase in cost.
Likewise, replacing the diode rectifier with a controlled rectifier allows for a wider range of control of both the
generator and grid real and reactive power transfer.
VI. SIMULATION STUDY AND RESULTS
The proposed DFIG based WECS using matrix converter topology described above is simulated using MATLAB at
variable wind velocities to operate the system at sub synchronous and super synchronous speed as shown in Fig. 7. The
various parameters like stator current, rotor current, real power and reactive power were analysed.
Fig. 7 DFIG based WECS using Matrix Converter
Stator current is shown in Fig. 8 for phase a. It is observed that the stability is achieved very soon to ensure the stable
and efficient operation of the WECS.

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765

Fig. 8 Stator Current I_a (pu)
Stator current for phase b is shown in Fig. 9. The result shows that it stabilises before 0.2 sec and the quality current is
achieved.
Fig. 9 Stator Current I_b (pu)
Stator current for phase c the stator current is shown in Fig. 10. It is observed that the stable operation is achieved.
Fig 10 Stator Current I_c (pu)
The rotor current of phase a is shown in Fig. 11. The harmonic contents are observed to be minimised.

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765

Fig. 11 Rotor Current I_a (pu)
The rotor current for the phase b it is shown in Fig.12 below. It is observed that the rotor current is stable.
Fig. 12 Rotor Current I_b (pu)
Fig. 13 represents the rotor current for phase c. The stable and quality power is obtained.
Fig. 13 Rotor Current I_c (pu)
From Fig. 11, Fig. 12 and Fig. 13 it is observed that the power quality is satisfactory and free from the harmonics. This
ensures the quality power generation from the WECS.

ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765

Fig. 14 Real power (MW)
The real power obtained from the proposed WECS is shown in Fig. 14. It is observed that the stable and quality power
is generated at variable speed wind profile using matrix converter.
Fig. 15 Reactive power (Mvar)
The reactive power characteristic is shown in Fig. 15. From the results it is observed that the application of suitable
filter with the matrix converter; the harmonic contents in the stator and rotor currents are mitigated this ensures the
better power quality. The real power characteristic shows that it met the requirement which insures the grid integration
of WECS. The reactive power characteristic ensures the smooth and satisfactory operation of WECS integrated with
power grid. The use of DFIG with matrix converter in wind turbines is emerging rapidly and more and more research is
being done in many areas of study relating to the use of such a system for extracting wind energy for electricity
generation.
VII. CONCLUSION
It is concluded that the power-electronic technology plays a very important role in the integration of renewable energy
sources into the power grid under variable wind scenario. The popularity of DFIG systems are due to its competitive
advantages over other types of generators and hence are more widely being used in large power grids in order to add
power to the grid. Smaller systems do not usually use DFIG systems due to the complexity involved in the use and
control of power electronics involved. In the paper it is demonstrated that the suitable MPPT method for the wind
energy conversion system including an MC ensures the maximum possible quality power generation at variable wind
profile. The controller equipped with the MPPT algorithm controls to maximize the power captured from the wind
turbine. This is possible by adjusting the MC control. The simulation results show that the performance of the grid
connected WECS is better at variable wind profile using matrix converter.
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ISSN (Print) : 2320 3765

ISSN (Online): 2278 8875

International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,

Vol. 4, Issue 2, February 2015