SAP HANA Tutorial

SAP HANA is an in-memory data platform that is deployable as an on premise

appliance, or in the cloud. It is a revolutionary platform, which is best suited
for performing real-time analytics, and developing and deploying real-time
applications. At the core of this real-time data platform is the SAP HANA
database, which is fundamentally different from any other database engine in
the market today. This tutorial will teach you the basics of SAP HANA. The
tutorial is divided into sections such as SAP HANA Basics, SAP HANA-Modeling,
Reporting, and SAP HANA-SQL. Each of these sections contain related topics
with screenshots explaining the SAP HANA database installations.

Audience
This tutorial has been prepared for anyone who has a basic knowledge of
SQL. After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a moderate level
of expertise in administration and operations or implantation and modeling
using SAP HANA.

Prerequisites
Before you start proceeding with this tutorial, we assume that you are well-
versed with basic database concepts. You should have a good exposure to
SQL, as SAP HANA is like a relational database. If you are not aware of these
concepts, then we recommend that you first go through our short tutorials
on SQL.

SAP HANA - Overview

SAP HANA is a combination of HANA Database, Data Modeling, HANA
Administration and Data Provisioning in one single suite. In SAP HANA, HANA
stands for High-Performance Analytic Appliance.

According to former SAP executive, Dr. Vishal Sikka, HANA stands for Hassos
New Architecture. HANA developed interest by mid-2011 and various fortune
500 companies started considering it as an option to maintain Business
Warehouse needs after that.
Features of SAP HANA
The main features of SAP HANA are given below

SAP HANA is a combination of software and hardware innovation to process huge

amount of real time data.

Based on multi core architecture in distributed system environment.

Based on row and column type of data-storage in database.

Used extensively in Memory Computing Engine (IMCE) to process and analyze

massive amount of real time data.

It reduces cost of ownership, increases application performance, enables new

applications to run on real time environment that were not possible before.

It is written in C++, supports and runs on only one Operating System Suse Linux
Enterprise Server 11 SP1/2.

Need for SAP HANA

Today, most successful companies respond quickly to market changes and
new opportunities. A key to this is the effective and efficient use of data and
information by analyst and managers.

HANA overcomes the limitations mentioned below

Due to increase in Data Volume, it is a challenge for the companies to provide

access to real time data for analysis and business use.

It involves high maintenance cost for IT companies to store and maintain large
data volumes.

Due to unavailability of real time data, analysis and processing results are
delayed.

SAP HANA Vendors

SAP has partnered with leading IT hardware vendors like IBM, Dell, Cisco etc.
and combined it with SAP licensed services and technology to sell SAP HANA
platform.
There are, total, 11 vendors that manufacture HANA Appliances and provide
onsite support for installation and configuration of HANA system.

Top few Vendors include

IBM

Dell

HP

Cisco

Fujitsu

Lenovo (China)

NEC

Huawei

According to statistics provided by SAP, IBM is one of major vendor of SAP

HANA hardware appliances and has a market share of 50-52% but according
to another market survey conducted by HANA clients, IBM has a market hold
up to 70%.

SAP HANA Installation

HANA Hardware vendors provide preconfigured appliances for hardware,
Operating System and SAP software product.

Vendor finalizes the installation by an onsite setup and configuration of HANA

components. This onsite visit includes deployment of HANA system in Data
Center, Connectivity to Organization Network, SAP system ID adaption,
updates from Solution Manager, SAP Router Connectivity, SSL Enablement
and other system configuration.

Customer/Client starts with connectivity of Data Source system and BI

clients. HANA Studio Installation is completed on local system and HANA
system is added to perform Data modeling and administration.
 SAP HANA - In-Memory Computing Engine
An In-Memory database means all the data from source system is stored in
a RAM memory. In a conventional Database system, all data is stored in hard
disk. SAP HANA In-Memory Database wastes no time in loading the data from
hard disk to RAM. It provides faster access of data to multicore CPUs for
information processing and analysis.

Features of In-Memory Database

The main features of SAP HANA in-memory database are

SAP HANA is Hybrid In-memory database.

It combines row based, column based and Object Oriented base technology.

It uses parallel processing with multicore CPU Architecture.

Conventional Database reads memory data in 5 milliseconds. SAP HANA In-

Memory database reads data in 5 nanoseconds.

It means, memory reads in HANA database are 1 million times faster than a
conventional database hard disk memory reads.

Analysts want to see current data immediately in real time and do not want
to wait for data until it is loaded to SAP BW system. SAP HANA In-Memory
processing allows loading of real time data with use of various data
provisioning techniques.
Advantages of In-Memory Database
HANA database takes advantage of in-memory processing to deliver the fastest
data-retrieval speeds, which is enticing to companies struggling with high-scale
online transactions or timely forecasting and planning.

Disk-based storage is still the enterprise standard and price of RAM has been
declining steadily, so memory-intensive architectures will eventually replace slow,
mechanical spinning disks and will lower the cost of data storage.

In-Memory Column-based storage provides data compression up to 11 times,

thus, reducing the storage space of huge data.

This speed advantages offered by RAM storage system are further enhanced by
the use of multi-core CPUs, multiple CPUs per node and multiple nodes per server
in a distributed environment.

SAP HANA - Studio

SAP HANA studio is an Eclipse-based tool. SAP HANA studio is both, the
central development environment and the main administration tool for HANA
system. Additional features are

It is a client tool, which can be used to access local or remote HANA system.

It provides an environment for HANA Administration, HANA Information Modeling

and Data Provisioning in HANA database.

SAP HANA Studio can be used on following platforms

Microsoft Windows 32 and 64 bit versions of: Windows XP, Windows Vista,
Windows 7

SUSE Linux Enterprise Server SLES11: x86 64 bit

Mac OS, HANA studio client is not available

Depending on HANA Studio installation, not all features may be available. At

the time of Studio installation, specify the features you want to install as per
the role. To work on most recent version of HANA studio, Software Life Cycle
Manager can be used for client update.

SAP HANA Studio Perspectives / Features

SAP HANA Studio provides perspectives to work on the following HANA
features. You can choose Perspective in HANA Studio from the following
option

HANA Studio Window Open Perspective Other

Sap Hana Studio Administration

Toolset for various administration tasks, excluding transportable design-time
repository objects. General troubleshooting tools like tracing, the catalog
browser and SQL Console are also included.

SAP HANA Studio Database Development

It provides Toolset for content development. It addresses, in particular, the
DataMarts and ABAP on SAP HANA scenarios, which do not include SAP HANA
native application development (XS).

SAP HANA Studio Application Development

SAP HANA system contains a small Web server, which can be used to host
small applications. It provides Toolset for developing SAP HANA native
applications like application code written in Java and HTML.

By default, all features are installed.

SAP HANA - Studio Administration View
To Perform HANA Database Administration and monitoring features, SAP
HANA Administration Console Perspective can be used.

Administrator Editor can be accessed in several ways

From System View Toolbar Choose Open Administration default button

In System View Double Click on HANA System or Open Perspective

HANA Studio: Administrator Editor

In Administration View: HANA studio provides multiple tabs to check
configuration and health of the HANA system. Overview Tab tells General
Information like, Operational Status, start time of first and last started
service, version, build date and time, Platform, hardware manufacturer, etc.

Adding a HANA System to Studio

Single or multiple systems can be added to HANA studio for administration
and information modeling purpose. To add new HANA system, host name,
instance number and database user name and password is required.

Port 3615 should be open to connect to Database

Port 31015 Instance No 10

Port 30015 Instance No 00

SSh port should also be opened

Adding a System to Hana Studio
To add a system to HANA studio, follow the given steps.

Right Click in Navigator space and click on Add System. Enter HANA system
details, i.e. Host name & Instance number and click next.

Enter Database user name and password to connect to SAP HANA database.
Click on Next and then Finish.
Once you click on Finish, HANA system will be added to System View for
administration and modeling purpose. Each HANA system has two main sub-
nodes, Catalog and Content.

Catalog and Content

Catalog
It contains all available Schemas i.e. all data structures, tables and data,
Column views, Procedures that can be used in Content tab.

Content
The Content tab contains design time repository, which holds all information
of data models created with the HANA Modeler. These models are organized
in Packages. The content node provides different views on same physical
data.
 SAP HANA - System Monitor
System Monitor in HANA studio provides an overview of all your HANA system
at a glance. From System Monitor, you can drill down into details of an
individual system in Administration Editor. It tells about Data Disk, Log disk,
Trace Disk, Alerts on resource usage with priority.

The following Information is available in System Monitor

 SAP HANA - Information Modeler
SAP HANA Information Modeler; also known as HANA Data Modeler is heart
of HANA System. It enables to create modeling views at the top of database
tables and implement business logic to create a meaningful report for
analysis.

Features of Information Modeler

Provides multiple views of transactional data stored in physical tables of HANA
database for analysis and business logic purpose.

Informational modeler only works for column based storage tables.

Information Modeling Views are consumed by Java or HTML based applications or

SAP tools like SAP Lumira or Analysis Office for reporting purpose.

Also possible to use third party tools like MS Excel to connect to HANA and create
reports.

SAP HANA Modeling Views exploit real power of SAP HANA.

There are three types of Information Views, defined as

Attribute View

Analytic View

Calculation View

Row vs Column Store

SAP HANA Modeler Views can only be created on the top of Column based
tables. Storing data in Column tables is not a new thing. Earlier it was
assumed that storing data in Columnar based structure takes more memory
size and not performance Optimized.
With evolution of SAP HANA, HANA used column based data storage in
Information views and presented the real benefits of columnar tables over
Row based tables.

Column Store
In a Column store table, Data is stored vertically. So, similar data types come
together as shown in the example above. It provides faster memory read and
write operations with help of In-Memory Computing Engine.

In a conventional database, data is stored in Row based structure i.e.

horizontally. SAP HANA stores data in both row and Column based structure.
This provides Performance optimization, flexibility and data compression in
HANA database.

Storing Data in Columnar based table has following benefits

Data Compression

Faster read and write access to tables as compared to conventional Row based
storage

Flexibility & parallel processing

Perform Aggregations and Calculations at higher speed

There are various methods and algorithms how data can be stored in Column
based structure- Dictionary Compressed, Run Length Compressed and many
more.

In Dictionary Compressed, cells are stored in form of numbers in tables and

numeral cells are always performance optimized as compared to characters.
In Run length compressed, it saves the multiplier with cell value in numerical
format and multiplier shows repetitive value in table.

Functional Difference - Row vs Column Store

It is always advisable to use Column based storage, if SQL statement has to
perform aggregate functions and calculations. Column based tables always
perform better when running aggregate functions like Sum, Count, Max, Min.

Row based storage is preferred when output has to return complete row. The
example given below makes it easy to understand.
In the above example, while running an Aggregate function (Sum) in sales
column with Where clause, it will only use Date and Sales column while
running SQL query so if it is column based storage table then it will be
performance optimized, faster as data is required only from two columns.

While running a simple Select query, full row has to be printed in output so
it is advisable to store table as Row based in this scenario.

Information Modeling Views

Attribute View
Attributes are non-measurable elements in a database table. They represent
master data and similar to characteristics of BW. Attribute Views are
dimensions in a database or are used to join dimensions or other attribute
views in modeling.

Important features are

Attribute views are used in Analytic and Calculation views.

Attribute view represent master data.

Used to filter size of dimension tables in Analytic and Calculation View.

Analytic View
Analytic Views use power of SAP HANA to perform calculations and
aggregation functions on the tables in database. It has at least one fact table
that has measures and primary keys of dimension tables and surrounded by
dimension tables contain master data.
Important features are

Analytic views are designed to perform Star schema queries.

Analytic views contain at least one fact table and multiple dimension tables with
master data and perform calculations and aggregations

They are similar to Info Cubes and Info objects in SAP BW.

Analytic views can be created on top of Attribute views and Fact tables and
performs calculations like number of unit sold, total price, etc.

Calculation Views
Calculation Views are used on top of Analytic and Attribute views to perform
complex calculations, which are not possible with Analytic Views. Calculation
view is a combination of base column tables, Attribute views and Analytic
views to provide business logic.

Important features are

Calculation Views are defined either graphical using HANA Modeling feature or
scripted in the SQL.

It is created to perform complex calculations, which are not possible with other
views- Attribute and Analytic views of SAP HANA modeler.

One or more Attribute views and Analytic views are consumed with help of inbuilt
functions like Projects, Union, Join, Rank in a Calculation View.
 SAP HANA - Core Architecture

SAP HANA was initially, developed in Java and C++ and designed to run only
Operating System Suse Linux Enterprise Server 11. SAP HANA system
consists of multiple components that are responsible to emphasize computing
power of HANA system.

Most important component of SAP HANA system is Index Server, which contains
SQL/MDX processor to handle query statements for database.

HANA system contains Name Server, Preprocessor Server, Statistics Server and
XS engine, which is used to communicate and host small web applications and
various other components.

Index Server
Index Server is heart of SAP HANA database system. It contains actual data
and engines for processing that data. When SQL or MDX is fired for SAP HANA
system, an Index Server takes care of all these requests and processes them.
All HANA processing takes place in Index Server.

Index Server contains Data engines to handle all SQL/MDX statements that
come to HANA database system. It also has Persistence Layer that is
responsible for durability of HANA system and ensures HANA system is
restored to most recent state when there is restart of system failure.

Index Server also has Session and Transaction Manager, which manage
transactions and keep track of all running and closed transactions.

Index Server Architecture

SQL/MDX Processor
It is responsible for processing SQL/MDX transactions with data engines
responsible to run queries. It segments all query requests and direct them to
correct engine for the performance Optimization.

It also ensures that all SQL/MDX requests are authorized and also provide
error handling for efficient processing of these statements. It contains several
engines and processors for query execution

MDX (Multi Dimension Expression) is query language for OLAP systems like SQL
is used for Relational database. MDX Engine is responsible to handle queries and
manipulates multidimensional data stored in OLAP cubes.

Planning Engine is responsible to run planning operations within SAP HANA

database.
 Calculation Engine converts data into Calculation models to create logical
execution plan to support parallel processing of statements.

Stored Procedure processor executes procedure calls for optimized processing; it

converts OLAP cubes to HANA optimized cubes.

Transaction and Session Management

It is responsible to coordinate all database transactions and keep track of all
running and closed transactions.

When a transaction is executed or failed, Transaction manager notifies

relevant data engine to take necessary actions.

Session management component is responsible to initialize and manage

sessions and connections for SAP HANA system using predefined session
parameters.

Persistence Layer
It is responsible for durability and atomicity of transactions in HANA system.
Persistence layer provides built in disaster recovery system for HANA
database.

It ensures database is restored to most recent state and ensures that all the
transactions are completed or undone in case of a system failure or restart.

It is also responsible to manage data and transaction logs and also contain
data backup, log backup and configuration back of HANA system. Backups
are stored as save points in the Data Volumes via a Save Point coordinator,
which is normally set to take back every 5-10 minutes.

Preprocessor Server
Preprocessor Server in SAP HANA system is used for text data analysis.

Index Server uses preprocessor server for analyzing text data and extracting
the information from text data when text search capabilities are used.
Name Server
NAME server contains System Landscape information of HANA system. In
distributed environment, there are multiple nodes with each node has
multiple CPUs, Name server holds topology of HANA system and has
information about all the running components and information is spread on
all the components.

Topology of SAP HANA system is recorded here.

It decreases the time in re-indexing as it holds which data is on which server in

distributed environment.

Statistical Server
This server checks and analyzes the health of all components in HANA
system. Statistical Server is responsible for collecting the data related to
system resources, their allocation and consumption of the resources and
overall performance of HANA system.

It also provides historical data related to system performance for analyses

purpose, to check and fix performance related issues in HANA system.

XS Engine
XS engine helps external Java and HTML based applications to access HANA
system with help of XS client. As SAP HANA system contains a web server
which can be used to host small JAVA/HTML based applications.
XS Engine transforms the persistence model stored in database into
consumption model for clients exposed via HTTP/HTTPS.

SAP Host Agent

SAP Host agent should be installed on all the machines that are part of SAP
HANA system Landscape. SAP Host agent is used by Software Update
Manager SUM for installing automatic updates to all components of HANA
system in distributed environment.

LM Structure
LM structure of SAP HANA system contains information about current
installation details. This information is used by Software Update Manager to
install automatic updates on HANA system components.

SAP Solution Manager (SAP SOLMAN) diagnostic Agent

This diagnostic agent provides all data to SAP Solution Manager to monitor
SAP HANA system. This agent provides all the information about HANA
database, which include database current state and general information.

It provides configuration details of HANA system when SAP SOLMAN is

integrated with SAP HANA system.
SAP HANA Studio Repository
SAP HANA studio repository helps HANA developers to update current version
of HANA studio to latest versions. Studio Repository holds the code which
does this update.

Software Update Manager for SAP HANA

SAP Market Place is used to install updates for SAP systems. Software Update
Manager for HANA system helps is update of HANA system from SAP Market
place.

It is used for software downloads, customer messages, SAP Notes and

requesting license keys for HANA system. It is also used to distribute HANA
studio to end users systems.
 SAP HANA - Modeling
SAP HANA Modeler option is used to create Information views on the top of
schemas tables in HANA database. These views are consumed by
JAVA/HTML based applications or SAP Applications like SAP Lumira, Office
Analysis or third party software like MS Excel for reporting purpose to meet
business logic and to perform analysis and extract information.

HANA Modeling is done on the top of tables available in Catalog tab under
Schema in HANA studio and all views are saved under Content table under
Package.

You can create new Package under Content tab in HANA studio using right
click on Content and New.

All Modeling Views created inside one package comes under the same
package in HANA studio and categorized according to View Type.

Each View has different structure for Dimension and Fact tables. Dim tables
are defined with master data and Fact table has Primary Key for dimension
tables and measures like Number of Unit sold, Average delay time, Total
Price, etc.

Fact and Dimension Table

Fact Table contains Primary Keys for Dimension table and measures. They
are joined with Dimension tables in HANA Views to meet business logic.

Example of Measures Number of unit sold, Total Price, Average Delay

time, etc.

Dimension Table contains master data and is joined with one or more fact
tables to make some business logic. Dimension tables are used to create
schemas with fact tables and can be normalized.

Example of Dimension Table Customer, Product, etc.

Suppose a company sells products to customers. Every sale is a fact that

happens within the company and the fact table is used to record these facts.
For example, row 3 in the fact table records the fact that customer 1 (Brian)
bought one item on day 4. And, in a complete example, we would also have
a product table and a time table so that we know what she bought and exactly
when.

The fact table lists events that happen in our company (or at least the events
that we want to analyze- No of Unit Sold, Margin, and Sales Revenue). The
Dimension tables list the factors (Customer, Time, and Product) by which we
want to analyze the data.
SAP HANA - Schema in Data Warehouse
Schemas are logical description of tables in Data Warehouse. Schemas are
created by joining multiple fact and Dimension tables to meet some business
logic.

Database uses relational model to store data. However, Data Warehouse use
Schemas that join dimensions and fact tables to meet business logic. There
are three types of Schemas used in a Data Warehouse

Star Schema

Snowflakes Schema

Galaxy Schema

Star Schema
In Star Schema, Each Dimension is joined to one single Fact table. Each
Dimension is represented by only one dimension and is not further
normalized.

Dimension Table contains set of attribute that are used to analyze the data.

Example In example given below, we have a Fact table FactSales that has
Primary keys for all the Dim tables and measures units_sold and dollars_ sold
to do analysis.

We have four Dimension tables DimTime, DimItem, DimBranch,

DimLocation
Each Dimension table is connected to Fact table as Fact table has Primary
Key for each Dimension Tables that is used to join two tables.

Facts/Measures in Fact Table are used for analysis purpose along with
attribute in Dimension tables.

Snowflakes Schema
In Snowflakes schema, some of Dimension tables are further, normalized and
Dim tables are connected to single Fact Table. Normalization is used to
organize attributes and tables of database to minimize the data redundancy.

Normalization involves breaking a table into less redundant smaller tables

without losing any information and smaller tables are joined to Dimension
table.
In the above example, DimItem and DimLocation Dimension tables are
normalized without losing any information. This is called Snowflakes schema
where dimension tables are further normalized to smaller tables.

Galaxy Schema
In Galaxy Schema, there are multiple Fact tables and Dimension tables. Each
Fact table stores primary keys of few Dimension tables and measures/facts
to do analysis.

In the above example, there are two Fact tables FactSales, FactShipping and
multiple Dimension tables joined to Fact tables. Each Fact table contains
Primary Key for joined Dim tables and measures/Facts to perform analysis.
 SAP HANA - Tables
Tables in HANA database can be accessed from HANA Studio in Catalogue tab
under Schemas. New tables can be created using the two methods given
below

Using SQL editor

Using GUI option

SQL Editor in HANA Studio

SQL Console can be opened by selecting Schema name, in which, new table
has to be created using System View SQL Editor option or by Right click on
Schema name as shown below

Once SQL Editor is opened, Schema name can be confirmed from the name
written on the top of SQL Editor. New table can be created using SQL Create
Table statement

Create column Table Test1 (

ID INTEGER,
NAME VARCHAR(10),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

In this SQL statement, we have created a Column table Test1, defined data
types of table and Primary Key.
Once you write Create table SQL query, click on Execute option on top of SQL
editor right side. Once the statement is executed, we will get a confirmation
message as shown in snapshot given below

Statement 'Create column Table Test1 (ID INTEGER,NAME VARCHAR(10),

PRIMARY KEY (ID))'

successfully executed in 13 ms 761 s (server processing time: 12 ms 979

s) Rows Affected: 0

Execution statement also tells about the time taken to execute the statement.
Once statement is successfully executed, right click on Table tab under
Schema name in System View and refresh. New Table will be reflected in the
list of tables under Schema name.

Insert statement is used to enter the data in the Table using SQL editor.

Insert into TEST1 Values (1,'ABCD')

Insert into TEST1 Values (2,'EFGH');

Click on Execute.

You can right click on Table name and use Open Data Definition to see data
type of the table. Open Data Preview/Open Content to see table contents.
Creating Table using GUI Option
Another way to create a table in HANA database is by using GUI option in
HANA Studio.

Right Click on Table tab under Schema Select New Table option as shown
in snapshot given below.

Once you click on New Table It will open a window to enter the Table name,
Choose Schema name from drop down, Define Table type from drop down
list: Column Store or Row Store.

Define data type as shown below. Columns can be added by clicking on +

sign, Primary Key can be chosen by clicking on cell under Primary key in front
of Column name, Not Null will be active by default.

Once columns are added, click on Execute.

Once you Execute (F8), Right Click on Table Tab Refresh. New Table will
be reflected in the list of tables under chosen Schema. Below Insert Option
can be used to insert data in table. Select statement to see content of table.
Inserting Data in a table using GUI in HANA studio
You can right click on Table name and use Open Data Definition to see data
type of the table. Open Data Preview/Open Content to see table contents.

To use tables from one Schema to create views we should provide access on
the Schema to the default user who runs all the Views in HANA Modeling. This
can be done by going to SQL editor and running this query

GRANT SELECT ON SCHEMA "<SCHEMA_NAME>" TO _SYS_REPO WITH

GRANT OPTION
 SAP HANA - Packages

SAP HANA Packages are shown under Content tab in HANA studio. All HANA
modeling is saved inside Packages.

You can create a new Package by Right Click on Content Tab New
Package

You can also create a Sub Package under a Package by right clicking on the
Package name. When we right click on the Package we get 7 Options: We can
create HANA Views Attribute Views, Analytical Views, and Calculation Views
under a Package.

You can also create Decision Table, Define Analytic Privilege and create
Procedures in a Package.

When you right click on Package and click on New, you can also create sub
packages in a Package. You have to enter Package Name, Description while
creating a Package.
 SAP HANA - Attribute View
Attribute Views in SAP HANA Modeling are created on the top of Dimension
tables. They are used to join Dimension tables or other Attribute Views. You
can also copy a new Attribute View from already existing Attribute Views
inside other Packages but that doesnt let you change the View Attributes.

Characteristics of Attribute View

Attribute Views in HANA are used to join Dimension tables or other Attribute
Views.

Attribute Views are used in Analytical and Calculation Views for analysis to pass
master data.

They are similar to Characteristics in BM and contain master data.

Attribute Views are used for performance optimization in large size Dimension
tables, you can limit the number of attributes in an Attribute View which are
further used for Reporting and analysis purpose.

Attribute Views are used to model master data to give some context.

How to Create an Attribute View?

Choose the Package name under which you want to create an Attribute View.
Right Click on Package Go to New Attribute View
When you click on Attribute View, New Window will open. Enter Attribute View
name and description. From the drop down list, choose View Type and sub
type. In sub type, there are three types of Attribute views Standard, Time,
and Derived.

Time subtype Attribute View is a special type of Attribute view that adds a
Time Dimension to Data Foundation. When you enter the Attribute name,
Type and Subtype and click on Finish, it will open three work panes

Scenario pane that has Data Foundation and Semantic Layer.

Details Pane shows attribute of all tables added to Data Foundation and joining
between them.

Output pane where we can add attributes from Detail pane to filter in the report.

You can add Objects to Data Foundation, by clicking on + sign written next
to Data Foundation. You can add multiple Dimension tables and Attribute
Views in the Scenario Pane and join them using a Primary Key.

When you click on Add Object in Data Foundation, you will get a search bar
from where you can add Dimension tables and Attribute views to Scenario
Pane. Once Tables or Attribute Views are added to Data Foundation, they can
be joined using a Primary Key in Details Pane as shown below.
Once joining is done, choose multiple attributes in details pane, right click
and Add to Output. All columns will be added to Output pane. Now Click on
Activate option and you will get a confirmation message in job log.

Now you can right click on the Attribute View and go for Data Preview.

Note When a View is not activated, it has diamond mark on it. However,
once you activate it, that diamond disappears that confirms that View has
been activated successfully.

Once you click on Data Preview, it will show all the attributes that has been
added to Output pane under Available Objects.

These Objects can be added to Labels and Value axis by right click and adding
or by dragging the objects as shown below
 SAP HANA - Analytic View
Analytic View is in the form of Star schema, wherein we join one Fact table
to multiple Dimension tables. Analytic views use real power of SAP HANA to
perform complex calculations and aggregate functions by joining tables in
form of star schema and by executing Star schema queries.

Characteristics of Analytic View

Following are the properties of SAP HANA Analytic View

Analytic Views are used to perform complex calculations and Aggregate functions
like Sum, Count, Min, Max, Etc.

Analytic Views are designed to run Start schema queries.

Each Analytic View has one Fact table surrounded by multiple dimension tables.
Fact table contains primary key for each Dim table and measures.

Analytic Views are similar to Info Objects and Info sets of SAP BW.

How to Create an Analytic View?

Choose the Package name under which you want to create an Analytic View.
Right Click on Package Go to New Analytic View. When you click on an
Analytic View, New Window will open. Enter View name and Description and
from drop down list choose View Type and Finish.
When you click Finish, you can see an Analytic View with Data Foundation
and Star Join option.

Click on Data Foundation to add Dimension and Fact tables. Click on Star Join
to add Attribute Views.

Add Dim and Fact tables to Data Foundation using + sign. In the example
given below, 3 dim tables have been added: DIM_CUSTOMER,
DIM_PRODUCT, DIM_REGION and 1 Fact table FCT_SALES to Details Pane.
Joining Dim table to Fact table using Primary Keys stored in Fact table.
Select Attributes from Dim and Fact table to add to Output pane as shown in
snapshot shown above. Now change the data type of Facts, from fact table
to measures.

Click on Semantic layer, choose facts and click on measures sign as shown
below to change datatype to measures and Activate the View.

Once you activate view and click on Data Preview, all attributes and measures
will be added under the list of Available objects. Add Attributes to Labels Axis
and Measure to Value axis for analysis purpose.

There is an option to choose different types of chart and graphs.

 SAP HANA - Calculation View
Calculation Views are used to consume other Analytic, Attribute and other
Calculation views and base column tables. These are used to perform complex
calculations, which are not possible with other type of Views.

Characteristics of Calculation View

Below given are few characteristics of Calculation Views

Calculation Views are used to consume Analytic, Attribute and other Calculation
Views.

They are used to perform complex calculations, which are not possible with other
Views.

There are two ways to create Calculation Views- SQL Editor or Graphical Editor.

Built-in Union, Join, Projection & Aggregation nodes.

How to create a Calculation View?

Choose the Package name under which you want to create a Calculation View.
Right Click on Package Go to New Calculation View. When you click on
Calculation View, New Window will open.
Enter View name, Description and choose view type as Calculation View,
Subtype Standard or Time (this is special kind of View which adds time
dimension). You can use two types of Calculation View Graphical and SQL
Script.

Graphical Calculation Views

It has default nodes like aggregation, Projection, Join and Union. It is used
to consume other Attribute, Analytic and other Calculation views.

SQL Script based Calculation Views

It is written in SQL scripts that are built on SQL commands or HANA defined
functions.

Data Category
Cube, in this default node, is Aggregation. You can choose Star join with Cube
dimension.

Dimension, in this default node is Projection.

Calculation View with Star Join
It does not allow base column tables, Attribute Views or Analytic views to add
at data foundation. All Dimension tables must be changed to Dimension
Calculation views to use in Star Join. All Fact tables can be added and can
use default nodes in Calculation View.

Example
The following example shows how we can use Calculation View with Star join

You have four tables, two Dim tables, and two Fact tables. You have to find
list of all employees with their Joining date, Emp Name, empId, Salary and
Bonus.

Copy and paste the below script in SQL editor and execute.

Dim Tables Empdim and Empdate

Create column table Empdim (empId nvarchar(3),Empname nvarchar(100));

Insert into Empdim values('AA1','John');
Insert into Empdim values('BB1','Anand');
Insert into Empdim values('CC1','Jason');
Create column table Empdate (caldate date, CALMONTH nvarchar(4) ,CALYEAR
nvarchar(4));
Insert into Empdate values('20100101','04','2010');
Insert into Empdate values('20110101','05','2011');
Insert into Empdate values('20120101','06','2012');

Fact Tables Empfact1, Empfact2

Create column table Empfact1 (empId nvarchar(3), Empdate date, Sal integer );
Insert into Empfact1 values('AA1','20100101',5000);
Insert into Empfact1 values('BB1','20110101',10000);
Insert into Empfact1 values('CC1','20120101',12000);
Create column table Empfact2 (empId nvarchar(3), deptName nvarchar(20), Bonus integer
);
Insert into Empfact2 values ('AA1','SAP', 2000);
Insert into Empfact2 values ('BB1','Oracle', 2500);
Insert into Empfact2 values ('CC1','JAVA', 1500);

Now we have to implement Calculation View with Star Join. First change both
Dim tables to Dimension Calculation View.

Create a Calculation View with Star Join. In Graphical pane, add 2 Projections
for 2 Fact tables. Add both fact tables to both Projections and add attributes
of these Projections to Output pane.

Add a join from default node and join both the fact tables. Add parameters
of Fact Join to output pane.
In Star Join, add both- Dimension Calculation views and add Fact Join to Star
Join as shown below. Choose parameters in Output pane and active the View.

SAP HANA Calculation View Star Join

Once view is activated successfully, right click on view name and click on
Data Preview. Add attributes and measures to values and labels axis and do
the analysis.

Benefits of using Star Join

It simplifies the design process. You need not to create Analytical views and
Attribute Views and directly Fact tables can be used as Projections.

3NF is possible with Star Join.

Calculation View without Star Join

Create 2 Attribute Views on 2 Dim tables-Add output and activate both the
views.

Create 2 Analytical Views on Fact Tables Add both Attribute views and
Fact1/Fact2 at Data Foundation in Analytic view.
Now Create a Calculation View Dimension (Projection). Create Projections
of both Analytical Views and Join them. Add attributes of this Join to output
pane. Now Join to Projection and add output again.

Activate the view successful and go to Data preview for analysis.

 SAP HANA - Analytic Privileges
Analytic Privileges are used to limit access on HANA Information views. You
can assign different types of right to different users on different component
of a View in Analytic Privileges.

Sometimes, it is required that data in the same view should not be accessible
to other users who do not have any relevant requirement for that data.

Example
Suppose you have an Analytic view EmpDetails that has details about
employees of a company- Emp name, Emp Id, Dept, Salary, Date of Joining,
Emp logon, etc. Now if you do not want your Report developer to see Salary
details or Emp logon details of all employees, you can hide this by using
Analytic privileges option.

Analytic Privileges are only applied to attributes in an Information View. We cannot

add measures to restrict access in Analytic privileges.

Analytic Privileges are used to control read access on SAP HANA Information
views.

So we can restrict data by Empname, EmpId, Emp logon or by Emp Dept and
not by numerical values like salary, bonus.

Creating Analytic Privileges

Right Click on Package name and go to new Analytic Privilege or you can open
using HANA Modeler quick launch.
Enter name and Description of Analytic Privilege Finish. New window will
open.

You can click on Next button and add Modeling view in this window before
you click on finish. There is also an option to copy an existing Analytic
Privilege package.

Once you click on Add button, it will show you all the views under Content
tab.

Choose View that you want to add to Analytic Privilege package and click OK.
Selected View will be added under reference models.
Now to add attributes from selected view under Analytic Privilege, click on
add button with Associated Attributes Restrictions window.

Add objects you want to add to Analytic privileges from select object option
and click on OK.

In Assign Restriction option, it allows you to add values you want to hide in
Modeling View from specific user. You can add Object value that will not
reflect in Data Preview of Modeling View.

We have to activate Analytic Privilege now, by clicking on Green round icon

at top. Status message completed successfully confirms activation
successfully under job log and we can use this view now by adding to a role.
Now to add this role to a user, go to security tab User Select User on
which you want to apply these Analytic privileges.

Search Analytic Privilege you want to apply with the name and click on OK.
That view will be added to user role under Analytic Privileges.

To delete Analytic Privileges from specific user, select view under tab and use
Red delete option. Use Deploy (arrow mark at top or F8 to apply this to user
profile).
 SAP HANA - Information Composer
SAP HANA Information Composer is a self-service modeling environment for
end users to analyze data set. It allows you to import data from workbook
format (.xls, .csv) into HANA database and to create Modeling views for
analysis.

Information Composer is very different from HANA Modeler and both are
designed to target separate set of users. Technically sound people who have
strong experience in data modeling use HANA Modeler. A business user, who
does not have any technical knowledge, uses Information Composer. It
provides simple functionalities with easy to use interface.

Features of Information Composer

Data extraction Information Composer helps to extract data, clean data,
preview data and automate the process of creation of physical table in the HANA
database.

Manipulating data It helps us to combine two objects (Physical tables,

Analytical View, attribute view and calculation views) and create information view
that can be consumed by SAP BO Tools like SAP Business Objects Analysis, SAP
Business Objects Explorer and other tools like MS Excel.

It provides a centralized IT service in the form of URL, which can be accessed

from anywhere.

How to upload data using Information Composer?

It allows us to upload large amount of data (up to 5 million cells). Link to
access Information Composer

http://<server>:<port>/IC

Login to SAP HANA Information Composer. You can perform data loading or
manipulation using this tool.

To upload data this can be done in two ways

Uploading .xls, .csv file directly to HANA database

 Other way is to copy data to clipboard and copy from there to HANA database.

It allows data to be loaded along with header.

On Left side in Information Composer, you have three options

Select Source of data Classify data Publish

Once data is published to HANA database, you cannot rename the table. In
this case, you have to delete the table from Schema in HANA database.

SAP_IC schema, where tables like IC_MODELS, IC_SPREADSHEETS exists.

One can find details of tables created using IC under these tables.

Using Clipboard
Another way to upload data in IC is by use of the clipboard. Copy the data to
clipboard and upload it with help of Information Composer. Information
Composer also allows you to see preview of data or even provide summary
of data in temporary storage. It has inbuilt capability of data cleansing that
is used to remove any inconsistency in data.
Once data is cleansed, you need to classify data whether it is attributed. IC
has inbuilt feature to check the data type of uploaded data.

Final step is to publish the data to physical tables in HANA database. Provide
a technical name and description of table and this will be loaded inside
IC_Tables Schema.

User Roles for using data published with Information

Composer
Two set of users can be defined to use data published from IC.

IC_MODELER is for creating physical tables, uploading data and creating

information views.

IC_PUBLIC allows users to view information views created by other users. This
role does not allow the user to upload or create any information views using IC.

System Requirement for Information Composer

Server Requirements

At least 2GB of available RAM is required.

Java 6 (64-bit) must be installed on the server.

The Information Composer Server must be physically located next to the HANA
server.

Client Requirements

Internet Explorer with Silverlight 4 installed.

 SAP HANA - Export & Import
HANA Export and Import option allows tables, Information models,
Landscapes to move to a different or existing system. You do not need to
recreate all tables and information models as you can simply export it to new
system or import to an existing target system to reduce the effort.

This option can be accessed from File menu at the top or by right clicking on
any table or Information model in HANA studio.

Exporting a table/Information model in HANA Studio

Go to file menu Export You will see options as shown below
Export Options under SAP HANA Content
Delivery Unit
Delivery unit is a single unit, which can be mapped to multiple packages and
can be exported as single entity so that all the packages assigned to Delivery
Unit can be treated as single unit.

Users can use this option to export all the packages that make a delivery unit
and the relevant objects contained in it to a HANA Server or to local Client
location.

The user should create Delivery Unit prior to using it.

This can be done through HANA Modeler Delivery Unit Select System
and Next Create Fill the details like Name, Version, etc. OK Add
Packages to Delivery unit Finish

Once the Delivery Unit is created and the packages are assigned to it, user
can see the list of packages by using Export option

Go to File Export Delivery Unit Select the Delivery Unit.

You can see list of all packages assigned to Delivery unit. It gives an option
to choose export location
 Export to Server

Export to Client

You can export the Delivery Unit either to HANA Server location or to a Client
location as shown.

The user can restrict the export through Filter by time which means
Information views, which are updated within the mentioned time interval will
only be exported.

Select the Delivery Unit and Export Location and then Click Next Finish.
This will export the selected Delivery Unit to the specified location.

Developer Mode
This option can be used to export individual objects to a location in the local
system. User can select single Information view or group of Views and
Packages and select the local Client location for export and Finish.

This is shown in the snapshot below.

Support Mode
This can be used to export the objects along with the data for SAP support
purposes. This can be used when requested.

Example User creates an Information View, which throws an error and he

is not able to resolve. In that case, he can use this option to export the view
along with data and share it with SAP for debugging purpose.
Export Options under SAP HANA Studio

Landscape To export the landscape from one system to other.

Tables This option can be used to export tables along with its content.

Import Option under SAP HANA Content

Go to File Import, You will see all the options as shown below under Import.

Data from Local File

This is used to import data from a flat file like .xls or .csv file.

Click on Nex Choose Target System Define Import Properties

Select Source file by browsing local system. It also gives an option if you
want to keep the header row. It also gives an option to create a new table
under existing Schema or if you want to import data from a file to an existing
table.
When you click on Next, it gives an option to define Primary Key, change data
type of columns, define storage type of table and also, allows you to change
the proposed structure of table.
When you click on finish, that table will be populated under list of tables in
mentioned Schema. You can do the data preview and can check data
definition of the table and it will be same as that of .xls file.

Delivery Unit
Select Delivery unit by going to File Import Delivery unit. You can choose
from a server or local client.

You can select Overwrite inactive versions which allows you to overwrite
any inactive version of objects that exist. If the user selects Activate
objects, then after the import, all the imported objects will be activated by
default. The user need not trigger the activation manually for the imported
views.

Click Finish and once completed successfully, it will be populated to target

system.
Developer Mode
Browse for the Local Client location where the views are exported and select
the views to be imported, the user can select individual Views or group of
Views and Packages and Click on Finish.

Mass Import of Metadata

Go to File Import Mass Import of Metadata Next and select the source
and target system.

Configure the System for Mass Import and click Finish.

Selective Import of Metadata

It allows you to choose tables and target schema to import Meta data from
SAP Applications.

Go to File Import Selective Import of Metadata Next

Choose Source Connection of type SAP Applications. Remember that the

Data Store should have been created already of type SAP Applications Click
Next
Select tables you want to import and validate data if required. Click Finish
after that.
 SAP HANA - Reporting View

We know that with the use of Information Modeling feature in SAP HANA, we
can create different Information views Attribute Views, Analytic Views,
Calculation views. These Views can be consumed by different reporting tools
like SAP Business Object, SAP Lumira, Design Studio, Office Analysis and
even third party tool like MS Excel.

These reporting tools enable Business Managers, Analysts, Sales Managers

and senior management employees to analyze the historic information to
create business scenarios and to decide business strategy of the company.

This generates the need for consuming HANA Modeling views by different
reporting tools and to generate reports and dashboards, which are easy to
understand for end users.

In most of the companies, where SAP is implemented, reporting on HANA is

done with BI platforms tools that consume both SQL and MDX queries with
help of Relational and OLAP connections. There is wide variety of BI tools like
Web Intelligence, Crystal Reports, Dashboard, Explorer, Office Analysis and
many more
 Bi 4.0 Connectivity to Hana Views
Reporting Tools
Web Intelligence and Crystal Reports are most common BI tools that are used
for reporting. WebI uses a semantic layer called Universe to connect to data
source and these Universes are used for reporting in tool. These Universes
are designed with the help of Universe design tool UDT or with Information
Design tool IDT. IDT supports multisource enabled data source. However,
UDT only supports Single source.

Main tools that are used for designing interactive dashboards- Design Studio
and Dashboard Designer. Design Studio is future tool for designing
dashboard, which consumes HANA views via BI consumer Service BICS
connection. Dashboard design (xcelsius) uses IDT to consume schemas in
HANA database with a Relational or OLAP connection.

SAP Lumira has an inbuilt feature of directly connecting or loading data from
HANA database. HANA views can be directly consumed in Lumira for
visualization and creating stories.

Office Analysis uses an OLAP connection to connect to HANA Information

views. This OLAP connection can be created in CMC or IDT.

In the picture given above, it shows all BI tools with solid lines, which can be
directly connected and integrated with SAP HANA using an OLAP connection.
It also depicts tools, which need a relational connection using IDT to connect
to HANA are shown with dotted lines.

Relational vs OLAP Connection

The idea is basically if you need to access data from a table or a conventional
database then your connection should be a relational connection but if your
source is an application and data is stored in cube (multidimensional like Info
cubes, Information models) then you would use an OLAP connection.

A Relational connection can only be created in IDT/UDT.

An OLAP can be created in both IDT and CMC.

Another thing to note is that a relational connection always produces a SQL

statement to be fired from report while an OLAP connection normally creates
a MDX statement

Information Design Tool

In Information design tool (IDT), you can create a relational connection to an
SAP HANA view or table using JDBC or ODBC drivers and build a Universe
using this connection to provide access to client tools like Dashboards and
Web Intelligence as shown in above picture.

You can create a direct connection to SAP HANA using JDBC or ODBC drivers.
 SAP HANA - Crystal Reports
Crystal Reports for Enterprise
In Crystal Reports for Enterprise, you can access SAP HANA data by using an
existing relational connection created using the information design tool.

You can also connect to SAP HANA using an OLAP connection created using
information design tool or CMC.

Design Studio
Design Studio can access SAP HANA data by using an existing OLAP
connection created in Information design tool or CMC same like Office
Analysis.

Dashboards
Dashboards can connect to SAP HANA only through a relational Universe.
Customers using Dashboards on top of SAP HANA should strongly consider
building their new dashboards with Design Studio.

Web Intelligence
Web Intelligence can connect to SAP HANA only through a Relational
Universe.

SAP Lumira
Lumira can connect directly to SAP HANA Analytic and Calculation views. It
can also connect to SAP HANA through SAP BI Platform using a relational
Universe.

Office Analysis, edition for OLAP

In Office Analysis edition for OLAP, you can connect to SAP HANA using an
OLAP connection defined in the Central Management Console or in
Information design tool.

Explorer
You can create an information space based on an SAP HANA view using JDBC
drivers.
Creating an OLAP Connection in CMC
We can create an OLAP Connection for all the BI tools, which we want to use
on top of HANA views like OLAP for analysis, Crystal Report for enterprise,
Design Studio. Relational connection through IDT is used to connect Web
Intelligence and Dashboards to HANA database.

These connection can be created using IDT as well CMC and both of the
connections are saved in BO Repository.

Login to CMC with the user name and password.

From the dropdown list of connections, choose an OLAP connection. It will

also show already created connections in CMC. To create a new connection,
go to green icon and click on this.

Enter the name of an OLAP connection and description. Multiple persons, to

connect to HANA views, in different BI Platform tools, can use this connection.

Provider SAP HANA

Server Enter HANA Server name

Instance Instance number

It also gives an option to connect to a single Cube (You can also choose to
connect to single Analytic or Calculation view) or to the full HANA system.

Click on Connect and choose modeling view by entering user name and
password.

Authentication Types Three types of Authentication are possible while

creating an OLAP connection in CMC.

Predefined It will not ask user name and password again while using this
connection.

Prompt Every time it will ask user name and password

SSO User specific

Enter user user name and password for HANA system and save and new
connection will be added to existing list of connections.

Now open BI Launchpad to open all BI platform tools for reporting like Office
Analysis for OLAP and it will ask to choose a connection. By default, it will
show you the Information View if you have specified it while creating this
connection otherwise click on Next and go to folders Choose Views
(Analytic or Calculation Views).
SAP Lumira connectivity with HANA system

Open SAP Lumira from Start Program, Click on file menu New Add new
dataset Connect to SAP HANA Next

Difference between connect to SAP HANA and download from SAP HANA is
that it will download data from Hana system to BO repository and refreshing
of data will not occur with changes in HANA system. Enter HANA server name
and Instance number. Enter user name and password click on Connect.
It will show all views. You can search with the view name Choose View
Next. It will show all measures and dimensions. You can choose from these
attributes if you want click on create option.

There are four tabs inside SAP Lumira

Prepare You can see the data and do any custom calculation.

Visualize You can add Graphs and Charts. Click on X axis and Y axis + sign to
add attributes.

Compose This option can be used to create sequence of Visualization (story)

click on Board to add numbers of boards create it will show all the
visualizations on left side. Drag first Visualization then add page then add second
visualization.

Share If it is built on SAP HANA, we can only publish to SAP Lumira server.
Otherwise you can also publish story from SAP Lumira to SAP Community Network
SCN or BI Platform.

Save the file to use it later Go to File-Save choose Local Save

Creating a Relational Connection in IDT to use with HANA views in WebI and
Dashboard

Open Information Design Tool by going to BI Platform Client tools. Click

on New Project Enter Project Name Finish.

Right-click on Project name Go to New Choose Relational Connection

Enter Connection/resource name Next choose SAP from list to connect
to HANA system SAP HANA Select JDBC/ODBC drivers click on Next
Enter HANA system details Click on Next and Finish.

You can also test this connection by clicking on Test Connection option.

Test Connection Successful. Next step is to publish this connection to

Repository to make it available for use.

Right Click on connection name click on Publish connection to Repository

Enter BO Repository name and password Click on Connect Next
Finish Yes.
It will create a new relational connection with .cns extension.

.cns connection type represents secured Repository connection that should

be used to create Data foundation.

.cnx represents local unsecured connection. If you use this connection while
creating and publishing a Universe, it will not allow you to publish that to
repository.

Choose .cns connection type Right Click on this click on New Data
foundation Enter Name of Data foundation Next Single source/multi
source click on Next Finish.

It will show all the tables in HANA database with Schema name in the middle
pane.

Import all tables from HANA database to master pane to create a Universe.
Join Dim and Fact tables with primary keys in Dim tables to create a Schema.
Double Click on the Joins and detect Cardinality Detect OK Save All
at the top. Now we have to create a new Business layer on the data
foundation that will be consumed by BI Application tools.

Right Click on .dfx and choose new Business Layer Enter Name Finish
. It will show all the objects automatically, under master pane . Change
Dimension to Measures (Type-Measure change Projection as required)
Save All.

Right-click on .bfx file click on Publish To Repository click on Next

Finish Universe Published Successfully.

Now open WebI Report from BI Launchpad or Webi rich client from BI
Platform client tools New select Universe TEST_SAP_HANA OK.
All Objects will be added to Query Panel. You can choose attributes and
measures from left pane and add them to Result Objects. The Run query will
run the SQL query and the output will be generated in the form of Report in
WebI as shown below.

SAP HANA - Excel Integration

Microsoft Excel is considered the most common BI reporting and analysis tool
by many organizations. Business Managers and Analysts can connect it to
HANA database to draw Pivot tables and charts for analysis.

Connecting MS Excel to HANA

Open Excel and go to Data tab from other sources click on Data
connection wizard Other/ Advanced and click on Next Data link
properties will open.
Choose SAP HANA MDX Provider from this list to connect to any MDX data
source Enter HANA system details (server name, instance, user name and
password) click on Test Connection Connection succeeded OK.

It will give you the list of all packages in drop down list that are available in
HANA system. You can choose an Information view click Next Select
Pivot table/others OK.
All attributes from Information view will be added to MS Excel. You can choose different
attributes and measures to report as shown and you can choose different charts like pie
charts and bar charts from design option at the top.

SAP HANA - Security Overview

Security means protecting companys critical data from unauthorized access

and use, and to ensure that Compliance and standards are met as per the
company policy. SAP HANA enables customer to implement different security
policies and procedures and to meet compliance requirements of the
company.

SAP HANA supports multiple databases in a single HANA system and this is
known as multitenant database containers. HANA system can also contain
more than one multitenant database containers. A multiple container system
always has exactly one system database and any number of multitenant
database containers. AN SAP HANA system that is installed in this
environment is identified by a single system ID (SID). Database containers
in HANA system are identified by a SID and database name. SAP HANA client,
known as HANA studio, connects to specific databases.

SAP HANA provides all security related features such as Authentication,

Authorization, Encryption and Auditing, and some add on features, which are
not supported in other multitenant databases.
Below given is a list of security related features, provided by SAP HANA

User and Role Management

Authentication and SSO

Authorization

Encryption of data communication in Network

Encryption of data in Persistence Layer

Additional Features in multitenant HANA database

Database Isolation It involves preventing cross tenant attacks through

operating system mechanism

Configuration Change blacklist It involves preventing certain system

properties from being changed by tenant database administrators

Restricted Features It involves disabling certain database features that

provides direct access to file system, the network or other resources.

SAP HANA User and Role Management

SAP HANA user and role management configuration depends on the
architecture of your HANA system.

If SAP HANA is integrated with BI platform tools and acts as reporting database,
then the end-user and role are managed in application server.
 If the end-user directly connects to the SAP HANA database, then user and role
in database layer of HANA system is required for both end users and
administrators.

Every user wants to work with HANA database must have a database user
with necessary privileges. User accessing HANA system can either be a
technical user or an end user depending on the access requirement. After
successful logon to system, users authorization to perform the required
operation is verified. Executing that operation depends on privileges that user
has been granted. These privileges can be granted using roles in HANA
Security. HANA Studio is one of powerful tool to manage user and roles for
HANA database system.

User Types
User types vary according to security policies and different privileges
assigned on user profile. User type can be a technical database user or end
user needs access on HANA system for reporting purpose or for data
manipulation.

Standard Users
Standard users are users who can create objects in their own Schemas and
have read access in system Information models. Read access is provided by
PUBLIC role which is assigned to every standard users.
Restricted Users
Restricted users are those users who access HANA system with some
applications and they do not have SQL privileges on HANA system. When
these users are created, they do not have any access initially.

If we compare restricted users with Standard users

Restricted users cannot create objects in HANA database or their own Schemas.

They do not have access to view any data in database as they dont have generic
Public role added to profile like standard users.

They can connect to HANA database only using HTTP/HTTPS.

User Administration & Role Management

Technical database users are used only for administrative purpose such as
creating new objects in database, assigning privileges to other users, on
packages, applications etc.

SAP HANA User Administration Activities

Depending on business needs and configuration of HANA system, there are
different user activities that can be performed using user administration tool
like HANA studio.

Most common activities include

Create Users

Grant roles to users

Define and Create Roles

Deleting Users

Resetting user passwords

Reactivating users after too many failed logon attempts

 Deactivating users when it is required

How to create Users in HANA Studio?

Only database users with the system privilege ROLE ADMIN are allowed to
create users and roles in HANA studio. To create users and roles in HANA
studio, go to HANA Administrator Console. You will see security tab in System
view

When you expand security tab, it gives option of User and Roles. To create a
new user right click on User and go to New User. New window will open where
you define User and User parameters.

Enter User name (mandate) and in Authentication field enter password.

Password is applied, while saving password for a new user. You can also
choose to create a restricted user.

The specified role name must not be identical to the name of an existing user
or role. The password rules include a minimal password length and a
definition of which character types (lower, upper, digit, special characters)
have to be part of the password.
Different Authorization methods can be configured like SAML, X509
certificates, SAP Logon ticket, etc. Users in the database can be authenticated
by varying mechanisms

Internal authentication mechanism using a password.

External mechanisms such as Kerberos, SAML, SAP Logon Ticket, SAP

Assertion Ticket or X.509.

A user can be authenticated by more than one mechanism at a time.

However, only one password and one principal name for Kerberos can be
valid at any one time. One authentication mechanism has to be specified to
allow the user to connect and work with the database instance.

It also gives an option to define validity of user, you can mention validity
interval by selecting the dates. Validity specification is an optional user
parameter.

Some users that are, by default, delivered with the SAP HANA database are
SYS, SYSTEM, _SYS_REPO, _SYS_STATISTICS.

Once this is done, the next step is to define privileges for user profile. There
are different types of privileges that can be added to a user profile.
Granted Roles to a User
This is used to add inbuilt SAP.HANA roles to user profile or to add custom
roles created under Roles tab. Custom roles allow you to define roles as per
access requirement and you can add these roles directly to user profile. This
removes need to remember and add objects to a user profile every time for
different access types.

PUBLIC This is Generic role and is assigned to all database users by

default. This role contains read only access to system views and execute
privileges for some procedures. These roles cannot be revoked.

Modeling
It contains all privileges required for using the information modeler in the
SAP HANA studio.

System Privileges
There are different types of System privileges that can be added to a user
profile. To add a system privileges to a user profile, click on + sign.
System privileges are used for Backup/Restore, User Administration,
Instance start and stop, etc.

Content Admin
It contains the similar privileges as that in MODELING role, but with the
addition that this role is allowed to grant these privileges to other users. It
also contains the repository privileges to work with imported objects.

Data Admin
This is a type of privilege, required for adding Data from objects to user
profile.

Given below are common supported System Privileges

Attach Debugger
It authorizes the debugging of a procedure call, called by a different user.
Additionally, the DEBUG privilege for the corresponding procedure is needed.

Audit Admin
Controls the execution of the following auditing-related commands CREATE
AUDIT POLICY, DROP AUDIT POLICY and ALTER AUDIT POLICY and the
changes of the auditing configuration. Also allows access to AUDIT_LOG
system view.

Audit Operator
It authorizes the execution of the following command ALTER SYSTEM
CLEAR AUDIT LOG. Also allows access to AUDIT_LOG system view.

Backup Admin
It authorizes BACKUP and RECOVERY commands for defining and initiating
backup and recovery procedures.

Backup Operator
It authorizes the BACKUP command to initiate a backup process.

Catalog Read
It authorizes users to have unfiltered read-only access to all system views.
Normally, the content of these views is filtered based on the privileges of the
accessing user.

Create Schema
It authorizes the creation of database schemas using the CREATE SCHEMA
command. By default, each user owns one schema, with this privilege the
user is allowed to create additional schemas.

CREATE STRUCTURED PRIVILEGE

It authorizes the creation of Structured Privileges (Analytical Privileges). Only
the owner of an Analytical Privilege can further grant or revoke that privilege
to other users or roles.
Credential Admin
It authorizes the credential commands CREATE/ALTER/DROP CREDENTIAL.

Data Admin
It authorizes reading all data in the system views. It also enables execution
of any Data Definition Language (DDL) commands in the SAP HANA database

A user having this privilege cannot select or change data stored tables for
which they do not have access privileges, but they can drop tables or modify
table definitions.

Database Admin
It authorizes all commands related to databases in a multi-database, such as
CREATE, DROP, ALTER, RENAME, BACKUP, RECOVERY.

Export
It authorizes export activity in the database via the EXPORT TABLE command.

Note that beside this privilege the user requires the SELECT privilege on the
source tables to be exported.

Import
It authorizes the import activity in the database using the IMPORT
commands.

Note that beside this privilege the user requires the INSERT privilege on the
target tables to be imported.

Inifile Admin
It authorizes changing of system settings.

License Admin
It authorizes the SET SYSTEM LICENSE command install a new license.

Log Admin
It authorizes the ALTER SYSTEM LOGGING [ON|OFF] commands to enable or
disable the log flush mechanism.
Monitor Admin
It authorizes the ALTER SYSTEM commands for EVENTs.

Optimizer Admin
It authorizes the ALTER SYSTEM commands concerning SQL PLAN CACHE and
ALTER SYSTEM UPDATE STATISTICS commands, which influence the
behavior of the query optimizer.

Resource Admin
This privilege authorizes commands concerning system resources. For
example, ALTER SYSTEM RECLAIM DATAVOLUME and ALTER SYSTEM RESET
MONITORING VIEW. It also authorizes many of the commands available in
the Management Console.

Role Admin
This privilege authorizes the creation and deletion of roles using the CREATE
ROLE and DROP ROLE commands. It also authorizes the granting and
revocation of roles using the GRANT and REVOKE commands.

Activated roles, meaning roles whose creator is the pre-defined user

_SYS_REPO, can neither be granted to other roles or users nor dropped
directly. Not even users having ROLE ADMIN privilege are able to do so.
Please check documentation concerning activated objects.

Savepoint Admin
It authorizes the execution of a savepoint process using the ALTER SYSTEM
SAVEPOINT command.

Components of the SAP HANA database can create new system privileges.
These privileges use the component-name as first identifier of the system
privilege and the component-privilege-name as the second identifier.

Object/SQL Privileges
Object privileges are also known as SQL privileges. These privileges are used
to allow access on objects like Select, Insert, Update and Delete of tables,
Views or Schemas.
Given below are possible types of Object Privileges

Object privilege on database objects that exist only in runtime

Object privilege on activated objects created in the repository, like calculation

views

Object privilege on schema containing activated objects created in the repository,

Object/SQL Privileges are collection of all DDL and DML privileges on database
objects.

Given below are common supported Object Privileges

There are multiple database objects in HANA database, so not all the
privileges are applicable to all kinds of database objects.

Object Privileges and their applicability on database objects

Analytic Privileges
Sometimes, it is required that data in the same view should not be accessible
to other users who does not have any relevant requirement for that data.

Analytic privileges are used to limit the access on HANA Information Views at
object level. We can apply row and column level security in Analytic
Privileges.

Analytic Privileges are used for

Allocation of row and column level security for specific value range.

Allocation of row and column level security for modeling views.

Package Privileges
In the SAP HANA repository, you can set package authorizations for a specific
user or for a role. Package privileges are used to allow access to data models-
Analytic or Calculation views or on to Repository objects. All privileges that
are assigned to a repository package are assigned to all sub packages too.
You can also mention if assigned user authorizations can be passed to other
users.

Steps to add a package privileges to User profile

Click on Package privilege tab in HANA studio under User creation Choose + to
add one or more packages. Use Ctrl key to select multiple packages.

In the Select Repository Package dialog, use all or part of the package name to
locate the repository package that you want to authorize access to.

Select one or more repository packages that you want to authorize access to, the
selected packages appear in the Package Privileges tab.

Given below are grant privileges, which are used on repository packages to
authorize user to modify the objects

REPO.READ Read access to the selected package and design-time objects

(both native and imported)

REPO.EDIT_NATIVE_OBJECTS Authorization to modify objects in packages.

Grantable to Others If you choose Yes for this, this allows assigned user
authorization to pass to the other users.
Application Privileges
Application privileges in a user profile are used to define authorization for
access to HANA XS application. This can be assigned to an individual user or
to the group of users. Application privileges can also be used to provide
different level of access to the same application like to provide advanced
functions for database Administrators and read-only access to normal users.

To define Application specific privileges in a user profile or to add group of

users, below privileges should be used

Application-privileges file (.xsprivileges)

Application-access file (.xsaccess)

Role-definition file (<RoleName>.hdbrole)

 SAP HANA - Authentications
All SAP HANA users that have access on HANA database are verified with
different Authentications method. SAP HANA system supports various types
of authentication method and all these login methods are configured at time
of profile creation.

Below is the list of authentication methods supported by SAP HANA

User name/Password

Kerberos

SAML 2.0

SAP Logon tickets

X.509

User Name/Password
This method requires a HANA user to enter user name and password to login
to database. This user profile is created under User management in HANA
Studio Security Tab.

Password should be as per password policy i.e. Password length, complexity,

lower and upper case letters, etc.

You can change the password policy as per your organizations security
standards. Please note that password policy cannot be deactivated.
Kerberos
All users who connect to HANA database system using an external
authentication method should also have a database user. It is required to
map external login to internal database user.

This method enables users to authenticate HANA system directly using

JDBC/ODBC drivers through network or by using front end applications in SAP
Business Objects.

It also allows HTTP access in HANA Extended Service using HANA XS engine.
It uses SPENGO mechanism for Kerberos authentication.

SAML
SAML stands for Security Assertion Markup Language and can be used to
authenticate users accessing HANA system directly from ODBC/JDBC clients.
It can also be used to authenticate users in HANA system coming via HTTP
through HANA XS engine.

SAML is used only for authentication purpose and not for authorization.

SAP Logon and Assertion Tickets

SAP Logon/assertion tickets can be used to authenticate users in HANA
system. These tickets are issued to users when they login into SAP system,
which is configured to issue such tickets like SAP Portal, etc. User specified
in SAP logon tickets should be created in HANA system, as it does not provide
support for mapping users.

X.509 Client Certificates

X.509 certificates can also be used to login to HANA system via HTTP access
request from HANA XS engine. Users are authenticated by certificated that
are signed from trusted Certificate Authority, which is stored in HANA XS
system.

User in trusted certificate should exist in HANA system as there is no support

for user mapping.

Single Sign On in HANA system

Single sign on can be configured in HANA system, which allows users to login
to HANA system from an initial authentication on the client. User logins at
client applications using different authentication methods and SSO allows
user to access HANA system directly.

SSO can be configured on below configuration methods

SAML

Kerberos

X.509 client certificates for HTTP access from HANA XS engine

SAP Logon/Assertion tickets

 SAP HANA - Authorization Methods
Authorization is checked when a user tries to connect to HANA database and
perform some database operations. When a user connects to HANA database
using client tools via JDBC/ODBC or Via HTTP to perform some operations on
database objects, corresponding action is determined by the access that is
granted to the user.

Privileges granted to a user are determined by Object privileges assigned on

user profile or role that has been granted to user. Authorization is a
combination of both accesses. When a user tries to perform some operation
on HANA database, system performs an authorization check. When all
required privileges are found, system stops this check and grants the
requested access.

There are different types of privileges, which are used in SAP HANA as
mentioned under User role and Management

System Privileges
They are applicable to system and database authorization for users and
control system activities. They are used for administrative tasks such as
creating Schemas, data backups, creating users and roles and so on. System
privileges are also used to perform Repository operations.

Object Privileges
They are applicable to database operations and apply to database objects like
tables, Schemas, etc. They are used to manage database objects such as
tables and views. Different actions like Select, Execute, Alter, Drop, Delete
can be defined based on database objects.

They are also used to control remote data objects, which are connected
through SMART data access to SAP HANA.
Analytic Privileges
They are applicable to data inside all the packages that are created in HANA
repository. They are used to control modeling views that are created inside
packages like Attribute View, Analytic View, and Calculation View. They apply
row and column level security to attributes that are defined in modeling views
in HANA packages.

Package Privileges
They are applicable to allow access to and ability to use packages that are
created in repository of HANA database. Package contains different Modeling
views like Attribute, Analytic and Calculation views and also Analytic
Privileges defined in HANA repository database.

Application Privileges
They are applicable to HANA XS application that access HANA database via
HTTP request. They are used to control access on applications created with
HANA XS engine.

Application Privileges can be applied to users/roles directly using HANA studio

but it is preferred that they should be applied to roles created in repository
at design time.

Repository Authorization in SAP HANA Database

_SYS_REPO is the user owns all the objects in HANA repository. This user
should be authorized externally for the objects on which repository objects
are modeled in HANA system. _SYS_REPO is owner of all objects so it can
only be used to grant access on these objects, no other user can login as
_SYS_REPO user.

GRANT SELECT ON SCHEMA "<SCHEMA_NAME>" TO _SYS_REPO WITH

GRANT OPTION
 SAP HANA - License Management
SAP HANA License management and keys are required to use HANA database.
You can install or delete HANA License keys using HANA studio.

Types of License keys

SAP HANA system supports two types of License keys

Temporary License Key Temporary License keys are automatically installed

when you install the HANA database. These keys are valid only for 90 days and
you should request permanent license keys from SAP market place before expiry
of this 90 days period after installation.

Permanent License Key Permanent License keys are valid only till the
predefine expiration date. License keys specify amount of memory licensed to
target HANA installation. They can installed from SAP Market place under Keys
and Requests tab. When a permanent License key is expired, a temporary license
key is issued, which is valid for only 28 days. During this period, you have to
install a permanent License key again.

There are two types of permanent License keys for HANA system

Unenforced If unenforced license key is installed and consumption of HANA

system exceeds the license amount of memory, operation of SAP HANA is not
affected in this case.

Enforced If Enforced license key is installed and consumption of HANA system

exceeds the license amount of memory, HANA system gets locked. If this situation
occurs, HANA system has to be restarted or a new license key should be
requested and installed.

There is different License scenarios that can be used in HANA system

depending on the landscape of the system (Standalone, HANA Cloud, BW on
HANA, etc.) and not all of these models are based on memory of HANA system
installation.
How to Check License Properties of HANA
Right Click on HANA system Properties License

It tells about License type, Start Date and Expiration Date, Memory Allocation
and the information (Hardware Key, System Id) that is required to request a
new license through SAP Market Place.

Install License key Browse Enter Path, is used to install a new License
key and delete option is used to delete any old expiration key.

All Licenses tab under License tells about Product name, description,
Hardware key, First installation time, etc.
 SAP HANA - Auditing
SAP HANA audit policy tells the actions to be audited and also the condition
under which the action must be performed to be relevant for auditing. Audit
Policy defines what activities have been performed in HANA system and who
has performed those activities at what time.

SAP HANA database auditing feature allows monitoring action performed in

HANA system. SAP HANA audit policy must be activated on HANA system to
use it. When an action is performed, the policy triggers an audit event to
write to audit trail. You can also delete audit entries in Audit trail.

In a distributed environment, where you have multiple database, Audit policy

can be enabled on each individual system. For the system database, audit
policy is defined in nameserver.ini file and for tenant database, it is defined
in global.ini file.

Activating an Audit Policy

To define Audit policy in HANA system, you should have system privilege
Audit Admin.

Go to Security option in HANA system Auditing

Under Global Settings set Auditing status as enabled.

You can also choose Audit trail targets. The following audit trail targets are
possible

Syslog (default) Logging system of Linux Operating System.

 Database Table Internal database table, user who has Audit admin or Audit
operator system privilege he can only run select operation on this table.

CSV text This type of audit trail is only used for test purpose in a non-
production environment.

You can also create a new Audit policy in the Audit Policies area choose
Create New Policy. Enter Policy name and actions to be audited.

Save the new policy using the Deploy button. A new policy is enabled
automatically, when an action condition is met, an audit entry is created in
Audit trail table. You can disable a policy by changing status to disable or you
can also delete the policy.
 SAP HANA - Data Replication Overview

SAP HANA Replication allows migration of data from source systems to SAP
HANA database. Simple way to move data from existing SAP system to HANA
is by using various data replication techniques.

System replication can be set up on the console via command line or by using
HANA studio. The primary ECC or transaction systems can stay online during
this process. We have three types of data replication methods in HANA
system

SAP LT Replication method

ETL tool SAP Business Object Data Service (BODS) method

Direct Extractor connection method (DXC)

SAP LT Replication Method

SAP Landscape Transformation Replication is a trigger based data replication
method in HANA system. It is a perfect solution for replicating real time data
or schedule based replication from SAP and non-SAP sources. It has SAP LT
Replication server, which takes care of all trigger requests. Replication server
can be installed as standalone server or can run on any SAP system with SAP
NW 7.02 or above.

There is a Trusted RFC connection between HANA DB and ECC transaction

system, which enables trigger based data replication in HANA system
environment.
Advantages of SLT Replication
SLT Replication method allows data replication from multiple source systems to
one HANA system and also from one source system to multiple HANA systems.

SAP LT uses trigger based approach. It has no measureable performance impact

in source system.

It also provides data transformation and filtering capability before loading to HANA
database.

It allows real-time data replication, replicating only relevant data into HANA from
SAP and non-SAP source systems.

It is fully integrated with HANA System and HANA studio.

Creating a Trusted RFC Connection in ECC

system
On your source SAP system AA1 you want to setup a trusted RFC towards
target system BB1. When it is done, it would mean that when you are logged
onto AA1 and your user has enough authorization in BB1, you can use the
RFC connection and logon to BB1 without having to re-enter user and
password.
Using RFC trusted/trusting relationship between two SAP systems, RFC from
a trusted system to a trusting system, password is no required for logging on
to the trusting system.

Open SAP ECC system using SAP logon. Enter transaction number sm59
this is transaction number to create a new Trusted RFC connection Click
on 3rdicon to open a new connection wizard click on Create and new window
will open.

RFC Destination ECCHANA (enter name of RFC destination) Connection Type

3 (for ABAP system)

Go to Technical Setting
Enter Target host ECC system name, IP and enter System number.
Go to Logon & Security tab, Enter Language, Client, ECC system user name
and password.

Click on the Save option at the top.

Click on Test Connection and it will successfully test the connection.

To Configure RFC connection
Run transaction ltr (to configure RFC connection) New browser will open
enter ECC system user name and password and logon.

Click on New New Window will open Enter configuration name Click
Next Enter RFC Destination (connection name created earlier), Use search
option, choose name and click next.

In Specify Target system, Enter HANA system admin user name & password,
host name, Instance number and click next. Enter No of Data transfer jobs
like 007(it cannot be 000) Next Create Configuration.

Now go to HANA Studio to use this connection

Go to HANA Studio Click on Data Provisioning choose HANA system

Select source system (name of trusted RFC connection) and target schema
name where you want to load tables from ECC system. Select tables you want
to move to HANA database ADD Finish.

Selected tables will move to chosen schema under HANA database.

SAP HANA - ETL Based Replication

SAP HANA ETL based replication uses SAP Data Services to migrate data from
SAP or non-SAP source system to target HANA database. BODS system is an
ETL tool used to extract, transform and load data from source system to
target system.

It enables to read the business data at Application layer. You need to define
data flows in Data Services, scheduling a replication job and defining source
and target system in data store in Data Services designer.

How to use SAP HANA Data Services ETL based

Replication?
Login to Data Services Designer (choose Repository) Create Data store
For SAP ECC system, choose database as SAP Applications, enter ECC server
name, user name and password for ECC system, Advanced tab choose details
as instance number, client number, etc. and apply.

This data store will come under local object library, if you expand this there
is no table inside it.
Right click on Table Import by name Enter ECC table to import from ECC
system (MARA is default table in ECC system) Import Now expand Table
MARA Right Click View Data. If data is displayed, Data store connection
is fine.

Now, to choose target system as HANA database, create a new data store.
Create Data store Name of data store SAP_HANA_TEST Data store type
(database) Database type SAP HANA Database version HANA 1.x.

Enter HANA server name, user name and password for HANA system and OK.

This data store will be added to Local Object Library. You can add table if you
want to move data from source table to some specific table in HANA database.
Note that target table should be of similar datatype as source table.
Creating a Replication Job
Create a new Project Enter Project Name Right Click on Project name
New Batch Job Enter job name.

From right side tab, choose work flow Enter work flow name Double
click to add it under batch job Enter data flow Enter data flow name
Double click to add it under batch job in Project area Save all option at top.

Drag table from First Data Store ECC (MARA) to work area. Select it and right
click Add new Template table to create new table with similar data types
in HANA DB Enter table name, Data store ECC_HANA_TEST2 Owner
name (schema name) OK

Drag table to front and connect both the table save all. Now go to batch
job Right Click Execute Yes OK
Once you execute the Replication job, you will get a confirmation that job has
been completed successfully.

Go to HANA studio Expand Schema Tables Verify data. This is manual

execution of a batch job.

Scheduling of Batch Job

You can also schedule a batch job by going to Data Services Management
console. Login to Data Services Management Console.

Choose the repository from left side Navigate to 'Batch Job Configuration'
tab, where you will see the list of jobs Against the job you want to schedule
click on add schedule Enter the 'schedule name' and set the parameters
like (time, date, reoccurring etc.) as appropriate and click on 'Apply'.
 SAP HANA - Log Based Replication

This is also known as Sybase Replication in HANA system. The main

components of this replication method are the Sybase Replication Agent,
which is part of the SAP source application system, Replication agent and the
Sybase Replication Server that is to be implemented in SAP HANA system.

Initial Load in Sybase Replication method is initiated by Load Controller and

triggered by the administrator, in SAP HANA. It informs R3 Load to transfer
initial load to HANA database. The R3 load on source system exports data for
selected tables in source system and transfer this data to R3 load components
in HANA system. R3 load on target system imports data into SAP HANA
database.

SAP Host agent manages the authentication between the source system and
target system, which is part of the source system. The Sybase Replication
agent detects any data changes at time of initial load and ensures every
single change is completed. When th ere is a change, update, and delete in
entries of a table in source system, a table log is created. This table log moves
data from source system to HANA database.

Delta Replication after Initial Load

The delta replication captures the data changes in source system in real time
once the initial load and replication is completed. All further changes in source
system are captured and replicated from source system to HANA database
using above-mentioned method.

This method was part of initial offering for SAP HANA replication, but not
positioned/supported anymore due to licensing issues and complexity and
also SLT provides the same features.

Note This method only supports SAP ERP system as data source and DB2
as database.

SAP HANA - DXC Method

Direct Extractor Connection data replication reuses existing extraction,
transformation, and load mechanism built into SAP Business Suite systems
via a simple HTTP(S) connection to SAP HANA. It is a batch-driven data
replication technique. It is considered as method for extraction,
transformation, and load with limited capabilities for data extraction.

DXC is a batch driven process and data extraction using DXC at certain
interval is enough in many cases. You can set an interval when batch job
executes example: every 20 minutes and in most of cases it is sufficient to
extract data using these batch jobs at certain time intervals.

Advantages of DXC Data Replication

This method requires no additional server or application in the SAP HANA system
landscape.

DXC method reduces complexity of data modeling in SAP HANA as data sends to
HANA after applying all business extractor logics in Source System.

It speeds up the time lines for SAP HANA implementation project

It provides semantically rich data from SAP Business Suite to SAP HANA

It reuses existing proprietary extraction, transformation, and load mechanism

built into SAP business Suite systems over a simple HTTP(S) connection to SAP
HANA.
Limitations of DXC Data Replication
Data Source must have a predefined mechanism for extraction, transformation
and load and if not we need to define one.

It requires a Business Suite System based on Net Weaver 7.0 or higher with at
least below SP: Release 700 SAPKW70021 (SP stack 19, from Nov 2008).

Configuring DXC Data Replication

Enabling XS Engine service in Configuration tab in HANA Studio Go
to Administrator tab in HANA studio of system. Go to Configuration
xsengine.ini and set instance value to 1.

Enabling ICM Web Dispatcher service in HANA Studio Go to

Configuration webdispatcher.ini and set instance value to 1.

It enables ICM Web Dispatcher service in HANA system. Web dispatcher uses
ICM method for data read and loading in HANA system.

Setup SAP HANA Direct Extractor Connection Download the DXC

delivery unit into SAP HANA. You can import the unit in the location
/usr/sap/HDB/SYS/global/hdb/content.

Import the unit using Import Dialog in SAP HANA Content Node Configure
XS Application server to utilize the DXC Change the application_container
value to libxsdxc
Creating a HTTP connection in SAP BW Now we need to create http
connection in SAP BW using transaction code SM59.

Input Parameters Enter Name of RFC Connection, HANA Host Name and
<Instance Number>

In Log on Security Tab, enter the DXC user created in HANA studio using
basic Authentication method

Setting up BW Parameters for HANA Need to Setup the Following

Parameters in BW Using transaction SE 38. Parameters List

PSA_TO_HDB_DESTINATION we need to mention where we need to move

the Incoming data (Connection Name created using SM 59)
 PSA_TO_HDB_SCHEMA To which Schema the replicated data need to assign

PSA_TO_HDB GLOBAL To Replicate All data source to HANA. SYSTEM

Specified clients to Use DXC. DATASOURCE Only Specified Data Source are used
for

PSA_TO_HDB_DATASOURCETABLE Need to Give the Table name having the

List of data sources which are used for DXC.

Data Source Replication

Install data source in ECC using RSA5.

Replicate the metadata using specified application component (data source

version Need to 7.0, if we have 3.5 version data source we need to migrate
that. Active the data Source in SAP BW. Once data source is activated in SAP
BW it will create the following Table in Defined schema

/BIC/A<data source>00 IMDSO Active Table

/BIC/A<data source>40 IMDSO Activation Queue

/BIC/A<data source>70 Record Mode Handling Table

/BIC/A<data source>80 Request and Packet ID information Table

/BIC/A<data source>A0 Request Timestamp Table

RSODSO_IMOLOG - IMDSO related table. Stores information about all data

sources related to DXC.

Now data is successfully loaded into Table /BIC/A0FI_AA_2000 once it is

activated.
 SAP HANA - CTL Method
Open SAP HANA Studio Create Schema under Catalog tab. <Start here>

Prepare the data and save it to csv format. Now create file with ctl extension
with following syntax

---------------------------------------
import data into table Schema."Table name"
from 'file.csv'
records delimited by '\n'
fields delimited by ','
Optionally enclosed by '"'
error log 'table.err'
-----------------------------------------

Transfer this ctl file to the FTP and execute this file to import the data

import from table.ctl

Check data in table by going to HANA Studio Catalog Schema Tables

View Content

SAP HANA - MDX Provider

MDX Provider is used to connect MS Excel to SAP HANA database system. It
provides driver to connect HANA system to Excel and is further, used for data
modelling. You can use Microsoft Office Excel 2010/2013 for connectivity with
HANA for both 32 bit and 64 bit Windows.

SAP HANA supports both query languages SQL and MDX. Both languages
can be used: JDBC and ODBC for SQL and ODBO is used for MDX processing.
Excel Pivot tables use MDX as query language to read data from SAP HANA
system. MDX is defined as part of ODBO (OLE DB for OLAP) specification from
Microsoft and is used for data selections, calculations and layout. MDX
supports multidimensional data model and support reporting and Analysis
requirement.
MDX provider enables the consumption of Information views defined in HANA
studio by SAP and non-SAP reporting tools. Existing physical tables and
schemas presents the data foundation for Information models.

Once you choose SAP HANA MDX provider from the list of data source you
want to connect, pass HANA system details like host name, instance number,
user name and password.

Once the connection is successful, you can choose Package name HANA
Modeling views to generate Pivot tables.
MDX is tightly integrated into HANA database. Connection and Session
management of HANA database handles statements that are executed by
HANA. When these statements are executed, they are parsed by MDX
interface and a calculation model is generated for each MDX statement. This
calculation model creates an execution plan that generates standard results
for MDX. These results are directly consumed by OLAP clients.

To make MDX connection to HANA database, HANA client tools are required.
You can download this client tool from SAP market place. Once installation of
HANA client is done, you will see the option of SAP HANA MDX provider in the
list of data source in MS Excel.

SAP HANA - Monitoring & Alerting

SAP HANA alert monitoring is used to monitor the status of system resources
and services that are running in the HANA system. Alert monitoring is used
to handle critical alerts like CPU usage, disk full, FS reaching threshold, etc.
The monitoring component of HANA system continuously collects information
about health, usage and performance of all the components of HANA
database. It raises an alert when any of the component breaches the set
threshold value.

The priority of alert raised in HANA system tells the criticality of problem and
it depends on the check that is performed on the component. Example If
CPU usage is 80%, a low priority alert will be raised. However, if it reaches
96%, system will raise a high priority alert.

The System Monitor is the most common way to monitor HANA system and
to verify the availability of all your SAP HANA system components. System
monitor is used to check all key component and services of a HANA system.
You can also drill down into details of an individual system in Administration
Editor. It tells about Data Disk, Log disk, Trace Disk, alerts on resource usage
with priority.

Alert tab in Administrator editor is used to check the current and all alerts in
HANA system.

It also tells about the time when an alert is raised, description of the alert,
priority of the alert, etc.

SAP HANA monitoring dashboard tells the key aspects of system health and
configuration
 High and Medium priority alerts.

Memory and CPU usage

Data backups

SAP HANA - Persistent Layer

SAP HANA database persistence layer is responsible to manage logs for all
the transactions to provide standard data back up and system restore
function.

It ensures that database can be restored to the most recent committed state
after a restart or after a system crash and transactions are executed
completely or completely undone. SAP HANA Persistent Layer is part of Index
server and it has data and transaction log volumes for HANA system and in-
memory data is regularly saved to these volumes. There are services in HANA
system that has their own persistence. It also provides save points and logs
for all the database transactions from the last save point.

Why does SAP HANA database need a Persistent Layer?

Main memory is volatile therefore data is lost during a restart or power outage.

Data needs to be stored in persisted medium.

Backup & Restore is available.

It ensures that the database is restored to the most recent committed state after
a restart and that transaction are either completely executed or completely
undone.
Data and Transaction Log Volumes
Database can always be restored to its most recent state, to ensure these
changes to data in the database are regularly copied to disk. Log files
containing data changes and certain transaction events are also saved
regularly to disk. Data and logs of a system are stored in Log volumes.

Data volumes stores SQL data and undo log information and also SAP HANA
information modeling data. This information is stored in data pages, which
are called Blocks. These blocks are written to data volumes at regular time
interval, which is known as save point.

Log volumes store the information about data changes. Changes that are
made between two log points are written to Log volumes and called log
entries. They are saved to log buffer when transaction is committed.

Savepoints
In SAP HANA database, changed data is automatically saved from memory
to disk. These regular intervals are called savepoints and by default they are
set to occur every five minutes. Persistence Layer in SAP HANA database
performs these savepoint at regular interval. During this operation changed
data is written to disk and redo logs are also saved to disk as well.

The data belonging to a Savepoint tells consistent state of the data on disk
and remains there until the next savepoint operation has completed. Redo
log entries are written to the log volumes for all changes to persistent data.
In the event of a database restart, data from the last completed savepoint
can be read from the data volumes, and redo log entries written to the log
volumes.

Frequency of savepoint can be configured by global.ini file. Savepoints can

be initiated by other operations like database shut down or system restart.
You can also run savepoint by executing the below command

ALTER System SAVEPOINT

To save data and redo logs to log volumes, you should ensure that there is
enough disk space available to capture these, otherwise the system will issue
a disk full event and database will stop working.
During the HANA system installation, following default directories are created
as the storage location for data and log volumes

/usr/sap/<SID>/SYS/global/hdb/data

/usr/sap/<SID>/SYS/global/hdb/log

These directories are defined in global.ini file and can be changed at later
stage.

Note that Savepoints do not affect the performance of transactions executed

in HANA system. During a savepoint operation, transactions continue to run
as normal. With HANA system running on proper hardware, impact of
savepoints on the performance of system is negligible.

SAP HANA - Backup & Recovery

SAP HANA backup and recovery is used to perform HANA system backups
and recovery of system in case of any database failure.

Overview Tab
It tells the status of currently running data backup and last successful data
backup.

Backup now option can be used to run data backup wizard.

Configuration Tab
It tells about the Backup interval settings, file based data backup settings
and log based data backup setting.
Backup Interval Settings
Backint settings give an option to use third party tool for data and log back
up with configuration of backing agent.

Configure the connection to a third-party backup tool by specifying a

parameter file for the Backint agent.

File and Log Based Data Backup Settings

File based data backup setting tells the folder where you want to save the
data backup on HANA system. You can change your backup folder.

You can also limit the size of data backup files. If system data backup exceeds
this set file size, it will split across the multiple files.

Log backup settings tell the destination folder where you want to save log
backup on external server. You can choose a destination type for log backup

File ensures that sufficient space in system to store backups

Backint is special named pipe exists on file system but require no disk
space.

You can choose backup interval from drop down. It tells the longest amount
of time that can pass before a new log backup is written. Backup Interval: It
can be in seconds, minutes or hours.

Enable Automatic log backup option: It helps you to keep log area vacant. If
you disable this log area will continue to fill and that can result database to
hang.

Open Backup Wizard to run the backup of system.

Backup wizard is used to specify backup settings. It tells the Backup type,
destination Type, Backup Destination folder, Backup prefix, size of backup,
etc.

When you click on next Review Backup settings Finish

It runs the system backups and tells the time to complete backup for the
each server.

Recovery of HANA System

To recover SAP HANA database, the database needs to be shut down. Hence,
during recovery, end users or SAP applications cannot access the database.

Recovery of SAP HANA database is required in the following situations

A disk in the data area is unusable or disk in the log area is unusable.

As a consequence of a logical error, the database needs to be reset to its state at

a particular point in time.

You want to create a copy of the database.

How to recover a HANA system?

Choose HANA system Right click Back and Recovery Recover System
Types of recovery in HANA system
Most Recent State Used for recovering the database to the time as close
as possible to the current time. For this recovery, the data backup and log
backup have to be available since last data backup and log area are required
to perform the above type recovery.

Point in Time Used for recovering the database to the specific point in
time. For this recovery, the data backup and log backup have to be available
since last data backup and log area are required to perform the above type
recovery

Specific Data Backup Used for recovering the database to a specified

data backup. Specific data backup is required for the above type of recovery
option.

Specific Log Position This recovery type is an advanced option that can
be used in exceptional cases where a previous recovery failed.

Note To run recovery wizard you should have administrator privileges on

HANA system.

SAP HANA - High Availability

SAP HANA provides mechanism for business continuity and disaster recovery
for system faults and software errors. High availability in HANA system
defines set of practices that helps to achieve business continuity in case of
disaster like power failures in data centers, natural disasters like fire, flood,
etc. or any hardware failures.

SAP HANA high availability provides fault tolerance and ability of system to
resume system operations after an outage with minimum business loss.

The following illustration shows the phases of high availability in HANA system

First phase is being prepared for the fault. A fault can be detected
automatically or by an administrative action. Data is backed up and stand by
systems take over the operations. A recovery process is put in action includes
repair of faulty system and original system to be restored to previous
configuration.

To achieve high availability in HANA system, key is the inclusion of extra

components, which are not necessary to function and use in case of failure of
other components. It includes hardware redundancy, network redundancy
and data center redundancy. SAP HANA provides several levels of hardware
and software redundancies as below

HANA System Hardware Redundancy

SAP HANA appliance vendors offer multiple layers of redundant hardware,
software and network components, such as redundant power supplies and
fans, error-correcting memories, fully redundant network switches and
routers, and uninterrupted power supply (UPS). Disk storage system
guarantees writing even in the presence of power failure and use striping and
mirroring features to provide redundancy for automatic recovery from disk
failures.

SAP HANA Software Redundancy

SAP HANA is based on SUSE Linux Enterprise 11 for SAP and includes security
pre-configurations.
SAP HANA system software includes a watchdog function, which
automatically restarts configured services (index server, name server, and so
on), in case of detected stoppage (killed or crashed).

SAP HANA Persistence Redundancy

SAP HANA provides persistence of transaction logs, savepoints and snapshots
to support system restart and recovery from failures, with minimal delay and
without loss of data.

HANA System Standby and Failover

SAP HANA system involves separate standby hosts that are used for failover,
in case of failure of the primary system. This improves the availability of
HANA system by reducing the recovery time from an outage.
 SAP HANA - Log Configuration
The SAP HANA system logs all the transactions that change application data
or the database catalog in log entries and stores them in log area. It uses
these log entries in log area to roll back or repeat SQL statements. The log
files are available in HANA system and can be accessed via HANA studio on
Diagnosis files page under Administrator editor.

During a log backup process, only the actual data of the log segments is
written from the log area to service-specific log backup files or to a third-
party backup tool.

After a system failure, you may need to redo log entries from log backups to
restore the database to the desired state.

If a database service with persistence stops, it is important to ensure that it

is restarted, otherwise recovery will be possible only to a point before service
is stopped.

Configuring Log backup Timeout

The log backup timeout determines the interval at which the log segments
are backed up if a commit has taken place in this interval. You can configure
the log backup timeout using the Backup Console in SAP HANA studio
You can also configure the log_backup_timeout_s interval in the global.ini
configuration file.

The log backup to the File and backup mode NORMAL are the default
settings for the automatic log backup function after installation of SAP HANA
system. Automatic log backup only works if at least one complete data
backup has been performed.

Once the first complete data backup has been performed, the automatic log
backup function is active. SAP HANA studio can be used to enable/disable the
automatic log backup function. It is recommended to keep automatic log
backup enabled otherwise log area will continue to fill. A full log area can
result a database freeze in HANA system.

You can also change the enable_auto_log_backup parameter in the

persistence section of the global.ini configuration file.
 SAP HANA - SQL Overview

SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

It is a standardized language for communicating with a database. SQL is used

to retrieve the data, store or manipulate the data in the database.

SQL statements perform the following functions

Data definition and manipulation

System management

Session management

Transaction management

Schema definition and manipulation

The set of SQL extensions, which allow developers to push data into
database, is called SQL scripts.

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

DML statements are used for managing data within schema objects. Some
examples

SELECT retrieve data from the database

INSERT insert data into a table

UPDATE updates existing data within a table

Data Definition Language (DDL)

DDL statements are used to define the database structure or schema. Some
examples

CREATE to create objects in the database

ALTER alters the structure of the database

DROP delete objects from the database

Data Control Language (DCL)
Some examples of DCL statements are

GRANT gives user's access privileges to database

REVOKE withdraw access privileges given with the GRANT command

Why do We Need SQL?

When we create Information Views in SAP HANA Modeler, we are creating it
on top of some OLTP applications. All these in back end run on SQL. Database
understands only this language.

To do a testing if our report will meet the business requirement we have to

run SQL statement in database if Output is according to the requirement.

HANA Calculation views can be created in two ways - Graphical or using SQL
script. When we create more complex Calculation views, then we might have
to use direct SQL scripts.

How to open SQL console in HANA Studio?

Select the HANA system and click on SQL console option in system view. You
can also open SQL console by right click on Catalog tab or any on any Schema
name.

SAP HANA can act both as Relational as well as OLAP database. When we use
BW on HANA, then we create cubes in BW and HANA, which act as relational
database and always produce a SQL Statement. However, when we directly
access HANA views using OLAP connection, then it will act as OLAP database
and MDX will be generated.
 SAP HANA - Data Types
You can create row or Column store tables in SAP HANA using create table
option. A table can be created by executing a data definition create table
statement or using graphical option in HANA studio.

When you create a table, you also need to define attributes inside it.

SQL statement to create a table in HANA Studio SQL Console

Create column Table TEST (

ID INTEGER,
NAME VARCHAR(10),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

Creating a table in HANA studio using GUI option

When you create a table, you need to define the names of columns and SQL
data types. The Dimension field tells the length of value and the Key option
to define it as primary key.

SAP HANA supports the following data types in a table

SAP HANA supports 7 categories of SQL data types and it depends on the
type of data you have to store in a column.

Numeric

Character/ String

Boolean

Date Time

Binary

Large Objects

Multi-Valued

The following table gives the list of data types in each category

Date Time

These data types are used to store date and time in a table in HANA database.

DATE data type consists of year, month and day information to represent a
date value in a column. Default format for a Date data type is YYYY-MM-DD.
 TIME data type consists of hours, minutes, and seconds value in a table in
HANA database. Default format for Time data type is HH: MI: SS.

SECOND DATE data type consists of year, month, day, hour, minute, second
value in a table in HANA database. Default format for SECONDDATE data type is
YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.

TIMESTAMP data type consists of date and time information in a table in HANA
database. Default format for TIMESTAMP data type is YYYY-MM-DD
HH:MM:SS:FFn, where FFn represents fraction of second.

Numeric

TinyINT stores 8 bit unsigned integer. Min value: 0 and max value: 255

SMALLINT stores 16 bit signed integer. Min value: -32,768 and max value:
32,767

Integer stores 32 bit signed integer. Min value: -2,147,483,648 and max
value: 2,147,483,648

BIGINT stores 64 bit signed integer. Min value: -9,223,372,036,854,775,808

and max value: 9,223,372,036,854,775,808

SMALL Decimal and Decimal: Min value: -10^38 +1 and max value: 10^38 -
1

REAL Min Value:-3.40E + 38 and max value: 3.40E + 38

DOUBLE stores 64 bit floating point number. Min value: -

1.7976931348623157E308 and max value: 1.7976931348623157E308

Boolean

Boolean data types stores Boolean value, which are TRUE, FALSE

Character

Varchar maximum of 8000 characters.

Nvarchar maximum length of 4000 characters

 ALPHANUM stores alphanumeric characters. Value for an integer is between 1
to 127.

SHORTTEXT stores variable length character string which supports text search
features and string search features.

Binary

Binary types are used to store bytes of binary data.

VARBINARY stores binary data in bytes. Max integer length is between 1

and 5000.

Large Objects

LARGEOBJECTS are used to store a large amount of data such as text

documents and images.

NCLOB stores large UNICODE character object.

BLOB stores large amount of Binary data.

CLOB stores large amount of ASCII character data.

TEXT it enables text search features. This data type can be defined for only
column tables and not for row store tables.

BINTEXT supports text search features but it is possible to insert binary data.

Multivalued
Multivalued data types are used to store collection of values with same data
type.

Array
Arrays store collections of value with the same data type. They can also
contain null values.
 SAP HANA - SQL Operators
An operator is a special character used primarily in SQL statement's with
WHERE clause to perform operation, such as comparisons and arithmetic
operations. They are used to pass conditions in a SQL query.

Operator types given below can be used in SQL statements in HANA

Arithmetic Operators

Comparison/Relational Operators

Logical Operators

Set Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform simple calculation functions like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and percentage.

Operator Description

+ Addition Adds values on either side of the operator

- Subtraction Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand

* Multiplication Multiplies values on either side of the operator

/ Division Divides left hand operand by right hand operand

% Modulus Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and

returns remainder

Comparison Operators
Comparison operators are used to compare the values in SQL statement.
Operator Description

= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then
condition becomes true.

!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not
equal then condition becomes true.

<> Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not
equal then condition becomes true.

> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right
operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right
operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of
right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

!< Checks if the value of left operand is not less than the value of right
operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

!> Checks if the value of left operand is not greater than the value of
right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

Logical operators
Logical operators are used to pass multiple conditions in SQL statement or
are used to manipulate the results of conditions.
Operator Description

ALL The ALL Operator is used to compare a value to all values in another
value set.

AND The AND operator allows the existence of multiple conditions in an

SQL statement's WHERE clause.

ANY The ANY operator is used to compare a value to any applicable value
in the list according to the condition.

BETWEEN The BETWEEN operator is used to search for values that are within a
set of values, given the minimum value and the maximum value.

EXISTS The EXISTS operator is used to search for the presence of a row in a
specified table that meets certain criteria.

IN The IN operator is used to compare a value to a list of literal values

that have been specified.

LIKE The LIKE operator is used to compare a value to similar values using
wildcard operators.

NOT The NOT operator reverses the meaning of the logical operator with
which it is used. Eg NOT EXISTS, NOT BETWEEN, NOT IN, etc. This
is a negate operator.

OR The OR operator is used to compare multiple conditions in an SQL

statement's WHERE clause.

IS NULL The NULL operator is used to compare a value with a NULL value.
UNIQUE The UNIQUE operator searches every row of a specified table for
uniqueness (no duplicates).

Set Operators
Set operators are used to combine results of two queries into a single result.
Data type should be same for both the tables.

UNION It combines the results of two or more Select statements. However it

will eliminate duplicate rows.

UNION ALL This operator is similar to Union but it also shows the duplicate
rows.

INTERSECT Intersect operation is used to combine the two SELECT

statements, and it returns the records, which are common from both SELECT
statements. In case of Intersect, the number of columns and datatype must be
same in both the tables.

MINUS Minus operation combines result of two SELECT statements and return
only those results, which belong to first set of result and eliminate the rows in
second statement from the output of first.
 SAP HANA - SQL Functions

There are various SQL functions provided by SAP HANA database

Numeric Functions

String Functions

Fulltext Functions

Datetime Functions

Aggregate Functions

Data Type Conversion Functions

Window Functions

Series Data Functions

Miscellaneous Functions

Numeric Functions
These are inbuilt numeric functions in SQL and use in scripting. It takes
numeric values or strings with numeric characters and return numeric values.

ABS It returns the absolute value of a numeric argument.

Example SELECT ABS (-1) "abs" FROM TEST;

abs
1

ACOS, ASIN, ATAN, ATAN2 (These functions return trigonometric value of the
argument)

BINTOHEX It converts a Binary value to a hexadecimal value.

BITAND It performs an AND operation on bits of passed argument.

BITCOUNT It performs the count of number of set bits in an argument.

BITNOT It performs a bitwise NOT operation on the bits of argument.

 BITOR It perform an OR operation on bits of passed argument.

BITSET It is used to set bits to 1 in <target_num> from the <start_bit>

position.

BITUNSET It is used to set bits to 0 in <target_num> from the <start_bit>

position.

BITXOR It performs XOR operation on bits of passed argument.

CEIL It returns the first integer that is greater or equal to the passed value.

COS, COSH, COT ((These functions return trigonometric value of the argument)

EXP It returns the result of the base of natural logarithms e raised to the power
of passed value.

FLOOR It returns the largest integer not greater than the numeric argument.

HEXTOBIN It converts a hexadecimal value to a binary value.

LN It returns the natural logarithm of the argument.

LOG It returns the algorithm value of a passed positive value. Both base and
log value should be positive.

Various other numeric functions can also be used MOD, POWER, RAND,
ROUND, SIGN, SIN, SINH, SQRT, TAN, TANH, UMINUS

String Functions
Various SQL string functions can be used in HANA with SQL scripting. Most
common string functions are

ASCII It returns integer ASCII value of passed string.

CHAR It returns the character associated with passed ASCII value.

CONCAT It is Concatenation operator and returns the combined passed strings.

LCASE It converts all character of a string to Lower case.

 LEFT It returns the first characters of a passed string as per mentioned value.

LENGTH It returns the number of characters in passed string.

LOCATE It returns the position of substring within passed string.

LOWER It converts all characters in string to lowercase.

NCHAR It returns the Unicode character with passed integer value.

REPLACE It searches in passed original string for all occurrences of search

string and replaces them with replace string.

RIGHT It returns the rightmost passed value characters of mentioned string.

UPPER It converts all characters in passed string to uppercase.

UCASE It is identical to UPPER function. It converts all characters in passed

string to uppercase.

Other string functions that can be used are LPAD, LTRIM, RTRIM,
STRTOBIN, SUBSTR_AFTER, SUBSTR_BEFORE, SUBSTRING, TRIM,
UNICODE, RPAD, BINTOSTR

Date Time functions

There are various Date Time functions that can be used in HANA in SQL
scripts. Most common Date Time functions are

CURRENT_DATE It returns the current local system date.

CURRENT_TIME It returns the current local system time.

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP It returns the current local system timestamp details

(YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS:FF).

CURRENT_UTCDATE It returns current UTC (Greenwich Mean date) date.

CURRENT_UTCTIME It returns current UTC (Greenwich Mean Time) time.

DAYOFMONTH It returns the integer value of day in passed date in argument.

 HOUR It returns integer value of hour in passed time in argument.

YEAR It returns the year value of passed date.

Other Date Time functions are DAYOFYEAR, DAYNAME, DAYS_BETWEEN,

EXTRACT, NANO100_BETWEEN, NEXT_DAY, NOW, QUARTER, SECOND,
SECONDS_BETWEEN, UTCTOLOCAL, WEEK, WEEKDAY,
WORKDAYS_BETWEEN, ISOWEEK, LAST_DAY, LOCALTOUTC, MINUTE,
MONTH, MONTHNAME, ADD_DAYS, ADD_MONTHS, ADD_SECONDS,
ADD_WORKDAYS

Data Type Conversion Functions

These functions are used to convert one data type to other or to perform a
check if conversion is possible or not.

Most common data type conversion functions used in HANA in SQL scripts

CAST It returns the value of an expression converted to a supplied data type.

TO_ALPHANUM It converts a passed value to an ALPHANUM data type

TO_REAL It converts a value to a REAL data type.

TO_TIME It converts a passed time string to the TIME data type.

TO_CLOB It converts a value to a CLOB data type.

Other similar Data Type conversion functions are TO_BIGINT, TO_BINARY,

TO_BLOB, TO_DATE, TO_DATS, TO_DECIMAL, TO_DOUBLE, TO_FIXEDCHAR,
TO_INT, TO_INTEGER, TO_NCLOB, TO_NVARCHAR, TO_TIMESTAMP,
TO_TINYINT, TO_VARCHAR, TO_SECONDDATE, TO_SMALLDECIMAL,
TO_SMALLINT

There are also various Windows and other miscellaneous functions that can
be used in HANA SQL scripts.

Current_Schema It returns a string containing the current schema name.

Session_User It returns the user name of current session

 SAP HANA - SQL Expressions
An Expression is used to evaluate a clause to return values. There are
different SQL expressions that can be used in HANA

Case Expressions

Function Expressions

Aggregate Expressions

Subqueries in Expressions

Case Expression
This is used to pass multiple conditions in a SQL expression. It allows the use
of IF-ELSE-THEN logic without using procedures in SQL statements.

Example
SELECT COUNT( CASE WHEN sal < 2000 THEN 1 ELSE NULL END ) count1,
COUNT( CASE WHEN sal BETWEEN 2001 AND 4000 THEN 1 ELSE NULL END ) count2,
COUNT( CASE WHEN sal > 4000 THEN 1 ELSE NULL END ) count3 FROM emp;

This statement will return count1, count2, count3 with integer value as per
passed condition.

Function Expressions
Function expressions involve SQL inbuilt functions to be used in Expressions.

Aggregate Expressions
Aggregate functions are used to perform complex calculations like Sum,
Percentage, Min, Max, Count, Mode, Median, etc. Aggregate Expression uses
Aggregate functions to calculate single value from multiple values.

Aggregate Functions Sum, Count, Minimum, Maximum. These are

applied on measure values (facts) and It is always associated with a
dimension.

Common aggregate functions include

 Average ()

Count ()

Maximum ()

Median ()

Minimum ()

Mode ()

Sum ()

Subqueries in Expressions
A subquery as an expression is a Select statement. When it is used in an
expression, it returns a zero or a single value.

A subquery is used to return data that will be used in the main query as a
condition to further restrict the data to be retrieved.

Subqueries can be used with the SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
statements along with the operators like =, <, >, >=, <=, IN, BETWEEN etc.

There are a few rules that subqueries must follow

Subqueries must be enclosed within parentheses.

A subquery can have only one column in the SELECT clause, unless multiple
columns are in the main query for the subquery to compare its selected columns.

An ORDER BY cannot be used in a subquery, although the main query can use an
ORDER BY. The GROUP BY can be used to perform the same function as the
ORDER BY in a subquery.

Subqueries that return more than one row can only be used with multiple value
operators, such as the IN operator.

The SELECT list cannot include any references to values that evaluate to a BLOB,
ARRAY, CLOB, or NCLOB.

A subquery cannot be immediately enclosed in a set function.

 The BETWEEN operator cannot be used with a subquery; however, the BETWEEN
operator can be used within the subquery.

Subqueries with the SELECT Statement

Subqueries are most frequently used with the SELECT statement. The basic
syntax is as follows

Example
SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID
FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE SALARY > 4500) ;
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+

SAP HANA - SQL Stored Procedures

A procedure allows you to group the SQL statement into a single block. Stored
Procedures are used to achieve certain result across applications. The set of
SQL statements and the logic that is used to perform some specific task are
stored in SQL Stored Procedures. These stored procedures are executed by
applications to perform that task.

Stored Procedures can return data in the form of output parameters (integer
or character) or a cursor variable. It can also result in set of Select
statements, which are used by other Stored Procedures.

Stored Procedures are also used for performance optimization as it contains

series of SQL statements and results from one set of statement determines
next set of statements to be executed. Stored procedures prevent users to
see the complexity and details of tables in a database. As Stored procedures
contain certain business logic, so users need to execute or call the procedure
name.
No need to keep reissuing the individual statements but can refer to the
database procedure.

Sample Statement to Create Procedures

Create procedure prc_name (in inp integer, out opt "EFASION"."ARTICLE_LOOKUP")
as
begin
opt = select * from "EFASION"."ARTICLE_LOOKUP" where article_id = :inp ;
end;

SAP HANA - SQL Sequences

A sequence is a set of integers 1, 2, 3, that are generated in order on demand.
Sequences are frequently used in databases because many applications
require each row in a table to contain a unique value, and sequences provide
an easy way to generate them.

Using AUTO_INCREMENT column

The simplest way in MySQL to use sequences is to define a column as
AUTO_INCREMENT and leave rest of the things to MySQL to take care.

Example
Try out the following example. This will create table and after that it will insert
few rows in this table where it is not required to give record ID because it is
auto-incremented by MySQL.

mysql> CREATE TABLE INSECT

-> (
-> id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> PRIMARY KEY (id),
-> name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, # type of insect
-> date DATE NOT NULL, # date collected
 -> origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL # where collected
);

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO INSECT (id,name,date,origin) VALUES

-> (NULL,'housefly','2001-09-10','kitchen'),
-> (NULL,'millipede','2001-09-10','driveway'),
-> (NULL,'grasshopper','2001-09-10','front yard');

Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.02 sec)

Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT * FROM INSECT ORDER BY id;
+----+-------------+------------+------------+
| id | name | date | origin |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+
| 1 | housefly | 2001-09-10 | kitchen |
| 2 | millipede | 2001-09-10 | driveway |
| 3 | grasshopper | 2001-09-10 | front yard |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Obtain AUTO_INCREMENT Values

LAST_INSERT_ID( ) is a SQL function, so you can use it from within any client
that understands how to issue SQL statements. Otherwise, PERL and PHP
scripts provide exclusive functions to retrieve auto-incremented value of last
record.

PERL Example
Use the mysql_insertid attribute to obtain the AUTO_INCREMENT value
generated by a query. This attribute is accessed through either a database
handle or a statement handle, depending on how you issue the query. The
following example references it through the database handle

$dbh->do ("INSERT INTO INSECT (name,date,origin)

VALUES('moth','2001-09-14','windowsill')");
my $seq = $dbh->{mysql_insertid};
PHP Example
After issuing a query that generates an AUTO_INCREMENT value, retrieve the
value by calling mysql_insert_id( )

mysql_query ("INSERT INTO INSECT (name,date,origin)

VALUES('moth','2001-09-14','windowsill')", $conn_id);
$seq = mysql_insert_id ($conn_id);

Renumbering an Existing Sequence

There may be a case when you have deleted many records from a table and
you want to re-sequence all the records. This can be done by using a simple
trick but you should be very careful to do so if your table is having join, with
other table.

If you determine that resequencing an AUTO_INCREMENT column is

unavoidable, the way to do it is to drop the column from the table, then add
it again. The following example shows how to renumber the id values in the
insect table using this technique

mysql> ALTER TABLE INSECT DROP id;

mysql> ALTER TABLE insect
-> ADD id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT FIRST,
-> ADD PRIMARY KEY (id);

Starting a Sequence at a Particular Value

By default, MySQL will start sequence from 1 but you can specify any other
number as well at the time of table creation. Following is the example where
MySQL will start sequence from 100.

mysql> CREATE TABLE INSECT

-> (
-> id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT = 100,
-> PRIMARY KEY (id),
-> name VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL, # type of insect
-> date DATE NOT NULL, # date collected
-> origin VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL # where collected
);

Alternatively, you can create the table and then set the initial sequence value
with ALTER TABLE.

SAP HANA - SQL Triggers

Triggers are stored programs, which are automatically executed or fired when
some events occur. Triggers are, in fact, written to be executed in response
to any of the following events

A database manipulation (DML) statement (DELETE, INSERT, or UPDATE).

A database definition (DDL) statement (CREATE, ALTER, or DROP).

A database operation (SERVERERROR, LOGON, LOGOFF, STARTUP, or

SHUTDOWN).

Triggers could be defined on the table, view, schema, or database with which
the event is associated.

Benefits of Triggers
Triggers can be written for the following purposes

Generating some derived column values automatically

Enforcing referential integrity

Event logging and storing information on table access

Auditing

Synchronous replication of tables

Imposing security authorizations

Preventing invalid transactions

 SAP HANA - SQL Synonym
SQL Synonyms is an alias for a table or a Schema object in a database. They
are used to protect client applications from the changes made to name or
location of an object.

Synonyms permit applications to function irrespective of user who owns the

table and which database holds the table or object.

Create Synonym statement is used create a Synonym for a table, view,

package, procedure, objects, etc.

Example
There is a table Customer of efashion, located on a Server1. To access this
from Server2, a client application would have to use name as
Server1.efashion.Customer. Now we change the location of Customer table
the client application would have to be modified to reflect the change.

To address these we can create a synonym of Customer table Cust_Table on

Server2 for the table on Server1. So now client application has to use the
single-part name Cust_Table to reference this table. Now, if the location of
this table changes, you will have to modify the synonym to point to the new
location of the table.

As there is no ALTER SYNONYM statement, you have to drop the synonym

Cust_Table and then re-create the synonym with the same name and point
the synonym to the new location of Customer table.

Public Synonyms
Public Synonyms are owned by PUBLIC schema in a database. Public
synonyms can be referenced by all users in the database. They are created
by the application owner for the tables and other objects such as procedures
and packages so the users of the application can see the objects.

Syntax
CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM Cust_table for efashion.Customer;

To create a PUBLIC Synonym, you have to use keyword PUBLIC as shown.

Private Synonyms
Private Synonyms are used in a database schema to hide the true name of a
table, procedure, view or any other database object.

Private synonyms can be referenced only by the schema that owns the table
or object.

Syntax
CREATE SYNONYM Cust_table FOR efashion.Customer;

Drop a Synonym
Synonyms can be dropped using DROP Synonym command. If you are
dropping a public Synonym, you have to use the keyword public in the drop
statement.

Syntax
DROP PUBLIC Synonym Cust_table;
DROP Synonym Cust_table;
 SAP HANA - SQL Explain Plans
SQL explain plans are used to generate detail explanation of SQL statements.
They are used to evaluate execution plan that SAP HANA database follows to
execute the SQL statements.

The results of explain plan are stored into EXPLAIN_PLAN_TABLE for

evaluation. To use Explain Plan, passed SQL query must be a data
manipulation language (DML).

Common DML Statements

SELECT retrieve data from the a database

INSERT insert data into a table

UPDATE updates existing data within a table

SQL Explain Plans cannot be used with DDL and DCL SQL statements.

EXPLAIN PLAN TABLE in database

EXPLAIN PLAN_TABLE in database consists of multiple columns. Few common
column names OPERATOR_NAME, OPERATOR_ID, PARENT_OPERATOR_ID,
LEVEL and POSITION, etc.

COLUMN SEARCH value tells the starting position of column engine operators.

ROW SEARCH value tells the starting position of row engine operators.

To create an EXPLAIN PLAN STATEMENT for a SQL

query
EXPLAIN PLAN SET STATEMENT_NAME = statement_name FOR <SQL DML statement>

To see values in EXPLAIN PLAN TABLE

SELECT Operator_Name, Operator_ID
FROM explain_plan_table
WHERE statement_name = 'statement_name';

To delete a statement in EXPLAIN PLAN TABLE

DELETE FROM explain_plan_table WHERE statement_name = 'TPC-H Q10';
 SAP HANA - SQL Data Profiling
SQL Data Profiling task is used to understand and analyze data from multiple
data sources. It is used to remove incorrect, incomplete data and prevent
data quality problems before they are loaded in Data warehouse.

Here are the benefits of SQL Data Profiling tasks

It helps is analyzing source data more effectively.

It helps in understanding the source data better.

It remove incorrect, incomplete data and improve data quality before it is loaded
into Data warehouse.

It is used with Extraction, Transformation and Loading task.

The Data Profiling task checks profiles that helps to understand a data source
and identify problems in the data that has to be fixed.

You can use the Data Profiling task inside an Integration Services package to
profile data that is stored in SQL Server and to identify potential problems
with data quality.

Note Data Profiling Task works only with SQL Server data sources and
does not support any other file based or third party data sources.

Access Requirement
To run a package contains Data Profiling task, user account must have
read/write permissions with CREATE TABLE permissions on the tempdb
database.

Data Profiler Viewer

Data Profile Viewer is used to review the profiler output. The Data Profile
Viewer also supports drilldown capability to help you understand data quality
issues that are identified in the profile output. This drill down capability sends
live queries to the original data source.
Data Profiling Task Setup and Reviewing
Setting up the Data Profiling Task
It involves execution of a package that contains Data Profiling task to
compute the profiles. The task saves the output in XML format to a file or a
package variable.

Reviewing the Profiles

To view the data profiles, send the output to a file and then use the Data
Profile Viewer. This viewer is a stand-alone utility that displays the profile
output in both summary and detail format with optional drilldown capability.

Data Profiling Configuration Options

The Data Profiling task has these convenient configuration options

Wildcard columns
While configuring a profile request, the task accepts * wildcard in place of a
column name. This simplifies the configuration and makes it easier to
discover the characteristics of unfamiliar data. When the task runs, the task
profiles every column that has an appropriate data type.

Quick Profile
You can select Quick Profile to configure the task quickly. A Quick Profile
profiles a table or view by using all the default profiles and settings.

The Data Profiling Task can compute eight different data profiles. Five of
these profiles can check individual columns and the remaining three analyze-
multiple columns or relationships between columns.

Data Profiling Task Outputs

The Data Profiling task outputs the selected profiles into XML format that is
structured like DataProfile.xsd schema.

You can save a local copy of the schema and view the local copy of the schema
in Microsoft Visual Studio or another schema editor, in an XML editor or in a
text editor such as Notepad.
 SAP HANA - SQL Script
Set of SQL statements for HANA database which allows developer to pass
complex logic into database is called SQL Script. SQL Script is known as
collections of SQL extensions. These extension are Data Extensions, Function
Extensions, and Procedure Extension.

SQL Script supports stored Functions and Procedures and that allows pushing
complex parts of Application logic to database.

Main benefit of using SQL Script is to allow the execution of complex

calculations inside SAP HANA database. Using SQL Scripts in place of single
query enables Functions to return multiple values. Complex SQL functions
can be further decomposed into smaller functions. SQL Script provides control
logic that is not available in single SQL statement.

SQL Scripts are used to achieve performance optimization in HANA by

executing scripts at DB layer
 By Executing SQL scripts at database layer, it eliminates need to transfer large
amount of data from database to application.

Calculations are executed at database layer to get benefits of HANA database like
column operations, parallel processing of queries, etc.

Integration with Information Modeler

While using SQL scripts in Information Modeler, below given are applied to
Procedures

Input parameters can be of scalar or table type.

Output parameters must be of table types.

Table types required for the signature are generated automatically.

SQL Scripts with Calculation Views

SQL script are used to create script based Calculation views. Type SQL
statements against existing raw tables or column store. Define output
structure, activation of view creates table type as per structure.

How to create a Calculation View with SQL Script?

Launch SAP HANA studio. Expand the content node Select a package
where you want to create the new Calculation view. Right Click New
Calculation View End of the navigation path Provide name and description.

Select calculation view type from Type dropdown list, select SQL Script
Set Parameter Case Sensitive to True or False based on how you require
the naming convention for the output parameters of the calculation view
Choose Finish.

Select default schema Select the Semantics node Choose the View
Properties tab In the Default Schema dropdown list, select the default
schema.

Choose SQL Script node in the Semantics node Define the output
structure. In the output pane, choose Create Target. Add the required output
parameters and specify its length and type.
To add multiple columns that are part of existing information views or catalog
tables or table functions to the output structure of script-based calculation
views

In the Output pane, choose Start of the navigation path New Next navigation
step Add Columns from End of the navigation path Name of the object that
contains the columns you want to add to the output Select one or more
objects from the dropdown list Choose Next.

In the Source pane, choose the columns that you want to add to the output
To add selective columns to the output, then select those columns and
choose Add. To add all columns of an object to the output, then select the
object and choose Add Finish.

Activate the script-based calculation view In the SAP HANA Modeler

perspective Save and Activate - to activate the current view and redeploy
the affected objects if an active version of the affected object exists.
Otherwise, only the current view is activated.

Save and activate all to activate the current view along with the required
and affected objects.

In the SAP HANA Development perspective In Project Explorer view,

select the required object. In the context menu, select Start of the navigation
path Team Next navigation step Activate End of the navigation path.

SQL Scripting in HANA Information Modeler is used to create complex

Calculation Views, which are not possible to create using GUI option.