Fundamental Theory PDF

Name: _______________________ Music Theory Worksheet
Music Theory 1
Photocopiable Worksheets on Music Theory
2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

This sheet may be printed from a personal computer and/or photocopied for educational use within the purchasing establisment
Name: _______________________ Music Theory Worksheet 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE STAVE & NOTATION

The way we write music down has changed a great deal through the centuries but today we use
a series of 5 lines called a stave on which to base the notes. It is rather like a washing line that we
hang the musical notes on.
Music is written down using a series of signs and symbols that tell us many different things about
the piece that we are listening to or playing - this is called notation.
Here are some of the signs that we will be looking at in future lessons - how many do you
recognise? Circle the ones that you know.
Some of the things that music notation tells us are:
the pitch of the notes - whether they are high or low sounds.
the speed of the music and how to count.
the length or duration of the notes - long or short. Can you make up your own
picture to show something that is long and something that is short?

TREBLE CLEF
` At the beginning of a piece of music you will usually find a clef which tells you where to
pitch your notes. The treble clef shows us the higher sounding notes.
Instruments such as the flute, violin and trumpet all use treble clef.
Lets start by learning how to draw the treble clef:
Remember the treble

clef always starts on the
second line from the
bottom.
Now its your turn:
Did you
remember to start
on the second line?
Make sure that your
clef doesnt lean and
that it fits neatly on
Another name for the Treble Clef is the the stave.
G Clef because it starts on the second line of
the stave which is where the note G is found.
Now draw 5 clefs below as practice:
444444444444
TREBLE CLEF NOTE NAMES

Musical notation uses the first 7 letters of the alphabet: A B C D E F G. The notes move up and
down the stave in steps like this:
`yuiop[]\a\][poiuy
First lets look at the names of the notes on the lines:
`yip]a E G B D F
A useful phrase for remembering the names of the notes is:

Every Good Boy Deserves Football.
Think of your own phrase to help you remember the names of the notes on the lines:
E___________G___________B___________D___________F___________
Now try to name these notes:
`6p5y5a5i5]5y5p5i5a5]5p
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
As well as the 5 lines there are also 4 spaces on the stave,

these spell out the word F A C E
ùo[\ F A C E
`6u5[5\5o5u5\5[5o5u5[5\
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

BASS CLEF
1 Bass clef shows us the lower sounding notes on the stave.
Instruments such as the bassoon, tuba and cello all use bass clef.
Lets look at how to draw the bass clef:
Remember
the bass clef always
starts on the fourth
line from the
bottom.
Now its your turn:
Did you
Another name for Bass Clef is the F Clef remember to start on the
because it starts on the fourth line of fourth line up? Make sure
the stave which is where the note F is found. that you put your dots
either side of the fourth
line and dont let your clef
lean over!
Now draw 5 Bass Clefs below as practice:
444444444444
BASS CLEF NOTE NAMES

Lets look at the names of the notes in Bass Clef:
1y4u4i4o4p4[4]4\4a
G A B C D E
Now lets look at the names of the notes on the lines in more detail:
F G A
1yip]a G B D F A
A useful phrase for remembering the names of the notes is:
Music Town
Green Buses Drive Fast Always.

Can you think of your own phrase to help you remember the names of the notes?
G__________B__________D__________F___________A___________
15p5y5a5i5]5y5p5i5a5]5p
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
As well as the 5 lines there are also the 4 spaces on the stave -
a phrase for remembering the names of the notes in the spaces
in Bass clef is: All Cows Eat Grass.
1uo[\ A C E G
A___________C___________E___________G___________
Can you think of your own phrase
to help you remember the names of
the notes in the spaces?
Now name these notes in the spaces:
16u5[5\5o5u5\5[5o5u5[5
____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

Name: ______________________ Music Theory Worksheet 6
1. Give another name for the treble clef.
........................................................................................................................................................................
2. What is the word that helps us remember the names of the spaces in treble clef?
........................................................................................................................................................................
3. What is another name for writing music down beginning with the letter N?
........................................................................................................................................................................
4. What is the name for the 5 lines that music is written on?
........................................................................................................................................................................
5. Since we use the first 7 letters of the alphabet for writing down music, you can also spell out
words using notes. Can you spell out these words?
`pyo]=yii=pyy=[oppoiy=
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6. What is another name for the bass clef?
........................................................................................................................................................................
7. What is the phrase that helps us to remember the names of the notes on the lines in
bass clef?
........................................................................................................................................................................
8. Can you write these words out using bass clef notes? ADD, AGE, CAB, DECADE
15444=45444=4444=45555444=
NOTE VALUES
As well as looking at the pitch of notes on the stave, we need to also think about some of the
other elements needed to create a piece of music. Another important consideration is the

length or duration of the notes. Notes can be written several different ways and each tells us
how many counts or beats to hold them on for.
Here is a semibreve it is worth 4 beats
minim J it is worth 2 beats

crotchet K it is worth 1 beat
quaver - not the edible kind Im afraid! L it is worth 1/2 beat

semi-quaver M it is worth 1/4 beat
The note pyramid shows how the note
values can be worked out.
J J For example can you see
K K K K
that there are 2 minims
in a semibreve?
LLLL LLLL
MMMMMMMM MMMMMMMM
Note: When two or more quavers or semi-quavers are written together they can be joined
up like this : or
KK KKKK
Now try these questions:
1. How many crotchets are there in a semibreve - 2 3 or 4 ?
2. Complete this sentence: A ____________________ is a two count note.
3. True or false - a semiquaver is worth 1 beat? _____________________
4. True or false - L + L + L + L = J _____________________
5. Complete this sentence : A ____________________ is worth a 1/4 beat.

RESTS
A rest is a musical silence - each note has an equivalent rest. Here are the rests that you will
505
come across most often in your music:
Semibreve = this rest hangs from the 4th line up
Minim J= 595 this rest sits on the 3rd line up
Crotchet K= 585 or this type of rest looks like a backwards 7
Quaver L= 575 this type of rest looks like a 7
Semi-quaver M= 555 X this looks like a 7 with 2 lines
Now try to complete the chart below:
Note Name Equivalent Rest Value
semibreve _______ 4 beats
_______
crotchet
595
_______
2 beats
_______
A whole
bar rest
uses a
semibreve
rest
_______
575 1/2 beat
semi-quaver
555 X _______

DOTTED NOTES
Both dots and ties increase the value of notes.
A dot written after a note increases its value

by half as much again.
For example: a crotchet K = 1 beat

therefore a dotted crotchet K . = K + L = 1 1/2 beats
1 + 1/2
A minim J = 2 beats therefore a dotted minim J . = J + K = 3 beats
Now see if you can work out how much these notes are worth:
A dotted crotchet K. = ___________________ quavers?
A dotted minim J. = ___________________ crotchets?
How many semi-quavers M are there in a dotted quaver L. ? ___________________

How many crotchets K are there in a dotted crotchet K . ? ___________________
A crotchet K + a dotted crotchet K . + a quaver L + a crotchet K = ___________________
A dot above or below K. a note means that you should play Did you
know that staccato is
the note staccato - so dont confuse it with a dot after a note! an Italian musical term
telling you that the
notes are short and
detached?

TIED NOTES
Just like dots ties also increase the value of a note. A tie can only occur between notes on the
same line or space. When you see notes tied together you add together the total value of the
notes. When playing tied notes you dont repeat or play the note that is tied.
For example:
`55(x-()_+-b67-=
3
4
Now try to work out how much these notes are worth:
`55++-b6-+Q)-x-= `4c+_c-c_+c-=
2
4
beats
3
2
beats
If notes are joined by a line but arent on the

same line or space then the line becomes a slur
or phrase mark which tells you how to breathe or
where to emphasise the notes.
Here is an example:
`55)_)(-_)(-6x-=
2
4
Are these notes tied or slurred? Write a T for tied and an S for slurred on the line provided.
`55((-x-()-6+Q-()_)-n-b-+_-=
2
4
Now draw in the ties above or below the notes that can be tied together.
`55x)-c_)-6+F+-b-b-=
3
4

1
Time for another Quiz!
Find the matching words and numbers:
A ____________ is a musical silence semibreve
A ____________ is worth 4 beats rest
How many quavers are there in a crotchet? ____________ 2
595
A tie joins notes on the ____________ line or space minim
This is a ____________ rest 3
How many crotchets are there in a dotted minim? ____________ same
True or false:
The Italian word staccato means play smoothly? ____________
A minim is a 4 count note? ____________
A whole bars rest uses a semibreve rest? ____________
There are 3 crotchets in a minim? ____________
This adds up to 5 beats K + I + L + L = 5? ____________
This adds up to 6 beats K + J + J + L + L = 6? ____________
A dot beside a note makes it twice as long? ____________
A tie between notes can only occur between notes of the same name? ____________

LEGER LINES
We use leger lines for notes that are either too high or too low to be written on the stave.
Here are some examples:
`qwerdfg 1qwerdfg
So far we have looked at the notes on the lines and spaces of the stave which move step by step
alphabetically. Leger lines move the same way but you must remember to count every line and
space when trying to work out a note name.
`qwertyuiop[]\asdfg
When you are writing out music and need to use leger lines try to keep them the same distance
apart as your stave for example:
`qwer
Now you try:
`q44r44g 14w4466 d466

G A B C A B C B C D E F C D E
Can you work out the names of these notes?
`qfwrdeg 1qrdqfeg
MUSICAL TERMS
Often in music you will find words and symbols which give you important clues on how to play a
piece of music. Musical terms are often written in other languages such as Italian or French
Here are some examples all about how loudly or quietly you should play.
pp = pianissimo = very quiet
p = piano = quiet
mf = mezzo forte = medium loud
f = forte = loud
ff = fortissimo = very loud
Now here are some musical words to do with the speed or tempo of a piece.
Can you add some pictures to illustrate the words and help you to remember them?
Adagio = slowly
Andante = medium or walking pace
Allegro = quick
Presto = very quick

[
ACCIDENTALS
]
Accidentals are signs that affect the sound of a note - for example a sharp sign makes a note a
half step higher and a flat sign makes the note half a step lower. These steps are called
semitones in music and two semitones make up a whole tone. Sharps and flats are usually the
[ [ ]
black notes on a piano keyboard. On sheet 16 we will look at tones and semitones more closely,
but first lets look at the signs for sharps, flats and naturals.
C F B
C F B
Here are some examples of sharps and flats - notice how the sharp and flat is always written on
the line or space that you want it to affect.
`66 i6 6 6\4 Remember when writing

music on the stave the
sharp, flat or natural symbol
goes before the note
it is affecting.
Now try adding a sharp sign to these notes:
`66 6p46]46u46o46s64t5
Now try adding a flat sign below:
`66 6y46i46p46r46a64]5
F
A natural sign cancels out an accidental - for example it would make B flat sound as a B.
Now name these notes: the first example is done for you.
`66 6i46\656p46r46a4]5
G Sharp

ENHARMONIC NOTES
[ ] ]
All notes have an enharmonic equivalent. This sounds very complicated but simply means that,
for example, the note C sounds the same as D and B sounds the same as A . It is rather like a [
word that has two different spellings but one meaning. Here in England we spell colour with a U,
[ ]
but in America it is spelt color without a U. Both words still mean exactly the same.
[
Remember notes move step by step alphabetically. Here is F . Can you work out where G would
be on the keyboard?
F
Write down
what you
notice.
______________________________________________________________________________
]
Now lets look at the note D - work out where C would be on the keyboard? [
[ ] [ ] [
Now try and work out the enharmonic equivalents to these notes:
G = ? _____ B = ? _____ A = ? _____ G = ? _____ C = ? _____
On the stave below write the note and its enharmonic equivalent:
`66 [[ 6]] 6 6 6 6 [6 6 6]6 6 6 6 6 6 6[ 6 56 444444

C = D [
G = A ] A = D = B =
In written music the accidental always goes before a note on the stave. Make sure that you always
put your accidental on the same line or space that you want it to affect.

TONES AND SEMITONES

As we progress with our theory it is useful to be able to picture the tones and semitones that
we use as building blocks in music, the easiest way to see how these work is to look at a
keyboard.
C D E F G A B C D E F G A B C
As you can see above the notes move by step alphabetically and on a keyboard are made up of
white keys and black keys
[ ]
The shortest distance between two notes is a semitone, for example C to C sharp or G to G flat.
C G
C G
A tone is made up of two semitones, for example from C to D or A to B.
C D A B
Do remember that semitones dont always mean moving between a white note and a black one,
there is a semitone between B and C and E and F too because there is nothing between those
two notes.
Now try to work out whether these notes move by a semitone or a tone:
`66 6o6?o-6 [6]-6 i6u-6i6o-6a6\-

INTERVALS
An interval is the distance between two notes. When you are trying to work out an interval
you must include the note that you start on and the note that you finish on. For example, if you
are trying to work out the interval between C and E you should start on C then move one step
up to D and then another step up to finish on E.Therefore the interval between C and E is a third.
When you have an interval of eight notes it is called an octave.

Here is another example:
`55555 G&C
ìop[ This is the interval of a fourth
G A B C

Now see if you can work out the intervals between these notes:

555555-555555-
`555555-555555-555555-

555555-555555-
1555555-
555555-
555555-
Did you remember to include
your starting note and
finishing note?
Now try and write in the notes to

make the following intervals:
`5i55-5556u556-5556t655-5556o565-5556p565-
5th 3rd Octave 6th 4th
15y55-5556]556-5556r655-5556o565-5556u565-
2nd 5th Octave 7th 3rd

INTRODUCTION TO MAJOR SCALES

A scale is a series of eight notes that move step by step and follow a set pattern of tones and
semitones.
Here is a C major scale:
`65r6t6y6u6i6o6p6[
C D E F G A B C
A scale that is going upwards is called an ascending scale.

A scale that is going downwards is called a descending scale.
Now lets look at the pattern of tones and semitones that make up a C major scale:
`65r6t6y6u6i6o6p6[
T T S T T T S
Now here is a G major scale:
`65i6o6p6[6]6\6a6s6
T T S T T T S
To keep the correct pattern of tones and semitones you have to add in an F sharp otherwise the
distance between the notes E to F would only be a semitone and not a tone.
Now try to add in the correct accidentals to make a D major scale:
`65t65y56u65i56o65p65[65]6
DEGREES OF THE SCALE

Each note or degree of a scale has a different name so that we can easily work out which note
is which in any scale. If you are in C major the names are as follows:
C (note 1) is called the TONIC

D (note 2) is called the SUPERTONIC
E (note 3) is called the MEDIANT
F (note 4) is called the SUB-DOMINANT
G (note 5) is called the DOMINANT
A (note 6) is called the SUB-MEDIANT
B (note 7) is called the LEADING NOTE
Then we are back to C which is the TONIC
Here is the scale of F major. Underneath the notes write what degree of the scale they are:
`65u655i556o565p556[655]655\655a6
Now work out the degrees of the scale for these notes:
Remember to
count up the scale
In D major the note D is the ____________________
carefully!
In C major the note A is the ____________________
In G major the note E is the ____________________
In F major the note C is the ____________________
Write out the scale of G major and fill in the names of the notes (tonic, etc) underneath:
`6666666664444444444444444
True or False?
A scale that is going up is called an ascending scale? __________
The shortest distance between two notes is called a tone? __________
The interval between C and G is a fifth? __________
A sharp sign raises a note by a semitone? __________
A natural sign cancels out a sharp or flat sign? __________
Now try to complete these intervals:
`5i55-5556u556-5556u655-5556o565-5556p565-
4th 2nd Octave 5th 6th
Now fill in the correct notes in these scales:
`65[66444444444444444
C major scale descending
`65i66444444444444444
G major scale ascending
`65t66444444444444444
D major scale ascending

KEY SIGNATURES
When we looked at major scales you will remember that sometimes you have to add sharps or
flats to keep the correct pattern of tones and semitones in the scale. So that it is easier to read
and remember these accidentals we use a key signature.
Here is the key signature for G major:
`64
The key signature is written at the beginning of the line and tells us that we are in the key of G and
that every time we have to play an F it should be played an F sharp unless it is cancelled out by
another accidental.
`56664
3
4 Remember at the beginning
of a piece the key signature
is always written before the
`56664
time signature.
3
4
Here are the key signatures for C, D, F, A and B flat major:
`55 `5666 `566 `56666 `5666

C major D major F major A major B flat major
When you are writing a key signature always make sure that you put the accidental on the correct
line or space and that they always follow the same order.
Now try to fill in the correct key signature below:
`5554-444-444-444-444-
C major D major F major G major B flat major

KEY SIGNATURES 2
Here is a reference sheet which has a diagram of all the key signatures for all the major and
minor keys on it. Remember each major key has a relative minor key.
`566 55 C Major
& A Minor `566 6 5 C Major
& A Minor
`56655 G Major
& E Minor `566 6 6 F Major
& D Minor
`56665 D Major
& B Minor `5666 6 B Flat Major
& G Minor
`56666 A Major
& F Sharp Minor `5666?6 E Flat Major
& C Minor
`566666 E Major
& C Sharp Minor `5666?66 A Flat Major
& F Minor
`5666666 B Major
& G Sharp Minor `5666?66>6 D Flat Major
& B Flat Minor
D
`5666666 6 F Sharp Major
& D Sharp Minor `5666?66>66 G Flat Major
& E Flat Minor
D
`5666666 6 C Sharp Major
& A Sharp Minor `5666?66>66< C Flat Major
& A Flat Minor

SIMPLE TIME SIGNATURES

When you look at a piece of music you will find two numbers along with the clef and the key
signature at the beginning - these are called the time signature and they tell you several important
things about how to play the piece.
The top number tells you how many beats you have in a bar. 2, 3 or 4 are the most common.
The bottom number tells you what kind of beats they are. Quaver, crotchet or minim are the
most common.
Therefore 3 tells you that there are 3 beats in a bar and the beats are crotchets.
4
Music is divided up into small segments by lines called bar lines. These make it easier to see how
the notes add up in each bar.
An 8 at the bottom tells you that the beats are quavers. L Remember
A 4 at the bottom tells you that the beats are crotchets. K

that time signatures
are not fractions so
J
dont put a line
between the two
A 2 at the bottom tells you that the beats are minims.
numbers!
The time signature of 4 can also be written like this f

4
The time signature of 2 can also be written like this e
2
Now write out the full meaning of these time signatures:
2 __________________________________________________________________________
2
3 __________________________________________________________________________
4
4 __________________________________________________________________________
4
3 __________________________________________________________________________
8

MUSICAL TERMS 2
So far we have looked at the musical terms for loud and soft, and speed or tempo. Now lets look
at some other common musical words and signs.
crescendo = gradually getting louder
diminuendo = gradually getting quieter
g
56= 56=
= pause mark
.. repeat sign = repeat between these two marks ..

rallentando (rall.) or ritardando (ritard or rit.) = slow down gradually
i = play one octave higher or one octave lower if written below the stave
m.m. K = 60 Maelzels Metronome mark - 60 crotchets per minute
> or - = accent the note
a tempo = return to the original tempo or speed
maestoso = majestic in style
poco = a little e.g. poco rit = a little slower
cantabile = in a singing style
Quiz time: Now see if you can

remember what these
piano = ____________ musical words mean.
adagio = ____________
What is the Italian term for fast or quick? ____________
What is the Italian term for loud? ____________
What is the Italian musical term for quite quiet? ____________
True or false?
The word for very loud is pianissimo? ____________
The word for a medium or walking pace is andante? ____________
The Italian term for short and detached is legato? ____________

COMPOUND TIME SIGNATURES

In simple time signatures the main beats are indicated by the top number. Compound time
signatures also give us the number of beats, but since the numbers are usually bigger for example
6, 9 or 12 we divide the number by three to get a more manageable figure. This means that in
6 we have six quavers per bar, but having divided the six by three we get two main beats which
8
are dotted crotchets. Therefore both 2 and 6 are in two time, although one is simple time
4 8
(2 crotchets per bar), and the other is compound (2 dotted crotchets per bar).This can be seen
more clearly if we look at the table below:
Dont forget the
bottom number tells us what
kinds of beats are being
2 = 2 crotchets or
or used. e.g. 4 = crotchets
4 4 quavers per bar
6 = 2 dotted crotchets or
or
8 6 quavers per bar
3 = 3 crotchets or
or
4 6 quavers per bar
or
8 9 quavers per bar
4 = 4 crotchets or
or
4 8 quavers per bar
or
8 12 quavers per bar
Now add in the barlines and time signatures below. Each starts on the 1st beat of the bar.
Another name for two time is duple time. Three time is also known as triple time and finally
four time can also be known as quadruple time.

TRIPLETS
Triplets are three notes played in the time it usually takes you to play two notes. For example
triplet crotchets are played in the time of two crotchets as illustrated below.
`5(((- = ((- 3
Remember
that triplets always
have the number
Triplet quavers are played in the time of two quavers as shown below. three written
`5)))- = ))- 3
Triplet semiquavers are played in the time of two semiquavers.

above or below
them.
`5___- = __-
3
Dont confuse triplets with the dotted beats that you find in time signatures like 6 , 9 , 12.
8 8 8
Fill in the missing triplet signs below. You may also need to change some note values!
`55(((x-(S(-(((((-
3
4
`55xxxi-x((xx-x(((i-
4
2
Now add in the missing barlines and triplet signs to make this rhythm add up correctly:
`55))))D)))))))c5c5
2
4

INTRODUCTION TO MINOR SCALES - HARMONIC

Each major scale has what is called a relative minor scale. The relative minor is found by taking
the last three notes of the major scale.
There are two types of minor scale - first lets look at harmonic minor scales. If we look at the
last 3 notes of the scale of C major - A B C, we have the first 3 notes of the scale of A minor.
As you can see from the diagram below this changes the pattern of tones and semitones that we
find between the first 3 notes:
`rtyui op[
C
T
D
T
E
S
F
T
G
T
A
T
B
S
C
C major scale
Now here is the relative minor scale of C major which is called A minor.
òp[]\as6ds6a\][po
T S T T S T+S S S T+S S T T S T
The other main difference with a minor scale comes with the seventh note of the scale. Can you
see in the scale above that the G has moved up another semitone and become G sharp? In a
harmonic minor scale the leading note (the seventh note) is always raised a semitone higher.
Now here is the minor scale of E minor which is the relative minor of G major. Can you write in
the correct pattern of tones and semitones underneath?
`yuiop[]\][poiuy
Minor keys share the same key signature as their relative major, however the accidental added to
make the leading note a semitone is never included in the key signature it is always added as an
accidental. In the key signature of B minor there is an F sharp and C sharp. The scale of D major
is the relative major to B minor and shares the same F sharp and C sharp in the key signature.
However, B minor also has a raised leading (or seventh) note of A sharp but this is not written in
the key signature.
Now write in the relative minor for these keys:

C major __________ D major __________ F major __________ E flat major __________

CHORDS
When we have more that two notes playing together they form what is called a chord. A chord
that uses the 1st (tonic), 3rd (mediant) and 5th (dominant) notes of a scale is called a tonic
triad.

Here are some examples of common chords:

`4r54i45u4C major G major F major
Now try to write out the tonic chords for these keys
D
`444-6444-61444-6444-
D major B flat major C major A major
A chord or triad can be built on every note of the scale in every key. Here are all the possible

chords in C major:
`5r4t4y4u4i4o4p4[4
I II III IV V VI VII I
So that we can recognise one chord from another chords can be numbered - in music when we
number chords we usually use roman numerals.
Now try to answer these questions: the first one is done for you as an example
In D major the chord of A (A, C sharp and E) is called CHORD V
In F major the chord of B flat (B flat, D and F) is called ________________
In A minor the chord of F (F, A and C) is called ________________
In B minor the chord of E (E, G and B) is called ________________
What are the notes in the chord II in C major? ________________
What are the notes in chord V in F major? ________________

INTRODUCTION TO ORNAMENTS
When we think of ornaments we usually think of the bits and pieces that we have on our
shelves at home to decorate the house. In music ornaments are also used to decorate. Ornaments
are extra notes added to a piece of music to give it more variety. The most common ornaments
z
are:
`5+4 `5Q+4
Written Played
Appoggiatura =
y
`5+4 `5Q+4
Acciaccatura =
`5+4 `5+Q+4
Upper Mordent =
!
`5)4 `5)()4
Lower Mordent =
#
Turn
`5)4 `5_)()5 =
x~~~~
3
`5)4 `44444
Shake or Trill = 3
Now try to draw on the ornaments named below:
`5)54-55)54-55)54-55)54-55)54-
Turn Lower Mordent Appoggiatura Trill Acciaccatura

INTERVALS 2
So far we have looked at the distance between notes and worked out whether they are a 2nd or
a 3rd interval etc. Now we are going to look at intervals more closely. As you know music is
written in different keys called major and minor. Intervals can also be given more specific names
such as major 2nd, minor 3rd or perfect 4th.
Perfect intervals - these are found between the 4th, 5th and 8th notes.

Here are the perfect intervals based on C:

`4rr544r544r544r44
Unison (1st) Perfect 4th Perfect 5th Perfect Octave (8th)
The major intervals based on C are:

`4r544r544r544r44
Major 2nd Major 3rd Major 6th Major 7th
If a major interval is reduced by a semitone the interval becomes minor. For example, if we take
the interval of a major third from C to E and lower the E by a semitone we get E flat. This is a
minor third. Here are the minor intervals based on C:

`4rN5544Mr 544?r544r44
Minor 2nd Minor 3rd Minor 6th Minor 7th
Draw in the notes to make the intervals named below.
`4r544r544r544r44r44
Perfect 4th Major 3rd Minor 6th Perfect 5th Minor 7th

MELODIC MINOR SCALES

Earlier we looked at harmonic minor scales. Now lets look at melodic minor scales. In a melodic
minor scale the pattern of tones and semitones changes coming down rather than staying the
same ascending (going up) and descending (coming down).
Here is the scale of A minor melodic:
òp[]\as6ds6a\][po
T S T T T T S T T S T T S T
As you can see the sixth and seventh notes are raised a semitone on the way up and lowered
a semitone on the way down.
Now try to write out the melodic minor scale of E minor:
`4444444444444444444
When we say that a piece is in the key of A minor or D minor we do not have to state whether
it is melodic or harmonic. This is only really important when it comes to playing or writing out
scales.
Remember The word scale

that the key comes from the Latin word
signature for a minor scala which means ladder.
scale shares the
same sharps and
flats as its relative
major.
Now write out the melodic minor scale of D minor including any necessary accidentals:
`4444444444444444444
10
1. Write out the ascending and descending harmonic minor scale of A minor adding any accidentals:
`4444444444444444444
2. The relative minor of D major is ............................................. minor
3. The relative major of F minor is ............................................. major
4. The word scala meaning ladder comes from where?
........................................................................................................................................................................
5. The interval between C and E is a .............................................
6. The interval between G and D is a .............................................
7. Write the correct key signature for the following scales
G major `444 B flat major `444

D minor `444 F sharp minor `444
8. What is the musical term for the fourth note of a scale? .............................................................
9. What is a triplet? .......................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................................
10. Are the following time signatures in simple time or compound time?
6 ............................................. 3 ............................................. 2 .............................................

8 4 2


Fundamental Theory PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fundamental Theory PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fundamental Theory PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Name: _______________________ Music Theory Worksheet

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

INTRODUCTION TO THE STAVE & NOTATION

Some of the things that music notation tells us are:

the speed of the music and how to count.

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

Lets start by learning how to draw the treble clef:

Remember the treble

Now its your turn:

Now draw 5 clefs below as practice:

TREBLE CLEF NOTE NAMES

A useful phrase for remembering the names of the notes is:

Now try to name these notes:

As well as the 5 lines there are also 4 spaces on the stave,

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

1 Bass clef shows us the lower sounding notes on the stave.

Lets look at how to draw the bass clef:

Now its your turn:

Now draw 5 Bass Clefs below as practice:

BASS CLEF NOTE NAMES

Green Buses Drive Fast Always.

Now try to name these notes:

Now name these notes in the spaces:

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

1. Give another name for the treble clef.

6. What is another name for the bass clef?

Here is a semibreve it is worth 4 beats

minim J it is worth 2 beats

quaver - not the edible kind Im afraid! L it is worth 1/2 beat

J J For example can you see

2. Complete this sentence: A ____________________ is a two count note.

3. True or false - a semiquaver is worth 1 beat? _____________________

4. True or false - L + L + L + L = J _____________________

5. Complete this sentence : A ____________________ is worth a 1/4 beat.

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

Semibreve = this rest hangs from the 4th line up

Minim J= 595 this rest sits on the 3rd line up

Crotchet K= 585 or this type of rest looks like a backwards 7

Quaver L= 575 this type of rest looks like a 7

Semi-quaver M= 555 X this looks like a 7 with 2 lines

Now try to complete the chart below:

Note Name Equivalent Rest Value

semibreve _______ 4 beats

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

Both dots and ties increase the value of notes.

A dot written after a note increases its value

For example: a crotchet K = 1 beat

A minim J = 2 beats therefore a dotted minim J . = J + K = 3 beats

A dotted crotchet K. = ___________________ quavers?

A dotted minim J. = ___________________ crotchets?

How many semi-quavers M are there in a dotted quaver L. ? ___________________

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

If notes are joined by a line but arent on the

2000 Keynotes Education Crossgate Cornwall PL15 9SX

Time for another Quiz!

Find the matching words and numbers:

A ____________ is a musical silence semibreve

A ____________ is worth 4 beats rest

How many quavers are there in a crotchet? ____________ 2

G = ? ___ B = ? _ A = ? _ G = ? _ C = ? ___